Smilodon - Knowledge

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otherwise solitary tigers are known to aggregate around a single carcass. The authors of the original study responded that though effects of the calls in the tar pits and the playback experiments would not be identical, this would not be enough to overturn their conclusions. In addition, they stated that weight and intelligence would not likely affect the results as lighter carnivores are far more numerous than heavy herbivores and the social (and seemingly intelligent) dire wolf is also found in the pits.

2263: 3785: 3688:. The two subadult individuals uncovered share a unique inherited trait in their dentaries, suggesting they were siblings; a rare instance of familial relationships being found in the fossil record. The subadult specimens are also hypothesized to have been male and female, respectively, while the adult skeletal remains found at the site are believed to have belonged to their mother. The subadults were estimated to have been around two years of age at the time of their deaths, but were still growing. 3005: 4225: 3717: 1147: 1525: 192: 1299: 3447: 1931: 3564: 2569: 9587: 2762: 4293: 3335: 2753: 3511: 2293: 2870: 3271: 2040: 3497:. Unlike in La Brea, many of the bones were broken or show signs of weathering. This may have been because the layers were shallower, so the thrashing of trapped animals damaged the bones of previously trapped animals. Many of the carnivores at Talara were juveniles, possibly indicating that inexperienced and less fit animals had a greater chance of being trapped. Though Lund thought accumulations of 2129: 3669:(though it cannot be ruled out they were caused by kicking prey). If caused by intraspecific fighting, it may also indicate that they had social behavior which could lead to death, as seen in some modern felines (as well as indicating that the canines could penetrate bone). It has been suggested that the exaggerated canines of saber-toothed cats evolved for 2805:), both of which are considered possible. Studies of modern cat species have found that species that live in the open tend to have uniform coats while those that live in more vegetated habitats have more markings, with some exceptions. Some coat features, such as the manes of male lions or the stripes of the tiger, are too unusual to predict from fossils. 4194:, became extinct through competition with the faster and more generalized felids that replaced them. It was even proposed that the saber-toothed predators were inferior to modern cats, as the ever-growing canines were thought to inhibit their owners from feeding properly. Since then, however, it has been shown that the diet of machairodontines such as 2682:. It ranged from 160 to 280 kg (350 to 620 lb). and reached a shoulder height of 100 cm (39 in) and body length of 175 cm (69 in). It was similar to a lion in dimensions, but was more robust and muscular, and therefore had a larger body mass. Its skull was also similar to that of 3559:

lures, the type of audio lure, and the length of the distress calls (the actual distress calls of the trapped prey animals would have lasted longer than the calls used in the study). The author of that study ponders what predators would have responded if the recordings were played in India, where the

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and herbivore fossils in the Lagoa Santa Caves were due to the cats using the caves as dens, these are probably the result of animals dying on the surface, and water currents subsequently dragging their bones to the floor of the cave, but some individuals may also have died after becoming lost in the

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was within the range of extant felids. Its canines were fragile and could not have bitten into bone; due to the risk of breaking, these cats had to subdue and restrain their prey with their powerful forelimbs before they could use their canine teeth, and likely used quick slashing or stabbing bites

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kept their milk sabers for extended periods (estimated at 30 months) to help reinforce their adult canines as they grew in. As a result, the milk sabers acted as a structural support, allowing them to begin hunting with minimized risk to their mature set of sabers. As a result, the retention of the

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teeth were used to cut skin to access the meat, and the reduced molars suggest that they were less adapted for crushing bones than modern cats. As the food of modern cats enters the mouth through the side while cutting with the carnassials, not the front incisors between the canines, the animals do

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The protruding incisors were arranged in an arch, and were used to hold the prey still and stabilize it while the canine bite was delivered. The contact surface between the canine crown and the gum was enlarged, which helped stabilize the tooth and helped the cat sense when the tooth had penetrated

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published in 2018 suggests extremely different ecological adaptations in both machairodonts. The mandibular flanges may have helped resist bending forces when the mandible was pulled against the hide of a prey animal. It has been experimentally proven by means of a machine that recreates the teeth,

9052:

O'Keefe, F. Robin; Dunn, Regan E.; Weitzel, Elic M.; Waters, Michael R.; Martinez, Lisa N.; Binder, Wendy J.; Southon, John R.; Cohen, Joshua E.; Meachen, Julie A.; DeSantis, Larisa R. G.; Kirby, Matthew E.; Ghezzo, Elena; Coltrain, Joan B.; Fuller, Benjamin T.; Farrell, Aisling B.; Takuechi, Gary

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region of the spine and the tail became shortened, as did the hind limbs. Machairodonts once represented a dominant group of felids distributed across Africa, Eurasia and the North America during the Miocene and Pliocene epochs, but progressively declined over the course of the Pleistocene, by the

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as "the destroyer", which has also been translated as "he who brings devastation". By 1846, Lund had acquired nearly every part of the skeleton (from different individuals), and more specimens were found in neighboring countries by other collectors in the following years. Though some later authors

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s bite force. Analysis of its narrow jaws indicates that it could produce a bite only a third as strong as that of a lion (the bite force quotient measured for the lion is 112). There seems to be a general rule that the saber-toothed cats with the largest canines had proportionally weaker bites.

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reached 23 to 30 months of age, the infant teeth were shed while the adult canines grew at an average growth rate of 7 mm (0.28 in) per month during a 12-month period. They reached their full size at around 3 years of age, later than modern species of big cats. Juvenile and adolescent

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belonged to a separate lineage. A study published in 2006 confirmed this, showing that the Machairodontinae diverged early from the ancestors of living cats and were not closely related to any living species. The ancestors of living cats and Machairodontinae estimated to have diverged around 20

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fossils are common at the La Brea Tar Pits, and were likely attracted by the distress calls of stuck prey, this could mean that this species was social as well. One critical study claims that the study neglects other factors, such as body mass (heavier animals are more likely to get stuck than

8713:(A special volume entitled La Brea and Beyond: the Paleontology of Asphalt–Preserved Biotas in commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County's excavations at Rancho La Brea). Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County: 37–52. Archived from 7327:(A special volume entitled La Brea and Beyond: the Paleontology of Asphalt–Preserved Biotas in commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County's excavations at Rancho La Brea). Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County: 91–95. Archived from 3771:(changes during growth) has remained tightly constrained. The curve is similar to that for modern cats such as tigers and cougars, but shifts more towards the robust direction of the axes than is seen in modern felids. Examinations by Reynolds, Seymour, and Evans (2021) suggest that 1203:

and foot bones), Lund concluded the fossils instead belonged to a distinct genus of felids, though transitional to the hyenas. He stated it would have matched the largest modern predators in size, and was more robust than any modern cat. Lund originally wanted to call the new genus

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suffering hip dysplasia at a young age that survived to adulthood suggests that it could not have survived to adulthood without aid from a social group, as this individual was unable to hunt or defend its territory due to the severity of its congenital issue. The brain of

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that acted as natural carnivore traps. Animals were accidentally trapped in the seeps and became bait for predators that came to scavenge, but these were then trapped themselves. The best-known of such traps are at La Brea in Los Angeles, which have produced over 166,000

3738:. Both baby and adult canines would be present side by side in the mouth for an approximately 11-month period, and the muscles used in making the powerful bite were developed at about one-and-a-half years old as well, eight months earlier than in a modern lion. After 1650:, whereas Homotherini are typified by shorter, broad, and more flattened canines, with coarser serrations. Members of Metailurini were less specialized and had shorter, less flattened canines, and are not recognized as members of Machairodontinae by some researchers. 6087: 4220:

also became extinct during the Late Pleistocene, and saber-toothed and conical toothed felids had formerly coexisted for more than a million years. The fact that saber-teeth evolved many times in unrelated lineages also attests to the success of this feature.

3820:, which is where the largest jaw muscles attach. They also showed signs of microfractures, and the weakening and thinning of bones possibly caused by mechanical stress from the constant need to make stabbing motions with the canines. Bony growths where the 3361:(opening) in the skull, which housed nerves associated with the whiskers, it has been suggested the improved senses would have helped the cats' precision when biting outside their field of vision, and thereby prevent breakage of the canines. The blade-like 3859:, the researchers suggested this would have been the case for the prehistoric species as well as they approached extinction, but cautioned that more research was needed to determine if this was also the case in specimens from other parts of the Americas. 3614:

being social is that being an ambush hunter in closed habitat would likely have made group-living unnecessary, as in most modern cats. Yet it has also been proposed that being the largest predator in an environment comparable to the savanna of Africa,

5242:

Piras, Paolo; Silvestro, Daniele; Carotenuto, Francesco; Castiglione, Silvia; Kotsakis, Anastassios; Maiorino, Leonardo; Melchionna, Marina; Mondanaro, Alessandro; Sansalone, Gabriele; Serio, Carmela; Vero, Veronica Anna; Raia, Pasquale (May 2018).

