546:
630:. The most popular and acceptable form of white markings on both breeds includes a bold blaze and four even socks. These markings are often described as sabino. In particular, white facial markings often extend to the chin or lip, and may wrap around the head with irregular, feathery borders. When white markings on the forelegs extend above the knees, they may trail up the shoulder or up the back of the leg to the elbow with irregular, feathered, or roaned borders. White markings above the hocks on the hindlegs are common, and typically trail up the front of the leg to the stifle joint and flank. Extensive white leg markings are often accompanied by body spotting, typically on the belly. These markings are also often accompanied by interspersed white hairs that give the horse a
470:
35:
239:(W), which now includes the SB-1 allele. DNA testing is often required to verify the specific genes influencing a pattern. There are over 30 alleles of dominant white identified to date, though only some produce sabino-like spotting. Confusing matters further, some horses may carry more than one allele that produces spotting patterns, thus visual verification of any specific genetic mechanism may be challenging. For example, some blue-eyed horses described as sabino may have a pattern created by the
876:
their original colored hair. Sabino markings are permanent, and while some changes are not out of the ordinary, drastic color changes are not characteristic of sabino-type patterns. If a horse carries both genes, it will show spotting patterns while young, but they will fade over time as the overall coat lightens to white. Once the horse has fully grayed, the pink skin beneath the original white markings will still exist, but may not be obvious unless the horse has a body-clipped hair coat or is wet.
802:
135:
which are pigmented. At the minimal end, there will typically be white on the legs and face, and the horse may also be lightly roaned. In horses with a bit more white, it usually extends above the knees and hocks onto the belly. At the other end of the spectrum, nearly white sabino horses may still have scattered flecks of color, though it is also fairly common to have color on the ears, lower neck and chest, flanks, tailhead, and back.
755:
595:
2188:
746:
682:," and, until 2004, “white” horses, or horses that had areas of white hair rooted in pink skin above the gaskin on the hindleg, above the halfway point between the knee and elbow in the foreleg, or beyond the eye could not be registered. However, spotting patterns were clearly in the genepool, and because of the large number of horses that had these patterns (as well as a significant number of
666:, and others. In modern times, multiple alleles of W have been identified in Thoroughbreds. While some alleles produce mostly white or near-white horses, those that produce sabino-style spotting include W5, W20, W22, and W27. While white coats and spotting was not considered “fashionable” in Thoroughbreds and generally selected against by breeders, nor were the colors recognized by the
853:
834:
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studies, as such information was not yet available. In many cases, horses with sabino patterns fell into the middle—what was “excessive” white for one registry might be allowable in another. When early parentage testing using blood typing developed, revealing the variability of white patterns and markings, rules were modified to allow “
27:
1736:"The draft-type sabino, for example, is present in heavy horses, Shires, Clydesdales, etc. This population, until the recent popularity of draftcrosses and spotted drafts, was not intermingled much with the light horses. And, though it seems to be dominantly inherited, it does not produce a white phenotype."
1186:(2005). "Horses characterized as having a Sabino 1 white spotting pattern possessed 3 out of 4 of the following characteristics: 1) two or more white feet or legs, 2) blaze (white patch extending the length of the face), 3) jagged margins around white areas, and 4) spots or roaning in the midsection."
573:
testing began to verify parentage, a significant number of
Arabians met the definition of having minimal to moderately expressed sabino characteristics, though the genetic mechanisms involved were not understood. Thus term sabino came into vogue to describe any type of bold markings or body spotting,
436:
allelic series. The decision to name it “sabino” was to match the existing nomenclature used by horse breeders and to avoid confusion with various controversial known-lethal white genes in horses. However, confusion occurred anyway as more alleles at the same locus were discovered and the subsequent
298:
for the SB-1 gene is often called “sabino-white,” some researchers prefer the term "maximum sabino" rather than "sabino-white" to describe horses more than 90% white. Groups promoting sabino color have a more generous definition; the Sabino
Arabian Horse Registry considers a "Maximum" Sabino to be a
841:
A true roan is neither sabino nor gray, but instead refers to a pattern of evenly-interspersed white hairs on the body with minimal white hairs on the head and legs and few, if any white markings. In contrast, primary characteristics of sabino include bold white markings on the head and legs, often
797:
Blue eyes are not considered a sabino characteristic, but splashed white-sabino blends may have a lot of facial white and even blue eyes. Splash-sabino blends may have characteristics of both patterns, such as jagged patches, roaning, blue eyes and blocky white markings. Splash in conjunction with
1608:
After the 1900s, breeders used Shire blood to increase white markings...the white hair occasionally strayed onto the
Clydesdales' body, giving an animal of a roan colour. The purists frowned upon these animals, believing that only a good solid colour was correct. However, most people today believe
818:
and is expected to impact KIT protein function. The tobiano pattern is characterized by smooth, crisp-edged white markings arranged in a vertical orientation that often cross the back. The head is usually dark with some markings, but the legs are often white, and the tail is often white or partly
701:
Since the relaxation of the “white rule,” at least one registered
Quarter Horse has tested homozygous for the SB1 allele. In addition, several other alleles that produce sabino-type patterns have been found in Quarter horses, including all six SW alleles, and the W spotting alleles W10, W13, W20,
749:
The horse on the left most likely carries multiple spotting alleles. The horizontallyxoriented white patches on the body of the horse are indicative of the frame pattern. The wrap-around blaze suggest splash white genetics are present. The irregular stockings and roaned edges of the white patches
