51:
1816:(Abu Jahl) was reported to have prayed at home rather than going to the mosque to avoid having to explain himself. Muhammad ordered them to stop, saying that they would return to fight the Byzantines again. According to Watt, most of these accounts were intended to vilify Khalid and his decision to return to Medina, as well as to glorify the part played by members of one's family. It would not be until the third century AH that Sunni Muslim historians would state that Muhammad bestowed upon Khalid the title of 'Saifullah' meaning 'Sword of Allah'.
287:
1842:
1756:
battle, all three Muslim leaders fell one after the other as they took command of the force: first, Zayd, then Ja'far, then 'Abdullah. After the death of 'Abdullah, the Muslim soldiers were in danger of being routed. Thabit ibn Aqram, seeing the desperate state of the Muslim forces, took up the banner and rallied his comrades, thus saving the army from complete destruction. After the battle, ibn Aqram took the banner, before asking
294:
1795:
Daniel C. Peterson, Professor of
Islamic Studies at Brigham Young University, finds the ratio of casualties among the leaders suspiciously high compared to the losses suffered by ordinary soldiers. David Powers, Professor of Near Eastern Studies at Cornell, also mentions this curiosity concerning the
1755:
The
Muslims engaged the Byzantines at their camp by the village of Musharif and then withdrew towards Mu'tah. It was here that the two armies fought. Some Muslim sources report that the battle was fought in a valley between two heights, which negated the Byzantines' numerical superiority. During the
1675:
learned of their plans and collected the garrisons of the fortresses. Seeing the great number of the enemy forces, the
Muslims withdrew to the south where the fighting started at the village of Mu'tah and they were either routed or retired without exacting a penalty on the Ghassanid chief. According
1876:
notes that al-Waqidi also recorded an account where the
Byzantine forces fled. Powers suggests that later Muslim historians reworked the early source material to reflect the Islamic view of God's plan. Subsequent sources present the battle as a Muslim victory given that most of the Muslim soldiers
1670:
In
Islamic historical sources, the battle is usually described as the Muslims' attempt to take retribution against a Ghassanid chief for taking the life of an emissary. According to Byzantine sources, the Muslims planned to launch their attack on a feast day. The local Byzantine
2036:
They went on their way as far as Ma'ān in Syria where they heard that
Heraclius had come down to Ma'āb in the Balqāʾ with 100,000 Greeks joined by 100,000 men from Lakhm and Judhām and al-Qayn and Bahrāʾ and Balī commanded by a man of Balī of Irāsha called Mālik b.
1865:, the size of the entire Byzantine army during the 7th century might have totaled 100,000, possibly even half this number. While the Byzantine forces at Mu'tah are unlikely to have numbered more than 10,000.
1747:. 'Abdullah ibn Rawahah reminded them about their desire for martyrdom and questioned the move to wait when what they desire was awaiting them, so they continued marching towards the waiting army.
1804:
or if the
Muslims completely routed the enemy. He further notes that the discrepancy between leaders and ordinary soldiers is not inconceivable in view of Arab fighting methods.
1715:
Meanwhile, Muhammad had sent his emissary to the ruler of Bostra. While on his way to Bostra, he was executed in the village of Mu'tah by the orders of a
Ghassanid official
558:
1868:
Muslim accounts of the battle differ over the result. According to David S. Powers, the earliest Muslim sources like al-Waqidi record the battle as a humiliating defeat (
337:
1743:. When the Muslim troops arrived at the area to the east of Jordan and learned of the size of the Byzantine army, they wanted to wait and send for reinforcements from
1239:
1324:
2567:
1319:
1546:
1309:
1289:
551:
2562:
2557:
2607:
2597:
330:
1925:
The
Byzantines do not appear to have used many Greek, Armenian, or other non-Arab soldiers at Mu'ta, even though the overall commander was the
1812:
After the Muslim forces arrived at Medina, they were reportedly berated for withdrawing and accused of fleeing. Salamah ibn Hisham, brother of
1731:
7 (AH), 629 (CE), for a quick expedition to attack and punish the tribes for the murder of his emissary by the
Ghassanids. The army was led by
1232:
544:
2298:
1329:
1284:
363:
323:
1861:'. Some modern historians state that the figure is exaggerated. According to Walter Emil Kaegi, professor of Byzantine history at the
2627:
1225:
2592:
1559:
2587:
2478:
2411:
2232:
2158:
2083:
815:
800:
2602:
1249:
857:
842:
286:
2612:
2397:
1792:, Abbad ibn Qays, Amr ibn Sa'd, Harith ibn Nu'man, Suraqa ibn Amr, Abu Kulayb ibn Amr, Jabir ibn Amr and Amir ibn Sa'd.