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lived in a variety of habitats, being able to inhabit open grassland and parkland, marginal woodland-grassland settings, and closed forests. Fossils of the genus have been found throughout the Americas. The northernmost remains of the genus are

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cat's milk sabers lessened the bending strain on the cat's emerging adult teeth as it bit down, as it was discovered the erupting sabers were much more vulnerable to breakage as they grew in than when matured. This would have also resulted in

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has been given as 11,130 BP. However, such radiocarbon dates are likely uncalibrated, meaning that they were not adjusted from calendar years to regular years. As a result, the dates appear younger than they actually are. Therefore, the

6242:

Dantas, Mário André Trindade; Cherkinsky, Alexander; Lessa, Carlos Micael Bonfim; Santos, Luciano Vilaboim; Cozzuol, Mario Alberto; Omena, Érica Cavalcante; Silva, Jorge Luiz Lopes; Sial, Alcides Nóbrega; Bocherens, Hervé (2020-07-14).

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specimen from Rancho La Brea is the youngest-recorded of the species, suggesting extinction before the Younger Dryas based on its last appearance in California as opposed to other regions where megafauna declined by the Younger Dryas.

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delivered its bite, the "canine shear-bite" hypothesis has been favored, where flexion of the neck and rotation of the skull assisted in biting the prey, but this may be mechanically impossible. However, evidence from comparisons with

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Paijmans, J. L. A.; Barnett, R.; Gilbert, M. T. P.; Zepeda-Mendoza, M. L.; Reumer, J. W. F.; de Vos, J.; Zazula, G.; Nagel, D.; Baryshnikov, G. F.; Leonard, J. A.; Rohland, N.; Westbury, M. V.; Barlow, A.; Hofreiter, M. (2017-10-19).

3490:. Though the trapped animals were buried quickly, predators often managed to remove limb bones from them, but they were themselves often trapped and then scavenged by other predators; 90% of the excavated bones belonged to predators. 3775:

had a unique and fast growth rate similar to a tiger, but that there was a prolonged period of growth in the genus similar to what is seen in lions, and that the cubs were reliant on their parents until this growth period ended.

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Manzuetti, A.; Perea, D.; Jones, W.; Ubilla, M.; Rinderknecht, A. (2020). "An extremely large saber-tooth cat skull from Uruguay (late Pleistocene–early Holocene, Dolores Formation): body size and paleobiological implications".

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Balisi, M. A.; Sharma, A. K.; Howard, C. M.; Shaw, C. A.; Klapper, R.; Lindsey, Emily L. (2020). "Computed tomography reveals hip dysplasia in Smilodon: Implications for social behavior in an extinct Pleistocene predator".

3415:(the ability of the canine teeth to resist bending forces without breaking) and bite forces indicate that the saber-toothed cats' teeth were stronger relative to the bite force than those of modern big cats. In addition, 2698:

skull from Uruguay measuring 39.2 cm (15.4 in) in length indicates this individual may have weighed as much as 436 kg (961 lb). It stood at a shoulder height of 120 cm (47 in). Compared to

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specimens are extremely rare at Rancho La Brea, where the study was performed, indicating that they remained hidden or at denning sites during hunts, and depended on parental care while their canines were developing.

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killed its prey. Traditionally, the most popular theory is that the cat delivered a deep stabbing bite or open-jawed stabbing thrust to the throat, killing the prey very quickly. Another hypothesis suggests that

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patterns similar to modern cats, which suggests an increased complexity of the regions that control the sense of hearing, sight, and coordination of the limbs. Felid saber-tooths in general had relatively small

7254: 1489:, and features used to define most of their junior synonyms have been dismissed as variation between individuals of the same species (intraspecific variation). One of the most famous of prehistoric mammals, 7313: 2992:

preferred forest-dwelling prey such as tapirs, deer and forest-dwelling bison as opposed to the dire wolves' preferences for prey inhabiting open areas such as grassland. The availability of prey in the

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that concealed itself in dense vegetation, as its limb proportions were similar to modern forest-dwelling cats, and its short tail would not have helped it balance while running. Unlike its ancestor

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Reynolds, A. R.; Seymour, K. L.; Evans, D. C. (2019). "Late Pleistocene records of felids from Medicine Hat, Alberta, including the first Canadian record of the sabre-toothed cat Smilodon fatalis".

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for a stabbing canine-shear bite, whereas the latter had more trabecular bone and used a clamp and hold style more similar to lions. The two would therefore have held distinct ecological niches.

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specimens was 4.3%, compared to 2.8% in the dire wolf, which implies the ambush predatory behavior of the former led to greater risk of injury than the pursuit predatory behavior of the latter.

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brain would have been too small for it to have been a social animal. An analysis of brain size in living big cats found no correlation between brain size and sociality. Another argument against

2844:(where the features of the closest extant relatives of a fossil taxon are used as reference) is the most reliable way of restoring the life-appearance of prehistoric animals, and the cat-like 4770:

Meehan, T.; Martin, L. D. J. (2003). "Extinction and re-evolution of similar adaptive types (ecomorphs) in Cenozoic North American ungulates and carnivores reflect van der Hammen's cycles".

4179:, which may have drastically reduced the habitable space for many species. In terms of human influence, there is evidence of a fire-induced regime change in Rancho la Brea that preceded the 3590:

fossils, which would suggest that the animals needed others to provide them food. This argument has been questioned, as cats can recover quickly from even severe bone damage and an injured

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showed changes in cranial morphology that hint towards increased specialization in larger prey and/or evolution in response to competition with other carnivores. However, a 2012 study of

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may have had a social structure similar to modern lions, which possibly live in groups primarily to defend optimal territory from other lions (lions are the only social big cats today).

4472:"The extinct mammalian fauna of Dakota and Nebraska: Including an account of some allied forms from other localities, together with a synopsis of the mammalian remains of North America" 6376:"Sabertooth Cats with Toothaches: Impacts of Dental Injuries on Feeding Behavior in Late Pleistocene Smilodon Fatalis (Mammalia, Felidae) from Rancho la Brea (Los Angeles, California)" 4079:

preferred large prey from open habitats such as grassland and plains, based on evidence gathered from isotope ratios that determined the animal's diet. In this way, the South American

3649:(along with offspring) with no intense competition among males for females. Likewise, Meachen-Samuels and Binder concluded in 2010 that aggression between males was less pronounced in 3145:

was a pure scavenger that used its canines for display to assert dominance over carcasses, but this theory is not supported today as no modern terrestrial mammals are pure scavengers.

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was fully capable of and utilized the canine shear-bite as its primary means of killing prey, based on the fact that it had a thick skull and relatively little trabecular bone, while

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Rincón, A.; Prevosti, F.; Parra, G. (2011). "New saber-toothed cat records (Felidae: Machairodontinae) for the Pleistocene of Venezuela, and the Great American Biotic Interchange".

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from South America was the largest species, at 220 to 436 kg (485 to 961 lb) in weight and 120 cm (47 in) in height, and was among the largest known felids. The

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is thought to have killed its prey by holding it still with its forelimbs and biting it, but it is unclear in what manner the bite itself was delivered. Scientists debate whether

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Leidy, 1868 (Felidae, Machairodontinae) in the extra-Andean region of South America (late Pleistocene, Sopas Formation), Uruguay: Taxonomic and paleobiogeographic implications".