649:
for these two breeds is limited, most registered animals most likely possess the gene responsible for their white spotting pattern. Thus, if the draft-type sabino gene produced sabino-whites, near-white coats would be expected in nearly a quarter of foals, but they do not occur. Though occasional
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for a particular white spotting pattern may phenotypically be considered "solid" or "spotted", depending on the amount of patterning that is visible. Furthermore, the amount of white that a foal ends up with does not solely depend on known white spotting genes. For example, research suggests that
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undergo progressive silvering that begins at or shortly following birth. Young gray horses often exhibit a mixture of whitish and colored hairs which can be mistaken for roaning. Grays develop more and more white hairs over the course of several years, most eventually losing all or almost all of
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breeders, who also selected for horses that were solid-colored and minimally-marked. However, the
Quarter Horse arose from multiple sources, including Thoroughbreds and other breeds now known to carry spotting genes. Among Quarter Horse breeders, foals with large amounts of white born to parents
495:
and the widespread use DNA testing to verify parentage, assorted rules were created by to distinguish "spotted" from "non-spotted" horses; some breeds selected for bold white patterns, others disqualified horses with “too much white” from registration. The rules were not based on modern genetic
487:
The term "sabino" is also used for horses who do not carry SB-1, but have white leg markings above the knees and hocks with jagged margins, wide blazes, and belly spots or roaning. In some cases, the term is defined even more broadly, to include white spots on the lower lip or chin, distal white
134:
Horses described as Sabino can have varying amounts of white, from bold white face and leg markings all the way up to fully white coats. Sabino patterns often have speckling and roaning. The different white spotting patterns usually have some consistency in which areas of the horse are white and
789:
Horses carrying both frame and sabino genes can be expected to show characteristics of both patterns. While frame alone is seldom responsible for white leg markings, a frame-sabino blend might have frame body markings and white markings on the legs. Similarly, while frame alone usually produces
527:
Research indicates that there are many genes, and different alleles on those genes, that produce so-called "normal" white markings. Complicating matters further, when multiple, different alleles for white patterns are present, they have an additive effect, producing more white together than any
1872:
Hauswirth, Regula; Haase, Bianca; Blatter, Marlis; Brooks, Samantha A.; Burger, Dominik; Drögemüller, Cord; Gerber, Vincent; Henke, Diana; Janda, Jozef; Jude, Rony; Magdesian, K. Gary; Matthews, Jacqueline M.; Poncet, Pierre-André; Svansson, Vilhjálmur; Tozaki, Teruaki; Wilkinson-White, Lorna;
863:
is another type of "roaning" or ticking characterized by scattered white hairs centered on the flanks, barrel and white hairs at the base of the tail. It is unknown if the roaning characteristic of some sabino-type patterns is due to the additional presence of rabicano or a separate mechanism.
793:
Splash, or splashed white, is characterized by blue eyes and crisp, smooth markings. The legs, tail, underside and head are typically white; the white head is distinct in that most of the head is white. The most minimal splashes may have only a bottom-heavy, off-center snip and low hind socks.
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often crossbreed horses various color patterns, it is possible for a horse to carry genes for more than one pattern. The presence of multiple white spotting alleles often produces more white, or such horses may show characteristics of both patterns. This can, at times, make identification and
637:
The high white markings characteristic of these two breeds follow a pattern similar to that found in Sabino 1, which led researchers to include these horses in the original study that discovered SB1. However, none of the draft-type sabinos possessed the SB1 allele. Later, the W20 allele was
1572:
Popular markings for today's big hitches are four white socks to the knees and hocks, and a well-defined blaze or bald face, however, the show ring does not discriminate on color, with light roans and dark legs being considered equally with solid colored horses with traditional
511:
allow DNA-verified offspring of registered animals to be registered regardless of color pattern, though some are slow to catch up to modern understanding of genetics. Yet others have refined their breeding goals to include or exclude horses based upon DNA color testing.
431:
Researchers named the allele "Sabino 1" with the expectation that later alleles would be named "Sabino 2", "Sabino 3", and so on. However, based on mouse nomenclature, it would have been more consistent to label the SB-1 gene as a W allele as it was part of the
536:
pattern; these "toveros" often have more white than either tobiano or frame overo-patterned horses. Similarly, two apparently solid-colored horses with separate factors for white markings may produce a foal expressing both, with more white than either parent.
460:
Some of the genes in the W allelic series are embryonic lethal when homozygous and only one copy was needed for a horse to be fully white, while others, including SB-1, produced sabino patterns when heterozygous and appear to be viable when homozygous.
214:
that are generally solid-colored and do not allow most pinto coloring in their breed registries, but who may have representatives with sabino-style patterns (such as the
Arabian, Thoroughbred, and Clydesdale) have at times classified sabino horses as
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of a previously undiscovered form of dominant white, labeled W3, and has passed this trait on to his descendants. Further research identified alleles that created “sabino” patterns in
Arabians, each alleles of W, labeled W15 and W19. Studies at the
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with roaning at the edges. When both roan and sabino are present in the same horse, it can be difficult to tell whether the roaning is due to sabino or true roan, especially if the white markings entirely cover up the telltale dark head and legs.