2456:
1174:
898:
2521:
2029:
1906:
105:
1524:
684:
483:
1891:
1078:
1006:
940:
905:
433:
347:
216:
1929:
Theodore. The number that the Byzantines raised are, of course, uncertain, but unlikely to have exceeded 10,000.
2376:
1489:
1154:
755:
639:
302:
1446:
1192:
1149:
1058:
1048:
607:
443:
743:
2617:
2292:
1684:
1088:
590:
458:
1886:
1267:
955:
526:
1579:
1459:
1364:
1073:
910:
614:
438:
2384:
1712:, was placed in command of the army, and while in the area of Balqa, Arab tribes were also employed.
1574:
1376:
1028:
894:
733:
728:
699:
378:
1499:
1469:
777:
762:
716:
654:
644:
453:
403:
368:
2622:
1781:
1736:
1566:
1494:
1083:
1033:
986:
970:
965:
930:
679:
649:
568:
463:
423:
187:
60:
42:
1610:
1464:
1169:
1114:
1043:
872:
805:
619:
428:
154:
2075:
1857:(d. 767), the Muslims were informed that 100,000 or 200,000 enemy troops were encamped at the
1862:
1740:
1539:
1509:
1414:
1274:
1206:
1187:
996:
945:
935:
887:
877:
820:
694:
664:
468:
64:
2067:
1785:
1656:
1554:
1529:
1144:
1134:
1063:
975:
847:
723:
704:
674:
448:
199:
99:
2368:
The Different Aspects of Islam Culture: Volume 3, The Spread of Islam throughout the World
8:
1757:
1709:
1677:
1584:
1314:
1254:
1124:
1018:
709:
503:
211:
2549:
1776:(early Muslim converts native to Medina). Those slain Muslims named in the sources were
2388:
1479:
1424:
1409:
1023:
882:
825:
629:
413:
1676:
to Muslim sources, after three of their leaders were killed, the command was given to
2531:
2517:
2474:
2452:
2407:
2228:
2154:
2079:
2068:
2025:
1732:
1716:
1695:
The Byzantines were reoccupying territory following the peace accord between Emperor
1519:
1344:
1304:
1294:
782:
767:
513:
493:
478:
473:
408:
398:
2490:
1845:
Archaeological remains that exist near the place where the Battle of Mu'tah occurred
1813:
50:
1896:
1800:
argues that a low casualty count is possible if the nature of this encounter was a
1789:
1777:
1772:(early Muslim converts who emigrated from Mecca to Medina) and eight were from the
1644:
1484:
1434:
1429:
1419:
1399:
1394:
1384:
1354:
1349:
1299:
1217:
1197:
1164:
1139:
1068:
1053:
1038:
991:
981:
960:
920:
915:
852:
837:
738:
634:
600:
498:
393:
383:
221:
203:
191:
179:
175:
159:
56:
2511:
2446:
1873:
1797:
1728:
1683:
Three years later the Muslims would return to defeat the Byzantine forces in the
1632:
1601:
1534:
1474:
1454:
1439:
1389:
1369:
1359:
1119:
1001:
867:
862:
772:
689:
624:
595:
508:
373:
2392:
2380:
2354:
1858:
1514:
1504:
1404:
1101:
951:
810:
793:
669:
659:
418:
388:
2576:
2513:
Muhammad Is Not the Father of Any of Your Men: The Making of the Last Prophet
1773:
1109:
925:
120:
107:
2582:
2466:
2442:
1660:
2024:. A. Guillaume (trans.). Oxford University Press, USA. pp. 532, 536.
2421:
1705:
748:
315:
1700:
1636:
1336:
163:
536:
2275:
2273:
2271:
1854:
1850:
1841:
1830:
1769:
1696:
1652:
1648:
248:
242:
95:
68:
1801:
1672:
1664:
1640:
1182:
789:
351:
2268:
1825:
1820:
1744:
72:
1901:
2172:
2170:
2246:
2244:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1727:
Muhammad dispatched 3,000 of his troops in the month of
2471:
Muslim Expansion and Byzantine Collapse in North Africa
2309:
2307:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2167:
2112:
2110:
2097:
2095:
2241:
2129:
2127:
2125:
1985:
2319:
1963:
1961:
1948:
1946:
1819:
Today, Muslims who fell at the battle are considered
2304:
2182:
2107:
2092:
1973:
1796:
minuscule casualties recorded by Muslim historians.
