921:
37:
966:
history and monuments of the city of
Thessalonica, wrote: "There exist a great number of inscriptions, although a multitude of them were thrown into the sea, in order to prevent the fleet of the Saracens from landing at the city, which they sacked at the beginning of the tenth century." Which corroborates Kaminiates' account.
952:
tells that the part of
Thessalonica's wall that faces seaward was low, and totally unequipped to deal with any military threat. On that side the city was for many years completely unwalled. At the time of the Muslim sack of the city, this fortification had remained the same, and unimproved, as it was
889:
began to breakaway from the Caliph's control and while still paying religious lip service, acted independently on military and state matters. The attention of these largely autonomous Muslim dynasties was subsequently turned to the
Mediterranean sea. In 860 the Muslim dynasties attempted to reassert
965:
relates that
Petronas devised an alternative strategy. Knowing that work on the walls would be superfluous not having the benefit of time, Petronas designed an underwater fence that would have protected the city by not letting ships near the walls. In 1777 a French abbot, Belley, in his study on the
989:
to take command of the city. Despite a fearful reputation as a military commander, he was only able to marginally improve the city's chances for defense. Pleas for help to the outlying lands and vassals were largely ignored, while repair work on the wall would prove to be insufficient. The
Abbasid
1710:
Byzance et les Arabes, Tome II: Les relations politiques de
Byzance et des Arabes à l'époque de la dynastie macédonienne (les empereurs Basile I, Léon le Sage et Constantin VII Porphyrogénète) 867-959 (253-348). Première partie: Les relations politiques de Byzance et des Arabes à l'époque de la
1055:. Despite there being short references to the event in other letters (mostly by clergymen) in the years following the sack, little historical evidence is found for this event. Combined with the fact that al-Tabari claims that Leo of Tripoli sacked
956:
Word came from the
Byzantine Emperor of the planned attack by the Abbasids. When word of this reached Thessalonica's citizens, panic gripped the city. The name of the Emperor's messenger was Petronas, who held the rank of
1002:, having freed 4,000 Muslim prisoners while capturing 60 ships, gaining a large amount of loot and 22,000 captives, mostly young people, and destroying 60 Byzantine ships in the process. A contemporaneous account by
1063:
has led some scholars to claim that the Sack of
Thessalonica never happened. Others claim that it is the product of a number of stories combined, while others argue over the historicity of the character of
969:
However, before the fence could be completed, along came yet another envoy from the emperor to take over responsibility for the welfare of the city and to expedite the recall of
Petronas. This was
1496:. Kazhdan, A. P. (Aleksandr Petrovich), 1922-1997,, Talbot, Alice-Mary Maffry,, Cutler, Anthony, 1934-, Gregory, Timothy E.,, Ševčenko, Nancy Patterson. New York: Oxford University Press. 1991.
990:
raiders appeared and after a short siege lasting less than four days, the attackers were able to storm the seaward walls, overcome the
Thessalonians' resistance, and take the city on 29 July.
1741:
977:
of the region and put in charge of military operations. He decided to call a temporary halt to the work on the underwater fence and to have the building up of the wall completed.
908:. decisively defeated a Byzantine fleet and carried off 3,000 Byzantine sailors of the Kibyrrhaiotai as prisoners. This naval battle proved to be a turning point as it opened the
1010:
visited Thessalonica after the sack and described the city as one of sheer misery. The Abbasids withdrew after the siege and returned to Tripoli while the captives were sent to
169:
1007:
944:
as its initial target. The Muslims were deterred from attacking Constantinople, and instead turned to Thessalonica, totally surprising the Byzantines, whose
1284:
1817:
986:
970:
162:
1267:
1812:
1590:
Kazhdan, A. P. (1978). "Some Questions Addressed to the Scholars Who Believe in the Authenticity of Kaminiates' "capture of Thessalonica"".
1745:
155:
1147:
into doubt, especially the dates he uses, most scholars agree that the sack indeed took place, and roughly around the dates provided by
1022:
1006:
stated that there were 5,000 Byzantines killed during the bloodbath and each Arab sailor was given 1,000 gold dinars as booty.
1807:
1763:
1300:
Karlin-Hayter, Patricia (1967). "'WHEN MILITARY AFFAIRS WERE IN LEO'S HANDS': A Note on Byzantine Foreign Policy (886-912)".