767:
registration of spotted horses a challenge. Conversely, even if a spotting gene is present, white body markings may be so minimal in some individuals that they are registered as solid-colored. However, they may produce strongly colored offspring.
641:
Breed standards for
Clydesdale horses no longer state that "excessive white" is a fault. Conversely, even in modern times, the Shire horse breed standard counts excessive white, body spotting, or roaning as a fault, especially in stallions.
138:
Unlike white markings on non-sabino horses, the white leg markings of the sabino pattern often have a strip of white extending up the front or the back of the legs toward the belly. Some people call these "lightning strikes".
805:
This tobiano has an irregular, wrap-around blaze and chin white, the tobiano markings have ragged edges, extend high on the legs, and some roaning is visible. Thus, this horse may carry sabino or splash genetics as well as
374:
Horses who are heterozygous for Sabino-1 (SB1/sb1) generally have a distinctive white spotting pattern of irregular, rough-edged white patches that usually include two or more white feet or legs, a blaze, spots or
289:
There are differences in terminology amongst genetics researchers and certain organizations that promote sabino patterns. Because several dominant white alleles produce sabino-style patterns rather than completely
171:
are produced by different genetic mechanisms and are visually distinct. Since the APHA classification system was created prior to modern genetic studies, it was based on physical description and not genetics.
778:. Frame is characterized by jagged but sharply defined, horizontally oriented white patches. By itself, the frame pattern does not produce white markings that cross the back, or affect the legs or tail. The
1652:
Hauswirth, Regula; Jude, Rony; Haase, Bianca; Bellone, Rebecca R.; Archer, Sheila; Holl, Heather; Brooks, Samantha A.; Tozaki, Teruaki; Penedo, Maria
Cecilia T.; Rieder, Stefan; Leeb, Tosso (December 2013).
856:
The extensive roaning or ticking of this horse's barrel is typical of the rabicano pattern, which is sometimes confused with sabino. High white markings and patches are not controlled by rabicano.
57:
patterning on part of the body, especially the barrel and flanks. Some sabinos may have a dark leg or two, but many have four white legs. Sabino patterns may range from slightly bold face or leg
970:
Metallinos, DL; Bowling AT; Rine J (June 1998). "A missense mutation in the endothelin-B receptor gene is associated with Lethal White Foal
Syndrome: an equine version of Hirschsprung Disease".
412:
is recessive (sb1) and the SB1 mutation is dominant, though an sb1/sb1 horse may have white markings due to other factors. Modest Sabino 1 markings can be difficult to tell apart from other
1199:(2005). "omozygosity for the Sabino 1 gene may result in a phenotype exhibiting extensive white coat color, hereafter referred to as sabino-white in order to distinguish it from White (W)."
810:
The tobiano pattern is easily recognizable, genetically distinct, and tobiano horses are categorized separately from other patterns in breeding associations for pinto-spotted horses. The
845:
In some breed registries, the term "roan" is used to record sabinos, particularly with Thoroughbreds and Arabians. Sabinos have also been described as "roan" by Clydesdale, Shire, and
819:
white. A tobiano-sabino blend might then have more than the expected amount of facial white markings, blotchy or roaned edges to tobiano markings, or white on the stifle and flanks.
383:
for the Sabino 1 allele (SB1/SB1) are “sabino-white,” typically at least 90% white-coated at birth with unpigmented skin under white hair. Horses in both cases have dark eyes.
565:
genes existed in the breed. Thus, prior to the use of parentage testing as a registration requirement, white spotting in Arabians was controversial and viewed as evidence of
53:, belly spots, white extending past the eyes or onto the chin, white above the knees or hocks, and "splash" or "lacy" marks anywhere on the body. Some sabinos have patches of
1173:(2005). "hite patches often extend to include the belly and midsection, either as distinct areas of white hair, or as a diffuse scattering of white hairs resembling roan."
1160:
Brooks, Samantha (2005). "The SNP was found among American Miniature Horses, American Paint Horses, Azteca, Missouri Fox Trotters, Shetland Ponies, and Spanish Mustangs."
734:
horses have a white hair coat at maturity but unless they also happen to carry dilution or white spotting genes, they do not have pink skin and are not white at birth.
645:
This pattern, informally labeled “draft-type sabino,” appears to be dominantly inherited, but it does not result in a sabino-white phenotype when homozygous. As the
488:
patches on the legs, or "pointy" leg markings. The “dominant white” alleles W5, W8, W10, W15, and W19 are particularly noted for producing sabino-type markings.
722:
horses are superficially similar to sabino-whites, however, cremellos have blue eyes, rosy-pink skin, and a cream-colored rather than a white coat. “Fewspot”
1654:
183:; meanwhile, in these countries the term "sabino", which literally translated from Spanish means "speckled" or sometimes "roan", refers to a flea-bitten
1706:
737:
In some cases, horses with high white stockings and bold face markings often labeled sabino carry a splashed white allele, notably SW-1, SW-2 and SW-3.
574:
with “minimum” sabino describing horses with slightly bold markings, and "maximum sabino" describing spotted Arabians that were close to 50% white.
1225:(2005), "Consequently, we anticipate future discoveries of other genes encoding different sabino phenotypes (possibly designated SB2, SB3, etc)."
