1077:
fence between them, and an associated building that Hope-Taylor interpreted as a kitchen. These three were the only buildings on the site oriented north-south rather than east-west, and were constructed at the same time as or shortly before the assembly-structure. They were destroyed along with the Great
Enclosure around 633, after which a church was built at the east end of the site. The southern building of the pair Hope-Taylor was convinced was a temple. No pottery or other indications of normal domestic use were found in this building. Nor were scattered animal bones. The building had been constructed in two stages: the second was constructed around the first (which was one of the few buildings on the site not to have been burned down), using carefully finished carpentry and heavy buttresses similar to those of the great hall. Inside the inner wall, the trench had been left open or opened up to form a pit approximately 6 feet long and more than 1 foot wide, which was full of animal bones; these had been deposited in at least 9 layers and stacked against the wall above the pit after space ran out, and there were half again as many as were found elsewhere on the site. They were mostly bones of oxen, with an extremely high proportion of skulls, and evidently had mostly been slaughtered as young calves, when their meat would be tender, rather than either shortly after birth when male calves would be surplus to dairy farming or after reaching full growth and being usable as draft animals. There were three non-structural postholes from which the posts had been removed before the building was burned and demolished. In addition, outside the northwest corner of the building there was a pit 4 feet in depth in which a post had been placed; nothing was found here except unusually clayey soil compared to the rest of the site, and crushed animal teeth, probably from sheep or goats; numerous thin, pointed stakes had been driven into the ground around this feature. And south of the pit, on the west side of the building, were traces of the successive erection of at least four temporary huts. A smaller, similar set of traces lay to the west of the screen between that building and the one to the north. South of the temple building was a rectangular enclosure that appeared to have been unroofed. There was no door out to this area from the building; both buildings had doors on their two long, east and west sides. Finally, of the graves in the western cemetery area of the site, the northernmost 16 were grouped around the temple building; but no burials lay to the east of the enclosure, suggesting that was where the gate was. All but one body, a child who was buried doubled-over, were buried with their heads to the west. Hope-Taylor considered the burials associated with free-standing posts beside the building and pointed out that although the form of burial—stretched out and without grave goods—would have been acceptable to Christians, the dating and association with the un-Christian building mean that at least some of the burials must have occurred during heathen times.
771:
buildings. He considered it primarily a farmhouse and only incidentally a hof. However, in addition to clarifying the relationship between the annexes and the main hall, the re-excavation revealed even more bone fragments, and analysis shows that at least 23 cattle had been sacrificial offerings. They were killed in an unusual manner, by a blow between the eyes, and their skulls displayed outside for years. The horns had not been removed and in age the animals ranged from just full-grown to middle-aged, both of these being unique in
Icelandic farming at the time; also the majority appear to have been bulls, which is very surprising in a dairy economy. The dates of the skulls varied, with the last having been slaughtered around 1000 C.E., and one sheep skeleton was found that had been killed in the same manner as the cattle. The bone finds thus indicate the building did indeed serve as a hof. So do the surprisingly small size of the main hearth despite the great size of the building; the relatively few finds of valuable objects (and complete lack of weapons), and the location, which is convenient for travel and highly visible, but not good for a farmstead. Hence, the unusual evidence of frequent meat feasting does not simply indicate a particularly wealthy settlement, but a place of frequent ritual gatherings, probably in spring and summer. The unusual method of slaughter was deliberately dramatic and would have produced a fountain of blood. The skulls were found among roof and wall debris, all but one grouped in two places at the south end of the hall: inside the southeast annex and between the southwestern annex and the wall of the main building; it seems plausible that they were on display when the building was in use and that where they were found was storage, whether normal winter storage or concealment after conversion to Christianity caused the abandonment of the building in the mid-eleventh century. The goat sacrifice can be interpreted as a termination ritual.
1073:
most likely been created in the 4th or 5th century C.E., possibly earlier, and only one of the burials on the site could reasonably be claimed to be Anglo-Saxon rather than indigenous Celtic, and that mainly on grounds of the individual's unusual height. In his view the archeological evidence was "preponderantly Celtic." However, he also identified the buildings he found as the product of a "vigorous hybrid culture" and regarded the buildings with solid walls in foundation trenches as "Saxo-Frisian" halls constructed by native craftsmen; in construction they are very early examples of a technique later found widely in important buildings, including churches, in both Anglo-Saxon
England and on the Continent, but at this time otherwise only found on Iona and near Yeavering, at Milfield, while in form they closely resemble buildings excavated west of the Weser.
701:. Among other finds, they uncovered the remains of a large longhouse or hall that was in use between the 6th and 11th centuries C.E. It was apparent from the postholes that the roof had been supported by a few very strong columns and that the building had been tall, possibly two-story. It contained a large central room, where a large number of animal bones, fragments of Frankish glass beakers, and a piece of a string instrument were found. These finds indicate with a high degree of likelihood that the hall was used for ceremonial feasts. In addition, large numbers of offered items were found in the area, among others a huge gold ring, amulets with mythological motifs, and animal bones. These finds all suggest that the entire complex was an important religious center.
1020:. It is located 150 meters from the current shore of the local fjord. The building was remarkable in that it in its centre, a quadratic-shaped structure had four holes for round pillars which is interpreted as holding up a central spire, similar to Uppåkra. The longer side walls had probably rectangular heavier roof carrying posts with a size of about 40x40 cm. It is interpreted as being a hof. In one of the pillars of the building a part of an iron plough was found. This is interpreted as an offering for a place of worship. Remains of fireplaces was found in the building thought to be used in heathen ceremonies. The burnt remains of pillars were C-14 carbon dated in 2021 to be from the period 970-990 CE, late Viking age.
462:
a ring weighing twenty ounces and fashioned without a join was placed, and all oaths had to be sworn on this ring. It also had to be worn by the temple priest at all public gatherings. A sacrificial bowl was placed on the platform and in it a sacrificial twig —like a priest's aspergillum—which was used to sprinkle blood from the bowl. This blood, which was called sacrificial blood , was the blood of live animals offered to the gods. The gods were placed around the platform in the choir-like structure within the temple. All farmers had to pay a toll to the temple . . . . The temple godi was responsible for the upkeep of the temple and ensuring it was maintained properly, as well as for holding sacrificial feasts in it.
518:
38:
811:
3555:
3578:
872:: numerous settings of crushed stone and fire sites were found all over it, and evenly distributed on, under, and around them, large amounts of burned and crushed bone, burned and crushed clay fragments, and resin drops, and smaller numbers of beads and blades such as knives and arrowheads. The bone fragments were very worn, indicating they had been left exposed or possibly ground, and the very few that could be identified were from pigs and either sheep or goats.
1128:
height, the raised central roof and the surrounding gallery at ground level" – than indigenous
Norwegian buildings, since the main influence on early Norwegian Christianity was Anglo-Saxon England, where stave churches were not built. But Olsen believed buildings like the first Urnes church would have been too small to accommodate heathen sacrifice and feasting, and no smaller hofs had yet been discovered, so he believed all hofs were longhouse temple-farms.
1086:
1024:
3503:
353:
a
Christian church, and concluded in light of this that a hof could not have been an independent building. Particularly in reference to the Hofstaðir building in Iceland (see below), he suggested the model of the temple-farm: that rather than being dedicated exclusively to religious use, the hofs were also dwellings, and that the word hof referred to the great farm in a rural settlement, at which the most powerful man also held sacrifices (
3522:
3437:
999:, consisting of a stone circle approximately 15 m in diameter and 1 m in height delineating an altar, a ceremonial way marked by standing stones, and a building about 5.3 x 4.5 m in size, consisting of 12 large pillars resting on stone bases and enclosing 4 pillars. The building is thought to have been a shelter for the god-images which were mounted on the inside pillars. The site dates to about 400 CE, during the
490:. . . and with were to be smeared all over with blood the pedestals of the idols and also the walls of the temple within and without; and likewise the men present were to be sprinkled with blood. But the meat of the animals was to be boiled and to serve as food at the banquet. Fires were to be lighted in the middle of the temple floor, and kettles hung over them. The sacrificial beaker was to be borne around the fire.
3456:
3389:
1098:
3370:
3663:
3484:
3625:
3644:
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periodic visits to that part of the kingdom. Investigations have shown that the complex was only in use for short periods. The king also functioned as a religious leader, and the hof was used for the feasts and blóts that were held when the king was at the location. Similar complexes of buildings are known from other places in southern
Scandinavia, for example
846:
central part of the building, which stood free of the outer walls, was formed by four gigantic wooden columns. The holes for these and for the corner-posts are unusually wide and more than two meters deep, and stone packing found in three of the center holes indicates columns at least 0.7 meters in diameter.
868:, excavation revealed a small building parallel to the north side of a longhouse, with three phallic figurines inside, one solid gold, the other two cast in bronze and gilded. This is thought to have been a hof associated with the longhouse residence. In addition, a nearby hillside appears to have been a
443:
blood bowl . This blood was to be sprinkled over men and animals, and the animals that were given in sacrifice were to be used for feasting when sacrificial banquets were held. Men whom they sacrificed were to be cast into a pool which was outside by the door; they called it Blótkelda (Well of
Sacrifice).
