2424:
1673:
20:
5753:
459:
Sacred trees and groves are mentioned throughout the history of the ancient
Germanic people, from their earliest attestations among Roman scribes to references made by medieval Christian monks. Notable examples of sacred trees and groves in the historical record among the ancient Germanic peoples
352:
noted that placenames such as Frølund (Denmark), and
Ullunda, Frösvi, and Mjärdevi (Sweden), in which the name of a deity is compounded with words meaning "grove" or "wood", suggest a continuation of the same practice, but are found almost exclusively in eastern Scandinavia; however, there is a
1029:
in
Scandinavia and Germany, and the Women of One Tree Hill in England. In the latter case, gifts to the trees are explicitly linked with a returned gift of increased land fertility. There exists also a Scandinavian folk tradition of farmers making small offerings to a
549:
According to
Tacitus, the Semnones, a populous and powerful Germanic people, allowed none to enter the grove without being fettered and blindfolded. If the blindfolded falls, they must crawl out of the grove. There they venerated what Tacitus refers to as
427:; the archeologist Gunnar Andersson has argued that the combination of the finds and the placename—which can mean "the grove"—point to this being the remnants of a sacrificial grove. Scholars have proposed that publicly revered trees such as
300:, Tacitus says that the Germanic peoples "consecrate woods and groves and they apply the name of gods to that mysterious presence which they see only with the eye of devotion", Tacitus describes the grove of the
1006:
in the 7th and 8th centuries, many heathen practices centered on trees such as worship and giving of gifts were made punishable crimes. Despite this, 11th century accounts describe the continuation of
1607:
3448:
1910:
4388:
2243:
1730:
1043:
312:
was hallowed, and other reports from the Roman period also refer to rites held by continental
Germanic peoples in groves, including the sacrifices in forest clearings of survivors by the
289:
Sacred trees and groves are widely attested among the records of the ancient
Germanic peoples. Some scholars hypothesize that they even predated the development of temples (according to
1282:
Meaney AL (2004) ‘And we forbeodað eornostlice ælcne hæðenscipe’: Wulfstan and Late Anglo-Saxon and Norse ‘Heathenism’. In
Studies in the Early Middle Ages pp 461–500. Available at:
3438:
780:
Völsung's hall is built around the tree, it bears "fair blossoms", and stretches through the roof of the structure. The tree is flanked on both sides by large hearths.
3443:
1905:
1600:
439:
The present section divides particularly notable examples into texts discussing the religious activities of the ancient
Germanic peoples involving trees and groves (
378:), these were associated with particular gods, and the association of individual trees with saints can be seen as a continuation of the tradition into modern times.
370:
Reverence for individual trees among the
Germanic peoples is a common theme in medieval Christian denunciations of backsliding into paganism. In some cases, such as
96:
The pagan
Germanic peoples referred to holy places by a variety of terms and many of these terms variously referred to stones, groves, and temple structures. From
1593:
395:
by the name of Þórir snepill Ketilsson who, after his crew encountered and fended off raiding vikings, arrived in Iceland and founded a sacred grove there:
3418:
1883:
3413:
2590:
1878:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3408:
3403:
3398:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1873:
1868:
1863:
601:
and his retinue cut down the tree earlier the same century. Wood from the oak was then reportedly used to build a church at the site dedicated to
2568:
1374:
324:
based on a report by Germanicus. Such groves were sometimes dedicated to a particular deity: in addition to the case of Nerthus, there was a
3393:
1858:
1800:
907:
Generally considered to be another name for Yggdrasil. Cannot be hurt by fire or iron, bears fruit beneficial for pregnant women, the cock
2400:
975:
2072:
68:. Scholars consider that reverence for and rites performed at individual trees are derived from the mythological role of the world tree,
4663:
3388:
1853:
4453:
2003:
678:
2882:
2812:
2423:
5710:
2334:
1003:
419:
in 1984. The finds have been carbon dated to the late Viking Age. Possible burnt offerings have been found on a hill at Lunda near
407:
Sacred trees and groves leave few archaeological traces, but two such sites may have been identified, both in Sweden. A mouldering
81:
5728:
3851:
3288:
1431:
1404:
1392:
5782:
2372:
2972:
5777:
3725:
2561:
2350:
1463:
Veitstu Hvé Blóta Skal : The Old Norse Blót in the Light of Osteological Remains from Frösö Church, Jämtland, Sweden
1438:
4625:
4365:
4247:
2339:
2008:
1933:
1358:
4809:
3546:
3541:
3270:
1938:
1530:
1509:
1456:
4771:
1793:
5733:
4941:
2065:
1965:
1462:
744:, several sacred trees are mentioned. The most prominent of these trees is the holy tree central to the cosmos,
5723:
4991:
4796:
4656:
2554:
1970:
1960:
1495:
317:
3795:
1585:
931:
An immense ash tree, central to the cosmos and considered sacred. Its branches and roots extend far into the
637:
2304:
1294:
Szurszewski, D. E. (1997). AElfric's de falsis diis: A source-analogue study with editions and translations
4872:
5738:
4751:
4408:
1828:
1786:
411:
stump surrounded by animal bones, especially from brown bear and pig, was discovered under the church on
2872:
1052:, the first human beings in Norse mythology, created from trees and whose names may mean "ash" and "elm"
4904:
4899:
4575:
4565:
2962:
2058:
2050:
1248:
3673:
3080:
5756:
4936:
4843:
4836:
4814:
4649:
3730:
3573:
2842:
2412:
971:
56:). The central role of trees in Germanic religion is noted in the earliest written reports about the
3805:
1752:
837:
4976:
4961:
4776:
4761:
3598:
2599:
2365:
2169:
1823:
1060:, an Old English poem describing the crucifixion of Jesus from the point of view of a sentient tree
3683:
5091:
4981:
4971:
4966:
4786:
4766:
4723:
4510:
4128:
3710:
3678:
3618:
3593:
2792:
2200:
2029:
1535:
1423:
349:
153:
1478:
1283:
5787:
5493:
4926:
4921:
4848:
4743:
3380:
1845:
1657:
651:
444:
428:
3298:
585:
Donar's Oak was a sacred tree located in an unclear location around what is now the region of
424:
227:, has given rise to words with a variety of meanings in various Germanic languages, including
4791:
4681:
4360:
4333:
4265:
1295:
631:
4255:
3822:
3613:
496:, the Frisians dismembered 900 Roman soldiers in a grove dedicated to the goddess in 28 CE.
4882:
4853:
4756:
4570:
2205:
722:
551:
344:
330:
2380:
1542:. Vol. 1. Grundriss der germanischen Philologie 12/I. 3rd ed (repr. 2nd ed ). De Gruyter.