3921:, with the southernmost remains being known from the far south of Patagonia. The habitat of North America varied from subtropical forests and savannah in the south, to treeless 3291:

targeted the belly of its prey. This is disputed, as the curvature of their prey's belly would likely have prevented the cat from getting a good bite or stab. In regard to how

1953: 3317:(The "Robocat") on bison and elk carcasses, that the stabbing bite to the throat is a much more plausible and practical killing technique than the stabbing bite to the belly. 2694:, with a body mass range from 220 kg (490 lb) to over 400 kg (880 lb), and one estimate suggesting up to 470 kg (1,040 lb). A particularly large 1803: 3555:

lighter ones), intelligence (some social animals, like the American lion, may have avoided the tar because they were better able to recognize the hazard), lack of visual and

1871: 2632:

tooth of the mandible was present in most early specimens, but lost in later specimens; it was only present in 6% of the La Brea sample. There is some dispute over whether

7318:(Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae) to the Biota of the Late Pleistocene Carpinteria Asphalt Deposits in California, with Ontogenetic and Ecologic Implications for the Species" 1837: 1422:

supported the distinctness of the two species in an article published in 1990. A 2018 article by the American paleontologist John P. Babiarz and colleagues concluded that

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is most famous for its relatively long canine teeth, which are the longest found in the saber-toothed cats, at about 28 cm (11 in) long in the largest species,

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to such an extent that they would have been able to sustain greater loading than those of extant big cats, or of the extinct American lion. The humerus cortical wall in

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hunted both in open and forested habitats. The differences between the North and South American species may be due to the difference in prey between the two continents.

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did exhibit some sexual dimorphism, there would have been evolutionary selection for competition between males. Some bones show evidence of having been bitten by other

8655:

Villavicencio, Natalia A.; Lindsey, Emily L.; Martin, Fabiana M.; Borrero, Luis A.; Moreno, Patricio I.; Marshall, Charles R.; Barnosky, Anthony D. (February 2016).

6142:

DeSantis, Larisa R. G.; Crites, Jonathan M.; Feranec, Robert S.; Fox-Dobbs, Kena; Farrell, Aisling B.; Harris, John M.; Takeuchi, Gary T.; Cerling, Thure E. (2019).

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around 13-10,000 years ago, along with most other large animals across the Americas. Its reliance on large animals has been proposed as the cause of its extinction.

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Meachen, Julie A.; O'Keefe, F. Robin; Sadleir, Rudyard W. (2014). "Evolution in the sabre-tooth cat, Smilodon fatalis, in response to Pleistocene climate change".

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specimens from La Brea with those of the contemporaneous American lion revealed that the two cats shared a similar growth curve. Felid forelimb development during

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Agnolin, F. L.; Chimento, N. R.; Campo, D. H.; Magnussen, M.; Boh, D.; De Cianni, F. (2019). "Large Carnivore Footprints from the Late Pleistocene of Argentina".

9053:

T.; MacDonald, Glen; Davis, Edward B.; Lindsey, Emily L. (2023). "Pre–Younger Dryas megafaunal extirpation at Rancho La Brea linked to fire-driven state shift".

8657:"Combination of humans, climate, and vegetation change triggered Late Quaternary megafauna extinction in the Última Esperanza region, southern Patagonia, Chile" 7328: 8800:

in the Pampean Region (Buenos Aires Province, Argentina) around the Last Glacial Maximum: Insights from carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes in bone collagen".

5631: 2438:). The lineage further adapted to the precision killing of large animals by developing elongated canine teeth and wider gapes, in the process sacrificing high 3308:

had both more trabecular bone and a more lion-like clamping bite as its primary means of attacking prey. The discovery, made by Figueirido and Lautenschlager

3877:. This pathology resulted in the machairodont individual becoming incapable of flexing its toe and would have severely diminished its ability to hunt prey. 3734:

started developing its adult saber-teeth when the animal reached between 12 and 19 months of age, shortly after the completion of the eruption of the cat's

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Brown, C.; Balisi, M.; Shaw, C. A.; Van Valkenburgh, B. (2017). "Skeletal trauma reflects hunting behaviour in extinct sabre-tooth cats and dire wolves".

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Van Valkenburgh, B. (1991). "Iterative evolution of hypercarnivory in canids (Mammalia: Carnivora): evolutionary interactions among sympatric predators".

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Van Valkenburgh, B.; Teaford, M. F.; Walker, A. (1990). "Molar microwear and diet in large carnivores: inferences concerning diet in the sabretooth cat,

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also suggest that it was capable of eating bone to a similar extent as lions. This and comparisons with bite marks left by the contemporary machairodont

2937:, indicating that the predator successfully bit into the skull through the glyptodont's armored cephalic shield. In addition, isotopes preserved in the 8410:

Luna, Carlos A.; Pool, Roy R.; Ercoli, Marcos D.; Chimento, Nicolás R.; Barbosa, Fernando H. de S.; Zurita, Alfredo E.; Cuaranta, Pedro (22 May 2023).

4403: 2824:, with a lower lip line (to allow its mouth to open wide without tearing the facial tissues), a more retracted nose and lower-placed ears. Paleoartist 3370:

would likewise not have been a hindrance when feeding. A study published in 2022 of how machairodonts fed revealed that wear patterns on the teeth of

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Bjorkengren, A. G.; Sartoris, D. J.; Shermis, S.; Resnick, D. (1987). "Patterns of paravertebral ossification in the prehistoric saber-toothed cat".

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Meachen-Samuels, J.; Binder, W. (2010). "Sexual dimorphism and ontogenetic growth in the American lion and sabertoothed cat from Rancho La Brea".

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in the north. The mosaic vegetation of woods, shrubs, and grasses in southwestern North America supported large herbivores such as horses, bison,

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remains in Florida varied significantly between different sites and show that the species was flexible in its feeding habits. Isotopic studies of

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was slightly convex. The mandible had a flange on each side of the front. The upper incisors were large, sharp, and slanted forwards. There was a

9974: 9137:"Paleoecology of the mammalian predator guild of Southern Patagonia during the latest Pleistocene: Ecomorphology, stable isotopes, and taphonomy" 8507: 7117: 3973:

and the American lion suggests niche overlap and direct competition between these species, and they appear to have fed on similarly sized prey.

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was diverse. They do not seem to have been limited to giant animals as prey, as suggested before, but fed on whatever was available, including

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specimens that form the largest collection in the world. The sediments of the pits there were accumulated 40,000 to 10,000 years ago, in the

2628:(gap) between the incisors and molars of the mandible. The lower incisors were broad, recurved, and placed in a straight line across. The p3 8796:

Bocherens, H.; Cotte, M.; Bonini, R.; Scian, D.; Straccia, P.; Soibelzon, L.; Prevosti, F. J. (2016-04-24). "Paleobiology of sabretooth cat

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had a weight of 160 to 280 kg (350 to 620 lb) and height of 100 cm (39 in). Both of these species are mainly known from

5989:"Rancho La Brea stable isotope biogeochemistry and its implications for the palaeoecology of late Pleistocene, coastal southern California" 3760:

being "double-fanged" during this growth stage, as corroborated by the discovery of individuals at this ontogenic stage at Rancho La Brea.

1041:. Its jaw had a bigger gape than that of modern cats, and its upper canines were slender and fragile, being adapted for precision killing. 5444:

Van Valkenburgh, B.; Sacco, T. (2002). "Sexual dimorphism, social behavior and intrasexual competition in large Pleistocene carnivorans".

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in collaboration with various paleontologists in the early 20th century. In 1969, paleontologist G. J. Miller instead proposed that

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DeSantis, L.R.G.; Schubert, B.W.; Schmitt-Linville, E.; Ungar, P.; Donohue, S.; Haupt, R.J. (September 15, 2015). John M. Harris (ed.).

8149:"Did saber-tooth kittens grow up musclebound? A study of postnatal limb bone allometry in felids from the Pleistocene of Rancho La Brea" 6088:"Understanding specifics in generalist diets of carnivorans by analyzing stable carbon isotope values in Pleistocene mammals of Florida" 9453: 3677:

found no difference in scaling between body and canine size concluded it was more likely they evolved solely for a predatory function.

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from South Carolina: Implications for the taxonomy of the genus ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 76–95.

4382:(in Danish). Copenhagen: Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Naturvidenskabelige og Matematiske Afhandlinger. pp. 54–57. 4161:

tooth wear found no evidence that they were limited by food resources. Other explanations include climate change and competition with

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refers to the species' lighter build. This species is known from fewer and less complete remains than the other members of the genus.