762:
Sabino patterns are produced by many different alleles, plus may bear some resemblance to other spotting patterns. Because breeders who desire
1588:
545:
126:
still use the term to describe spotting phenotypes that include roaning or irregular spotting, regardless of the precise genetics involved.
99:. Some forms of sabino are thought to be a reason for solid-colored horses with bold white markings on the face and high white leg markings.
1239:
758:
Some splashed white horses may closely resemble sabino, but tend to have more white on the head and belly, with sharper-edged white markings
2129:
1751:(2005). "hite Clydesdale horses are uncommon despite the high frequency of a gene for a sabino-type pattern among horses of that breed."
770:
The frame pattern, one of the first spotting patterns to have a DNA test developed, is produced by the Ile118Lys mutation on the equine
1431:...he results support the model that additively acting genes (polygenes) influence the presence and extent of common white markings...
1280:
Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis. Web Site accessed January 12, 2008
811:
798:
sabino may also produce the "medicine hat" pattern, where only the ears and poll and sometimes the topline or chest have pigment.
577:
In 2007, a white horse born from solid-colored parents, originally identified as "bay sabino" was determined to carry an original
864:
Rabicanos are also often identified as roans, even among breeds that do not have true roans, such as Thoroughbreds and Arabians.
262:
is also the gene associated with unpigmented patches of skin and hair on the extremities and midline of humans, mice, and pigs.
790:
markings with jagged but sharply defined white patches, the addition of sabino can add roaned edges and roaning on the body.
1812:
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2608:
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1624:
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Historically, Thoroughbreds with irregular spotting patterns have been documented, some in photographs. Examples include
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In Welsh ponies and some other UK breeds, sabino patterns are sometimes called “blagdon.” To confuse matters further, in
2097:
1988:
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30:
A horse with classic sabino belly spots, white above its knees and hocks, a white chin and wide white facial markings.
1345:
710:
Not all white horses are sabino-white or even dominant white. Combinations of other white spotting patterns, such as
469:
1115:
Brooks, Samantha; Ernest Bailey (2005). "Exon skipping in the KIT gene causes a sabino spotting pattern in horses".
1021:
2122:
687:
160:
670:, spotted horses were sometimes recorded as “roan or gray,” including Puchilingui, founding sire of the W5 line.
1851:
583:
1609:
that a good horse cannot be a bad colour, so roan horses and horses with white areas on the body are acceptable.
401:
2598:
1721:
1640:
No good stallion should be splashed with large white patches over the body. He must not be roan or chestnut.
2115:
690:(APHA) formed, allowing horses of verifiable Quarter Horse or Thoroughbred ancestry to be registered as "
2658:
2639:
2573:
890:
814:
allele responsible for the tobiano pattern (TO) is a large inversion approximately 100kb downstream of
771:
515:
The genetics behind white patterns and markings in horses are complex. Two full siblings with the same
231:
Most spotting patterns described as sabino are thought to be created by various mutations, most on the
107:
1405:
Woolf, CM (Jul–Aug 1990). "Multifactorial inheritance of common white markings in the Arabian horse".
286:
events and other genes, affect the amount of unpigmented skin and hair in the fully developed animal.
1361:
Rieder, Stefan; Hagger, Christian; Obexer-Ruff, Gabriela; Leeb, Tosso; Poncet, Pierre-André (2008).
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or "impure" breeding, with such horses discouraged from registry and penalized in competition. Once
2092:
1596:
1787:
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1875:"Mutations in MITF and PAX3 Cause "Splashed White" and Other White Spotting Phenotypes in Horses"
1250:
846:
179:-speaking countries, the term "overo" refers to horses with what are called "sabino" patterns in
20:
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trait; homozygous individuals have significantly more white than horses that are heterozygous.
2547:
1363:"Genetic Analysis of White Facial and Leg Markings in the Swiss Franches-Montagnes Horse Breed"
674:
320:
308:
294:, some propose the W gene be called the “white spotting” gene. In some cases, a horse that is
1956:"The Impact of the Mutation Causing Overo Lethal White Syndrome on White Patterning in Horses"
1655:"Novel variants in the KIT and PAX3 genes in horses with white-spotted coat colour phenotypes"
69:
2380:
2336:
1335:
775:
457:
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1955:
634:-like pattern. Such horses are called "roan" by the Shire and Clydesdale breed registries.
368:
332:
324:
211:
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still groups sabino patterns in its “overo” family of color patterns, even though sabino,
8:
2433:
2240:
1503:
1274:
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identified in Clydesdales, but there has been very little research done on draft breeds.
84:
49:. In general, Sabino patterning is visually recognized by roaning or irregular edges of
282:, leaving the extremities and midline devoid of pigment cells. Other factors, including
2537:
2310:
2176:
2066:
1901:
1874:
1479:
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1212:(2005). "...base substitution for T with A in intron 16, 1037 bases following exon 16."
1140:
1003:
623:
607:
356:
34:
2146:
2138:
2058:
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2031:"A chromosome inversion near the KIT gene and the Tobiano spotting pattern in horses"
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500:” with extra white to be registered when previously excluded, and likewise, various
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spotting patterns that are characterized by irregular edges, and is used by some
1083:"Sabino Arabian Horse Registry; "Rules and Regulations," accessed April 1, 2007"
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2011:
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Haase, B; Brooks, SA; Schlumbaum, A; Azor, PJ; Bailey, E; et al. (2007).