1072:
directed an excavation of the site. This was a royal residence of the Anglo-Saxon kings of
Northumbria, but Hope-Taylor emphasized that as implied by its Celtic name, its history began far back in the post-Romano-British past; the "Great Enclosure" on the eastern edge of the site, in his opinion, had
930:
Further excavations at Gamla
Uppsala in the 1990s uncovered remains of a large settlement and a very large hall near the church, which has been identified as a hall hof, either "a feasting hall in which pagan festivals took place at certain times" or, based on its lack of internal divisions, a ritual
849:
The building had three entrances, two in the south and one in the north. Each opening had hefty posts on either side, and the southwestern had a projecting section in addition. That must therefore have been the main entrance of the hof. This has been interpreted as the men's entrance, the entrance on
770:
Olsen used Hofstaðir as a particularly good example of the idea of the temple-farm. Despite its large size, in form the building is identical to other longhouses, the small room at the north end was a later addition, and the 1908 excavation had not fully revealed the entrances, annexes, and ancillary
674:
as soon as he reached the shrine, he cast into it the spear he carried and thus profaned it. Then . . . he told his companions to set fire to the shrine and its enclosures and destroy them. . . . Here it was that the Chief Priest . . . desecrated and destroyed the altars that he had himself dedicated.
609:
Near this temple stands a very large tree with wide-spreading branches, always green winter and summer. What kind it is nobody knows. There is also a spring at which the pagans are accustomed to make their sacrifices, and into it to plunge a live man. And if he is not found, the people's wish will be
1076:
Among these trench-built solid-walled buildings were three that lay some distance west of the great hall, with the amphitheatrical structure Hope-Taylor referred to as the assembly-structure lying between them: a pair of rectangular buildings placed end to end with what appears to have been a wattle
894:
at the far end of the hallway from the entrance. Two amulet rings were found near this and 98 amulet rings and 75 kg of unburned animal bones, including numerous skulls and jawbones, were found in the paved area in front of the entrance, suggesting the building had been used for ritual feasts.
461:
were placed inside the door, and nails, that were called holy nails , were driven into them. Beyond that point, the temple was a sanctuary. At the inner end there was a structure similar to the choir in churches nowadays and there was a raised platform in the middle of the floor like an altar, where
352:
This was the dominant theory until in 1966 the Danish archeologist Olaf Olsen published the results of a comprehensive study of archeological investigations in
Iceland and Sweden and of a large number of the oldest Danish churches. He was not able to confirm a single case of a heathen hof underlying
841:
The remains of the building consist of holes and trenches for the placement of the pillars and walls that once stood there. Various floor levels were discernible, and it was possible to determine that the hof was initially erected in the 3rd century C.E. on the site of an unusually large longhouse,
704:
Other finds in the area, for example weapons and jewelry, show that the site was associated with the highest strata of society, possibly with the royal family. The entire complex, which also included workshops and a marketplace, may have functioned as a temporary residence for the king when he made
673:
So he . . . asked the king to give him arms and a stallion—for hitherto it had not been lawful for the Chief Priest to carry arms or to ride anything but a mare. . . . Girded with a sword and with a spear in his hand, he mounted the king's stallion and rode up to the idols. . . . ithout hesitation,
573:
and Frikko have places on either side. The significance of these gods is as follows: Thor, they say, presides over the air, which governs the thunder and lightning, the winds and rains, fair weather and crops. The other, Wotan—that is, the Furious—carries on war and imparts to man strength against
2247:
Olsen, pp. 127-42, English summary pp. 282-83. Side-by-side drawings by Holger Schmidt of eight interpretations of the Uppsala temple, all but one resembling stave churches in style, are Olsen's Fig. 5, p. 133 and have been reproduced elsewhere. Olsen reproduces the post-holes alone in Fig. 6, p.
1127:
have traces of a heathen hof been found. In particular Olsen investigated the notion that the earliest Scandinavian churches were built over the hofs, and found it not substantiated. However, he did see no other source for the main stylistic characteristics of the stave-church – "the striving for
1036:. Part of a grinding stone found at its location is interpreted again as a religious offering for a sacred place. A number of other buildings from three time periods were found at the site, pointing to an important central farm site, Ose, which was located here at least from 500 years before CE.
774:
Olsen also regarded as highly significant that only 9 meters from the south door of the building was an oval pit containing ash, charcoal, fragments of animal bone, and sooty stones. He pointed out that Icelandic farms usually disposed of their refuse down a slope, and interpreted this as a very
766:
with a small separate room at the north end, 42 meters long overall and 8 meters wide in the main section. It had three small protruding sections, two near the south end and one on the opposite side. There was a fireplace in the center and smaller fireplaces at both ends of the main room. Animal
442:
was to wear it on his arm at all gatherings, and everyone was to swear oaths on it whenever a suit was brought. A great copper bowl was to stand on the altar, and into it was to go all the blood which came from animals or men given to Thor. They called this sacrificial blood and the sacrificial
2471:
Hope-Taylor's buildings D1 and D2; pp. 95, 96, 159, 165, 268. Figs. 41 and 44, general plans of Area D, are missing in the pdf. Hope-Taylor interpreted D3 as the kitchen, Fig. 75 caption, p. 159. But the Past Perfect site maintained by Durham and Northumberland County Councils refers to D1, the
845:
The building was not large, only 13 meters long and 6.5 meters wide. The walls on the long sides were made of slightly convex, rough-cut oak posts or "staves," which were sunk into a trench in the earth more than one meter deep. At each corner of the building stood a pillar or corner-post. The
437:
stood in the center, with other gods on both sides. In front of them was an altar made with great skill and covered with iron on the top. On this there was to be a fire which would never go out—they called it sacred fire. On the altar was to lie a great armband, made of silver. The temple
1958:
10.1 (2007), 7-30, Fig. 2, p. 10; the diagram in De Vries, Fig. 10, p. 383, Turville-Petre, p. 242, and Olsen, Fig. 18, p. 183 is based on the initial excavation and shows only two of the annexes and one of the two entrances: the northwest annex was a second entrance opposite that in the
322:
The Germans do not think it in keeping with the divine majesty to confine gods within walls or to portray them in the likeness of any human countenance. Their holy places are woods and groves, and they apply the names of deities to that hidden presence which is seen only by the eye of
978:
have revealed gullgubber and "strike-a-lights," suggesting cultic use. The as yet unpublished site is identified as a 6th-7th century building that was part of a farm and apparently was never used as a residence, and so far has yielded 29 gullgubber, a half-dozen strike-a-lights, a
838:, revealed that a heathen hof was located there for several hundred years. Since it was possible to excavate the entire site and since it had not been disturbed, this excavation afforded the first opportunity for a purely archeological study of a heathen hof in its entirety.
787:, were interpreted as the remains of hofs, but Olsen demonstrated that they are identical in form and scale with horse stalls still in use in Iceland. He ascribed the hof legends attached to them to romantic nationalism and pointed out that many were called medieval chapels (
1900:
suggests that Järrestad may be another hof site, based on multiple entrances and the discovery of a hammer-head and an iron socket axe in a posthole: "Ritual building and ritual space: Aspects of investigations at the Iron Age central site Uppåkra, Scania, Sweden" in Andrén
1031:
Another building, round and smaller in size, marked again by holes for its posts was also found during these excavations about 100 m northeast of the first, slightly more distant from current shore. It seems to be of a similar age around year 900. It is thought to be a
432:
He had a large temple built in his hayfield, a hundred feet long and sixty wide. Everybody had to pay a temple fee. Thor was the god most honoured there. It was rounded on the inside, like a vault, and there were windows and wall-hangings everywhere. The image of
1118:
featuring the motif of the gripping beast that were evidently felt to be too pagan to continue to be prominently displayed. Many have thought that hofs probably looked like the early stave churches. However, although excavations have found the remains of earlier
389:, is of the opinion that in effect it was economic resources as much as local tradition that led to the development of dedicated hofs: in the richest areas, actual temples developed, while in poor areas, the spaces that people had were what they used for
1147:. These have sometimes been compared to stave churches, especially those with a central raised section, and many of the stave churches have been elongated or made cruciform from an originally square plan. For example, the reconstructed
1011:
In late summer and early autumn 2020, during archeological survey for a build site, remains of a building with size 14 by 7 meters with slightly curved walls marked by large postholes was found at Ose on the outskirts of the town of
915:. He interpreted them as two concentric rectangles, the remains of an almost square building with a high roof. However, as Olsen demonstrated, the remains are too sparse to support this interpretation, which is in any case based on
582:. . . . For all the gods there are appointed priests to offer sacrifices for the people. If plague and famine threaten, a libation is poured to the idol Thor; if war, to Wotan, if marriages are to be celebrated, to Frikko.
2048:
Olsen, pp. 158-65, English summary pp. 283-84; plan and drawing of a square horse stall, Figs. 12, 13, pp. 164-65. The square ruins were given special attention because of the idea that the hof at Gamla Uppsala had been
625:
of Sweden, and therefore had the opportunity to personally see the hof at Uppsala. But we do not know how accurately Adam reports what he said. Accuracy concerning heathenry was not his objective in writing his history.