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had no sexual dimorphism, Van Valkenburgh and Sacco suggested in 2002 that, if the cats were social, they would likely have lived in

7981:"Using a novel absolute ontogenetic age determination technique to calculate the timing of tooth eruption in the saber-toothed cat, 7040: 3422:

gape could have reached over 110 degrees, while that of the modern lion reaches 65 degrees. This made the gape wide enough to allow

10203: 10095: 9961: 9814: 6049: 7231: 9322:"New evidence of the sabertooth cat Smilodon (Carnivora: Machairodontinae) in the late Pleistocene of southern Chilean Patagonia" 4325: 1263:

and no type specimens were designated. Some South American specimens have been referred to other genera, subgenera, species, and

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by thousands of years, the former just before the Younger Dryas cooling event and the latter by the early Holocene. The latest

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A 2017 study indicates that juveniles were born with a robust build similar to the adults. Comparison of the bones of juvenile

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may have been impacted by habitat turnover and loss of prey it specialized on due to possible climatic impacts, the effects of

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restorations by Knight are therefore still accurate. A 2022 study by Antón and colleagues concluded that the upper canines of

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Vanvalkenburgh, B.; Hertel, F. (1993). "Tough Times at La Brea: Tooth Breakage in Large Carnivores of the Late Pleistocene".

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van den Hoek Ostende, L. W.; Morlo, M.; Nagel, D. (2006). "Majestic killers: the sabre-toothed cats (Fossils explained 52)".

4754: 4672: 4645: 7059: 3205:

was probably completely terrestrial due to its greater weight and lack of climbing adaptations. Tracks from Argentina named

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Balisi, Mairin A.; Sharma, Abhinav K.; Howard, Carrie M.; Shaw, Christopher A.; Klapper, Robert; Lindsey, Emily L. (2021).

2608:. The canines were slender and had fine serrations on the front and back side. The skull was robustly proportioned and the 4175:, rather than specifically to the extinction of the saber-toothed cats. One factor often cited here is the cooling in the 4035:) had gone extinct by the Pliocene, and were replaced by North American carnivores such as canids, bears, and large cats. 3684:

found in Ecuador and described in 2021 by Reynolds, Seymour, and Evans suggests that there was prolonged parental care in

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and its relatives could efficiently de-flesh a carcass of meat when feeding without being hindered by their long canines.

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recovered from Pleistocene deposits in Arizona that bear the distinctive elliptical puncture marks best matching those of

8412:"Osteomyelitis in the manus of Smilodon populator (Felidae, Machairodontinae) from the Late Pleistocene of South America" 7133:"Comparative bite forces and canine bending strength in feline and sabretooth felids: implications for predatory ecology" 3263:

was willing to risk biting into bone with its canines. This may have been focused more towards competition such as other

2691: 17: 4662: 3133:

had a more generalist diet than previously thought. Examinations of dental microwear from La Brea further suggests that

6245:"Isotopic paleoecology (δ13C, δ18O) of a late Pleistocene vertebrate community from the Brazilian Intertropical Region" 4045:

never became widespread in South America. The extinction of the thylacosmilids has been attributed to competition with

3828:

attempted to pull down prey with its forelimbs. Sternum injuries are also common, probably due to collision with prey.

3665:

skulls from Argentina show seemingly fatal, unhealed wounds which appear to have been caused by the canines of another

1560:

is still one of the best-known members of the group, to the point where the two concepts have been confused. The term "

1532: 9275:"A complete sabertooth cat cranium from the Midcontinent of North America and its evolutionary and ecological context" 8876:"Cats in the forest: predicting habitat adaptations from humerus morphometry in extant and fossil Felidae (Carnivora)" 8704:"Dental microwear textures of carnivorans from the La Brea Tar Pits, California and potential extinction implications" 8460:"A complete sabertooth cat cranium from the Midcontinent of North America and its evolutionary and ecological context" 8049:

Feranec, R. C. (2004). "Isotopic evidence of saber-tooth development, growth rate, and diet from the adult canine of

6982:

Domínguez-Rodrigo, Manuel; Egeland, Charles P.; Cobo-Sánchez, Lucía; Baquedano, Enrique; Hulbert, Richard C. (2022).

3824:

inserted in the humerus is a common pathology for a La Brea specimen, which was probably due to repeated strain when

1410:

too incomplete to be an adequate type specimen, and the species has at times been proposed to be a junior synonym of

5639: 1321:

were discovered in North America from the second half of the 19th century onwards. In 1869, American paleontologist

10282: 9992: 9365: 4146: 3259:

rather than the slow, suffocating bites typically used by modern cats. On rare occasions, as evidenced by fossils,

3221:

capabilities in its paws, notably robust forelimbs compared to the hindlimbs, and was probably an ambush predator.

1240:), "tooth". This has also been translated as "tooth shaped like double-edged knife". He explained the species name 10126: 9845: 7060:"Bite club: comparative bite force in big biting mammals and the prediction of predatory behaviour in fossil taxa" 4003:

also entered western South America in the late Pleistocene, and the two species were thought to be divided by the

1343:(which was then used for most cats, extant as well as extinct) but found it distinct enough to be part of its own 42: 5522:"Variation in Craniomandibular Morphology and Sexual Dimorphism in Pantherines and the Sabercat Smilodon fatalis" 9207:

Stuart, Anthony J. (August 20, 2022). "Chapter 6. North America: mastodon, ground sloths, and sabertooth cats".

5923:"Concealed weapons: A revised reconstruction of the facial anatomy and life appearance of the sabre-toothed cat 5457: 10322: 9446: 6315:

Moreno Rodríguez, Ana P.; Chimento, Nicolás R.; Agnolín, Federico L.; Jofré, Guillermo; Gentil, Adriel (2022).

5987:

Coltrain, J. B.; Harris, J. M.; Cerling, T. E.; Ehleringer, J. R.; Dearing, M.-D.; Ward, J.; Allen, J. (2004).

4023:

sharing the prairies and woodlands in South America; North American herbivores included proboscideans, horses,

2841: 8714: 4926:

Barnett, R.; Barnes, I.; Phillips, M. J.; Martin, L. D.; Harington, C. R.; Leonard, J. A.; Cooper, A. (2005).

4093:

there, but not with the jaguar, which fed primarily on smaller prey. On the other hand, morphometry points to

2644:

fossils have found little difference between the sexes. Conversely, a 2012 study found that, while fossils of

10267: 10031: 9884: 8345:"Subchondral defects resembling osteochondrosis dissecans in joint surfaces of the extinct saber-toothed cat 4049:, but this is probably incorrect, as they seem to have disappeared before the arrival of the large cats. The 3646: 2707:

was more robust and had a more elongated and narrow skull with a straighter upper profile, higher positioned

2658:

was the smallest species, estimated at 55 to 100 kg (121 to 220 lb) in weight, about the size of a

1162: 9234:"Compilation, calibration, and synthesis of faunal and floral radiocarbon dates, Rancho La Brea, California" 4422: 3232:

was fairly long, which suggests it was a good jumper. Its well-developed flexor and extensor muscles in its

9926: 8104:"Bending performance changes during prolonged canine eruption in saber-toothed carnivores: A case study of 5890:

Antón, M.; García-Perea, R.; Turner, A. (1998). "Reconstructed facial appearance of the sabretoothed felid

4335: 4172: 4138: 4027:

and deer, South American herbivores included toxodonts, litopterns, ground sloths, and glyptodonts. Native

2988:

in prey, which suggests that they were competitors. More detailed isotope analysis however, indicates that

1359:. The species name means "deadly". In an 1880 article about extinct American cats, American paleontologist 1123: 5390:

Slater, G. J.; Valkenburgh, B. V. (2008). "Long in the tooth: evolution of sabertooth cat cranial shape".

4260: 2735:, and measure 17.6 cm (6.9 in) by 19.2 cm (7.6 in). This is larger than tracks of the 10181: 9940: 9935: 9793: 9788: 4320: 4145:

could have been too specialized at hunting large prey and may have been unable to adapt. Indeed, by the

3129:

scaphoid bone. In addition to this unambiguous evidence of bone consumption, the coprolites suggest that

2430:. The skull and mandible morphology of the earliest saber-toothed cats was similar to that of the modern 1210:, but realizing this name had recently been applied to another prehistoric predator, he instead named it 9354: 6891:: a reevaluation of the canine shear-bite and a proposal for a new forelimb-powered class 1 lever model" 3236:

probably enabled it to pull down, and securely hold down, large prey. Analysis of the cross-sections of

10073: 8761: 8464: 7372:"Parallels between playbacks and Pleistocene tar seeps suggest sociality in an extinct sabretooth cat, 6144:"Causes and Consequences of Pleistocene Megafaunal Extinctions as Revealed from Rancho La Brea Mammals" 3981: 3641:

was sexually dimorphic has implications for its reproductive behavior. Based on their conclusions that

2533: 9136: 9089: 8411: 8088: 7476:

Van Valkenburgh, B.; Maddox, T.; Funston, P. J.; Mills, M. G. L.; Grether, G. F.; Carbone, C. (2009).