1128:
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61:—as little as white on the chin or lower lip—to horses that are fully white.
1996:
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alleles in horses are not known to cause blue eyes. Blue eyes are linked to
2583:
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registries began to allow visually solid-colored foals to be registered.
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near-white Shires and Clydesdales can be found, they are quite uncommon.
615:
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501:
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A Thoroughbred horse that carries the W5 allele and has sabino patterning
453:
360:
267:
207:
168:
152:
119:
111:
80:
26:
837:
This true or "classic" roan has the characteristic darker head and legs.
404:
designated KI16+1037A. The Sabino 1 mutation results in the skipping of
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2217:
1560:
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683:
653:
449:
380:
295:
283:
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92:
73:
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2087:
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indicated that the none of the alleles involved in Arabians were SB1.
553:
It was long known that sabino-type white patterns existed in purebred
2588:
2557:
2461:
2107:
801:
723:
646:
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on the belly or flanks, and jagged margins to white markings. Horses
1873:
Penedo, M. Cecilia T.; Rieder, Stefan; Leeb, Tosso (12 April 2012).
2623:
2487:
2428:
2290:
2235:
860:
754:
594:
578:
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83:, have not yet been identified. Some genes, such as Sabino-1, are
79:. The genetics behind some types of sabino, such as that found in
2593:
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2512:
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2392:
711:
679:
558:
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plays an important role in the migration of early pigment cells (
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115:
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437:
mutations labeled W to match the symbol used in mouse research.
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2295:
2029:
Brooks, S. A.; Lear, T. L.; Adelson, D. L.; Bailey, E. (2007).
1844:"Splashed White Mutations – SW1, SW2, SW3, SW4, SW5, and SW6 |"
312:
65:
1953:
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single allele would do alone. A similar effect is observed in
190:
Breed standards that recognize the sabino pattern include the
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715:
695:
391:
46:
1986:
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2613:
1871:
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445:
405:
969:
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673:
White patterning was originally considered undesirable by
1651:
1442:
929:(4 ed.). Wiley Blackwell. pp. 171–172, 185–197.
570:
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Neither Sabino 1 or any other alleles of W are linked to
147:
The term “sabino” was in use prior to the mapping of the
103:
2098:
American Paint Horse Association – Sabino Spotting
1788:"White Spotting (formerly Dominant White) Thoroughbreds"
702:
and W31. W32 has separately been identified in Paints.
2028:
920:
918:
916:
1969:. American Association of Equine Practitioners: 381–91
464:
307:
Sabino 1 was identified in 2005 by researchers at the
1963:
Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the AAEP 2001
1720:(8). American Paint Horse Association. Archived from
274:
to their ultimate location in the skin. Mutations on
64:
The known causes of the sabino patterns are the SB-1
1818:. American Quarter Horse Association. Archived from
1311:
1309:
1307:
913:
654:
In Thoroughbreds, American Quarter Horses and Paints
1114:
424:genes, and green-blue eyes are seen in horses with
315:, and the associated spotting pattern, is found in
1927:. American Paint Horse Association. Archived from
1865:
1340:(2. ed.). Wallingford: CABI. pp. 56–59.
705:
45:describes a distinct pattern of white spotting in
1304:
1233:
1231:
925:Sponenberg, D. Phillip; Bellone, Rebecca (2017).
924:
718:, can produce a horse that is 90% white or more.
416:; the phenotypes overlap. Sabino 1 and the other
2650:
1559:. Clydesdale Breeders of the USA. Archived from
965:
963:
961:
95:, can produce a horse that is almost completely
1954:Vrotsos, PD; Santschi EM; Mickelson JR (2001).
1917:
102:Prior to the development and widespread use of
1949:
1947:
1945:
1595:. The Clydesdale Horse Society. Archived from
1228:
678:eligible for registration were referred to as
2123:
958:
549:Sabino patterns have long existed in Arabians
2093:Horse genetic testing for color and patterns
2003:
1741:
1704:
1619:
1617:
1583:
1581:
1400:
1398:
1334:Bailey, Ernest; Brooks, Samantha A. (2013).
1333:
1237:
1110:
1108:
1106:
1104:
1942:
1551:
1549:
1529:"Animal Genetics, Incorporated. "Sabino 1""
1215:
1154:
456:, which is a mutation on a different gene,
114:patterns that did not clearly appear to be
2130:
2116:
1980:
1836:
1700:
1698:
1354:
978:(6). New York: Springer New York: 426–31.
206:), Tennessee Walking Horse, and the pinto
2009:
1900:
1890:
1627:. The Shire Horse Society. Archived from
1614:
1578:
1478:
1468:
1436:
1395:
1378:
1101:
694:". The APHA recognizes sabino in their "
524:express more white than non-chestnuts.
1546:
1202:
1189:
1176:
1163:
851:
832:
800:
753:
744:
602:with sabino belly spots and leg markings
593:
544:
468:
33:
25:
1695:
1044:"Mahubah's Corner: White Thoroughbreds"
782:of the frame pattern varies from minor
626:, both breeds are known for consistent
622:. Apart from massive build and copious
2651:
2137:
1760:
1327:
1077:
1075:
1041:
2111:
1445:"Allelic Heterogeneity at the Equine
1419:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a110987
1404:
1268:
1037:
1035:
740:
38:A sabino horse with extensive roaning
2216:
1805:
1501:
1238:Stamatelakys, Irene (January 2016).