120:, which originally meant a hall and later came to refer to a court (originally in the meaning of a royal or aristocratic court) and then also to a farm. In medieval Scandinavian sources, it occurs once as a hall, in the
362:
However, new archeological discoveries in the late 20th century revealed several buildings in various parts of Scandinavia that do appear to have functioned purely as cult sites. Some of them, for example the hall at
1109:
of Norway and Sweden were constructed using a later version of the upright stave technique seen at Yeavering and Uppåkra, often have runic graffiti and very old-fashioned decorative carving, and the oldest, at
596:
A golden chain goes round the temple. It hangs over the gable of the building and sends its glitter far off to those who approach, because the shrine stands on level ground with mountains all about it like a
2639:, p. 58: "Some writers regard the turriform church as the original type of small English church as built by the timber-using Anglo-Saxons, especially in areas away from centres of ecclesiastical importance".
842:
and then rebuilt six times without appreciable changes, the last version of the building dating to the early Viking Age. The building material was in all cases wood, which was also sunk into the ground.
927:, a later and non-Germanic site. Moreover, Schuchhardt's excavation was rushed and his own data do not certainly support the square plan that he later claimed to have found at two other Baltic sites.
574:
his enemies. The third is Frikko, who bestows peace and pleasure on mortals. His likeness, too, they fashion with an immense phallus. But Wotan they chisel armed, as our people are wont to represent
1529:
Gunnell, p. 5, points out that outdoor offerings in bogs fall off sharply during the Migration Age, in the 5th and 6th centuries, coinciding with the rise of the institution of the chieftain's hall.
1845:
1003:, and had been covered with earth to conceal it. Several human teeth, a partial skull, and two glass beads were found, but no gullgubber. The site was later bulldozed to make way for housing.
565:
That folk has a very famous temple called Uppsala . . . . In this temple, entirely decked out in gold, the people worship the statues of three gods in such wise that the mightiest of them,
3219:
856:
The hof is near the center of the settlement and there are at least four burial mounds to the west and north of it, probably dating to the early Bronze Age or the early Iron Age.
331:, Norway, where offerings were apparently brought to images of the gods on a row of ten posts, but no trace of buildings was found. Yet Tacitus himself wrote of an image of
2943:
1872:
Charlotte Fabech, "Centrality in Old Norse mental landscapes: A dialogue between arranged and natural place?" in Anders Andrén, Kristin Jennbert, Catharina Raudvere, eds.,
345:. Most older scholars considered that a hof would be a dedicated temple: an independent sacred place, built specifically for ritual proceedings, comparable to a Christian
911:. In the layer immediately underlying the church, dated to approximately 900 C.E., he found post-holes that he interpreted as the remains of the great hof described by
3244:
767:
bones were found all around the inside of the walls in the main room, and a smaller number in the small room. Various associated buildings have also been excavated.
952:, archeological investigation in the 1960s revealed remnants of a hof, the only one found under a Norwegian church. The building had been of post construction, and
822:; bottom: plan of excavation, showing locations of wall trenches (pink), central columns (brown), hearth (red), and beaker and glass bowl (green). By Sven Rosborn.
1382:
2304:
762:- FSI) has re-investigated it; since 2002, in an international investigation under the Landscape of Settlements program. The excavations have uncovered a large
1922:
1842:
661:, convinced that Christianity is a better way, volunteers to personally lead the destruction of the temple and its idols, which Bede says was located at
2369:
Video and text on the excavation and findings from the University Museum, Bergen. Presented by Søren Diinhoff, the archologist in charge of the project.
2988:
1439:
521:
A woodcut depicting the Temple at Uppsala as described by Adam of Bremen, including the golden chain around the temple, the well and the tree, from
1713:
Einleitung. Vorgeschichtliche Perioden. Religiöse Grundlagen des Lebens. Seelen- und Geisterglaube. Macht und Kraft. Das Heilige und die Kultformen
1596:
of the large farm: a building in everyday use which on special occasions became the setting for the ritual gatherings of a large number of people."
228:
2487:
2348:"Fant hedensk helligdom uten sidestykke: Nå er ett av dem, i sin tid bevisst og omhyggelig skjult, gjenfunnet – det første av sitt slag i Norge"
1392:
17 (2001) 3-36, p. 26, note 8 counts over 80 simple Hof placenames in Iceland and 23 in Norway, in addition to those where the word is combined.
2291:
755:
714:
2476:
1874:
Old Norse Religion in Long-Term Perspectives: Origins, Changes, and Interactions: an international conference in Lund, Sweden, June 3–7, 2004
1198:, designed by Magnus Jensson, an architect who is an Ásatrú member. As of 2023 the hof is still under construction following numerous delays.
737:. These also included religious buildings, marketplaces, and workshops that were primarily used when the peripatetic court was in residence.
2438:
1805:
784:
2804:
1910:
3048:
717:
on Zealand. These royal centers, called central places by archeologists, perhaps also constituted a parallel to the royal palaces of the
349:. By extension, it was also commonly believed that the hofs had been located on the same sites as the churches that had superseded them.
1201:
In the north of Iceland, construction of the Ásheimur Temple began in 2010 on the land of Árni Sverrisson. It has been in use since 2014
3348:
888:, a small building was excavated that had two rooms on either side of a central hallway. There was a stone foundation interpreted as a
895:
In the eleventh century the building and its yard had been covered with a thick layer of gravel and a church erected 100 m away.
2673:
497:
considered the 100 by 60 foot dimensions and the eternal flame exaggerated; the human sacrifices in a pool by the door, not so much.
327:
There are in fact several sites in the historical period at which heathen rites apparently took place in the open, including Hove in
1885:
3310:
1334:
1144:
3768:
2514:
In the caption to Fig. 75, p. 159, he refers to D2 as "presumably a temple"; in the caption to Fig. 76, p. 160, as "temple-like."
1987:
1792:
2688:
2205:
See also Ann-Lili Nielsen's discussion of this site, "About a small building and animal bones from the late Iron Age" in Andrén
375:(formerly in Denmark, now in Sweden) functioned as places of assembly for the local population. The temple found in England, at
718:
641:
527:
2756:
2347:
2592:, Studier från Zornska institutet för nordisk och jämförande konsthistoria vid Stockholms högskola, Stockholm: Fritze, 1931,
2450:
1939:
1513:
2569:
2368:
1467:
1172:
850:
the north side as the women's entrance, and the southeastern entrance as for the priest, on the model of stone churches.
614:
Rather than a single tree, the passage that follows on the great sacrifices held every nine years at Uppsala speaks of a
1624:(referring specifically to Hofstaðir): "the hall of a farmhouse used for communal religious feasts, perhaps that of the
1414:
3315:
2151:
1123:
under many medieval Scandinavian churches, including two predecessors under the Urnes church, only under the church at
2498:
1371:
2976:
2962:
2415:
2278:
2266:
2168:
1881:
1830:
1766:
1762:
1675:
1650:
1617:
1560:
1492:
1330:
1304:
1263:
procured land in Jackson County, Tennessee, on which to create Sigrheim, which will include a permanent community of
130:, and beginning in the fourteenth century, in the "court" meaning. Otherwise, it occurs only as a word for a temple.
2317:
517:
853:
Two large iron door rings were found, one in the fill around a post, the other about 10 meters from the building.
3041:
2379:
2061:
3376:
2214:
2193:
618:
adjoining the hof, of which each and every tree is sacred and in which the human and animal victims are hanged.
3540:
3341:
2863:
1779:
1692:
1140:
79:
2523:
Hope-Taylor, pp. 97-8, 100; Appendix I, E.S. Higgs and M. Jarman, "Yeavering: Faunal Report," pp. 327, 328-31.
457:
There he had a temple built, and it was a sizeable building, with a door on the side-wall near the gable. The
37:
3773:
3280:
2003:, draft, North Atlantic Biocultural Organization (NABO) NORSEC Laboratory Report No. 5, July 14, 2002 (pdf).
1191:
453:
about Thorolf Mostrarskegg's temple at Hofstaðir, which gives more information about the layout of the hof:
2080:
1897:
17:
414:(Hauksbók) it is stated that Iceland was divided into four courtdistricts all containing three hofs each.
2000:
1555:, tr. Alfred John Church and William Jackson Brodribb, ed. Moses Hadas, New York: Modern Library, 2003,
791:) at the beginning of the 19th century and had transformed into ruined hofs by the end of that century.
3763:
3034:
3026:
1853:
907:
found at least three levels of previous occupation under and immediately to the north of the church at
2142:; according to Gunnar Andersson, "Among trees, bones and stones: The sacred grove at Lunda" in Andrén
1715:, Grundriß der germanischen Philologie 12.1, 2nd ed. Berlin: De Gruyter, 1956, repr. as 3rd ed. 1970,
1621:
881:
3688:
3334:
2484:
1506:
Christianization and the Rise of Christian Monarchy: Scandinavia, Central Europe and Rus' c. 900-1200
1288:
1187:
621:
Adam's presumed source, Sweyn Estridsen, was in service as a young man (from 1026 to 1038) with King
1115:
3145:
2390:
1953:"Bloody Slaughter: Ritual Decapitation and Display at the Viking Settlement of Hofstaðir, Iceland,"
2924:
Lars Jørgensen. "Hov og hørg ved Tissø." In Torsten Capelle, Christian Fischer, Karen M. Boe eds.