1304:
8:
5718:
4931:
3927:
3735:
3328:
2822:
2704:
2358:
1920:
1522:
3469:
5101:
4953:
4892:
4781:
4713:
4689:
4423:
4143:
3165:
2577:
2329:
2220:
2143:
2034:
1975:
1809:
1681:
1368:
1324:
915:
741:
711:
136:
45:
3623:
3240:
3225:
3065:
4877:
4728:
4703:
4630:
4620:
4479:
4443:
4270:
3832:
3235:
2629:
2273:
2210:
2082:
2039:
2024:
1982:
1928:
1741:
1624:
1572:
1543:
1526:
1505:
1491:
1474:
1452:
1427:
1400:
1354:
1056:
667:
237:
41:
28:
4193:
4158:
4153:
4093:
2674:
2283:
1699:
826:
5300:
4672:
4063:
3563:
3323:
3180:
3115:
2604:
2546:
2133:
1031:
944:
555:
525:
500:
383:
143:
57:
4350:
3871:
3740:
3608:
3005:
2762:
2480:
963:
908:
784:
528:, Roman senator Tacitus describes a sacred grove dedicated to the goddess Nerthus
64:
stating that Germanic cult practices took place exclusively in groves rather than
4909:
4887:
4831:
4801:
4685:
4560:
3768:
3516:
2581:
2535:
2386:
2215:
1987:
1418:
1007:
960:
932:
737:
627:
Sacred pillar-like objects, perhaps tree stumps, held sacred by the pagan Saxons
562:
532:
246:
127:
4198:
4048:
3720:
1397:
Old Norse Religion in Long-Term Perspectives: Origins, Changes, and Interactions
1299:
400:
5583:
5367:
5031:
4718:
4484:
4338:
4113:
3891:
3866:
3775:
3358:
3245:
3195:
3185:
3110:
2463:
2138:
1709:
1672:
1647:
1409:
1066:, a Norse goddess whose name some scholars have suggested may mean 'maple tree'
897:
663:
598:
570:
420:
375:
371:
186:('holy grove'), similarly either developed from, or is otherwise connected to,
97:
4221:
4216:
3705:
2744:
2500:
2448:
2288:
1615:
956:
936:
443:) and their appearance in the myths of the Germanic peoples, particularly the
164:
5771:
5342:
5305:
5265:
5131:
4860:
4819:
4474:
4469:
4418:
4403:
4345:
4293:
4173:
4168:
4103:
4098:
4018:
4008:
3907:
3881:
3790:
3464:
3220:
3055:
2925:
2877:
2309:
2111:
2106:
1735:
1483:
1049:
684:
656:
643:
139:
77:
5444:
4438:
4178:
4138:
4108:
4073:
4043:
3876:
3815:
3715:
3693:
3603:
3551:
3085:
2887:
5036:
5026:
5009:
4826:
4260:
3588:
3075:
3020:
2659:
2248:
1762:
1662:
1514:
1502:
From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic: A Linguistic History of English
877:
692:
621:
355:
290:
178:
65:
53:
49:
4163:
4123:
4003:
3988:
3628:
3509:
3343:
3333:
3105:
2179:
1547:
873:
5518:
5476:
5399:
5312:
5180:
5170:
5081:
4865:
4428:
4398:
4308:
4148:
4078:
4058:
4038:
4013:
3942:
3932:
3030:
2957:
2739:
2679:
2530:
2253:
1757:
1704:
1576:
1034:, regarded as exercising a protective function over the family and land.
1011:
982:
883:
872:
Generally considered another name for Yggdrasil. Grazed upon by the hart
861:
847:
812:
748:. Prominent trees mentioned in Germanic mythology include the following:
602:
412:
403:, as far as Odeila. He made his home at Lund , and held the grove sacred.
228:
118:
85:
33:
4489:
4275:
4118:
3474:
3160:
3035:
3025:
2990:
2080:
1328:
1312:
1010:
deposition at trees in England and worship in groves in Saxony. English
841:
836:
Generally considered to be another name for Yggdrasil. Future refuge of
416:
293:, "there were sacred woods long before there were temples and altars").
156:
source as the Celtic source. A more general term for a sacred place was
19:
5695:
5483:
5466:
5414:
5404:
5389:
5357:
5347:
5225:
5175:
5051:
5046:
5014:
4733:
4595:
4315:
4211:
4083:
4028:
3983:
3963:
3837:
3479:
3070:
2475:
2278:
1767:
1689:
1564:
988:
952:
889:
853:
818:
768:
707:
698:
269:
Scandinavian placenames occur with the name of a deity compounded with
73:
4203:
3978:
3780:
3120:
3045:
3040:
2995:
774:
5690:
5685:
5675:
5608:
5513:
5409:
5372:
5362:
5322:
5275:
5270:
5220:
5160:
5086:
5076:
5056:
5019:
5004:
4550:
4355:
4323:
4233:
4188:
4088:
3937:
3922:
3700:
3663:
3526:
3215:
3145:
3095:
3090:
3010:
2664:
2406:
2382:
1778:
1714:
1632:
967:
923:
745:
715:
481:
209:
107:
69:
24:
4389:
Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe
4228:
3917:
3810:
3318:
3308:
3278:
3255:
2827:
2608:
2492:
2244:
Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe
2184:
1731:
Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe
1044:
Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe
255:
249:
130:
5663:
5648:
5628:
5613:
5593:
5568:
5553:
5548:
5528:
5498:
5488:
5439:
5429:
5424:
5255:
5240:
5215:
5195:
5165:
5155:
5150:
5121:
5116:
5106:
5041:
4999:
4708:
4641:
4555:
4535:
4183:
3998:
3827:
3688:
3658:
3558:
3293:
3205:
3130:
3060:
2942:
2714:
2654:
2644:
2467:
2263:
2096:
1652:
1642:
1026:
867:
798:
674:, it was smeared with blood after a horse sacrifice was performed.
615:
541:
339:
313:
301:
203:
4600:
4585:
4520:
4413:
4068:
4033:
3912:
3785:
3638:
3230:
3210:
3125:
2862:
2857:
2802:
2787:
2699:
2669:
2505:
2258:
2148:
431:
were regarded as counterparts to the mythic world tree Yggdrasil.
392:
112:
5680:
5668:
5658:
5633:
5623:
5618:
5598:
5588:
5563:
5503:
5461:
5434:
5352:
5285:
5280:
5260:
5250:
5205:
5200:
5190:
5185:
5126:
5111:
5061:
4545:
4133:
4053:
4023:
3968:
3886:
3499:
3313:
3283:
2985:
2937:
2649:
1637:
1571:. Skrifter utgivna av Vetenskaps-societeten i Lund, 33. Gleerup.