1625:
1615:
1247:
2365:
2331:
2285:
2279:
2256:
2153:. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 58–9.
2122:
2042:
2489:
2366:El Hareir, Idris; M'Baye, El Hadji Ravane (2011).
1958:
1943:
1680:and he succeeded in saving the rest of the force.
2574:
2426:Money, Power and Politics in Early Islamic Syria
2227:. Oxford University Press. pp. 54–55, 342.
1833:was later built at Mu'tah over their graves.
1722:
1233:
552:
331:
293:
32:
26:
2398:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
1240:
1226:
559:
545:
338:
324:
49:
2451:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2448:Byzantium and the Early Islamic Conquests
2019:
1651:vassals. It took place in the village of
345:
2500:
2176:
2061:
2059:
2057:
1840:
18:629 AD battle in the Arab–Byzantine Wars
2218:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2144:
2142:
2015:
2013:
2011:
566:
2598:Battles involving the Byzantine Empire
2575:
2530:
2509:
2487:
2432:
2420:
2353:
2325:
2313:
2201:
2148:
2116:
2101:
2074:. Cambridge University Press. p.
2048:
1979:
2496:. State University of New York Press.
2465:
2441:
2337:
2262:
2250:
2133:
2054:
1967:
1952:
1221:
540:
319:
2516:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
2406:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 756.
2374:
2207:
2139:
2008:
2002:
2065:
1621:
1605:
33:
27:
13:
2608:Battles of the Arab–Byzantine wars
2543:
14:
2639:
2492:Muhammad and the Origins of Islam
2222:
1836:
1631:) took place in September 629 (1
1567:Campaigns in Armenia and Anatolia
2628:Battles involving the Ghassanids
2505:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.
2070:A History of Palestine, 634-1099
1763:
292:
285:
2536:A Global Chronology of Conflict
2149:Powers, David S. (2014-05-23).
1919:
1892:List of expeditions of Muhammad
1768:Four of the slain Muslims were
2473:. Cambridge University Press.
1907:Muhammad's views on Christians
55:The tomb of Muslim commanders
1:
2593:Campaigns ordered by Muhammad
2361:. Princeton University Press.
1936:
1739:and the third-in-command was
1690:
2588:620s in the Byzantine Empire
2501:Peterson, Daniel C. (2007).
1807:
1735:; the second-in-command was
1685:Expedition of Usama bin Zayd
7:
2603:Battles of Khalid ibn Walid
2488:Peters, Francis E. (1994).
2359:The Early Islamic Conquests
2280:El Hareir & M'Baye 2011
2223:W, Montgomery Watt (1956).
1887:Military career of Muhammad
1880:
1703:in July 629. The Byzantine
1626:
1616:
1447:Conquest of Byzantine Syria
1377:Conquest of Sasanian Persia
956:Nikephoros Phokas the Elder
527:Military career of Muhammad
10:
2644:
2613:Medieval history of Jordan
2347:
1723:Mobilization of the armies
1701:Sasanid general Shahrbaraz
524:
2510:Powers, David S. (2009).
2433:Haykal, Muhammad (1976).
2066:Gil, Moshe (1997-02-27).
1750:
1639:), between the forces of
1264:
1002:George Maniakes in Sicily
578:
522:
359:
280:
264:
231:
169:
148:
78:
48:
40:
23:
2538:. Vol. I. ABC-CLIO.
2503:Muhammad, Prophet of God
1912:
1268:Campaigns under Muhammad
1788:, Mas'ud ibn al-Aswad,
1846:
306:Location within Jordan
220:Mālik ibn Zāfila
170:Commanders and leaders
2437:. Islamic Book Trust.
2428:. Ashgate Publishing.
1863:University of Chicago
1844:
1741:Abd Allah ibn Rawahah
1285:Demolition of al-Uzza
525:Further information:
265:Casualties and losses
65:Abd Allah ibn Rawahah
2558:The Life of Muhammad
2551:Ar-Raheeq Al-Makhtum
2435:The Life of Muhammad
2370:. UNESCO publishing.