2473:
2139:
233:
179:
linguistic area, namely Norway and Iceland. It is the dominant word for a temple in the Icelandic
3778:
3176:
1704:
494:
2435:
722:
1346:
1253:
1231:
239:
2994:
1564:
1209:
869:
2586:
Hallar, tempel och stavkyrkor: Studier till kännedomen om äldre nordisk monumentalarkitektur
1517:
758:
in 1908 and again by Olaf Olsen in 1965. Since 1991, the Icelandic Archeological Institute (
3181:
1925:, Stormandsslægten ved Tissø, National Museum of Denmark. Retrieved April 24, 2010 (Danish)
1605:
1260:
1249:
1238:
1227:
1205:
1164:
1152:
654:
31:
3365:
2670:
1195:
693:
In the 1990s, Danish archaeologists excavated a chieftain's residence on the outskirts of
8:
3693:
2273:, Doctoral thesis, Aun 31, Uppsala: Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, 2002,
1321:
698:
3000:
1148:
3698:
3305:
3196:
3119:
1296:
1242:
1111:
1090:
726:
458:
379:, now appears to be an early example of a hall-associated hof, rather than an anomaly.
202:
2108:
1017:
308:
The nature of Germanic places of worship has long been a subject of scholarly debate.
3561:
3443:
3412:
3249:
3186:
3058:
2972:
2958:
2954:
2929:
2685:
2653:
2632:
2593:
2446:
2427:
2411:
2274:
2262:
2084:
1877:
1826:
1758:
1716:
1688:
1671:
1646:
1613:
1581:
1556:
1509:
1488:
1459:
1451:
1431:
1406:
1354:
1326:
1300:
1069:
885:
536:
346:
3259:
3016:
2581:
2001:"Report of Cattle and Sheep Skulls Recovered from Hofstaðir, Mývatnssveit N Iceland"
949:
277:
3783:
3357:
3109:
1132:
916:
819:
754:, and local tradition indicate it was the site of a hof. The site was excavated by
575:
473:
424:
411:
337:
2914:
2773:
1264:
3573:
3469:
3191:
2743:
2692:
2677:
2671:"Research in medieval, Norwegian wooden churches, relevance of available sources"
2502:
2494:
is an interactive key to the Yeavering section. There is also a site plan on the
2491:
2480:
2442:
2065:
1849:
1386:
1284:
1180:
1176:
1120:
1000:
810:
558:
314:
135:
113:
2940:
Hofstaðir: Investigations of a Viking-Age Feasting-Hall in North-Eastern Iceland
1952:
1757:, tr. Francis Joseph Tschan, intro by Timothy Reuter, New York: Columbia, 2002,
1027:
The dig out with postholes of the assumed Viking age Hof at Ose in Ørsta, Norway
865:
3658:
3114:
2808:
2434:, Her Majesty's Stationery Office for the Department of the Environment, 1977,
2217:) that the building had been built on sills. However, she terms the building a
2155:
1054:
912:
904:
554:
449:
386:
382:
184:
109:
3264:
2915:
Gudarnas gård: Tre fallosfiguriner från Lunda i Strängnäs socken, Södermanland
2887:
805:
153:
143:
99:
3757:
3650:
3612:
3285:
3087:
3082:
2068:, Uppåkra - en forntida centralort, 2007. Retrieved April 21, 2010 (Swedish).
1990:: "here was no indication that it was erected purely for religious purposes."
1380:
and Dwarves: An Examination of the Ritual Space in the Pagan Icelandic Hall,"
1216:
908:
546:
293:
212:
59:
42:
1487:, tr. H. Mattingly, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1948, rev. S. A. Handford 1970,
1428:
Geographical Etymology: A Dictionary of Place-Names Giving their Derivations
254:
Several places in Iceland named Hofstaðir, one the site of a hof excavation.
190:
Many places in Scandinavia, but especially in West Norse regions, are named
126:
3708:
3591:
3554:
3464:
3432:
3224:
2495:
1106:
615:
522:
478:
222:
47:
3577:
3155:
2597:
1610:
Myths and Symbols in Pagan Europe: Early Scandinavian and Celtic Religions
1435:
1358:
1143:, to which naves were added only later in the Middle Ages, for example at
706:
328:
3669:
3490:
2933:
2352:
1822:
1720:
1316:
924:
730:
622:
486:
repeats the same information about the blood and the bowl, and continues:
367:, Denmark, were associated with the aristocracy, but others, for example
267:
139:
3056:
2718:
2636:
2505:
at the Gefrin Trust. Higham's plan, p. 107, identifies D3 as a butchery.
1585:
1463:
1410:
1085:
3730:
3703:
3254:
2657:
2330:
1628:
or leading man of the district who would preside over such gatherings."
1023:
954:
763:
662:
542:
428:
contains an extended description of Thorgrim Helgason's temple at Hof:
176:
148:
121:
3502:
2707:
Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings Magazine, Autumn 2014.
2058:
827:
815:
368:
206:
3713:
3601:
3550:
3509:
2805:"Kendis-designer åbner 12 meter højt tempel til ære for Odin og Thor"
1687:
Tr. Lee M. Hollander, 1964, repr. Austin: University of Texas, 1995,
1131:
One Anglo-Saxon church, however, arguably is a stave-church: that at
1101:
Ancient portal of Urnes stave church (photograph by Nina Aldin Thune)
1050:
996:
980:
975:
376:
263:
87:
3397:
3326:
3220:
Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe
3160:
2757:"New pagan temple in Iceland marks the revival of European paganism"
2410:, Phoenix Mill, Gloucestershire/Dover, New Hampshire, Sutton, 1993,
1139:. Also, some of the earliest Anglo-Saxon churches consisted only of
751:
257:
3631:
3569:
3451:
3384:
3239:
3072:
1588:, English summary p. 285: " suggest that the building of the pagan
1351:
Myth and Religion of the North: The Religion of Ancient Scandinavia
710:
588:
216:
3521:
3436:
3234:
3124:
3012:
Past Perfect: the virtual archaeology of Durham and Northumberland
1033:
1013:
983:
dated to approximately 550 C.E., pearls, knives, and a ring-nail.
971:
890:
694:
364:
250:
Some placenames, often names of farms, combine the word, such as:
159:
3620:
3498:
3479:
3402:
3011:
2474:
Yeavering Saxon Royal Palace: The temple and associated buildings
1578:
Hørg, Hov og Kirke: Historiske og Arkæologiske Vikingetidsstudier
1093:
by Axel Lindahl, 1880s, with the ancient portal in the north wall
992:
967:
342:
332:
309:
297:
281:
273:
51:
3077:
2111:, Bengans historiasidor, May 23, 2008. Retrieved April 20, 2010.
1124:
1097:
945:
483:
390:
355:
3725:
3718:
3639:
3535:
3530:
3455:
3407:
3388:
3129:
3104:
3021:
3017:
North Atlantic Biocultural Organisation Hofstaðir investigation
3003:
by Foteviken Museum (QuickTime, opens focused on image of Odin)
1999:
Lucas and McGovern, pp. 8, 10-14; see also Thomas H. McGovern,
835:
734:
557:
around 1070, likely based on an eyewitness description by King
550:
372:
243:
151:, it appears to have displaced older terms for a sacred place,
75:
3150:
1942:, points out there are several places by that name in Iceland.
3683:
3670:
Fire temple or Agiary or Atashkadeh or Atashgah or Dar-e Mehr
3517:
3417:
3369:
3099:
3094:
2271:
The Viking Way: Religion and War in Late Iron Age Scandinavia
1934:
This is a tradition recorded in the 19th century and not the
1220:
1136:
920:
658:
439:
3662:
2744:"Iceland's Asatru pagans reach new height with first temple"
991:
In 2011, remains of a site of heathen worship were found at
2849:
2835:
2821:
2790:
2085:"The Iron Age ritual building at Uppåkra, southern Sweden,"
1163:
Some buildings have been constructed or adapted as hofs by
1058:
831:
778:
666:
650:
579:
570:
566:
434:
285:
180:
3483:
3624:
3422:
3006:
2629:
An Introduction to Anglo-Saxon Architecture and Sculpture
2334:
1325:, London: Bell, 1883, repr. New York: Dover, 1966, 2004,
1299:, Oxford: Clarendon-Oxford University, 1957, repr. 1975,
3643:
3605:
1637:"The Saga of the People of Kjalarnes," tr. John Porter,
1049:
The only heathen temple site yet found in England is at
592:
appended to this passage adds the following description:
2472:
northern one of the pair of buildings, as the kitchen,
2432:
Yeavering: An Anglo-British Centre of early Northumbria
2995:
Vikingarnas landskap: Uppåkra - vikingacentrat i Skåne
2483:. Retrieved April 26, 2010. On the Past Perfect site,
2229:
and assumes it was the base for display of god-images.