1413:
590:
580:
519:
515:
509:
388:
309:
192:
187:
61:
4393:
3763:
3643:
3633:
3494:
2980:
2797:
2754:
2734:
2689:
2621:
2101:
1395:" in Andrén, Anders, Kristina Jennbert, and Catharina Raudvere.
1255:
1063:
940:
492:
According to Roman senator Tacitus in his first century CE work
231:
121:
5700:
5653:
5638:
5603:
5578:
5543:
5538:
5471:
5456:
5394:
5332:
5317:
5295:
5245:
5235:
5230:
5143:
5138:
5096:
5066:
3993:
3958:
3668:
3578:
3568:
3521:
3363:
3303:
3015:
2952:
2915:
2867:
2782:
2439:
2153:
2128:
1694:
792:
701:
487:
360:
3504:
3348:
3150:
2897:
2892:
2832:
2724:
2174:
1025:
In later folklore, offerings are made to tree spirits such as
5573:
5558:
5533:
5523:
5508:
5451:
5419:
5384:
5379:
5337:
5327:
5210:
5071:
4914:
4590:
4580:
4540:
4530:
4525:
3973:
3800:
3745:
3653:
3648:
3583:
3531:
3484:
3368:
3353:
3250:
3200:
3190:
3170:
3140:
3135:
3100:
3050:
3000:
2947:
2930:
2920:
2907:
2852:
2837:
2777:
2772:
2694:
2639:
2634:
2453:
2123:
2118:
1284:
https://www.brepolsonline.net/doi/abs/10.1484/M.SEM-EB.3.3720
948:
586:
576:
408:
335:
198:
4448:
3155:
1313:"Pagan Survivals and Syncretism in the Conversion of Saxony"
5643:
5290:
4515:
4494:
4328:
4301:
3758:
3753:
3489:
3338:
3260:
3175:
2817:
2807:
2729:
2719:
2709:
2684:
1747:
1069:
364:
348:('god the ruler of all'). The scholar of Germanic religion
2526:
Sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism and mythology
1617:
Sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism and mythology
554:" and regularly gather to execute a human sacrifice. (See
3536:
2847:
2767:
1393:
Among trees, bones, and stones: The sacred grove at Lunda
284:
190:
1014:
made in the 11th century explicitly forbid the use of a
212:
147:
3439:
people, clan, and place names in Germanic heroic legend
240:
76:
and some historical evidence also connects individual
1439:
Worship of the German Forest: An Historical Overview.
1175:
374:(according to legend, felled by Christian missionary
16:
Arboreal worship in pre-medieval north central Europe
2576:
1278:
1276:
1046:, wooden cult images created by the Germanic peoples
808:
A particularly beautiful tree with red-gold foliage
221:
171:
157:
100:
308:('chaste grove') in which the image of the goddess
84:, trees continue to play a significant role in the
1022:—a peaceful area around stones, trees or springs.
181:
1273:
959:. Creatures live within Yggdrasil, including the
514:On an "island in the ocean", often identified as
399:...Thorir took possession of all of the whole of
260:, 'grove, copse, bush'; it is cognate with Latin
5769:
1230:
1212:
1072:, an Old Norse goddess whose name may mean 'elm'
276:
270:
135:meaning 'holy grove, holy stone'. According to
110:
1569:Trädkult: Studier i germansk religionshistoria
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1123:
1121:
342:reportedly held their rituals in honor of the
23:A stylized depiction of the cosmological tree
4657:
2562:
2366:
2066:
1794:
1601:
1166:
142:, the term was borrowed from the continental
1351:Forgotten folk-tales of the English counties
1189:
1187:
391:and dates from the 13th century, tells of a
4688:origin primarily identified as speakers of
4291:
2591:Mythological Norse people, items and places
1196:
1118:
1004:Christianisation of Anglo-Saxons and Saxons
524:In his first century CE ethnography of the
261:
201:
80:to both groves and individual trees. After
31:in Olive Bray's English translation of the
4664:
4650:
2569:
2555:
2373:
2359:
2073:
2059:
1801:
1787:
1608:
1594:
1373:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
935:, and at its three roots are three wells:
3389:List of figures in Germanic heroic legend
1919:
1461:Magnell, Ola; Iregren, Elisabeth. 2010. "
1239:
1184:
679:Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum
2335:Christianisation of the Germanic peoples
1148:
997:
18:
5729:Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England
1157:
1139:
1100:
1082:
5770:
1808:
1348:
1310:
285:Attestations and archaeological record
220:Another Proto-Germanic masculine noun
4645:
2550:
2354:
2054:
1782:
1589:
1227:Magnell & Iregren (2010:223-250).
731:
666:, a huge evergreen tree stood by the
363:, an oak forest apparently sacred to
4671:
2401:Dáinn, Dvalinn, Duneyrr and Duraþrór
1449:Landnámabók: The Book of Settlements
976:Dáinn, Dvalinn, Duneyrr and Duraþrór
928:Cosmological, central to all things
454:
387:, which describes the settlement of
3449:named weapons, armour and treasures
2081:Religious practices and worship in
1517:. 2007. Translated by Angela Hall.
434:
13:
4626:Heathenry (new religious movement)
2340:Heathenry (new religious movement)
1558:
1540:Altgermanische Religionsgeschichte
1256:"Capitulatio de Partibus Saxoniae"
170:The Proto-Germanic masculine noun
14:
5799:
840:during the catacylsmic events of
706:Destroyed by Irish forces led by
609:Vita Bonifatii auctore Willibaldi
595:Vita Bonifatii auctore Willibaldi
5752:
5751:
3289:Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri
2422:
1671:
1519:Dictionary of Northern Mythology
1488:A Handbook of Germanic Etymology
1451:. University of Manitoba Press.
740:, the northernmost extension of
40:Trees hold a particular role in
5734:Christianization of Scandinavia
1342:
1288:
1221:
593:. According to the 8th century
328:('wood sacred to Hercules', an
5724:Christianization of the Franks
4797:Continental Germanic mythology
3726:Nine Daughters of Ægir and Rán
1504:, 1. Oxford University Press.
1317:The Catholic Historical Review
1130:
1109:
1091:
320:, recounted by Tacitus in his
318:Battle of the Teutoburg Forest
152:or, alternately, the same non-
106:, a masculine noun, developed
91:
1:
1384:
1218:Hermann Pálsson (2006 : 103).
638:De miraculis sancti Alexandri
597:, the Anglo-Saxon missionary
429:that at the temple in Uppsala
710:in early 1000 CE after the
7:
5783:Trees in Germanic mythology
5739:Christianization of Iceland
3796:Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr
1467:Current Swedish Archaeology
1037:
316:after their victory at the
60:, with the Roman historian
10:
5804:
5778:Trees in Germanic paganism
4463:Festivals and holy periods
1391:Andersson, Gunnar. 2006. "
1311:Karras, Ruth Mazo (1986).