7370:

Carbone, C.; Maddox, T.; Funston, P. J.; Mills, M. G. L.; Grether, G. F.; Van Valkenburgh, B. (2009).

4247:

specimen recovered from the Rancho La Brea tar pits has been dated to 13,025 years ago. A specimen of

2442:. As their canines became longer, the bodies of the cats became more robust for immobilizing prey. In 9439: 7720:): implications for intrageneric phylogeny, intraspecific differences and the effects of captivity". 3890: 3852: 1184: 952:, with an estimated date of divergence from the ancestor of living cats around 20 million years ago. 191: 166: 38: 9020: 8035: 7216: 6949: 6685: 5337:

The Big Cats and Their Fossil Relatives: An Illustrated Guide to Their Evolution and Natural History

5189: 10317: 7621: 5335: 4471: 4071: 4019:(geographically separated) into question. The American interchange resulted in a mix of native and 2832:

were overall not very different from those of other cats. Antón noted that modern animals like the

4183:

of megafauna in the area, with humans most likely responsible for the increase in fire intensity.

1580:, as well as adaptations to the skull and skeleton related to their use. This includes members of 10262: 9274: 8874:

Meloro, Carlo; Elton, Sarah; Louys, Julien; Bishop, Laura C.; Ditchfield, Peter (18 March 2013).

8459: 7979:

Mihlbachler, M. C.; Wysocki, M. A.; Feranec, R. S.; Tseng, Z. J.; Bjornsson, C. S. (2015-07-01).

7958: 7712:

Yamaguchi, N.; Kitchener, A. C.; Gilissen, E.; MacDonald, D. W. (2009). "Brain size of the lion (

6984:"Sabertooth carcass consumption behavior and the dynamics of Pleistocene large carnivoran guilds" 5660:

Sorkin, B. (2008). "A biomechanical constraint on body mass in terrestrial mammalian predators".

5244: 4725:(Merriam, 1918): a taxonomic review of two genera of sabretooth cats (Felidae, Machairodontinae)" 2837: 1454: 6528: 6375: 5369: 4846: 3661:, possibly the result of territorial battles, competition for breeding rights or over prey. Two 2613: 1538: 982:

from Brazil; the generic name means "scalpel" or "two-edged knife" combined with "tooth". Three

10234: 10139: 10018: 9979: 9871: 9741: 8880: 7622:"Computed tomography reveals hip dysplasia in the extinct Pleistocene saber-tooth cat Smilodon" 6092: 4186:

Writers of the first half of the twentieth century theorized that the last saber-toothed cats,

4105: 3874: 3866: 3805: 1561: 1442: 1288: 937: 4075:, one of the largest carnivores ever, and could therefore assume the niche of mega-carnivore. 10307: 10229: 10221: 10134: 10013: 10005: 9866: 9858: 7111: 4736: 4716: 3995:

entered South America during the early to middle Pleistocene, where it probably gave rise to

3976: 3908:

epoch (2.5 mya–10,000 years ago), and was perhaps the most recent of the saber-toothed cats.

3725: 3493:

The Talara Tar Seeps in Peru represent a similar scenario, and have also produced fossils of

3466: 3251:

was a 15 % thicker than excpected in modern big cats of similar size. The thickening of

3173: 2314: 179: 9586: 3961:) and the American lion. Competition from such carnivores may have prevented North American 3673:

and competition, but a statistical study of the correlation between canine and body size in

3426:

to grasp large prey despite the long canines. A 2018 study compared the killing behavior of

3213:. If correctly identified, the tracks indicate that the animal had fully retractible claws, 3153: 10190: 10082: 9948: 9801: 9286: 9148: 9101: 8981: 8889: 8811: 8770: 8668: 8611: 8473: 8364: 8301: 8254: 8160: 8089:"Evidence suggests saber-toothed cats held onto their baby teeth to stabilize their sabers" 8062: 7996: 7853: 7764: 7546: 7266: 7177: 6995: 6902: 6839: 6735: 6638: 6580: 6486: 6414: 6332: 6200: 6155: 6101: 6003: 5938: 5707: 5671: 5533: 5399: 5150: 5085: 5035: 4939: 4880: 4779: 4593: 4141:. Its extinction has been linked to the decline and extinction of large herbivores. Hence, 3622: 3358: 1573: 1334: 8241:

Duckler, G. L. (1997). "Parietal depressions in skulls of the extinct saber-toothed felid

8: 8656: 4527: 4312: 3844: 3789: 3244: 2439: 1360: 1260: 1103:

had a social or a solitary lifestyle; analysis of modern predator behavior as well as of

376: 9290: 9152: 9105: 8985: 8893: 8815: 8774: 8672: 8615: 8477: 8387: 8368: 8344: 8305: 8258: 8164: 8066: 8000: 7901:"The roar of Rancho La Brea? Comparative anatomy of modern and fossil felid hyoid bones" 7857: 7768: 7270: 7181: 6999: 6906: 6843: 6739: 6642: 6584: 6490: 6418: 6336: 6204: 6159: 6105: 6007: 5942: 5862:

Miller, G. J. (1969). "A new hypothesis to explain the method of food ingestion used by

5711: 5675: 5537: 5403: 5204: 5154: 5089: 5039: 4943: 4884: 4783: 4597: 4271:

have been dated to 10,935–11,209 years ago. The most recent credible carbon-14 date for

1771: 1505: 9779: 9302: 9255: 9004: 8969: 8637: 8325: 8183: 8148: 8019: 7980: 7930: 7876: 7841: 7659: 7646: 7602: 7506: 7477: 7453: 7424: 7400: 7371: 7200: 7165: 7087: 7016: 6983: 6933: 6886: 6808: 6758: 6719: 6669: 6622: 6596: 6510: 6502: 6438: 6430: 6356: 6301: 6224: 5966: 5907: 5839: 5814: 5723: 5613: 5556: 5521: 5469: 5461: 5423: 5173: 5138: 5119: 5111: 5000: 4965: 4867:

Janczewski, D. N.; Yuhki, N.; Gilbert, D. A.; Jefferson, G. T.; O'Brien, S. J. (1992).

4803: 4609: 4553: 4503: 3094: 2637: 2099: 1172: 1158: 1095:, and it remained successful even when encountering new prey species in South America. 387: 335: 309: 186: 3603:

was relatively small compared to other cat species. Some researchers have argued that

1426:, represented by the specimens from the La Brea Tar Pits, was a distinct species from 10257: 10216: 10000: 9853: 9419: 9409: 9377: 9306: 9259: 9212: 9174: 9117: 9070: 9009: 8947: 8905: 8684: 8641: 8577: 8555: 8529: 8512: 8433: 8392: 8317: 8223: 8188: 8129: 8024: 7934: 7922: 7881: 7819: 7733: 7694: 7663: 7651: 7594: 7458: 7405: 7294: 7205: 7149: 7132: 7092: 7021: 6938: 6920: 6867: 6763: 6674: 6656: 6600: 6442: 6360: 6348: 6316: 6266: 6216: 6173: 6117: 5970: 5844: 5727: 5683: 5605: 5561: 5503: 5415: 5351: 5341: 5224: 5178: 5123: 5053: 5004: 4996: 4957: 4908: 4903: 4868: 4795: 4750: 4694:

from Florida and a discussion of its relationships (Mammalia, Felidae, Smilodontini)"

4668: 4641: 4264: 4171:

disappeared), or a combination of several factors, all of which apply to the general

3458: 3412: 3400: 3275: 3052: 2813: 2781: 2529: 2466: 1415: 1176: 9338: 9321: 9298: 9113: 8782: 8485: 6514: 6228: 5951: 5922: 5742:"Hallazgo inédito en Miramar: huellas fosilizadas de un gran tigre dientes de sable" 5617: 5473: 5427: 4969: 4807: 3347: 2836:

are able to open their mouths extremely wide without tearing tissue due to a folded

2825: 9526: 9462: 9369: 9333: 9294: 9245: 9164: 9156: 9109: 9062: 8999: 8989: 8939: 8897: 8827: 8819: 8778: 8676: 8627: 8619: 8569: 8521: 8481: 8425: 8382: 8372: 8329: 8309: 8266: 8262: 8215: 8178: 8168: 8119: 8070: 8014: 8004: 7912: 7871: 7861: 7809: 7772: 7729: 7686: 7641: 7633: 7606: 7586: 7501: 7493: 7448: 7440: 7395: 7387: 7284: 7274: 7195: 7185: 7144: 7082: 7074: 7011: 7003: 6928: 6910: 6857: 6847: 6798: 6753: 6743: 6664: 6646: 6588: 6494: 6477:

Gonyea, W. J. (1976). "Behavioral implications of saber-toothed felid morphology".