1151:
is square, and the traces of the earlier church under
783:
A number of square ruins in Iceland, above all one at
134:
also occasionally occurs with the meaning "temple" in
2913:
Gunnar Andersson, L. Beronius Jörperland, J. Dunés. "
2337:
February 6, 2009 (Norwegian). Retrieved May 12, 2010.
2850:"Njordshof, Fourth Hof of the Asatru Folk Assembly"
2836:"Baldrshof, Third Hof of the Asatru Folk Assembly"
2822:"Thorshof, Second Hof of the Asatru Folk Assembly"
2698:. Retrieved April 26, 2010, both at Stavkirke.org.
2316:Lars Larsson, "Ritual building and ritual space,"
1662:"The Saga of the People of Eyri," tr. Judy Quinn,
569:, occupies a throne in the middle of the chamber;
2791:"Odinshof, First Hof of the Asatru Folk Assembly"
2650:An Introduction to English Mediaeval Architecture
504:, also mention hofs being surrounded by a fence.
266:, a former municipality in Norway - dedicated to
198:, either alone or in combination. These include:
3755:
2281:, p. 61; Bradley's interpretation is the latter.
300:, with an associated Hoff Lund, "temple grove."
2803:Jasmina Blichert and Jeppe Vestergaard Jensen,
2436:reprinted with corrections for English Heritage
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1825:, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1955, rev. ed. 1990,
931:space based in overall form on the long house.
2259:Ritual and Domestic Life in Prehistoric Europe
974:in southern Norway, excavations of a 15-meter
750:The name of the settlement of Hofstaðir, near
3342:
3042:
1458:, Dent's country guides, London: Dent, 1902,
1403:The Northmen in Cumberland & Westmoreland
578:. Thor with his scepter apparently resembles
396:
292:There is also one in England: the village of
2402:
2400:
2398:
2213:, pp. 243-47, in which she adds the detail (
2211:Old Norse Religion in Long-Term Perspectives
2179:
2177:
2148:Old Norse Religion in Long-Term Perspectives
2076:
2074:
1907:Old Norse Religion in Long-Term Perspectives
1859:
1819:Ecclesiastical History of the English People
1755:History of the archbishops of Hamburg-Bremen
1194:, an oval building set into a hillside near
1175:dedicated a former Tudor chapel as a hof at
647:Ecclesiastical History of the English People
2864:""SIGRHEIM IS OURS!" by AsatruFolkAssembly"
2590:Den nordiska hallen, templet och stavkyrkan
303:
3349:
3335:
3049:
3035:
2989:Digital archive of Hofstaðir re-excavation
2811:, May 30, 2016. Retrieved August 11, 2018.
2039:Olsen, pp. 189-93, English summary p. 284.
1977:Olsen, p. 193, English summary pp. 284-85.
1592:in Iceland was in fact identical with the
417:
3746:Sorted alphabetically except the last one
2669:See Illustration 2, Jørgen H. Jensenius,
2395:
2174:
2071:
3311:Christianisation of the Germanic peoples
2780:June 15, 2020. Retrieved April 12, 2024.
2719:"Magnus Jensson's Architectural Website"
2682:Nordic Journal of Architectural Research
2380:Sensasjonelt funn av gudehus på Sunnmøre
2102:
1114:, has preserved in one wall two ancient
1096:
1084:
1022:
809:
779:Sæból and other reputed square hof sites
678:
605:describes natural features near the hof:
516:
54:offers himself for sacrifice before the
36:
2408:The Kingdom of Northumbria: AD 350–1100
2052:
1695:, "The Saga of Hákon the Good," p. 107.
14:
3756:
3001:re-creation of interior of Uppåkra hof
2969:Norrøn religion: myter, riter, samfunn
2618:Olsen, p. 221, English summary p. 285.
2391:Her dyrka dei Odin og Tor i vikingtida
1670:., Reykjavík: Leifur Eiríksson, 1997,
1645:., Reykjavík: Leifur Eiríksson, 1997,
642:Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum
528:Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus
3356:
3330:
3030:
2928:. Silkeborg: Silkeborg Museum, 2005.
2763:June 29, 2015. Retrieved May 1, 2017.
1876:, Lund: Nordic Academic Press, 2006,
1612:, Manchester University Press, 1988,
401:
3587:Heathen hof or Germanic pagan temple
2746:, BBC News Europe, 13 February 2015.
2261:, London/New York: Routledge, 2005,
1923:Hvem var stormanden på Tissø-gården?
1856:. Retrieved April 24, 2010 (Danish).
1508:, Cambridge University Press, 2007,
818:. Top: interior as reconstructed by
3057:Religious practices and worship in
2725:(in American English and Icelandic)
2716:
2269:, pp. 43–44, citing Neil S. Price,
1843:Hvad foregik der i stormandens hal?
944:Under the medieval stone church at
541:The most famous heathen hof of the
104:Etymologically, the Old Norse word
24:
3316:Heathenry (new religious movement)
2462:Hope-Taylor, pp. 267, 269, 273-74.
2030:Lucas and McGovern, pp. 16, 24-25.
1709:Altgermanische Religionsgeschichte
898:
25:
3795:
3562:Mandi or Mashkhanna or Beth Manda
2982:
2951:Den skånska Historien: Vikingarna
1951:Gavin Lucas and Thomas McGovern,
1430:, 3rd ed. London: Blackie, 1887,
1219:was established on the island of
1080:
653:describes the conversion of King
3661:
3642:
3623:
3604:
3576:
3553:
3520:
3501:
3491:Jain temple or Derasar or Basadi
3482:
3454:
3435:
3387:
3368:
2892:Runestone (Asatru Folk Assembly)
2485:a site plan based on Hope-Taylor
2138:According to Larsson, p. 22, in
2109:Uppåkra - Hednatemplet i Uppåkra
1664:The Complete Sagas of Icelanders
1639:The Complete Sagas of Icelanders
1155:show an almost square building.
512:
2880:
2856:
2842:
2828:
2814:
2797:
2783:
2766:
2749:
2736:
2710:
2701:
2663:
2642:
2621:
2612:
2603:
2575:
2562:
2553:
2544:
2535:
2526:
2517:
2508:
2465:
2456:
2421:
2384:
2373:
2362:
2340:
2323:
2310:
2297:
2284:
2251:
2241:
2232:
2199:
2186:
2161:
2132:
2123:
2114:
2093:
2042:
2033:
2024:
2015:
2006:
1993:
1980:
1971:
1962:
1956:European Journal of Archaeology
1945:
1928:
1916:
1891:
1836:
1811:
1798:
1785:
1772:
1747:
1730:
1698:
1681:
1656:
1631:
1599:
1570:
1545:
1532:
1523:
1293:An Icelandic-English Dictionary
1057:, which seems to correspond to
466:
3769:Archaeology of Northern Europe
2012:Lucas and McGovern, pp. 20-22.
1852:, Stormandsslægten ved Tissø,
1821:, tr. Leo Sherley-Price, rev.
1553:The Annals & the Histories
1498:
1473:
1445:
1420:
1395:
1364:
1340:
1319:tr. James Steven Stallybrass,
1310:
1277:
1190:began construction in 2015 of
1158:
447:There is a similar passage in
13:
1:
3677:Varying religions and beliefs
2997:at Foteviken Museum (Swedish)
2225:) and the stone foundation a
1606:Hilda Roderick Ellis Davidson
1485:The Agricola and the Germania
1295:, 2nd ed. with supplement by
1271:
958:were found in one post-hole.
826:In 2000–2004, excavations in
634:
276:, a neighborhood in Oslo and
93:
3398:Buddhist Monastery or Vihāra
2090:81 (2007), 11-25, pp. 14-15.
1353:, London: Weidenfeld, 1964,
1267:and a hof to Týr, "Týrshof".
1044:
1039:
745:
147:. In Scandinavia during the
7:
3022:Newark Odinist Temple, U.K.
1452:William Gershom Collingwood
794:
10:
3800:
2991:, Fornleifastofnun Íslands
2907:
2609:De Vries, p. 384 (German).
2541:Hope-Taylor, pp. 100, 102.
2021:Lucas and McGovern, p. 23.
1854:National Museum of Denmark
986:
803:
799:
740:
683:
629:
534:
397:Hofs in the written record
97:
29:
3741:
3676:
3657:
3638:
3619:
3600:
3568:
3549:
3516:
3497:
3478:
3450:
3431:
3383:
3364:
3298:
3273:
3212:
3205:
3169:
3138:
3065:
1938:account. Turville-Petre,
1580:, Copenhagen: Gad, 1966,
1565:Book 1, chapter 51, p. 30
1405:, London: Longman, 1833,
934:
919:'s reconstruction of the
553:, which was described by
507:
500:Several sagas, including
406:In the first chapter, in
341:he refers to a temple of
3651:Taoist temple or Dàoguàn
2944:Fornleifastofnun Íslands
1006:
859:
760:Fornleifastofnun Íslands
688:
304:Changing scholarly views
284:, Norway - dedicated to
138:and is cognate with the
3470:Balinese temple or Pura
3377:Baháʼí House of Worship
3245:Sacred trees and groves
2652:, London: Faber, 1951,
2631:, London: Faber, 1959,
1744:; de Vries, pp. 383-84.
1723:, pp. 382, 389, 409-10
1678:, Volume 5, pp. 133-34.