546:Possibly northern Germany
5747:
5709:
4990:
4952:
4742:
4696:
4679:
4613:
4503:
4462:
4381:
4374:
4284:
4246:
3951:
3900:
3859:
3850:
3731:Nine Mothers of Heimdallr
3457:
3444:named animals and plants
3379:
3269:
2971:
2906:
2753:
2620:
2597:
2588:
2518:
2490:
2462:
2438:
2431:
2420:
2393:
2322:
2297:
2236:
2229:
2193:
2162:
2089:
2017:
1996:
1953:
1844:
1816:
1723:
1680:
1669:
1623:
1473:. Nordic Academic Press.
1399:. Nordic Academic Press.
1236:Andersson (2006:195-199).
1115:De Vries (1970:137, 352).
797:In front of the doors of
88:of the Germanic peoples.
4977:North Germanic languages
4962:Germanic parent language
3552:Black elves (Svartálfar)
1447:Hermann Pálsson. 2006 .
1349:Tongue, Ruth L. (2015).
1181:De Vries (1970:352–353).
1076:
4982:West Germanic languages
4972:East Germanic languages
4967:Proto-Germanic language
4787:Proto-Germanic folklore
4724:Romano-Germanic culture
4434:Sacred trees and groves
3674:Hamskerpir and Garðrofa
3547:Light elves (Ljósálfar)
2385:and its inhabitants in
2269:Sacred trees and groves
2030:Proto-Germanic folklore
1836:Sacred trees and groves
1436:Hacken, Richard. 2022.
1424:Oxford University Press
1209:De Vries (1970:350–51).
1172:De Vries (1970:351–52).
460:include the following:
277:
271:
256:
250:
241:
232:
223:
213:
191:
182:
177:, which developed into
173:
163:reflected in Old Norse
159:
148:
131:
122:
111:
102:
48:, both as individuals (
4292:
3542:Dark elves (Dökkálfar)
3191:Narfi (father of Nott)
2381:The cosmological tree
1658:Sacred tree at Uppsala
652:Sacred tree at Uppsala
445:North Germanic peoples
262:
202:
37:
4792:Anglo-Saxon mythology
4682:Ethnolinguistic group
3684:Skinfaxi and Hrímfaxi
2963:Sister-wife of Njörðr
2483:and numerous serpents
2409:(travels up and down)
2305:Hof Ásatrúarfélagsins
1643:Grove of the Semnones
1500:Ringe, Donald. 2006.
998:Post-Christianisation
801:(unattributed verse,
632:Royal Frankish Annals
22:
4454:Wetlands and islands
3574:Fjörgyn and Fjörgynn
2413:Veðrfölnir and eagle
1127:De Vries (1970:352).
943:assemble daily in a
911:roosts on top of it
723:Annals of Inisfallen
552:regnator omnium deus
345:regnator omnium deus
331:interpretatio romana
5719:Gothic Christianity
3736:Narfi (son of Loki)
2883:Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr
773:The center of King
326:silva Herculi sacra
5102:Germani cisrhenani
4810:Funerary practices
4714:Pre-Roman Iron Age
4690:Germanic languages
4382:Religious practice
4356:Old Norse language
3823:Váli (son of Loki)
3711:Líf and Lífthrasir
3619:Árvakr and Alsviðr
3614:Horses of the Æsir
3594:Hati Hróðvitnisson
2735:Váli (son of Odin)
2578:Old Norse religion
2330:Germanic mythology
2035:Alliterative verse
1997:In popular culture
1810:Germanic mythology
1682:Germanic mythology
1633:Grove of Baduhenna
1002:After the nominal
742:Germanic mythology
732:Germanic mythology
712:Battle of Glenmama
449:Germanic mythology
266:, 'sacred grove'.
46:Germanic mythology
38:
5765:
5764:
4937:Gothic and Vandal
4729:Germanic Iron Age
4704:Nordic Bronze Age
4686:Northern European
4639:
4638:
4631:Nordic Bronze Age
4621:Germanic paganism
4609:
4608:
4480:Germanic calendar
4444:Temple at Uppsala
4242:
4241:
3846:
3845:
3806:Þjálfi and Röskva
3750:Personifications
2613:and other figures
2544:
2543:
2514:
2513:
2432:Roots reaching to
2348:
2347:
2318:
2317:
2274:Temple at Uppsala
2083:Germanic paganism
2048:
2047:
2040:Matter of England
2025:Germanic paganism
1949:
1948:
1776:
1775:
1753:Líf and Lífþrasir
1742:Dream of the Rood
1625:Germanic paganism
1443:Academia Letters.
1432:978-0-19-283300-6
1405:978-91-89116-81-8
1245:Simek (2007:280).
1193:Simek (2007:335).
1163:Birley (1999:42).
1154:Simek (2007:310).
1097:Simek (2004:355).
1057:Dream of the Rood
995:
994:
838:Líf and Lífþrasir
729:
728:
718:'Thor's Grove').
668:Temple of Uppsala
455:Germanic paganism
441:Germanic paganism
334:) near the River
238:Middle Low German
117:meaning 'altar',
52:) and in groups (
42:Germanic paganism
29:W. G. Collingwood
5795:
5755:
5754:
5711:Christianization
5301:Ripuarian Franks
4673:Germanic peoples
4666:
4659:
4652:
4643:
4642:
4379:
4378:
4297:
4064:Grove of fetters
3857:
3856:
3564:Fjalar (rooster)
3324:Fjalar and Galar
2618:
2617:
2571:
2564:
2557:
2548:
2547:
2436:
2435:
2426:
2403:(highest boughs)
2375:
2368:
2361:
2352:
2351:
2234:
2233:
2134:Merseburg charms
2075:
2068:
2061:
2052:
2051:
1917:
1916:
1854:Lists of figures
1803:
1796:
1789:
1780:
1779:
1675:
1638:Grove of Nerthus
1610:
1603:
1596:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1553:
1379:
1378:
1372:
1364:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1308:
1302:
1292:
1286:
1280:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1228:
1225:
1219:
1216:
1210:
1207:
1194:
1191:
1182:
1179:
1173:
1170:
1164:
1161:
1155:
1152:
1146:
1145:Ringe (2006:90).
1143:
1137:
1136:Orel (2003:238).
1134:
1128:
1125:
1116:
1113:
1107:
1106:Orel (2003:284).
1104:
1098:
1095:
1089:
1088:Orel (2003:164).