6422: 6387: 6340: 6297: 6256: 6208: 6163: 6109: 6068: 6011: 5956: 5946: 5903: 5834: 5826: 5776: 5715: 5679: 5597: 5551: 5541: 5499: 5453: 5407: 5301: 5264: 5256: 5216: 5168: 5158: 5101: 5093: 5043: 4992: 4947: 4898: 4888: 4869:"Molecular phylogenetic inference from saber-toothed cat fossils of Rancho La Brea" 4787: 4740: 4605: 4601: 4543: 4483: 4180: 4126: 4020: 3840: 3487: 3462: 3182: 3058: 2994: 2452: 2151: 2020: 1901: 1615:

are referred to as saber-toothed cats, and this group is itself divided into three

1612: 1601: 1577: 1553: 1446: 1430:

after all and that more research is needed to clarify the taxonomy of the lineage.

1379: 1015: 949: 276: 8970:"Implications of diet for the extinction of saber-toothed cats and American lions" 7312:

Shaw, Christopher A.; Quinn, James P. (September 15, 2015). John M. Harris (ed.).

7252: 6825: 6783:"Microwear on canines and killing behavior in large carnivores: saber function in 6592: 5815:"Why the leopard got its spots: relating pattern development to ecology in felids" 5719: 4053:"terror birds" may have dominated the large predator niche in South America until 1646:

Members of Smilodontini are defined by their long slender canines with fine to no

9709: 9666: 9547: 9533: 9403: 9160: 8994: 8823: 8429: 8377: 8173: 8074: 8009: 7794:"Static scaling and the evolution of extreme canine size in a saber-toothed cat ( 7253:

Figueirido, B.; Lautenschlager, S.; Pérez-Ramos, A.; Van Valkenburgh, B. (2018).

7190: 7100: 6915: 6826:

Figueirido, B.; Lautenschlager, S.; Pérez-Ramos, A.; Van Valkenburgh, B. (2018).

6651: 6212: 6015: 5769:"First fossil footprints of saber-toothed cats are bigger than Bengal tiger paws" 5546: 5260: 5163: 5097: 4580:

Kurtén, B.; Werdelin, L. (1990). "Relationships between North and South American

4004: 3922: 3918: 3571: 3435: 3357:

to its maximum extent. Since saber-toothed cats generally had a relatively large

3190: 2840:, and such a muscle arrangement exists in modern large felids. Antón stated that 2203: 1798: 1616: 1597: 1585: 1546: 1372: 9373: 8755:

Manzuetti, A.; Perea, D.; Ubilla, M.; Rinderknecht, A. (2018). "First record of

7747:

Chimento, N. R.; Agnolin, F. L.; Soibelzon, L.; Ochoa, J. G.; Buide, V. (2019).

6391: 5245:"Evolution of the sabertooth mandible: A deadly ecomorphological specialization" 4259:

remains found in the cave of Cueva del Medio, near the town of Soria, northeast

3325: 10166: 10058: 9911: 9716: 9673: 7866: 7777: 7748: 7007: 6553: 4298: 4252: 3926: 3821: 3784: 3696:

than modern felid species and thus likely produced deeper vocalizations. While

3670: 3392: 3046:

thrived as well there as its relatives in North America. Isotopic analysis for

3004: 2910: 2905: 2828:

and coauthors disputed this in 1998 and maintained that the facial features of

2652:, they do appear to show the same difference between the sexes in some traits. 2621: 2617: 1589: 1088: 8573: 7637: 7551: 7279: 6852: 6827: 6498: 6426: 6168: 6143: 5205:"Phylogeny of the sabertoothed felids ( Carnivora: Felidae: Machairodontinae)" 5048: 5023: 4952: 4927: 4791: 4224: 4015:

east of the Andes was reported, which puts the idea that the two species were

3716: 2788:

restored with spotted coat (right), both of which are considered possibilities

2666:

of the same size, but its dentition and skull were more advanced, approaching

1524: 1146: 1045:

was the smallest species at 55 to 100 kg (121 to 220 lb) in weight.

10251: 9764: 9680: 9639: 9604: 9423: 9355:"Sudden Deaths: The Chronology of Terminal Pleistocene Megafaunal Extinction" 9178: 9121: 8909: 8688: 8581: 8533: 8437: 6981: 6965:"Experimental Paleontolgy of the Scimitar-tooth and Dirk-tooth Killing Bites" 6924: 6718:

McHenry, C. R.; Wroe, S.; Clausen, P. D.; Moreno, K.; Cunningham, E. (2007).

6660: 6352: 6270: 6121: 5419: 5228: 4207: 4176: 4150: 4114: 4032: 3862: 3817: 3547: 3543: 3535: 3478: 3178: 3106:

may have avoided eating bone and would have left enough food for scavengers.

3088: 3027: 2977: 2925: 2884: 2812:

with external features similar to those of extant felids, by artists such as

2798: 2797:

and other saber-toothed cats have been reconstructed with both plain-colored

2777: 2720: 2593: 2541: 1866: 1469: 1449:

in Pennsylvania. Cope found the canine to be distinct from that of the other

1419: 1330: 1215: 1187:, Brazil. Among the thousands of fossils found, he recognized a few isolated 1131: 1062: 1054: 1050: 1037:

cat, with particularly well-developed forelimbs and exceptionally long upper

117: 9066: 8313: 7255:"Distinct Predatory Behaviors in Scimitar- and Dirk-Toothed Sabertooth Cats" 6828:"Distinct Predatory Behaviors in Scimitar- and Dirk-Toothed Sabertooth Cats" 6748: 6072: 5780: 5355: 4893: 4745: 4488: 2262: 1441:. The species was based on a partial canine, which had been obtained in the 1298: 956:

was one of the last surviving machairodonts alongside the distantly related

9723: 9650: 9074: 9013: 8951: 8743:

A new specimen-dependent method of estimating felid body mass (No. e2327v2)

8623: 8396: 8321: 8192: 8133: 8028: 7953: 7926: 7885: 7840:

Reynolds, Ashley R.; Seymour, Kevin L.; Evans, David C. (January 7, 2021).

7823: 7655: 7598: 7497: 7462: 7444: 7409: 7391: 7298: 7209: 7096: 7078: 7025: 6942: 6871: 6767: 6678: 6220: 6177: 5921:

Antón, Mauricio; Siliceo, Gema; Pastor, Juan F.; Salesa, Manuel J. (2022).

5848: 5830: 5609: 5565: 5182: 5057: 4961: 4799: 4163: 4050: 3942: 3809: 3518: 3446: 3125: 2960: 2938: 2876: 2833: 2801:

and with spotted patterns (which appears to be the ancestral condition for

2736: 2501: 2443: 2426: 1947: 1930: 1731: 1632: 1494: 1433:

In his 1880 article about extinct cats, Cope also named a third species of

1322: 1200: 1038: 360: 318: 289: 9143:. Ranked habitats and the process of human colonization of South America. 9090:"Isotopic tracking of large carnivore palaeoecology in the mammoth steppe" 8227: 8219: 7698: 6344: 6261: 6244: 5306: 5285: 5024:"Evolutionary History of Saber-Toothed Cats Based on Ancient Mitogenomics" 4912: 4689: 3653:

than in the American lion. Christiansen and Harris found in 2012 that, as

3586:

Another argument for sociality is based on the healed injuries in several

3563: 10175: 10108: 10067: 9920: 9827: 9773: 9659: 9625: 9618: 9595: 9554: 9540: 9517: 8416: 8147:

Long, K.; Prothero, D.; Madan, M.; Syverson, V. J. P.; Smith, T. (2017).

7814: 7793: 6623:"Radiographs reveal exceptional forelimb strength in the sabertooth cat, 4216: 4214:. Additionally, non-machairodontine felids such as the American lion and 4028: 3905: 3522: 3454: 3214: 3181:

that were not as forward-facing as those of modern cats, which have good

3031: 2998: 2470: 2461: 2227: 2123: 2094: 1925: 1895: 1758: 1665:), or any other extant felid. A 1992 ancient DNA analysis suggested that 1662: 1624: 1620: 1581: 1463: 1383: 1255: 1188: 1019: 1010: 971: 958: 92: 75: 8968:

DeSantis, L. R. G.; Schubert, B. W.; Scott, J. R.; Ungar, P. S. (2012).