1252:dedicated Njordshof in
1241:dedicated Baldrshof in
1210:Brownsville, California
1068:Between 1952 and 1962,
939:
882:Norrköping Municipality
875:
418:Sagas of the Icelanders
142:
3613:Shinto Shrine or Jinja
3465:Hindu temple or Mandir
2926:Ragnarok: Odins verden
2627:Ernest Arthur Fisher,
2329:Knut Reidar Andresen,
1666:, ed. Viðar Hreinsson
1641:, ed. Viðar Hreinsson
1254:White Springs, Florida
1232:Linden, North Carolina
1230:dedicated Thorshof in
1208:dedicated Odinshof in
1171:At Midsummer 2014 the
1102:
1094:
1028:
961:
903:In a 1926 excavation,
823:
676:
612:
599:
584:
532:
492:
464:
445:
325:
225:, a village in Iceland
175:, particularly in the
63:
3281:Hof Ásatrúarfélagsins
2888:"Sigrheim Fundraiser"
2684:13.4 (2000) 7-23 and
2331:"Gullfunn ved Mjøsa."
2140:Nyköping Municipality
1968:De Vries, pp. 382-83.
1347:E.O.G. Turville-Petre
1192:hof Ásatrúarfélagsins
1105:The unusual medieval
1100:
1088:
1026:
813:
733:'s palace complex at
679:Archaeological record
671:
607:
594:
563:
520:
488:
455:
430:
320:
260:, village in Iceland.
98:Further information:
72:Germanic pagan temple
40:
27:Germanic pagan temple
3774:Anglo-Saxon paganism
2680:, on May 15, 2008,
2559:Hope-Taylor, p. 270.
2550:Hope-Taylor, p. 102.
2532:Hope-Taylor, p. 100.
2453:, pp. 268, 270, 281.
1361:, pp. 237, 243, 240.
1289:Guðbrandur Vigfússon
1261:Asatru Folk Assembly
1250:Asatru Folk Assembly
1239:Asatru Folk Assembly
1228:Asatru Folk Assembly
1206:Asatru Folk Assembly
1153:Ringebu stave church
995:on the outskirts of
655:Edwin of Northumbria
32:Hof (disambiguation)
30:For other uses, see
2971:. Oslo: Pax, 2005.
1653:, Volume 3, p. 307.
1542:ch. 40, pp. 134-35.
1426:Christina Blackie,
727:Holy Roman Emperors
699:West Zealand County
657:. His high-priest,
549:("Old Uppsala") in
410:, of book four of
240:Båstad Municipality
108:is the same as the
3306:Germanic mythology
2691:2010-03-29 at the
2676:2008-05-15 at the
2501:2010-10-11 at the
2490:2011-07-25 at the
2479:2011-07-25 at the
2441:2011-07-26 at the
2064:2010-01-22 at the
1848:2009-10-08 at the
1385:2011-10-04 at the
1322:Teutonic Mythology
1297:William A. Craigie
1243:Murdock, Minnesota
1173:Odinist Fellowship
1103:
1095:
1091:Urnes stave church
1029:
824:
775:large baking pit.
533:
482:of the process of
476:'s description in
402:Iceland and Norway
312:famously wrote in
64:
3764:Germanic paganism
3751:
3750:
3510:Synagogue or Shul
3413:Shaolin Monastery
3358:Places of worship
3324:
3323:
3294:
3293:
3250:Temple at Uppsala
3059:Germanic paganism
2955:Fotevikens Museum
2938:Gavin Lucas, ed.
2921:98, 124-26. 2003.
2774:"Ásheimur Temple"
2723:Magnus.Jensson.is
2717:Jensson, Magnus.
2451:978-1-84802-052-8
2428:Brian Hope-Taylor
2356:23 December 2011
2257:Richard Bradley,
2238:De Vries, p. 381.
1514:978-0-521-87616-2
1456:The Lake Counties
1401:Robert Ferguson,
1215:In 2016, the hof
1196:Reykjavík Airport
1121:palisade churches
1070:Brian Hope-Taylor
1016:in the county of
864:At Lunda farm in
537:Temple at Uppsala
459:high-seat pillars
385:, a historian of
183:, but is rare in
80:Germanic religion
16:(Redirected from
3791:
3665:
3646:
3627:
3608:
3580:
3557:
3524:
3505:
3486:
3458:
3439:
3391:
3372:
3351:
3344:
3337:
3328:
3327:
3210:
3209:
3110:Merseburg charms
3051:
3044:
3037:
3028:
3027:
3007:The Gefrin Trust
2967:Gro Steinsland.
2902:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2818:
2812:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2787:
2781:
2770:
2764:
2755:Nithin Sridhar,
2753:
2747:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2714:
2708:
2705:
2699:
2697:
2667:
2661:
2646:
2640:
2625:
2619:
2616:
2610:
2607:
2601:
2579:
2573:
2568:Turville-Petre,
2566:
2560:
2557:
2551:
2548:
2542:
2539:
2533:
2530:
2524:
2521:
2515:
2512:
2506:
2469:
2463:
2460:
2454:
2425:
2419:
2404:
2393:
2388:
2382:
2377:
2371:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2346:Cato Guhnfeldt,
2344:
2338:
2327:
2321:
2314:
2308:
2303:Ellis Davidson,
2301:
2295:
2288:
2282:
2255:
2249:
2245:
2239:
2236:
2230:
2203:
2197:
2190:
2184:
2181:
2172:
2165:
2159:
2136:
2130:
2127:
2121:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2091:
2078:
2069:
2056:
2050:
2046:
2040:
2037:
2031:
2028:
2022:
2019:
2013:
2010:
2004:
1997:
1991:
1986:Ellis Davidson,
1984:
1978:
1975:
1969:
1966:
1960:
1949:
1943:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1895:
1889:
1870:
1857:
1840:
1834:
1815:
1809:
1804:Adam of Bremen,
1802:
1796:
1791:Adam of Bremen,
1789:
1783:
1778:Adam of Bremen,
1776:
1770:
1753:Adam of Bremen,
1751:
1745:
1734:
1728:
1726:
1702:
1696:
1685:
1679:
1660:
1654:
1635:
1629:
1603:
1597:
1574:
1568:
1549:
1543:
1536:
1530:
1527:
1521:
1502:
1496:
1477:
1471:
1449:
1443:
1424:
1418:
1399:
1393:
1368:
1362:
1344:
1338:
1314:
1308:
1281:
1186:In Iceland, the
1149:Øye Stave Church
917:Carl Schuchhardt
820:Foteviken Museum
713:in Jutland, and
502:Kjalnesinga saga
474:Snorri Sturluson
425:Kjalnesinga saga
237:
21:
3799:
3798:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3789:
3788:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3747:
3737:
3672:
3653:
3634:
3615:
3596:
3574:modern paganism
3564:
3545:
3512:
3493:
3474:
3446:
3427:
3379:
3360:
3355:
3325:
3320:
3290:
3269:
3201:
3165:
3134:
3061:
3055:
2985:
2910:
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2896:
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2872:
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2862:
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2815:
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2798:
2789:
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2784:
2771:
2767:
2754:
2750:
2741:
2737:
2728:
2726:
2715:
2711:
2706:
2702:
2695:
2693:Wayback Machine
2678:Wayback Machine
2668:
2664:
2647:
2643:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2613:
2608:
2604:
2580:
2576:
2567:
2563:
2558:
2554:
2549:
2545:
2540:
2536:
2531:
2527:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2509:
2503:Wayback Machine
2492:Wayback Machine
2481:Wayback Machine
2470:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2443:Wayback Machine
2426:
2422:
2405:
2396:
2389:
2385:
2378:
2374:
2367:
2363:
2357:
2345:
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2328:
2324:
2315:
2311:
2302:
2298:
2289:
2285:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2204:
2200:
2191:
2187:
2183:Larsson, p. 22.
2182:
2175:
2166:
2162:
2154:, just outside
2137:
2133:
2129:Larsson, p. 21.
2128:
2124:
2120:Larsson, p. 17.
2119:
2115:
2107:
2103:
2099:Larsson, p. 13.