2022:The Life of Muhammad
1786:Abd Allah ibn Rawaha
1782:Ja'far ibn Abi Talib
1737:Ja'far ibn Abi Talib
1657:Palaestina Salutaris
1643:and the army of the
1095:Byzantine reconquest
444:1st Daumat al-Jandal
303:class=notpageimage|
200:Abd Allah ibn Rawaha
188:Ja'far ibn Abi Talib
100:Palaestina Salutaris
61:Ja'far ibn Abi Talib
2618:Battles of Muhammad
2553:(The Sealed Nectar)
1758:Khalid ibn al-Walid
1678:Khalid ibn al-Walid
1659:at the east of the
1555:Conquest of Bahnasa
1547:Campaigns in Africa
1256:Khalid ibn al-Walid
570:Arab–Byzantine wars
212:Khalid ibn al-Walid
117: /
43:Arab–Byzantine wars
2563:Ikoalag Historical
2225:Muhammad at Medina
2020:Ibn Ishaq (2004).
2005:, p. 756-757.
1847:
1760:to take the lead.
1325:2nd Dumatul Jandal
997:Straits of Messina
816:2nd Constantinople
801:1st Constantinople
484:3rd Wadi al-Qurra'
254:(both exaggerated)
2480:978-0-521-19677-2
2413:978-90-04-09419-2
2375:Buhl, F. (1993).
2234:978-0-353-30668-4
2160:978-0-8122-4617-9
2085:978-0-521-59984-9
1877:returned safely.
1733:Zayd ibn Harithah
1717:Shurahbil ibn Amr
1614:
1606:مَعْرَكَة مُؤْتَة
1593:
1592:
1215:
1214:
534:
533:
314:
313:
259:(modern estimate)
144:
143:
140:Byzantine victory
121:31.033°N 35.700°E
67:in Al-Mazar near
34:مَعْرَكَة مُؤْتَة
2635:
2539:
2527:
2506:
2497:
2495:
2484:
2467:Kaegi, Walter E.
2462:
2443:Kaegi, Walter E.
2438:
2429:
2417:
2389:Heinrichs, W. P.
2371:
2362:
2341:
2335:
2329:
2323:
2317:
2311:
2302:
2301:
2289:
2283:
2277:
2266:
2260:
2254:
2253:, p. 72-73.
2248:
2239:
2238:
2220:
2205:
2199:
2180:
2174:
2165:
2164:
2146:
2137:
2131:
2120:
2114:
2105:
2099:
2090:
2089:
2073:
2063:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2017:
2006:
2000:
1983:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1956:
1950:
1930:
1923:
1897:History of Islam
1778:Zayd ibn Haritha
1645:Byzantine Empire
1629:
1623:
1619:
1609:
1607:
1598:Battle of Mu'tah
1365:Dawmat al-Jandal
1259:
1257:
1242:
1235:
1228:
1219:
1218:
982:Marianos Argyros
858:Asia Minor (806)
843:Asia Minor (782)
832:Border conflicts
729:Babylon Fortress
573:
571:
561:
554:
547:
538:
537:
379:Dhu al-'Ushairah
354:
340:
333:
326:
317:
316:
296:
295:
289:
273:
260:
257:10,000 or fewer
255:
226:
208:
196:
184:
176:Zayd ibn Haritha
160:Byzantine Empire
132:
131:
129:
128:
127:
122:
118:
115:
114:
113:
110:
80:
79:
57:Zayd ibn Haritha
53:
36:
35:
30:
29:
24:Battle of Mu'tah
21:
20:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2573:
2572:
2546:
2544:Further reading
2532:Tucker, Spencer
2524:
2481:
2459:
2414:
2381:Bosworth, C. E.
2355:Donner, Fred M.