1086:
1012:Penitential laws
974:, and the stags
751:
750:
556:grove of fetters
526:Germanic peoples
463:
462:
435:Notable examples
304:and refers to a
280:
274:
265:
259:
253:
244:
235:
226:
216:
207:
196:
185:
176:
162:
151:
134:
125:
116:
105:
82:Christianisation
58:Germanic peoples
5803:
5802:
5798:
5797:
5796:
5794:
5793:
5792:
5768:
5767:
5766:
5761:
5743:
5705:
4986:
4948:
4910:Gothic alphabet
4802:Norse mythology
4738:
4692:
4675:
4670:
4640:
4635:
4605:
4561:Norse cosmology
4499:
4458:
4370:
4366:Later influence
4280:
4238:
3952:Other locations
3947:
3896:
3842:
3769:Sumarr and Vetr
3453:
3375:
3265:
3066:Gjálp and Greip
2967:
2902:
2749:
2614:
2612:
2603:
2593:
2584:
2575:
2545:
2540:
2536:Norse cosmology
2510:
2486:
2458:
2427:
2418:
2389:
2387:Norse mythology
2379:
2349:
2344:
2314:
2293:
2225:
2189:
2158:
2085:
2079:
2049:
2044:
2013:
1992:
1945:
1929:Legendary kings
1915:
1840:
1812:
1807:
1777:
1772:
1719:
1676:
1667:
1619:
1614:
1580:
1561:
1559:Further reading
1556:
1551:
1387:
1382:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1347:
1343:
1333:
1331:
1309:
1305:
1293:
1289:
1281:
1274:
1264:
1262:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1197:
1192:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1040:
1008:votive offering
1000:
966:, the squirrel
951:tend the tree,
903:See description
738:Norse mythology
734:
670:. According to
457:
437:
287:
247:Old High German
128:Old High German
94:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5801:
5791:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5763:
5762:
5760:
5759:
5748:
5745:
5744:
5742:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5715:
5713:
5707:
5706:
5704:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5672:
5671:
5666:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5480:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5449:
5448:
5447:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5376:
5375:
5370:
5368:Thracian Goths
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5309:
5308:
5303:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5147:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5135:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5023:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
4996:
4994:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4958:
4956:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4946:
4945:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4924:
4919:
4918:
4917:
4912:
4902:
4897:
4896:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4875:
4870:
4869:
4868:
4858:
4857:
4856:
4851:
4841:
4840:
4839:
4834:
4824:
4823:
4822:
4817:
4807:
4806:
4805:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4748:
4746:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4719:Roman Iron Age
4716:
4711:
4706:
4700:
4698:
4694:
4693:
4680:
4677:
4676:
4669:
4668:
4661:
4654:
4646:
4637:
4636:
4634:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4617:
4615:
4611:
4610:
4607:
4606:
4604:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4507:
4505:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4466:
4464:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4385:
4383:
4376:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4342:
4341:
4336:
4326:
4321:
4320:
4319:
4312:
4298:
4288:
4286:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4256:Æsir–Vanir War
4252:
4250:
4244:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4225:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4094:Hoddmímis holt
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3955:
3953:
3949:
3948:
3946:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3928:Körmt and Örmt
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3904:
3902:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3863:
3861:
3854:
3848:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3819:
3818:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3772:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3385:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3366:
3359:Sons of Ivaldi
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3275:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2977:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2928:
2918:
2912:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2759:
2757:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2705:Móði and Magni
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2626:
2624:
2615:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2574:
2573:
2566:
2559:
2551:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2497:
2495:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2478:
2472:
2470:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2445:
2443:
2433:
2429:
2428:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2390:
2378:
2377:
2370:
2363:
2355:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2326:
2324:
2323:Related topics
2320:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2284:Uppåkra temple
2281:
2276:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2240:
2238:
2231:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2099:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2078:
2077:
2070:
2063:
2055:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2021:
2019:
2018:Related topics
2015:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2006:
2000:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1925:
1923:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1850:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1813:
1806:
1805:
1798:
1791:
1783:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1738:
1733:
1727:
1725:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1700:Hoddmímis holt
1697:
1692:
1686:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1629:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1613:
1612:
1605:
1598:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1533:
1512:
1498:
1484:Orel, Vladimir
1481:
1459:
1445:
1434:
1407:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1380:
1360:978-1138842953
1359:
1341:
1323:(4): 553–572.
1303:
1287:
1272:
1247:
1238:
1229:
1220:
1211:
1195:
1183:
1174:
1165:
1156:
1147:
1138:
1129:
1117:
1108:
1099:
1090:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1053:
1047:
1039:
1036:
999:
996:
993:
992:
979:
947:and the three
929:
926:
920:
919:
912:
905:
900:
894:
893:
880:
870:
864:
858:
857:
844:
834:
829:
827:Hoddmímis holt
823:
822:
809:
806:
795:
789:
788:
781:
778:
771:
765:
764:
761:
758:
755:
733:
730:
727:
726:
719:
704:
695:
689:
688:
675:
664:Adam of Bremen
660:
654:
648:
647:
628:
625:
618:
612:
611:
606:
599:Saint Boniface
583:
573:
567:
566:
559:
547:
544:
537:
536:
529:
522:
512:
505:
504:
497:
490:
484:
477:
476:
473:
470:
467:
456:
453:
436:
433:
405:
404:
376:Saint Boniface
359:recorded near
286:
283:
275:, 'grove', or
245:, 'bush', and
98:Proto-Germanic
93:
90:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5800:
5789:
5788:Sacred groves
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5775:
5773:
5758:
5750:
5749:
5746:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5716:
5714:
5712:
5708:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5662:
5661:
5660:
5657:
5655:
5652:
5650:
5647:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5454:
5453:
5450:
5446:
5443:
5442:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5343:Crimean Goths
5341:
5340:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5307:
5306:Salian Franks
5304:
5302:
5299:
5298:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5104:
5103:
5100:
5099:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5002:
5001:
4998:
4997:
4995:
4993:
4989:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4955:
4951:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4929:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4907:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4880:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4867:
4864:
4863:
4862:
4859:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4846:
4845:
4842:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4829:
4828:
4825:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4812:
4811:
4808:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4784:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4745:
4744:Early culture
4741:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4678:
4674:
4667:
4662:
4660:
4655:
4653:
4648:
4647:
4644:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4618:
4616:
4612:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4502:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4467:
4465:
4461:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4424:Öndvegissúlur
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4404:Heitstrenging
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4380:
4377:
4373:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4351:Völsung Cycle
4349:
4347:
4346:Tyrfing Cycle
4344:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4331:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4318:
4317:
4313:
4311:
4310:
4306:
4305:
4304:
4303:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4294:Gesta Danorum
4290:
4289:
4287:
4283:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4266:Fróði's Peace
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4249:
4245:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3950:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3899:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3849:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3791:Shield-maiden
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3511:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3465:Ask and Embla
3463:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2926:Ingunar-Freyr
2924:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2752:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2616:
2610:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2592:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2572:
2567:
2565:
2560:
2558:
2553:
2552:
2549:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2517:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2489:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2437:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2376:
2371:
2369:
2364:
2362:
2357:
2356:
2353:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2321:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2110:
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2016:
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2004:List of films
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1846:Heroic legend
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1736:Ask and Embla
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1549:
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1541:
1537:
1536:De Vries, Jan
1534:
1532:
1531:0-85991-513-1
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1515:Simek, Rudolf
1513:
1511:
1510:9780199284139
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1457:9780887553707
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1412:1999. Trans.