2098:
2094:
2079:
2072:
2066:Wayback Machine
2057:
2053:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2007:
1998:
1994:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1950:
1946:
1933:
1929:
1921:
1917:
1896:
1892:
1871:
1860:
1850:Wayback Machine
1841:
1837:
1816:
1812:
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1799:
1790:
1786:
1777:
1773:
1752:
1748:
1735:
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1699:
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1604:
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1575:
1571:
1550:
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1537:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1503:
1499:
1478:
1474:
1450:
1446:
1425:
1421:
1400:
1396:
1387:Wayback Machine
1370:Terry Gunnell,
1369:
1365:
1345:
1341:
1315:
1311:
1285:Richard Cleasby
1282:
1278:
1274:
1188:Ásatrúarfélagið
1181:Nottinghamshire
1177:Newark-on-Trent
1165:modern heathens
1161:
1083:
1047:
1042:
1018:Møre og Romsdal
1009:
1001:Nordic Iron Age
989:
964:
942:
937:
901:
878:
862:
808:
802:
797:
781:
748:
743:
691:
686:
681:
665:, just east of
637:
632:
559:Sweyn Estridsen
539:
515:
510:
471:
420:
404:
399:
306:
231:
209:, Faroe Islands
136:Old High German
102:
96:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3797:
3787:
3786:
3781:
3779:Norse paganism
3776:
3771:
3766:
3749:
3748:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3680:
3678:
3674:
3673:
3668:
3666:
3659:Zoroastrianism
3655:
3654:
3649:
3647:
3636:
3635:
3630:
3628:
3617:
3616:
3611:
3609:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3589:
3583:
3581:
3566:
3565:
3560:
3558:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3527:
3525:
3514:
3513:
3508:
3506:
3495:
3494:
3489:
3487:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3467:
3461:
3459:
3448:
3447:
3442:
3440:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3394:
3392:
3381:
3380:
3375:
3373:
3362:
3361:
3354:
3353:
3346:
3339:
3331:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3302:
3300:
3299:Related topics
3296:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3277:
3275:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3262:
3260:Uppåkra temple
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3216:
3214:
3207:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3173:
3171:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3142:
3140:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3075:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3062:
3054:
3053:
3046:
3039:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2998:
2992:
2984:
2983:External links
2981:
2980:
2979:
2965:
2949:Sven Rosborn.
2947:
2936:
2922:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2879:
2855:
2841:
2827:
2813:
2796:
2782:
2772:Pagan Places,
2765:
2748:
2742:Neil McMahon,
2735:
2709:
2700:
2696:(in Norwegian)
2662:
2641:
2620:
2611:
2602:
2582:Gerda Boëthius
2574:
2561:
2552:
2543:
2534:
2525:
2516:
2507:
2496:Ad Gefrin page
2464:
2455:
2420:
2394:
2383:
2372:
2361:
2358:(in Norwegian)
2339:
2322:
2309:
2296:
2283:
2250:
2240:
2231:
2198:
2185:
2173:
2160:
2150:, pp. 195-99,
2131:
2122:
2113:
2101:
2092:
2070:
2051:
2041:
2032:
2023:
2014:
2005:
1992:
1979:
1970:
1961:
1944:
1927:
1915:
1909:, pp. 248-53,
1890:
1858:
1835:
1810:
1797:
1793:p. 207, note a
1784:
1780:p. 207, note b
1771:
1746:
1729:
1697:
1680:
1655:
1630:
1598:
1569:
1544:
1531:
1522:
1497:
1472:
1444:
1419:
1394:
1363:
1339:
1309:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1257:
1246:
1235:
1224:
1213:
1202:
1199:
1184:
1160:
1157:
1107:stave churches
1082:
1081:Stave churches
1079:
1055:Northumberland
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1008:
1005:
988:
985:
963:
960:
950:Nord-Trøndelag
941:
938:
936:
933:
913:Adam of Bremen
905:Sune Lindqvist
900:
897:
877:
874:
861:
858:
804:Main article:
801:
798:
796:
793:
780:
777:
747:
744:
742:
739:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
636:
633:
631:
628:
555:Adam of Bremen
535:Main article:
514:
511:
509:
506:
470:
465:
450:Eyrbyggja saga
419:
416:
403:
400:
398:
395:
387:Norse paganism
383:Gro Steinsland
359:) and feasts.
305:
302:
290:
289:
271:
261:
255:
248:
247:
226:
220:
210:
185:skaldic poetry
95:
92:
86:is taken from
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3796:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
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3559:
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3529:
3528:
3526:
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3511:
3507:
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3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
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3477:
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3333:
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3329:
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3312:
3309:
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3029:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2978:
2977:82-530-2607-2
2974:
2970:
2966:
2964:
2963:91-973777-1-6
2960:
2956:
2953:. Höllviken:
2952:
2948:
2945:
2942:. Reykjavík:
2941:
2937:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2911:
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2889:
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2851:
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2800:
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2758:
2752:
2745:
2739:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2704:
2694:
2690:
2687:
2686:Ringebu I, II
2683:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2666:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2645:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2624:
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2500:
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2444:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2424:
2417:
2416:0-86299-730-5
2413:
2409:
2406:N.J. Higham,
2403:
2401:
2399:
2392:
2387:
2381:
2376:
2370:
2365:
2355:
2354:
2349:
2343:
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2319:
2313:
2306:
2300:
2293:
2287:
2280:
2279:9789150616262
2276:
2272:
2268:
2267:0-415-34550-2
2264:
2260:
2254:
2244:
2235:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2195:
2189:
2180:
2178:
2170:
2164:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2126:
2117:
2110:
2105:
2096:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2075:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2055:
2045:
2036:
2027:
2018:
2009:
2002:
1996:
1989:
1983:
1974:
1965:
1957:
1954:
1948:
1941:
1937:
1936:Erbyggja Saga
1931:
1924:
1919:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1887:
1884:, pp. 26-32,
1883:
1882:91-89116-81-X
1879:
1875:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1844:
1839:
1833:, pp. 130-31.
1832:
1831:0-14-044565-X
1828:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1807:
1801:
1794:
1788:
1781:
1775:
1768:
1764:
1763:0-231-12574-7
1760:
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1701:
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1673:
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1659:
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1651:9979-9293-0-8
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1618:9780719022074
1615:
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1595:
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1587:
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1579:
1573:
1566:
1562:
1561:0-8129-6699-6
1558:
1554:
1548:
1541:
1535:
1526:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1504:Nora Berend,
1501:
1494:
1493:0-14-044241-3
1490:
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1318:
1313:
1307:, pp. 277–78.
1306:
1305:9780198631033
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1280:
1276:
1266:
1262:
1259:In 2022, the
1258:
1255:
1251:
1248:In 2022, the
1247:
1244:
1240:
1237:In 2020, the
1236:
1233:
1229:
1226:In 2020, the
1225:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1204:In 2015, the
1203:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1156:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1141:wooden towers
1138:
1134:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1099:
1092:
1087:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1037:
1035:
1025:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1004:
1002:
998:
994:
984:
982:
977:
973:
969:
959:
957:
956:
951:
947:
932:
928:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
909:Gamla Uppsala
906:
899:Gamla Uppsala
896:
893:
892:
887:
883:
873:
871:
867:
857:
854:
851:
847:
843:
839:
837:
833:
829:
821:
817:
812:
807:
792:
790:
786:
776:
772:
768:
765:
761:
757:
753:
738:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
702:
700:
696:
675:
670:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
643:
627:
624:
619:
617:
611:
606:
604:
598:
593:
591:
590:
583:
581:
577:
572:
568:
562:
560:
556:
552:
548:
547:Gamla Uppsala
544:
538:
530:
529:
524:
519:
513:Gamla Uppsala
505:
503:
498:
496:
491:
487:
485:
481:
480:
475:
469:
463:
460:
454:
452:
451:
444:
441:
436:
429:
427:
426:
422:Chapter 2 of
415:
413:
409:
408:in heiðnu lǫg
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
378:
374:
370:
366:
360:
358:
357:
350:
348:
344:
340:
339:
335:. And in his
334:
330:
324:
319:
317:
316:
311:
301:
299:
295:
287:
283:
279:
275:
272:
269:
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235:
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161:
156:
155:
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145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
101:
91:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
61:
60:Gamla Uppsala
57:
53:
49:
45:
44:
43:Midvinterblot
39:
33:
19:
3743:
3709:Sacred space
3694:Architecture
3592:Magic circle
3586:
3433:Christianity
3366:Baháʼí Faith
3229:
3225:Externsteine
2968:
2950:
2939:
2925:
2918:
2895:. Retrieved
2891:
2882:
2871:. Retrieved
2867:
2858:
2844:
2830:
2816:
2799:
2785:
2778:Pagan Places
2777:
2768:
2760:
2751:
2738:
2727:. Retrieved
2722:
2712:
2703:
2681:
2665:
2649:
2648:Hugh Braun,
2644:
2628:
2623:
2614:
2605:
2600:, (Swedish).
2589:
2588:, Volume 1:
2585:
2577:
2564:
2555:
2546:
2537:
2528:
2519:
2510:
2467:
2458:
2431:
2423:
2407:
2386:
2375:
2364:
2351:
2342:
2325:
2312:
2299:
2286:
2270:
2258:
2253:
2243:
2234:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2188:
2163:
2147:
2143:
2134:
2125:
2116:
2104:
2095:
2087:
2081:Lars Larsson
2054:
2044:
2035:
2026:
2017:
2008:
1995:
1982:
1973:
1964:
1955:
1947:
1935:
1930:
1918:
1906:
1902:
1898:Lars Larsson
1893:
1873:
1838:
1818:
1813:
1800:
1787:
1774:
1754:
1749:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1712:
1708:
1705:Jan de Vries
1700:
1683:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1642:
1638:
1633:
1625:
1609:
1601:
1593:
1589:
1577:
1576:Olaf Olsen,
1572:
1552:
1547:
1539:
1534:
1525:
1505:
1500:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1455:
1447:
1427:
1422:
1402:
1397:
1389:
1377:
1373:
1366:
1350:
1342:
1320:
1312:
1292:
1279:
1162:
1145:Earls Barton
1130:
1104:
1075:
1067:
1062:
1048:
1030:
1010:
990:
965:
953:
943:
929:
902:
889:
886:Östergötland
879:
870:sacred grove
866:Södermanland
863:
855:
852:
848:
844:
840:
825:
788:
782:
773:
769:
759:
756:Daniel Bruun
749:
703:
692:
672:
646:
640:
638:
620:
616:sacred grove
613:
608:
602:
600:
595:
587:
585:
564:
540:
526:
523:Olaus Magnus
501:
499:
495:Jan de Vries
493:
489:
479:Heimskringla
477:
472:
468:Heimskringla
467:
456:
448:
446:
431:
423:
421:
407:
405:
381:
361:
354:
351:
336:
326:
321:
313:
307:
291:
280:, a farm in
249:
195:
191:
189:
172:
168:
164:
158:
152:
131:
125:
117:
105:
103:
83:
78:building of
71:
67:
65:
55:
48:Carl Larsson
41:
18:Heathen hofs
3182:Anglo-Saxon
2353:Aftenposten
2192:Andersson,
2167:Andersson,
1823:R.E. Latham
1725:(in German)
1594:veizluskáli
1317:Jacob Grimm
1223:in Denmark.