2350:
2345:
2344:
2336:
2332:
2324:
2320:
2312:
2305:
2294:Jafar al-Tayyar
2291:
2290:
2286:
2278:
2269:
2261:
2257:
2249:
2242:
2235:
2221:
2208:
2200:
2183:
2175:
2168:
2161:
2147:
2140:
2132:
2123:
2115:
2108:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2064:
2055:
2047:
2043:
2032:
2018:
2009:
2001:
1986:
1978:
1974:
1966:
1959:
1951:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1933:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1883:
1874:Montgomery Watt
1839:
1810:
1798:Montgomery Watt
1766:
1753:
1729:Jumada al-Awwal
1725:
1693:
1663:and modern-day
1633:Jumada al-Awwal
1622:غَزْوَة مُؤْتَة
1617:Maʿrakat Muʿtah
1594:
1589:
1570:
1550:
1450:
1380:
1340:
1271:
1260:
1255:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1216:
1211:
1059:Gulf of Corinth
581:Early conflicts
574:
569:
567:
565:
535:
530:
529:
518:
355:
346:
344:
310:
309:
308:
307:
305:
299:
298:
297:
271:
258:
253:
252:
246:
222:
219:
210:
204:
198:
192:
186:
180:
162:
125:
123:
119:
116:
111:
108:
106:
104:
103:
102:
54:
31:
28:غَزْوَة مُؤْتَة
25:
19:
12:
11:
5:
2641:
2631:
2630:
2625:
2623:620s conflicts
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2571:
2570:
2568:Sword of Allah
2565:
2560:
2555:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2534:, ed. (2010).
2528:
2522:
2507:
2498:
2485:
2479:
2463:
2458:978-0521411721
2457:
2439:
2430:
2418:
2412:
2385:van Donzel, E.
2372:
2363:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2330:
2328:, p. 419.
2318:
2303:
2284:
2282:, p. 142.
2267:
2255:
2240:
2233:
2206:
2181:
2179:, p. 142.
2166:
2159:
2138:
2121:
2119:, p. 231.
2106:
2104:, p. 188.
2091:
2084:
2053:
2041:
2030:
2007:
1984:
1982:, p. 105.
1972:
1957:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1882:
1879:
1838:
1837:Historiography
1835:
1814:Amr ibn Hishām
1809:
1806:
1765:
1762:
1752:
1749:
1724:
1721:
1692:
1689:
1627:Ghazwat Muʿtah
1591:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1563:
1562:
1557:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1500:Maraj-al-Debaj
1497:
1492:
1490:Marj Al-Saffar
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1373:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1320:Dumatul Jandal
1317:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1245:
1244:
1237:
1230:
1222:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1105:
1104:
1102:John Kourkouas
1092:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1010:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
952:Leo Apostyppes
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
899:Southern Italy
891:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
829:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
794:Constantinople
786:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
752:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
713:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
655:Maraj-al-Debaj
652:
647:
645:Sanita-al-Uqab
642:
640:Marj al-Saffar
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
604:
603:
598:
593:
588:
579:
576:
575:
564:
563:
556:
549:
541:
532:
531:
523:
520:
519:
517:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
434:Badr al-Maw'id
431:
426:
424:Hamra' al-Asad
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
360:
357:
356:
343:
342:
335:
328:
320:
312:
311:
301:
300:
291:
290:
284:
283:
282:
281:
278:
277:
274:
267:
266:
262:
261:
238:
234:
233:
229:
228:
214:
172:
171:
167:
166:
157:
151:
150:
146:
145:
142:
141:
138:
134:
133:
126:31.033; 35.700
94:
92:
88:
87:
84:
76:
75:
46:
45:
38:
37:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2640:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2547:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2523:9780812205572
2519:
2515:
2514:
2508:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2493:
2486:
2482:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2454:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2399:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2340:, p. 99.
2339:
2334:
2327:
2322:
2316:, p. 81.
2315:
2310:
2308:
2300:
2296:
2295:
2288:
2281:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2265:, p. 35.
2264:
2259:
2252:
2247:
2245:
2236:
2230:
2226:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2204:, p. 80.
2203:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2178:
2177:Peterson 2007
2173:
2171:
2162:
2156:
2152:
2145:
2143:
2136:, p. 79.
2135:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2118:
2113:
2111:
2103:
2098:
2096:
2087:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2071:
2062:
2060:
2058:
2051:, p. 86.
2050:
2045:
2038:
2033:
2031:0-19-636033-1
2027:
2023:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2004:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1981:
1976:
1970:, p. 67.
1969:
1964:
1962:
1955:, p. 72.