7899:

Deutsch, A. R.; Langerhans, R. B.; Flores, D; Hartstone-Rose, A (2023).

5961: 5813:

Allen, W. L.; Cuthill, I. C.; Scott-Samuel, N. E.; Baddeley, R. (2010).

5269: 5115: 4928:"Evolution of the extinct sabretooths and the American cheetah-like cat" 10208: 10100: 9966: 9819: 9632: 9575: 9568: 9561: 9169: 8832: 8680: 8525: 7917: 7900: 7289: 6862: 6812: 6506: 6434: 5601: 5465: 5106: 4628: 4613: 4557: 4016: 3735: 3693: 3376: 3362: 3218: 3198: 3120: 3076: 3070: 3039: 3014: 2950: 2724: 2716: 2708: 2493: 2416: 2145: 2070: 1707: 1593: 1378:. Most North American finds were scanty until excavations began in the 1303: 1264: 1180: 1169: 1034: 253: 137: 102: 10113: 9832: 8943: 8632: 8506:

Kohn, Matthew J.; McKay, Moriah P.; Knight, James L. (1 August 2005).

7842:"Smilodon fatalis siblings reveal life history in a saber-toothed cat" 7690: 7590: 5220: 4415:

Contributions in Science, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County

3278:(A) and reconstructions of neck bite in prey of different sizes (B, C) 3141:

itself may have scavenged dire wolf kills. It has been suggested that

9611: 9501: 9489: 9250: 9233: 8701: 8124: 8103: 7898: 6969:

The Other Saber-tooths: Scimitar-tooth Cats of the Western Hemisphere

6967:. In L. Naples, Virginia; D. Martin, Larry; P. Babiarz, John (eds.). 4330: 4211: 4089: 3556: 3225: 3107: 3064: 3035: 2969: 2820:

would have looked very different from a typical cat and similar to a

2802: 2568: 2553: 2411: 2034: 1827: 1679: 1647: 1609: 1206: 1115: 1084: 1080: 243: 203: 142: 86: 9735: 7835: 7833: 7570: 7525:

Bovard, 1904, (Mammalia, Felidae) from Rancho La Brea, California".

6803: 6782: 6701:"ScienceShot: Saber-tooth Tigers Add Powerful Arms to Their Arsenal" 6314: 5411: 5139:"Evolution of skull and mandible shape in cats (Carnivora: Felidae)" 5020: 3026:

migrated to South America, its diet changed; bison were absent, the

1686:

among extinct and extant felids, after Rincón and colleagues, 2011:

1406:. American paleontologist Annalisa Berta considered the holotype of 1110:

s fossil remains could be construed to lend support to either view.

10160: 10052: 9905: 9758: 9495: 9480: 9431: 7711: 6964: 5241: 4548: 4531: 4292: 3954: 3938: 3768: 3575: 3510: 2915: 2900: 2809: 2773: 2761: 2629: 2625: 2557: 2517: 2431: 2292: 1765: 1628: 1569: 1565: 1344: 1307: 1092: 1070: 967: 223: 132: 127: 112: 107: 97: 79: 8901: 6113: 3538:. One study of African predators found that social predators like 3334: 2852:

would have been visible when the mouth was closed, while those of

2752: 10026: 9879: 9507: 8654: 8205: 7830: 7475: 5662: 4203: 4122: 4024: 4012: 3945:. North America also supported other saber-toothed cats, such as 3934: 3851:

and dire wolf specimens from the La Brea Tar pits that resembled

3701: 3240: 3233: 3116: 3082: 2946: 2892: 2869: 2821: 2712: 2597: 2589: 2513: 2497: 2421: 1784: 1693: 1670: 1605: 1326: 1154: 983: 933: 263: 147: 122: 10195: 10087: 9953: 9806: 8849:"Saber-toothed cats were the lions of prehistoric South America" 8754: 7057: 6321:(Mammalia, Felidae) Coprolite from the Pleistocene of Argentina" 5812: 4849:. University of California Museum of Paleontology. December 2005 3270: 2039: 9474: 5986: 4866: 4118: 3856: 2659: 2447: 1832: 1134:

on prey populations, and other factors while the extinction of

979: 975: 233: 213: 8291: 7978: 7949:"Dagger-like canines of saber-toothed cats took years to grow" 6620: 6141: 4982: 1453:

species due to its smaller size and more compressed base. Its

9362:

American Megafaunal Extinctions at the End of the Pleistocene

7746: 6570: 4268: 4139:

late Pleistocene extinction phases of North and South America

3255: 3165: 2955: 2856:

would have not, after examining fossils and extant big cats.

2609: 1861: 1658: 1514: 1339: 1223: 1192: 945: 929: 9051: 9032: 9030: 8343:

Schmökel, Hugo; Farrell, Aisling; Balisi, Mairin F. (2023).

6283: 3399:, which restricted the thickness and therefore power of the 3267:

or potential threats such as other carnivores than on prey.

8560: 6460: 6458: 6456: 6454: 6452: 6241: 6050:"Growth rate and duration of growth in the adult canine of 5796: 5794: 5792: 5790: 5458:

10.1671/0272-4634(2002)022[0164:sdsbai]2.0.co;2

4925: 4065:

due to a lack of competition in Pleistocene South America;

3953:, as well as other large carnivores including dire wolves, 3930: 3705: 3567: 3539: 3434:, and found that the former had a strong skull with little 3387:

Despite being more powerfully built than other large cats,

2719:

and slightly longer forelimbs relative to hindlimbs. Large

2540:

existed 1.6 million–10,000 years ago (late Irvingtonian to

2481:

are estimated to have diverged about 18 million years ago.

2128: 1636: 8967: 7246: 6086:

Feranec, Robert S.; DeSantis, Larisa R. G. (Summer 2014).

4476:

Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia

4453: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4435: 2648:

show less variation in size among individuals than modern

2600:, short tail, and broad limbs with relatively short feet. 2560:

ages); it occurred in the eastern parts of South America.

978:– 10,000 years ago). The genus was named in 1842 based on 9320:

Prieto, Alfredo; Labarca, Rafael; Sierpe, Víctor (2010).

9135:

Prevosti, Francisco J.; Martin, Fabiana M. (2013-08-14).

9027: 8929: 8795: 8146: 7369: 7353: 7351: 7349: 5696: 5584:

Christiansen, Per; Harris, John M. (2005). "Body size of

5284:

de Castro, Mariela Cordeiro; Langer, Max Cardoso (2008).

4829: 4827: 4825: 4823: 4821: 4819: 4817: 4667:. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 186–188. 2945:

specimens from Florida show that this species fed on the

1682:

based on fossils and DNA analysis shows the placement of

948:

or other modern cats, belonging to the extinct subfamily

8554:

Schellhorn, Rico; Sanmugaraja, Mayuran (16 April 2014).

7677:

Radinsky, L. B. (1975). "Evolution of the felid brain".

6717: 6449: 6029: 5920: 5787: 5579: 5577: 5575: 4379:

Blik paa Brasiliens Dyreverden för sidste Jordomvæltning

4133:

Along with most of the New World Pleistocene megafauna,

3391:

had a weaker bite. Modern big cats have more pronounced

2420:, and the earliest one with saber-tooth features is the 940:

and prehistoric mammals. Although commonly known as the

9408:(1st ed.). Bloomington: Indiana University Press. 7166:"Sabretoothed carnivores and the killing of large prey" 7163: 6054:

and inferences on diet through stable isotope analysis"

5889: 4432: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4351: 8873: 8409: 7619: 7543: 7346: 4814: 3157:

Tracks from Argentina which may have been produced by

1118:, which would have provided cover for ambushing prey. 1114:

probably lived in closed habitats such as forests and

1004:. The two latter species were probably descended from 9185: 8553: 8342: 7749:"Evidence of intraspecific agonistic interactions in 6380:

Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs

5572: 5489: 3526:, one mired, at the La Brea Tar Pits, by Knight, 1921 2528:

reached the northern regions of South America in the

9231: 8601: 8273: 7839: 6621:

Meachen-Samuels, J. A.; Van Valkenburgh, B. (2010).