1411:
1410:Birley, A. R.
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1050:Ask and Embla
1048:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1035:
1033:
1032:"warden tree"
1028:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
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990:
985:
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977:
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972:unnamed eagle
969:
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946:
942:
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927:
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922:
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916:Fjölsvinnsmál
913:
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904:
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899:
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895:
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876:and the goat
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815:
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796:
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791:
790:
787:
786:
785:Völsunga saga
782:
779:
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770:
767:
766:
763:Attestations
762:
759:
756:
753:
752:
749:
747:
743:
739:
725:
724:
720:
717:
713:
709:
705:
703:
700:
699:Hiberno-Norse
696:
694:
691:
690:
687:
686:
685:Hervarar saga
681:
680:
676:
673:
672:Hervarar saga
669:
665:
662:According to
661:
658:
657:Gamla Uppsala
655:
653:
650:
649:
646:
645:
644:Kaiserchronik
640:
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540:Grove of the
539:
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475:Attestations
474:
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168:
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161:
155:
154:Indo-European
150:
145:
141:
140:Vladimir Orel
138:
133:
129:
126:'altar', and
124:
120:
115:
114:
109:
104:
99:
89:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
54:sacred groves
51:
47:
43:
36:
35:
30:
26:
21:
5037:Anglo-Saxons
5027:Adrabaecampi
5010:Bucinobantes
4752:Architecture
4433:
4314:
4307:
4300:
4271:Hjaðningavíg
4049:Glæsisvellir
3589:Gullinbursti
3236:Útgarða-Loki
2630:Almáttki áss
2525:
2268:
2249:Externsteine
1835:
1763:Sacred grove
1740:
1663:Caill Tomair
1616:
1581:(in Swedish)
1568:
1539:
1518:
1501:
1487:
1470:
1466:
1448:
1442:
1437:
1417:
1396:
1350:
1344:
1332:. Retrieved
1320:
1316:
1306:
1290:
1263:. Retrieved
1259:
1250:
1241:
1232:
1223:
1214:
1177:
1168:
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1141:
1132:
1111:
1102:
1093:
1084:
1055:
1024:
1019:
1015:
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987:
981:
939:, where the
914:
902:
888:
882:
852:
846:
831:
817:
811:
802:
783:
760:Description
735:
721:
693:Caill Tomair
683:
677:
671:
642:
636:
630:
622:Obermarsberg
608:
594:
561:
531:
499:
493:
472:Description
458:
448:
440:
438:
425:Södermanland
406:
382:
380:
369:
356:Caill Tomair
354:
350:Jan de Vries
343:
329:
325:
321:
306:castum nemus
305:
297:
295:
291:Rudolf Simek
288:
268:
236:, 'meadow',
219:
217:'holiness'.
179:Old Frankish
169:
95:
86:folk beliefs
50:sacred trees
39:
32:
5477:Nahanarvali
5400:Hilleviones
5313:Frisiavones
5181:Cananefates
5171:Burgundians
5082:Banochaemae
4932:Anglo-Saxon
4883:Anglo-Saxon
4849:Anglo-Saxon
4832:Anglo-Saxon
4815:Anglo-Saxon
4429:Reginnaglar
4361:Orthography
4334:Jómsvíkinga
4309:Poetic Edda
4222:Urðarbrunnr
4217:Mímisbrunnr
4149:Singasteinn
4079:Hindarfjall
4059:Gnipahellir
4039:Ginnungagap
4014:Fyrisvellir
4009:Fornsigtuna
3943:Vimur River
3933:Slidr River
3706:Jörmungandr
3116:Hrímgrímnir
2745:Vili and Vé
2531:Nine Worlds
2501:Mímisbrunnr
2449:Urðarbrunnr
2442:and mankind
2394:Inhabitants
2206:Anglo-Saxon
1961:Continental
1829:Anglo-Saxon
1758:Sacred tree
1648:Donar's Oak
1565:Palm, Thede
1552:(in German)
1523:D.S. Brewer
983:Poetic Edda
957:Mímisbrunnr
937:Urðarbrunnr
933:nine worlds
884:Poetic Edda
848:Poetic Edda
813:Poetic Edda
603:Saint Peter
571:Donar's Oak
401:Fnjoskadale
384:Landnámabók
372:Donar's Oak
229:Anglo-Saxon
137:philologist
119:Old English
92:Terminology
34:Poetic Edda
5772:Categories
5696:Vinoviloth
5484:Marcomanni
5467:Helveconae
5445:Heaðobards
5415:Istvaeones
5405:Ingaevones
5390:Hermunduri
5358:Ostrogoths
5348:Greuthungi
5226:Chattuarii
5052:Angrivarii
5047:Ampsivarii
5015:Lentienses
4844:Literature
4734:Viking Age
4596:Viking Age
4571:Philosophy
4439:Sonargöltr
4324:Runestones
4316:Prose Edda
4261:Fimbulvetr
4212:Hvergelmir
4179:Valaskjálf
4139:Sessrúmnir
4109:Jötunheimr
4084:Hlidskjalf
4074:Himinbjörg
4044:Glaðsheimr
4029:Gastropnir
3984:Bilskirnir
3964:Amsvartnir
3877:Gjallarbrú
3860:Underworld
3816:Landvættir
3716:Loddfáfnir
3694:Svaðilfari
3679:Hófvarpnir
3624:Blóðughófi
3604:Hildisvíni
3480:Aurvandill
3241:Vafþrúðnir
3226:Þrúðgelmir
3086:Harðgreipr
2476:Hvergelmir
2279:Trollkyrka
2237:Historical
2194:Variations
2163:Veneration
1954:Variations
1921:Heroic Age
1690:Barnstokkr
1496:9004128751
1385:References
1353:. London.
989:Prose Edda
953:Hvergelmir
890:Prose Edda
866:On top of
854:Prose Edda
819:Prose Edda
803:Prose Edda
769:Barnstokkr
708:Brian Boru
624:, Germany
338:, and the
281:, 'wood'.