1954:
1949:
1947:
1942:
1928:
1922:
1918:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1853:(d. 823) and
1852:
1849:According to
1843:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1815:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1791:
1790:Wahb ibn Sa'd
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1764:Muslim losses
1761:
1759:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1720:
1718:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1688:
1686:
1681:
1679:
1674:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1628:
1620:, or Arabic:
1618:
1612:
1603:
1599:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1310:Banu Jadhimah
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1290:Banu Jadhimah
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1269:
1263:
1258:
1251:
1243:
1238:
1236:
1231:
1229:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1181:Campaigns of
1180:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1163:Campaigns of
1162:
1161:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1135:Nikephoros II
1133:Campaigns of
1132:
1131:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1110:Sayf al-Dawla
1108:Campaigns of
1107:
1106:
1103:
1100:Campaigns of
1099:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1013:Naval warfare
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:Campaigns of
979:
977:
974:
972:
969:
967:
964:
962:
959:
957:
953:
950:Campaigns of
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
903:
902:
901:
900:
896:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
835:
834:
833:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
798:
797:
796:
795:
791:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
760:
759:
758:
757:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
721:
720:
719:
718:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
612:
611:
610:
609:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
583:
582:
577:
572:
562:
557:
555:
550:
548:
543:
542:
539:
528:
521:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
439:Dhat ar-Riqa'
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
404:Banu Qaynuqa'
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
361:
358:
353:
349:
341:
336:
334:
329:
327:
322:
321:
318:
304:
288:
279:
275:
269:
268:
263:
256:
250:
244:
239:
236:
235:
230:
227:
225:
218:
215:
213:
209:
207:
201:
197:
195:
189:
185:
183:
177:
174:
173:
168:
165:
161:
158:
156:
153:
152:
147:
139:
136:
135:
130:
101:
97:
93:
90:
89:
86:September 629
85:
82:
81:
77:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
52:
47:
44:
39:
22:
16:
2550:
2535:
2512:
2502:
2491:
2470:
2447:
2434:
2425:
2422:Haldon, John
2403:
2396:
2367:
2358:
2333:
2321:
2299:Al-Islam.org
2293:
2287:
2258:
2224:
2150:
2069:
2044:
2035:
2021:
1975:
1926:
1921:
1872:). However,
1869:
1867:
1848:
1824:
1818:
1811:
1794:
1767:
1754:
1726:
1714:
1704:
1694:
1682:
1669:
1661:Jordan River
1624:
1597:
1595:
1565:
1564:
1545:
1544:
1470:Al-Uqab Pass
1465:al-Qaryatayn
1445:
1444:
1375:
1374:
1335:
1334:
1279:
1266:
1170:Alexandretta
1094:
1093:
1074:Thessalonica
1012:
1011:
987:2nd Taormina
971:1st Taormina
941:3rd Syracuse
931:2nd Syracuse
906:1st Syracuse
893:
892:
873:Mauropotamos
831:
830:
806:Sebastopolis
788:
787:
756:North Africa
754:
753:
715:
714:
620:al-Qaryatayn
606:
605:
585:
580:
488:
454:Banu Qurayza
240:
223:
205:
193:
181:
155:Muslim Arabs
149:Belligerents
41:Part of the
15:
2402:Volume VII:
2393:Pellat, Ch.
2326:Haykal 1976
2314:Powers 2009
2202:Powers 2009
2117:Peters 1994
2102:Haldon 2010
2049:Powers 2009
1980:Donner 1981
1706:sakellarios
1575:Iron Bridge
1510:Marj ar-Rum
1415:Ayn al-Tamr
1275:Hudaybiyyah
966:2nd Milazzo
961:1st Milazzo
946:Caltavuturo
888:Bathys Ryax
700:Iron Bridge
665:Marj ar-Rum
469:Hudaybiyyah
464:Banu Lahyan
459:al-Muraysi'
124: /
2577:Categories
2338:Kaegi 2010
2263:Kaegi 1992
2251:Kaegi 1992
2134:Kaegi 1992
1968:Kaegi 1992
1953:Kaegi 1992
1937:References
1691:Background
1647:and their
1585:Germanicia
1460:Marj Rahit
1337:Ridda Wars
1193:2nd Aleppo
1064:Cephalonia
976:Garigliano
878:Faruriyyah
848:Kopidnadon
734:Alexandria
724:Heliopolis
710:Germanicia
695:1st Aleppo
615:Marj Rahit
608:The Levant
429:Banu Nadir
272:(Disputed)
164:Ghassanids
2003:Buhl 1993
1855:Ibn Ishaq
1851:al-Waqidi
1831:mausoleum
1808:Aftermath
1770:Muhajirin
1697:Heraclius
1649:Ghassanid
1611:romanized
1560:Cyrenaica
1530:2nd Emesa
1525:Jerusalem
1250:Campaigns
1140:5th Crete
1125:Andrassos
1084:4th Crete
1079:3rd Crete
1034:2nd Crete
1029:1st Crete
1007:2nd Malta
936:1st Malta
744:Darishkur
705:2nd Emesa
685:Jerusalem
409:Dhu 'Amar
348:Campaigns
249:Ibn Ishaq
247:200,000 (
243:Al-Waqidi
241:100,000 (
2469:(2010).