933:
822:
726:are nearly all white, but carry the
87:, producing irregular spotting when
1754:
1705:Stamatelakys, Irene (August 2007).
1495:
1317:"W variants with associated breeds"
1283:
1072:
786:to the distinctive framed pattern.
13:
1987:American Paint Horse Association.
1510:. University of California - Davis
1032:
867:
774:gene and when homozygous produces
686:also caught up by this rule), the
589:
302:
14:
2670:
2081:
1761:Hunter, Avalyn (March 13, 2009).
347:. SB1 is notably absent from the
278:appear to limit the migration of
110:, the term broadly encompassed
2186:
1042:Hunter, Avalyn (July 26, 2013).
945:American Paint Horse Association
688:American Paint Horse Association
161:American Paint Horse Association
2035:Cytogenetic and Genome Research
2022:
1780:
1645:
1625:"Standard of Points for Shires"
1521:
706:Combination patterns and mimics
584:University of California, Davis
1848:Veterinary Genetics Laboratory
1763:"A Horse of a Different Color"
1508:Veterinary Genetics Laboratory
1061:
1014:
540:
402:single nucleotide polymorphism
400:responsible for Sabino 1 is a
299:horse that is over 50% white.
250:gene are also responsible for
142:
129:
1:
1792:www.whitehorseproductions.com
1022:"Equinecolor.com sabino page"
906:
1892:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002653
1470:10.1371/journal.pgen.0030195
698:" family of color patterns.
491:Prior to the mapping of the
408:17. The gene in the equine
151:to describe a wide range of
7:
1813:"2004 Registration Changes"
879:
750:indicate sabino patterning.
226:
10:
2675:
2640:Category:Horse coat colors
2609:Endothelin receptor type B
2574:Equine coat color genetics
891:Equine coat color genetics
826:
772:Endothelin receptor type B
532:with both the tobiano and
476:
70:dominant white (W) alleles
18:
2637:
2566:
2500:
2475:
2446:
2406:
2366:
2357:
2344:
2318:
2256:
2225:
2207:
2195:
2184:
2145:
1449:Locus in Dominant White (
1129:10.1007/s00335-005-2472-y
465:"Sabino" but not Sabino 1
444:(LWS). LWS occurs when a
235:gene, grouped broadly as
1504:"Horse Coat Color Tests"
1275:"Horse coat color tests"
714:with heterozygous frame
2629:Melanocortin 1 receptor
1707:"The science of sabino"
1589:"The Modern Clydesdale"
1293:. Sabino Horse Registry
1068:"Why Color Your Horse?"
847:Tennessee Walking Horse
618:originally bred in the
321:American Quarter Horses
246:Variants affecting the
21:Sabino (disambiguation)
16:Color pattern in horses
1557:"History of the Breed"
1249:. APHA. Archived from
857:
838:
807:
759:
751:
675:American Quarter Horse
603:
550:
474:
309:University of Kentucky
39:
31:
2567:Genetics and breeding
2408:Base color variations
2337:Lethal white syndrome
2088:Sabino Horse Registry
1380:10.1093/jhered/esm115
984:10.1007/s003359900790
927:Equine Color Genetics
855:
836:
804:
776:lethal white syndrome
757:
748:
597:
548:
472:
442:lethal white syndrome
333:Missouri Fox Trotters
325:American Paint Horses
106:testing to determine
37:
29:
2103:Animal Genetics Inc.
1593:The Clydesdale Horse
941:"Coat Patterns APHA"
684:double dilute creams
614:are closely related
243:(SW) gene family.
85:incomplete dominants
19:For other uses, see
1714:Paint Horse Journal
1407:Journal of Heredity
1367:Journal of Heredity
1256:on February 1, 2022
1247:Paint Horse Journal
369:incomplete dominant
159:. For example, the
2538:Primitive markings
2139:Equine coat colors
1925:"Genetic Equation"
1767:www.bloodhorse.com
1747:Brooks, Samantha,
1240:"The Color Inside"
1221:Brooks, Samantha,
1195:Brooks, Samantha,
1169:Brooks, Samantha,
1048:www.bloodhorse.com
858:
839:
808:
760:
752:
741:Pinto combinations
604:
557:, but neither the
551:
475:
426:two dilution genes
357:Standardbred horse
194:, American Paint,
68:and several other
40:
32:
2659:Horse coat colors
2646:
2645:
2496:
2495:
2442:
2441:
2282:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2258:double dilution:
2227:single dilution:
2047:10.1159/000112065
1674:10.1111/age.12057
1208:Brooks, Samantha
1182:Brooks, Samantha
886:Equine coat color
823:Roan and rabicano
367:. Sabino 1 is an
329:Tennessee Walkers
108:equine coat color
2666:
2533:Point coloration
2476:Roaning patterns
2416:
2364:
2363:
2355:
2354:
2302:
2244:
2223:
2222:
2214:
2213:
2190:
2179:
2168:
2147:Base coat colors
2132:
2125:
2118:
2109:
2108:
2075:
2074:
2041:(3–4): 225–230.