1177:
426:
411:
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453:
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509:
1695:
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The prophet and the age of the caliphates : the Islamic Near East from the sixth to the eleventh century
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The Sack of Thessalonica in 904 by the Abbasid Caliphate's navy was one of the worst disasters to befall the
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uses is reminiscent of 15th century Greek, raises questions whether he was alive during the sack itself.
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Leo VI and the Transformation of Byzantine Christian Identity: Writings of an Unexpected Emperor
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There exist only two major primary sources for the Sack of Thessalonica. The first is the Greek
961:. Petronas advised the Thessalonicans not to concentrate their efforts on repairs of the walls.
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1544:
FARAG, W. A. (1989). "Some Remarks on Leo of Tripoli's Attack on Thessaloniki in 904 A. D".
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never supposed that it would enter into anyone's head to inflict damage from that quarter.
755:
745:
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586:
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1018:, who chronicled the sack, were ransomed by the Empire and exchanged for Muslim captives.
8:
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The sacking continued for a full week before the raiders departed for their bases in the
735:
629:
320:
196:
1663:] (in Greek), Athens: National Research Foundation – Center for Byzantine Research,
1615:
1569:
1519:
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1329:
1321:
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940:, who was a recent convert to Islam, set sail from Syria with the imperial capital of
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121:
36:
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tried again to sail against Byzantium in 907 and 912 but was thwarted both times.
1026:
1681:
1557:
1352:
1238:. Rosenthal, Franz, 1914–2003. Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press.
1148:
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provides very few historical facts that can be corroborated with other sources.
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and even in the 10th century. A Muslim fleet of 54 ships, led by the renegade
1796:
1778:
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1718:
1611:
1565:
1187:
720:
536:
1511:
1364:
Vasilev, A. (1943). "An Edict of the Emperor Justinian II, September, 688".
1253:
1220:
1832:
1060:
878:
842:
88:
67:
1029:
in late 904 was launched to avenge the sack of Thessalonica. The Arabs of
1661:
Prisoners of War as Agents of Communication and Information (4th–10th C.)
905:
359:
1657:Οι αιχμάλωτοι ως παράγοντες επικοινωνίας και πληροφόρησης (4ος–10ος αι.)
1325:
924:
Two messengers inform Emperor Leo VI of a Saracen attack on Thessalonica
1385:
909:
890:
their dominance over the Mediterranean seaway and built naval bases at
1742:"The Siege of Thessaloniki in 904, from the letter of John Kaminiates"
147:
1080:
1052:
1003:
982:
974:
869:, and was considered the greatest city in the empire, second only to
838:
1377:
1713:. Corpus Bruxellense Historiae Byzantinae (in French). French ed.:
1170:
Urban world history : an economic and geographical perspective
1088:
1056:
793:
400:
1283:
Faith and sword: a short history of Christian-Muslim conflict By
834:
1233:
999:
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1126:
Very little sources by fellow Byzantines mention or reference
1110:
900:
948:
was unable to react in time. An old tradition recounted by
1100:
does not match the historical genre of his contemporaries.
1411:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 15.
1472:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. p. 467.
1641:, Perth: Australian Association for Byzantine Studies,
1200:
1033:
were defeated and an exchange of prisoners transpired.
1438:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp.
873:. Following the weakening of centralized power in the
1711:
dynastie macédonienne. Première période, de 867 à 959
1167:
1143:
Despite this, even scholars who cast the account of
1744:. De Re Militari. 27 September 2009. Archived from
1721:. Brussels: Fondation Byzantine. pp. 163–179.
1396:– via University of Chicago Press Journals.
1794:
1637:Frendo, David; Fotiou, Athanasios, eds. (2000),
1435:Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250
1042:
1295:
1293:
1172:. Québec : Presses de l'Université du Québec.
898:. In 898, the eunuch admiral Raghib, a former
1299:
163:
1683:A History of the Byzantine State and Society
1639:John Kaminiates: The Capture of Thessaloniki
1636:
1470:A History of the Byzantine State and Society
1290:
1266:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1234:Ṭabarī, 838?–923.; طبري, 838?–923. (1985).