2445:(1992).
2424:(2010).
2395:(eds.).
2357:(1981).
1927:vicarius
1881:See also
1826:shuhadāʾ
1802:skirmish
1710:Theodore
1699:and the
1673:Vicarius
1641:Muhammad
1495:Damascus
1480:Ajnadayn
1425:Muzayyah
1410:Al-Anbar
1183:Basil II
1044:Damietta
1024:Keramaia
883:Lalakaon
826:Akroinon
790:Anatolia
778:Carthage
763:Sufetula
680:Laodicea
650:Damascus
630:Ajnadayn
352:Muhammad
232:Strength
217:Theodore
91:Location
2404:Mif–Naz
2377:"Muʾta"
2348:Sources
2037:Zāfila.
1821:martyrs
1613::
1580:Armenia
1520:Yarmouk
1345:Buzakha
1188:Orontes
1155:Antioch
1150:Cilicia
1069:Euripos
1019:Phoenix
992:Rometta
921:Lentini
911:Messina
868:Amorium
838:Kamacha
783:Tabarka
768:Vescera
749:Bahnasa
675:Yarmouk
479:Khaybar
276:Unknown
224:†
206:†
194:†
182:†
112:35°42′E
2520:
2477:
2455:
2410:
2391:&
2231:
2157:
2082:
2028:
1870:hazīma
1751:Battle
1745:Medina
1653:Mu'tah
1602:Arabic
1540:Aleppo
1485:Yaqusa
1435:Zumail
1430:Saniyy
1420:Husayd
1400:Ullais
1395:Walaja
1385:Chains
1355:Yamama
1350:Ghamra
1330:Najran
1300:Hunayn
1280:Mu'tah
1198:Apamea
1165:John I
1145:Aleppo
1115:Marash
1054:Kardia
1049:Ragusa
1039:Thasos
954:&
916:Butera
895:Sicily
853:Krasos
821:Nicaea
792:&
739:Nikiou
635:Yaqusa
601:Dathin
586:Mu'tah
499:Hunayn
489:Mu'tah
449:Trench
414:Bahran
369:Safwan
364:Al-‘Īṣ
202:
190:
178:
137:Result
109:31°2′N
96:Mu'tah
73:Jordan
69:Mu'tah
63:, and
2379:. In
1913:Notes
1902:Jihad
1859:Balqa
1829:). A
1774:Ansar
1665:Karak
1535:Hazir
1515:Emesa
1475:Bosra
1455:Firaz
1440:Firaz
1390:River
1370:Naqra
1360:Zafar
1315:Tabuk
1305:Mecca
1295:Ta'if
1175:Syria
1120:Raban
863:Anzen
811:Tyana
773:Mamma
717:Egypt
690:Hazir
670:Emesa
625:Bosra
596:Firaz
591:Balqa
514:Ta'if
509:Autas
504:Tabuk
494:Mecca
474:Fidak
399:Sawiq
384:Abwa'
374:Buwat
237:3,000
2518:ISBN
2475:ISBN
2453:ISBN
2408:ISBN
2229:ISBN
2155:ISBN
2151:Zayd
2080:ISBN
2026:ISBN
1596:The
1505:Fahl
1405:Hira
1207:Azaz
1089:Tyre
926:Enna
897:and
660:Fahl
419:Uhud
394:Kudr
389:Badr
83:Date
2583:629
1655:in
1252:of
350:of
270:12
2579::
2400:.
2387:;
2383:;
2306:^
2297:,
2270:^
2243:^
2209:^
2184:^
2169:^
2141:^
2124:^
2109:^
2094:^
2078:.
2076:23
2056:^
2034:.
2010:^
1987:^
1960:^
1945:^
1784:,
1780:,
1719:.
1687:.
1667:.
1637:AH
1635:8
1608:,
1604::
98:,
71:,
59:,
2526:.
2483:.
2461:.
2416:.
2237:.
2163:.
2088:.
1823:(
1600:(
1241:e
1234:t
1227:v
560:e
553:t
546:v
339:e
332:t
325:v
251:)
245:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