2026:
2020:
2019:
2012:"Splashed White"
2007:
2001:
2000:
1995:. Archived from
1993:Genetic Equation
1989:"Splashed White"
1984:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1960:
1951:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1904:
1894:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1824:
1817:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1784:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1758:
1752:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1732:
1726:
1711:
1702:
1693:
1692:
1690:
1688:
1659:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1636:
1621:
1612:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1585:
1576:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1553:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1531:. Archived from
1525:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1482:
1472:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1402:
1393:
1392:
1382:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1313:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1298:
1287:
1281:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1255:
1244:
1235:
1226:
1219:
1213:
1206:
1200:
1193:
1187:
1180:
1174:
1167:
1161:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1117:Mammalian Genome
1112:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1085:. Archived from
1079:
1070:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1039:
1030:
1029:
1024:. Archived from
1018:
1012:
1011:
972:Mammalian Genome
967:
956:
955:
953:
951:
937:
931:
930:
922:
600:Clydesdale horse
509:breed registries
317:Miniature horses
157:breed registries
124:breed registries
2674:
2673:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2633:
2562:
2492:
2471:
2458:
2448:Leopard complex
2438:
2417:
2410:
2409:
2402:
2351:
2349:
2340:
2314:
2293:
2274:
2252:
2239:(also known as
2238:
2203:
2191:
2182:
2174:
2163:(also known as
2162:
2141:
2136:
2084:
2079:
2078:
2027:
2023:
2010:Laura Behning.
2008:
2004:
1985:
1981:
1972:
1970:
1958:
1952:
1943:
1934:
1932:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1885:(4): e1002653.
1870:
1866:
1856:
1854:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1796:
1794:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1771:
1769:
1759:
1755:
1746:
1742:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1709:
1703:
1696:
1686:
1684:
1662:Animal Genetics
1657:
1650:
1646:
1634:
1632:
1623:
1622:
1615:
1602:
1600:
1587:
1586:
1579:
1566:
1564:
1555:
1554:
1547:
1538:
1536:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1513:
1511:
1500:
1496:
1441:
1437:
1403:
1396:
1359:
1355:
1348:
1332:
1328:
1315:
1314:
1305:
1296:
1294:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1273:
1269:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1242:
1236:
1229:
1220:
1216:
1207:
1203:
1194:
1190:
1181:
1177:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1123:(11): 893–902.
1113:
1102:
1092:
1090:
1089:on June 9, 2007
1081:
1080:
1073:
1066:
1062:
1052:
1050:
1040:
1033:
1020:
1019:
1015:
968:
959:
949:
947:
939:
938:
934:
923:
914:
909:
882:
870:
868:Gray and sabino
831:
825:
812:simple dominant
743:
708:
656:
592:
590:In draft horses
543:
485:
467:
341:Shetland Ponies
311:. The Sabino 1
305:
303:Sabino 1 allele
229:
196:Miniature horse
145:
132:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2672:
2662:
2661:
2644:
2643:
2638:
2635:
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2632:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
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2596:
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2515:
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2420:
2418:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2389:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2376:Splashed white
2367:
2361:
2359:Pinto patterns
2352:
2347:Horse markings
2345:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2327:Dominant white
2324:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2288:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2233:
2226:
2220:
2211:
2209:Dilution genes
2205:
2204:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2192:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2180:
2169:
2157:
2151:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2135:
2134:
2127:
2120:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2083:
2082:External links
2080:
2077:
2076:
2021:
2002:
1999:on 2009-04-02.
1979:
1941:
1916:
1864:
1835:
1804:
1779:
1753:
1740:
1694:
1668:(6): 763–765.
1644:
1613:
1577:
1545:
1520:
1494:
1435:
1394:
1373:(2): 130–136.
1353:
1346:
1337:Horse genetics
1326:
1303:
1282:
1267:
1227:
1214:
1201:
1188:
1175:
1162:
1153:
1100:
1071:
1060:
1031:
1028:on 2008-01-17.
1013:
957:
932:
911:
910:
908:
905:
904:
903:
901:Dominant white
898:
893:
888:
881:
878:
869:
866:
827:Main article:
824:
821:
784:white markings
742:
739:
707:
704:
655:
652:
628:white markings
620:United Kingdom
591:
588:
542:
539:
483:dominant white
479:Horse markings
466:
463:
434:dominant white
422:splashed white
414:white markings
304:
301:
241:splashed white
237:dominant white
228:
225:
165:splashed white
144:
141:
131:
128:
59:white markings
51:white markings
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2508:Bend-Or spots
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2017:
2016:Morgan Colors
2013:
2006:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1983:
1968:
1964:
1957:
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1948:
1946:
1931:on 2008-09-07
1930:
1926:
1920:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1879:PLOS Genetics
1876:
1868:
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1825:on 2008-05-11
1821:
1814:
1808:
1793:
1789:
1783:
1768:
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1757:
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1744:
1737:
1727:on 2008-08-07
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1631:on 2011-10-07
1630:
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1599:on 2010-11-07
1598:
1594:
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1563:on 2009-05-01
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2624:STX17 (Gray)
2584:Horse genome
2466:Knabstrupper
2459:
2456:Varnish roan
2385:
2350:and patterns
2332:Sabino-white
2331:
2297:
2296:Blue dun or
2038:
2034:
2024:
2015:
2005:
1997:the original
1992:
1982:
1971:. Retrieved
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1933:. Retrieved
1929:the original
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1497:
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1321:etalondx.com
1320:
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1258:. Retrieved
1251:the original
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1026:the original
1016:
975:
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948:. Retrieved
944:
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849:registries.