1021:It is said that the Byzantine raid led by
170:
156:
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919:
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1589:
1366:Speculum: A Journal of Medieval Studies
1363:
177:
1795:
1406:
1236:The return of the Caliphate to Baghdad
1130:. In fact only one does so in passing.
1051:, and the second the Muslim historian
915:
833:refers to the capture, and subsequent
1813:Sieges involving the Byzantine Empire
1585:
1583:
1543:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1431:
1071:The major historical issues found in
861:The city, which is now in modern-day
151:
1818:Sieges of the Abbasid–Byzantine wars
1347:
1345:
1343:
1279:
1277:
41:The sack of Thessalonica, from the
13:
1580:
1532:
1494:The Oxford dictionary of Byzantium
1456:
1014:. Most of the captives, including
912:up to raids by the Muslim fleets.
853:, a privateer and Muslim convert.
102:Thessalonica captured by the Arabs
14:
1864:
1734:
1340:
1274:
1201:Kennedy, Hugh (Hugh N.) (1986).
865:, was in 904 A.D. a part of the
35:
1486:
1407:Riedel, Meredith L. D. (2018).
16:Part of the Arab-Byzantine Wars
1425:
1400:
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1168:Tellier, Luc-Normand. (2009).
1161:
1:
1468:Treadgold, Warren T. (1997).
1154:
1079:Conflicting information with
1043:Problems with primary sources
856:
1808:900s in the Byzantine Empire
1558:10.1515/byzs.1989.82.1-2.133
993:
7:
567:Nikephoros Phokas the Elder
10:
1869:
1630:
1604:10.1515/byzs.1978.71.2.301
1310:Cambridge University Press
1075:' account are as follows:
1688:Stanford University Press
1592:Byzantinische Zeitschrift
1546:Byzantinische Zeitschrift
1318:10.1017/S0362152900008722
985:named Niketas to replace
885:, many areas of the vast
613:George Maniakes in Sicily
189:
127:
110:
50:
34:
26:
21:
1686:. Stanford, California:
1656:
1655:Patoura, Sofia (1994),
1023:General Andronicus Ducas
849:in the year 904, led by
81:Decisive Abbasid victory
981:sent yet again another
973:who had been appointed
1823:Sieges of Thessaloniki
1706:Vasiliev, Alexander A.
1524:: CS1 maint: others (
1432:Curta, Florin (2006).
1109:do not match dates in
925:
128:Commanders and leaders
1843:Amphibious operations
1828:Medieval Thessalonica
1096:The writing style of
1008:St. Elias the Younger
923:
932:during the reign of
831:Sack of Thessalonica
706:Byzantine reconquest
22:Sack of Thessalonica
1853:Invasions of Greece
1775: /
1351:cf. the account of
916:Battle and the sack
181:Arab–Byzantine wars
29:Arab–Byzantine Wars
1135:The language that
926:
883:Anarchy at Samarra
608:Straits of Messina
427:2nd Constantinople
412:1st Constantinople
1848:Looting in Greece
1779:40.650°N 22.900°E
1678:Treadgold, Warren
1179:978-2-7605-2209-1
1025:on the region of
887:Abbasid Caliphate
875:Abbasid Caliphate
847:Abbasid Caliphate
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825:
146:
145:
122:Abbasid Caliphate
106:
105:
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1748:on 7 August 2011
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1083:who claims that
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1690:. p. 467.
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1105:Dates given by
1098:John Kaminiates
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1016:John Kaminiates
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987:Leo Chitzilakes
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746:Nikephoros II
744:Campaigns of
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721:Sayf al-Dawla
719:Campaigns of
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1750:. Retrieved
1746:the original
1709:
1682:
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1142:
1070:
1061:Thessalonica
1046:
1035:
1020:
997:
968:
955:
927:
899:
879:Fourth Fitna
877:due to the
860:
843:Thessalonica
830:
828:
781:Alexandretta
705:
704:
685:Thessalonica
684:
623:
622:
598:2nd Taormina
582:1st Taormina
552:3rd Syracuse
542:2nd Syracuse
517:1st Syracuse
504:
503:
484:Mauropotamos
442:
441:
417:Sebastopolis
399:
398:
367:North Africa
365:
364:
326:
325:
231:al-Qaryatayn
217:
216:
191:
111:Belligerents
89:Thessalonica
68:Thessalonica
42:
27:Part of the
1782: /
1372:(1): 1–13.