5691:Vidivarii
5686:Victohali
5676:Vangiones
5609:Thuringii
5514:Nuithones
5410:Irminones
5373:Visigoths
5363:Thervingi
5323:Gambrivii
5276:Dulgubnii
5271:Dauciones
5221:Chasuarii
5161:Brondings
5087:Bastarnae
5077:Baiuvarii
5057:Armalausi
5020:Raetovari
4954:Languages
4922:Symbology
4782:Folklore
4777:Festivals
4551:Mead hall
4485:Þorrablót
4339:Legendary
4234:Yggdrasil
4194:Víðbláinn
4189:Vanaheimr
4164:Þrymheimr
4159:Þrúðvangr
4154:Þrúðheimr
4124:Munarvágr
4114:Mímameiðr
4089:Hnitbjorg
4004:Fólkvangr
3989:Brávellir
3938:Vadgelmir
3923:Kerlaugar
3892:Niðafjöll
3852:Locations
3828:Valkyries
3776:Sæhrímnir
3664:Gulltoppr
3629:Falhófnir
3527:Einherjar
3510:Landdísir
3344:Mótsognir
3334:Hreiðmarr
3246:Víðblindi
3196:Sökkmímir
3186:Mögþrasir
3146:Hyrrokkin
3111:Hrímgerðr
3106:Hræsvelgr
3096:Helreginn
3091:Helblindi
3011:Bergelmir
2675:Ítreksjóð
2582:mythology
2407:Ratatoskr
2383:Yggdrasil
2230:Locations
2180:Landdísir
2139:Þorrablót
2090:Practices
1906:Creatures
1715:Yggdrasil
1710:Mímameiðr
1548:634541207
1490:. Brill.
1479:1102-7355
1369:cite book
1334:3 January
1300:304376044
1265:3 January
1020:friðgeard
1016:friðplott
968:Ratatoskr
924:Yggdrasil
898:Mímameiðr
874:Eikþyrnir
757:Location
746:Yggdrasil
716:Old Irish
659:, Sweden
508:Grove of
482:Baduhenna
480:Grove of
469:Location
421:Strängnäs
210:Old Irish
108:Old Norse
74:onomastic
70:Yggdrasil
25:Yggdrasil
5757:Category
5664:Hasdingi
5649:Usipetes
5629:Tubantes
5614:Toxandri
5594:Tencteri
5569:Suarines
5554:Sicambri
5549:Semnones
5529:Reudigni
5499:Mattiaci
5489:Marsacii
5440:Lombards
5430:Lacringi
5425:Juthungi
5256:Corconti
5241:Cherusci
5216:Charudes
5196:Chaedini
5166:Bructeri
5151:Bateinoi
5122:Eburones
5117:Condrusi
5112:Caeroesi
5107:Atuatuci
5042:Ambrones
5005:Brisgavi
5000:Alemanni
4878:Paganism
4767:Clothing
4762:Calendar
4709:Germania
4614:See also
4536:Hamingja
4490:Vetrnætr
4475:Dísablót
4470:Álfablót
4276:Ragnarök
4184:Valhalla
4174:Útgarðar
4119:Myrkviðr
4104:Járnviðr
4099:Iðavöllr
4019:Gálgviðr
3999:Fensalir
3908:Élivágar
3882:Náströnd
3872:Éljúðnir
3741:Níðhöggr
3689:Sleipnir
3659:Gullfaxi
3559:Fimafeng
3475:Auðumbla
3294:Billingr
3221:Þrívaldi
3206:Suttungr
3161:Járnsaxa
3131:Hrungnir
3061:Gillingr
3056:Geirröðr
3036:Fárbauti
3026:Býleistr
2991:Angrboða
2943:Gullveig
2655:Heimdall
2645:Dellingr
2519:See also
2481:Níðhöggr
2468:Niflheim
2264:Irminsul
2211:Frankish
2112:Dísablót
2107:Álfablót
1976:Frankish
1817:Subjects
1724:See also
1653:Irminsul
1577:60865210
1567:(1948).
1538:. 1970.
1486:. 2003.
1419:Germania
1329:25022405
1296:ProQuest
1038:See also
1027:Askafroa
964:Níðhöggr
909:Víðópnir
868:Valhalla
842:Ragnarök
832:Unstated
799:Valhalla
777:'s hall
616:Irminsul
563:Germania
542:Semnones
533:Germania
486:Ancient
417:Jämtland
340:Semnones
314:Cherusci
302:Semnones
298:Germania
204:sacellum
5681:Varisci
5669:Silingi
5659:Vandals
5634:Tulingi
5624:Triboci
5619:Treveri
5599:Teutons
5589:Taifals
5564:Sitones
5504:Nemetes
5462:Helisii
5435:Lemovii
5353:Gutones
5286:Firaesi
5281:Favonae
5261:Cugerni
5251:Cobandi
5206:Chamavi
5201:Chaemae
5191:Casuari
5186:Caritni
5156:Betasii
5127:Paemani
5062:Auiones
4927:Warfare
4905:Scripts
4873:Numbers
4697:History
4566:Numbers
4546:Kenning
4419:Worship
4375:Society
4285:Sources
4204:Vingólf
4199:Vígríðr
4169:Uppsala
4134:Okolnir
4054:Glitnir
4024:Gandvik
3979:Bifröst
3969:Andlang
3887:Niflhel
3833:Völundr
3781:Skírnir
3721:Móðguðr
3517:Dragons
3500:Byggvir
3329:Gandalf
3314:Dvalinn
3284:Andvari
3121:Hrímnir
3076:Gunnlöð
3046:Fornjót
3041:Fjölvar
3021:Bölþorn
2996:Aurboða
2986:Alvaldi
2938:Gersemi
2755:Ásynjur
2660:Hermóðr
2650:Forseti
2600:Deities
2466:and/or
2310:Manheim
2170:Deities
2144:Seeress
1983:English
1934:Denmark
1911:Objects
1824:Deities
1414:Tacitus
878:Heiðrún
775:Völsung
591:Germany
581:Germany
520:Denmark
516:Zealand
510:Nerthus
389:Iceland
310:Nerthus
296:In his
193:nemeton
188:Gaulish
174:nemedaz
149:karrikā
103:harugaz
78:deities
66:temples
62:Tacitus
5701:Warini
5654:Vagoth
5639:Tungri
5604:Thelir
5584:Swedes
5579:Sunici
5544:Saxons
5539:Rugini
5472:Manimi
5457:Diduni
5395:Heruli
5333:Gepids
5318:Frisii
5296:Franks