844:
840:
829:Roan (horse)
815:
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792:
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736:
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660:The Tetrarch
657:
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616:draft horses
605:
576:
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530:pinto horses
526:
514:
507:Today, most
506:
493:horse genome
490:
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439:
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417:
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385:
373:
353:Thoroughbred
306:
292:white horses
288:
275:
272:neural crest
263:
259:
256:classic roan
247:
245:
232:
230:
212:Horse breeds
210:registries.
204:Hackney pony
189:
174:
149:horse genome
146:
137:
133:
101:
89:heterozygous
74:
63:
42:
41:
2579:Color breed
2434:Tricoloured
2411:(primarily
2271:Smoky cream
2248:Smoky black
873:Gray horses
668:Jockey Club
664:Birdcatcher
563:frame overo
541:In Arabians
534:frame overo
502:color breed
454:frame overo
361:Shire horse
280:melanocytes
270:) from the
268:melanocytes
208:color breed
169:frame overo
143:Terminology
130:Description
120:frame overo
91:, but when
81:Clydesdales
2413:UK English
2294:(see also
2241:Isabelline
2177:Seal brown
1973:2008-09-05
1935:2008-09-04
1857:18 October
1829:2009-06-18
1797:18 October
1772:18 October
1731:2009-06-18
1687:18 October
1635:2011-11-21
1603:2010-12-16
1567:2009-06-18
1539:2007-04-02
1514:2008-01-11
1502:UC Davis.
1457:PLOS Genet
1297:2009-06-16
1291:"Markings"
1053:18 October
950:18 October
907:References
780:expression
724:Appaloosas
624:feathering
608:Clydesdale
477:See also:
450:homozygous
396:gene. The
390:is at the
381:homozygous
365:Clydesdale
296:homozygous
284:stochastic
198:, Morgan,
93:homozygous
2558:Tiger eye
2462:Appaloosa
2460:See also
2286:Champagne
2175:included
2055:1424-8581
1573:markings.
1453:) Horses"
1149:Chapter 3
992:0938-8990
647:gene pool
522:chestnuts
2653:Category
2604:KIT gene
2589:Wildtype
2553:Mushroom
2488:Rabicano
2429:Skewbald
2261:Cremello
2236:Palomino
2231:Buckskin
2160:Chestnut
2071:22835035
2063:18253033
1911:22511888
1852:UC Davis
1682:23659293
1489:17997609
1389:18296388
1145:32782072
1137:16284805
1093:April 2,
1008:19536624
880:See also
861:Rabicano
806:tobiano.
720:Cremello
680:cropouts
579:mutation
555:Arabians
517:genotype
498:cropouts
410:wildtype
398:mutation
337:Mustangs
227:Genetics
219:or even
122:. Some
2594:Melanin
2528:Pangaré
2518:Cropout
2513:Brindle
2424:Piebald
2393:Tobiano
2266:Perlino
1902:3325211
1480:2065884
1427:2273238
1000:9585428
728:Lp gene
712:tobiano
559:tobiano
377:roaning
345:Aztecas
252:tobiano
200:Hackney
192:Mustang
181:English
177:Spanish
116:tobiano
72:on the
2599:Agouti
2548:Flaxen
2398:Tovero
2386:Sabino
2298:Grullo
2165:Sorrel
2069:
2061:
2053:
1909:
1899:
1680:
1487:
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1425:
1387:
1344:
1223:et al.
1197:et al.
1143:
1135:
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998:
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764:pintos
692:Paints
458:EDNRB.
343:, and
313:allele
167:, and
66:allele
47:horses
43:Sabino
2543:Sooty
2523:Liver
2501:Other
2381:Frame
2371:Overo
2320:White
2306:Pearl
2218:Cream
2155:Black
2067:S2CID
1959:(PDF)
1823:(PDF)
1816:(PDF)
1749:et al
1725:(PDF)
1710:(PDF)
1658:(PDF)
1254:(PDF)
1243:(PDF)
1210:et al
1184:et al
1171:et al
1141:S2CID
1004:S2CID
716:overo
696:overo
612:Shire
388:locus
202:(and
153:pinto
112:pinto
97:white
2619:PAX3
2614:MITF
2483:Roan
2464:and
2201:Gray
2196:Gray
2059:PMID
2051:ISSN
1907:PMID
1859:2021
1799:2021
1774:2021
1689:2021
1678:PMID
1485:PMID
1423:PMID
1385:PMID
1342:ISBN
1278:from
1262:2020
1133:PMID
1095:2007
1055:2021
996:PMID
988:ISSN
952:2021
732:Gray
632:roan
610:and
606:The
561:nor
481:and
452:for
446:foal
406:exon
363:and
254:and
221:gray
217:roan
185:gray
77:gene
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2291:Dun
2172:Bay
2043:doi
2039:119
1897:PMC
1887:doi
1670:doi
1475:PMC
1465:doi
1447:KIT
1415:doi
1375:doi
1125:doi
980:doi
816:KIT
571:DNA
448:is
418:KIT
393:KIT
276:KIT
264:KIT
260:KIT
248:KIT
233:KIT
118:or
104:DNA
75:KIT
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