1159:Modern hofs
1116:door panels
880:At Borg in
830:, south of
806:Uppåkra hof
731:Charlemagne
723:Carolingian
719:Merovingian
709:in Scania,
623:Anund Jakob
545:is that at
412:Landnámabók
232: [
140:Old English
100:Vé (shrine)
82:. The term
68:heathen hof
3758:Categories
3731:Sun temple
3704:Cult image
3255:Trollkyrka
3213:Historical
3170:Variations
3139:Veneration
2919:Fornvännen
2897:2023-03-05
2873:2023-03-05
2868:Deviantart
2729:2023-03-05
2194:pp. 195-97
1959:northeast.
1767:pp. 207-08
1693:0292730616
1272:References
1183:, England.
972:Lake Mjøsa
966:At Hov in
955:gullgubber
923:temple at
729:, such as
663:Goodmanham
635:Goodmanham
586:A note or
543:Viking Age
323:reverence.
238:, part of
177:West Norse
149:Viking Age
127:Hymiskviða
94:Background
46:(1915) by
3714:Sanctuary
3602:Shintoism
3551:Mandaeism
3206:Locations
3156:Landdísir
3115:Þorrablót
3066:Practices
2761:News Gram
2598:886443315
2418:, p. 107.
2305:pp. 31-32
2156:Strängnäs
2088:Antiquity
2059:Kulthuset
1742:stafgarðr
1738:skíðgarðr
1711:Volume 1
1563:, Annals
1551:Tacitus,
1538:Tacitus,
1495:, p. 109.
1483:ch. 9 in
1479:Tacitus,
1436:186936206
1415:pp. 29–30
1376:, Halls,
1359:460550410
1133:Greensted
1063:Ad Gefrin
1051:Yeavering
1045:Yeavering
997:Trondheim
981:scramasax
976:longhouse
764:longhouse
746:Hofstaðir
715:Toftegård
707:Järrestad
377:Yeavering
329:Trøndelag
264:Norderhov
88:Old Norse
3632:Gurdwara
3570:Paganism
3452:Hinduism
3385:Buddhism
3240:Irminsul
3187:Frankish
3088:Dísablót
3083:Álfablót
2957:, 2004.
2934:68385544
2689:Archived
2674:Archived
2660:, p.225.
2499:Archived
2488:Archived
2477:Archived
2445:, 2009,
2439:Archived
2290:Berend,
2062:Archived
1846:Archived
1721:73912056
1540:Germania
1481:Germania
1383:Archived
1265:Asatruar
1089:View of
711:Lisbjerg
610:granted.
603:scholion
601:Another
597:theater.
589:scholion
315:Germania
246:, Sweden
219:, Norway
217:Vestfold
3784:Temples
3621:Sikhism
3541:Gongbei
3499:Judaism
3480:Jainism
3403:Chaitya
3286:Manheim
3146:Deities
3120:Seeress
2946:, 2009.
2908:Sources
2637:1279628
2049:square.
1586:6819543
1464:4246637
1411:5702356
1335:p. 1308
1283:"Hof",
1217:Manheim
1040:England
993:Ranheim
987:Ranheim
968:Vingrom
921:Wendish
828:Uppåkra
816:Uppåkra
814:Hof at
800:Uppåkra
741:Iceland
684:Denmark
639:In his
630:England
531:(1555).
369:Uppåkra
343:Tanfana
333:Nerthus
310:Tacitus
298:Cumbria
282:Torsnes
274:Torshov
207:Suðuroy
52:Domalde
50:: King
3726:Temple
3719:Shrine
3699:Asylum
3640:Taoism
3572:&
3536:Dargah
3531:Mosque
3444:Church
3408:Pagoda
3274:Modern
3192:Gothic
3161:Vættir
3130:Symbel
3105:Hallow
2975:
2961:
2932:
2658:512008
2656:
2635:
2596:
2570:p. 243
2449:
2414:
2318:p. 248
2292:p. 124
2277:
2265:
2227:stalli
2215:p. 244
2207:et al.
2169:p. 195
2152:p. 195
2144:et al.
1940:p. 241
1911:p. 248
1903:et al.
1880:
1829:
1817:Bede,
1806:p. 208
1761:
1719:
1691:
1674:
1649:
1616:
1584:
1559:
1518:p. 124
1512:
1491:
1468:p. 340
1462:
1440:p. 106
1434:
1409:
1390:Cosmos
1357:
1329:
1303:
935:Norway
925:Arkona
836:Scania
795:Sweden
789:bænhús
752:Mývatn
735:Aachen
725:, and
551:Sweden
508:Sweden
373:Scania
356:blótar
347:church
338:Annals
278:Thorsø
268:Njörðr
258:Hofsós
244:Scania
171:, and
114:German
76:temple
3744:Note:
3684:Altar
3518:Islam
3418:Stupa
3235:Hörgr
3197:Norse
3177:Early
3151:Dísir
3125:Seiðr
3095:Galdr
3073:Bless
2223:hörgr
1988:p. 32
1886:p. 27
1668:et al
1643:et al
1622:p. 32
1378:Goðar
1221:Funen
1137:Essex
1112:Urnes
1034:hörgr
1014:Ørsta
1007:Ørsta
970:near
891:hörgr
860:Lunda
785:Sæból
695:Tissø
689:Tissø
659:Coifi
571:Wotan
365:Tissø
236:]
181:sagas
169:vangr
165:lundr
160:hörgr
124:poem
122:Eddic
116:word
110:Dutch
74:is a
3689:Cult
3100:Goði
3078:Blót
2973:ISBN
2959:ISBN
2930:OCLC
2809:TV 2
2654:OCLC
2633:OCLC
2594:OCLC
2447:ISBN
2412:ISBN
2275:ISBN
2263:ISBN
2248:141.
2219:harg
1878:ISBN
1827:ISBN
1759:ISBN
1717:OCLC
1689:ISBN
1672:ISBN
1647:ISBN
1626:goði
1614:ISBN
1582:OCLC
1557:ISBN
1510:ISBN
1489:ISBN
1460:OCLC
1432:OCLC
1407:OCLC
1355:OCLC
1327:ISBN
1301:ISBN
1287:and
1125:Mære
1059:Bede
946:Mære
940:Mære
876:Borg
832:Lund
667:York
651:Bede
580:Jove
576:Mars
567:Thor
484:blót
440:godi
435:Thor
391:blót
294:Hoff
286:Thor
112:and
3423:Wat
3230:Hof
2917:."
2335:NRK
1740:or
1590:hof
1374:Hof
1135:in
1061:'s
962:Hov
948:in
834:in
697:in
649:),
371:in
296:in
242:in
229:Hov
223:Hof
215:in
213:Hof
205:on
203:Hov
196:hov
194:or
192:hof
173:vin
144:hof
132:Hof
118:hof
106:hof
84:hof
70:or
58:at
56:hof
3760::
3265:Vé
2890:.
2866:.
2807:,
2776:,
2759:,
2721:.
2584:,
2430:,
2397:^
2350:,
2333:,
2209:,
2176:^
2146:,
2083:,
2073:^
1905:,
1861:^
1765:,
1736:A
1707:,
1620:,
1608:,
1516:,
1466:,
1454:,
1438:,
1413:,
1349:,
1333:,
1291:,
1179:,
1167:.
1065:.
1053:,
884:,
721:,
561::
525:'
393:.
234:sv
187:.
167:,
163:,
157:,
154:vé
90:.
66:A
3350:e
3343:t
3336:v
3050:e
3043:t
3036:v
2900:.
2876:.
2852:.
2838:.
2824:.
2793:.
2732:.
2572:.
2320:.
2307:.
2294:.
2221:(
2196:.
2171:.
2158:.
1913:.
1888:.
1808:.
1795:.
1782:.
1769:.
1727:.
1567:.
1520:.
1470:.
1442:.
1417:.
1372:"
1337:.
1256:.
1245:.
1234:.
1212:.
669::
645:(
318::
288:.
270:.
62:.
34:.
20:)
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