5246:Cimbri
5236:Chauci
5231:Chatti
5144:Nervii
5139:Morini
5097:Belgae
5092:Batavi
5067:Avarpi
5032:Angles
4992:Groups
4942:Viking
4888:Gothic
4866:Gothic
4772:Family
4409:Horses
4248:Events
4229:Ýdalir
4208:Wells
4144:Sindri
4129:Nóatún
3994:Brimir
3959:Asgard
3918:Ífingr
3901:Rivers
3811:Vættir
3669:Gyllir
3579:Fylgja
3569:Fenrir
3522:Draugs
3458:Others
3381:Heroes
3364:Brokkr
3319:Fáfnir
3309:Dúrnir
3304:Durinn
3279:Alvíss
3271:Dwarfs
3256:Vörnir
3166:Laufey
3031:Eggþér
3016:Bestla
2973:Jötnar
2958:Njörðr
2953:Kvasir
2916:Freyja
2868:Snotra
2828:Njörun
2783:Gefjon
2740:Víðarr
2680:Lóðurr
2609:jötnar
2605:dwarfs
2493:Jötnar
2491:Frost
2440:Asgard
2298:Modern
2216:Gothic
2185:Vættir
2154:Symbel
2129:Hallow
1966:Alpine
1939:Sweden
1705:Læraðr
1695:Glasir
1575:
1546:
1529:
1508:
1494:
1477:
1455:
1430:
1403:
1357:
1327:
1298:
961:dragon
955:, and
862:Læraðr
793:Glasir
702:Dublin
501:Annals
494:Annals
488:Frisia
413:Frösön
361:Dublin
322:Annals
224:lauhaz
144:Celtic
5574:Suebi
5559:Sciri
5534:Rugii
5524:Quadi
5509:Njars
5494:Marsi
5452:Lugii
5420:Jutes
5385:Harii
5380:Gutes
5338:Goths
5328:Geats
5266:Danes
5211:Chali
5132:Segni
5072:Baemi
4915:Runes
4900:Rings
4893:Norse
4861:Names
4854:Norse
4837:Norse
4820:Norse
4601:Völva
4591:Skald
4586:Seiðr
4581:Runes
4576:Rings
4541:Heiti
4526:Galdr
4521:Félag
4511:Death
4504:Other
4414:Hörgr
4329:Sagas
4069:Heiðr
4034:Gimlé
3974:Barri
3913:Gjöll
3838:Vörðr
3801:Troll
3786:Sköll
3746:Norns
3654:Grani
3649:Glenr
3639:Glaðr
3609:Hjúki
3584:Garmr
3537:Elves
3532:Eldir
3505:Dísir
3485:Beyla
3419:Hi–Hy
3369:Eitri
3354:Regin
3299:Dáinn
3251:Vosud
3231:Þrymr
3211:Þjazi
3201:Surtr
3171:Leikn
3141:Hymir
3136:Hrymr
3126:Hroðr
3101:Hljod
3081:Gymir
3071:Gríðr
3051:Gangr
3001:Baugi
2948:Hnoss
2931:Yngvi
2921:Freyr
2908:Vanir
2888:Þrúðr
2863:Skaði
2858:Sjöfn
2853:Sigyn
2838:Rindr
2823:Nanna
2803:Iðunn
2788:Gerðr
2778:Fulla
2773:Frigg
2700:Mímir
2695:Meili
2670:Hœnir
2640:Bragi
2635:Baldr
2506:Mímir
2454:Norns
2415:(top)
2259:Hörgr
2221:Norse
2201:Early
2175:Dísir
2149:Seiðr
2119:Galdr
2097:Bless
2009:Norse
1988:Norse
1971:Dutch
1884:Hi–Hy
1768:Vörðr
1325:JSTOR
1260:Jassa
1077:Notes
970:, an
949:norns
945:thing
754:Name
697:Near
620:Near
587:Hesse
577:Hesse
575:Near
466:Name
409:birch
393:skáld
336:Weser
272:lundr
263:lūcus
222:*
214:nemed
199:Latin
183:nimid
172:*
158:*
132:harug
123:hearg
113:hǫrgr
101:*
5644:Ubii
5291:Fosi
5176:Buri
4531:Goði
4516:Ergi
4495:Yule
4394:Blót
4302:Edda
3764:Nótt
3759:Elli
3754:Dagr
3701:Jörð
3644:Glær
3634:Gísl
3495:Búri
3490:Borr
3470:Auðr
3414:H–He
3339:Litr
3261:Ymir
3216:Þökk
3181:Logi
3176:Litr
3006:Beli
2981:Ægir
2843:Sága
2818:Lofn
2813:Irpa
2808:Ilmr
2798:Hlín
2730:Ullr
2720:Thor
2710:Odin
2690:Máni
2685:Loki
2665:Höðr
2622:Æsir
2580:and
2124:Goði
2102:Blót
1879:H–He
1748:Ilmr
1573:OCLC
1544:OCLC
1527:ISBN
1506:ISBN
1492:ISBN
1475:ISSN
1453:ISBN
1428:ISBN
1401:ISBN
1375:link
1355:ISBN
1336:2022
1267:2022
1070:Ilmr
1064:Hlín
941:gods
381:The
365:Thor
278:viðr
251:laoh
233:lēah
208:and
160:wīhą
44:and
5519:Osi
4827:Law
4757:Art
4684:of
4556:Nīþ
4399:Hof
3867:Hel
3599:Hel
3434:T–Y
3429:P–S
3424:I–O
3409:F–G
3404:D–E
3399:B–C
3349:Ótr
3151:Iði
2898:Vör
2893:Vár
2878:Syn
2873:Sól
2848:Sif
2833:Rán
2793:Gná
2768:Eir
2763:Bil
2725:Týr
2715:Óðr
2464:Hel
2254:Hof
1899:T–Y
1894:P–S
1889:I–O
1874:F–G
1869:D–E
1864:B–C
1465:".
1018:or
736:In
558:.)
451:).
423:in
415:in
257:löh
27:by
5774::
4449:Vé
3156:Ím
2607:,
2602:,
2289:Vé
1579:.
1550:.
1525:.
1521:.
1471:18
1469:.
1426:.
1422:.
1416:,
1371:}}
1367:{{
1321:72
1319:.
1315:.
1275:^
1258:.
1198:^
1186:^
1120:^
986:,
978:.
887:,
851:,
816:,
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682:,
641:,
635:,
605:.
589:,
579:,
518:,
367:.
254:,
242:lo
197:,
167:.
165:vé
72:;
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4665:e
4658:t
4651:v
3394:A
2611:,
2570:e
2563:t
2556:v
2374:e
2367:t
2360:v
2074:e
2067:t
2060:v
1859:A
1802:e
1795:t
1788:v
1609:e
1602:t
1595:v
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1363:.
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1269:.
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