1205:. Longman.
906:al-Muwaffaq
577:2nd Milazzo
572:1st Milazzo
557:Caltavuturo
499:Bathys Ryax
311:Iron Bridge
276:Marj ar-Rum
97:Territorial
1797:Categories
1752:19 October
1727:1070617015
1155:References
1073:Kaminiates
1027:Germanicea
857:Background
804:2nd Aleppo
675:Cephalonia
587:Garigliano
489:Faruriyyah
459:Kopidnadon
345:Alexandria
335:Heliopolis
321:Germanicia
306:1st Aleppo
226:Marj Rahit
219:The Levant
1620:192190998
1612:0007-7704
1574:194053305
1566:0007-7704
1520:cite book
1394:162185288
1334:152098357
1312:: 15–40.
1262:cite book
1188:444730453
1087:attacked
1081:al-Tabari
1053:al-Tabari
1004:Al-Tabari
994:Aftermath
983:Strategos
975:Strategos
839:Byzantine
837:, of the
751:5th Crete
736:Andrassos
695:4th Crete
690:3rd Crete
645:2nd Crete
640:1st Crete
618:2nd Malta
547:1st Malta
355:Darishkur
316:2nd Emesa
296:Jerusalem
1708:(1968).
1680:(1997).
1512:22733550
1326:27830825
1302:Traditio
1254:44962412
1221:12262139
1113:sources.
1089:Attaleia
1059:and not
1057:Attaleia
881:and the
841:city of
794:Basil II
655:Damietta
635:Keramaia
494:Lalakaon
437:Akroinon
401:Anatolia
389:Carthage
374:Sufetula
291:Laodicea
261:Damascus
241:Ajnadayn
133:Petronas
63:Location
1770:22°54′E
1767:40°39′N
1631:Sources
1552:(1–2).
1386:2853636
1287:, pg.32
892:Tripoli
845:by the
799:Orontes
766:Antioch
761:Cilicia
680:Euripos
630:Phoenix
603:Rometta
532:Lentini
522:Messina
479:Amorium
449:Kamacha
394:Tabarka
379:Vescera
360:Bahnasa
286:Yarmouk
137:Niketas
99:changes
1725:
1694:
1667:
1645:
1618:
1610:
1572:
1564:
1510:
1500:
1476:
1446:
1415:
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1384:
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1219:
1209:
1186:
1176:
1031:Tarsus
1012:Tarsus
1000:Levant
979:Leo VI
934:Leo VI
910:Aegean
896:Tarsus
863:Greece
809:Apamea
776:John I
756:Aleppo
726:Marash
665:Kardia
660:Ragusa
650:Thasos
565:&
527:Butera
506:Sicily
464:Krasos
432:Nicaea
403:&
350:Nikiou
246:Yaqusa
212:Dathin
197:Mu'tah
75:Result
1659:[
1616:S2CID
1598:(2).
1570:S2CID
1390:S2CID
1382:JSTOR
1330:S2CID
1322:JSTOR
901:mawla
786:Syria
731:Raban
474:Anzen
422:Tyana
384:Mamma
328:Egypt
301:Hazir
281:Emesa
236:Bosra
207:Firaz
202:Balqa
1754:2010
1723:OCLC
1692:ISBN
1665:ISBN
1643:ISBN
1608:ISSN
1562:ISSN
1526:link
1508:OCLC
1498:ISBN
1474:ISBN
1444:ISBN
1413:ISBN
1268:link
1250:OCLC
1240:ISBN
1217:OCLC
1207:ISBN
1184:OCLC
1174:ISBN
1111:Arab
946:navy
894:and
835:sack
829:The
818:Azaz
700:Tyre
537:Enna
508:and
271:Fahl
55:Date
1833:904
1600:doi
1554:doi
1440:202
1374:doi
1314:doi
904:of
58:904
1799::
1717:,
1614:.
1606:.
1596:71
1594:.
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1568:.
1560:.
1550:82
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1534:^
1522:}}
1518:{{
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1308:.
1306:23
1304:.
1292:^
1276:^
1264:}}
1260:{{
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1376::
1336:.
1316::
1270:)
1256:.
1223:.
1190:.
1091:.
171:e
164:t
157:v
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