6374:

DeSantis, Larisa R.G.; Shaw, Christopher A. (2018).

6190: 5700:

Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology

5638:. San Diego Zoo Global. January 2009. Archived from 5443: 5340:. Columbia University Press. pp. 57–58, 67–68. 4626: 4348: 4288: 3999:, which lived in the eastern part of the continent. 3594:

could survive if it had access to water. However, a

1493:

has often been featured in popular media and is the

1461:

has at times been considered part of genera such as

367: 351: 325: 9319: 8458:Hill, Matthew G.; Easterla, David A. (1 May 2023). 8336: 7032: 6724:

revealed by high-resolution 3D computer simulation"

5075: 4627:Werdelin, L.; McDonald, H. G.; Shaw, C. A. (2018). 3843:injuries. A 2023 study documented a high degree of 1653:Despite the colloquial name "saber-toothed tiger", 1485:are currently considered the only valid species of 7568: 7041:"Sabre-tooth cat had a surprisingly delicate bite" 6975: 5583: 5519: 5485: 5483: 2465:, both largely confined to the Americas. Based on 1568:consisting of various groups of extinct predatory 1333:, which had been discovered in a petroleum bed in 1199:in 1839. After more material was found (including 9364:. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology. 9273:Hill, Matthew G.; Easterla, David A. (May 2023). 8803:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 8055:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 7482:: arguments favour 'evidence' over 'coincidence'" 7425:"Coincidence or evidence: was the sabretooth cat 7232:"Functional morphology and the evolution of cats" 7051: 6971:. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 19–35. 6061:Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History 5996:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 5439: 5437: 5389: 5372:. University of California Museum of Paleontology 5249:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 4097:being best adapted for more closed environments. 4083:species was probably similar to the modern lion. 10249: 9211:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 67–112. 8963: 8961: 7236:Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences 7164:Andersson, K.; Norman, D.; Werdelin, L. (2011). 5982: 5980: 4729:Royal Ontario Museum Life Sciences Contributions 3313:and simulates the movements of jaws and neck of 3098:. This analysis of its diet also indicates that 2592:, but was more robustly built. It had a reduced 2504:ages) and was the successor in North America of 1669:should be grouped with modern cats (subfamilies 9232:O'Keefe, F.R.; Fet, E.V.; Harris, J.M. (2009). 8505: 7972: 6404: 6085: 5515: 5513: 5480: 5283: 5016: 5014: 4873:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2919:) were most commonly taken by the cats there. 2686:, though more massive and with larger canines. 9209:Vanished Giants: The Lost World of the Ice Age 9134: 8789: 8748: 8508:"Dining in the Pleistocene—Who's on the menu?" 6720:"Supermodeled sabercat, predatory behavior in 5434: 4660: 4579: 2739:, to which the footprints have been compared. 1014:. The hundreds of specimens obtained from the 9447: 8958: 8737: 8735: 8695: 7521:Heald, F. (1989). ""Injuries and diseases in 7058:Wroe, S.; McHenry2, C.; Thomason, J. (2004). 6548: 6546: 5977: 5071: 5069: 5067: 4061:may have been able to reach larger size than 3839:remains exhibit relatively more shoulder and 3050:suggests that its main prey species included 3034:were different, and native ungulates such as 2455:, only two genera of machairodonts remained, 9272: 8457: 7941: 7740: 7571:"Assessing behavior in extinct animals: was 7130: 6698: 6616: 6614: 6612: 6610: 6373: 5510: 5202: 5136: 5011: 4769: 3751:A 2024 study found evidence that adolescent 2808:Traditionally, saber-toothed cats have been 2616:(zygomata) were deep and widely arched, the 8711:Science Series 42: Contributions in Science 8199: 7569:McCall, S.; Naples, V.; Martin, L. (2003). 7325:Science Series 42: Contributions in Science 7116:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 5520:Christiansen, Per; Harris, John M. (2012). 5333: 3965:from attaining the size of South America's 3880: 3704:" cats, their shape was closer to that of " 3700:had the same number of hyoid bones as the " 3366:not need to gape widely, so the canines of 2731:has been proposed) have been attributed to 1519:Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 23: 9454: 9440: 8732: 8556:"Habitat adaptations in the felid forearm" 6543: 5690: 5064: 4167:(who entered the Americas around the time 4137:became extinct by 10,000 years ago in the 1673:and Pantherinae). A 2005 study found that 1259:, as it was not accompanied with a proper 165: 24: 9337: 9249: 9168: 9087: 9003: 8993: 8831: 8631: 8386: 8376: 8182: 8172: 8123: 8018: 8008: 7916: 7875: 7865: 7813: 7776: 7722:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 7645: 7564: 7562: 7550: 7537: 7505: 7452: 7399: 7311: 7288: 7278: 7199: 7189: 7148: 7137:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 7086: 7015: 6932: 6914: 6878: 6861: 6851: 6802: 6757: 6747: 6668: 6650: 6607: 6260: 6167: 5960: 5950: 5914: 5896:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 5838: 5624: 5555: 5545: 5329: 5327: 5325: 5323: 5321: 5319: 5317: 5305: 5268: 5172: 5162: 5105: 5047: 4951: 4902: 4892: 4744: 4547: 4487: 4235:The youngest direct radiocarbon date for 3816:skulls found that 36% of them had eroded 3243:indicated that they were strengthened by 9202: 9200: 9047: 9045: 7892: 7676: 7670: 5885: 5883: 5881: 4714: 4575: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4506:. National Geographic. 21 September 2011 4397: 4395: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4223: 4104: 3975: 3884: 3783: 3715: 3621: 3562: 3509: 3445: 3269: 3152: 3003: 2964:. Stable carbon isotope measurements of 2909:, which was much larger than the modern 2868: 2567: 1537: 1523: 1504: 1337:. He referred the specimen to the genus 1297: 1145: 32:This is an accepted version of this page 9346: 8595: 8240: 8048: 7791: 7422: 6962: 6780: 6047: 5766: 4919: 4326:List of largest prehistoric carnivorans 4251:from Iowa dates to 13,605–13,455 years 4031:predators (including the saber-toothed 3855:. As modern dogs with this disease are 3680:A set of three associated skeletons of 2923:may have also occasionally preyed upon 2410:The earliest felids are known from the 1232:), "scalpel" or "two-edged knife", and 14: 10250: 9352: 9206: 7559: 7229: 6699:Krishnaswamy, Dolly J. (2 July 2010). 6564: 6476: 5861: 5659: 5653: 5383: 5314: 4522: 4520: 2512:itself had entered North America from 1769:(tigers, lions, jaguars, and leopards) 9740: 9739: 9435: 9401: 9197: 9191: 9042: 9036: 8279: 8101: 7520: 7357: 7038: 6884: 6552: 6464: 6035: 5878: 5800: 5290:Lund, 1842 from South-Central Brazil" 4833: 4687: 4564: 4469: 4457: 4401: 4386: 4363: 3630:saber imbedded in the rib of another 3550:of prey than solitary species. Since 3346:skull cast (left) and restoration by 3148: 2997:area was likely comparable to modern 1657:is not closely related to the modern 1572:(mammals and close relatives), which 1022:constitute the largest collection of 1008:, which itself probably evolved from 10303:Pleistocene mammals of South America 10298:Pleistocene mammals of North America 10032:FCB38F7E-D878-4520-85FC-E98DE9F6CE9D 9885:74BA6CEE-520F-4B94-BF14-957D8C9CBC7A 9461: 8846: 8495:– via Elsevier Science Direct. 8447:– via Elsevier Science Direct. 4698:Bulletin of the Florida State Museum 4664:Pleistocene Mammals of North America 4526: 4375: 3984:, with North American migrants like 3897:in the reeds in the right foreground 3724:skulls, showing canine replacement, 2899:in the La Brea Tar Pits reveal that 2742: 2662:. It was similar to its predecessor 2552:existed 1 million–10,000 years ago ( 944:, it was not closely related to the 9326:Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 7802:Integrative and Comparative Biology 6249:Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 5294:Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia 4517: 3477:specimens have been excavated from 3201:and therefore able to climb trees, 2929:, based on a skull from a juvenile 1386:, where hundreds of individuals of 1057:have also been attributed to them. 56: 8604:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 8247:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 8245:: evidence of mechanical strain". 7527:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 6302:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1990.tb05680.x 6075:– via University of Florida. 5908:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1998.tb00582.x 5819:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 5446:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 5203:Christiansen, Per (October 2010). 5078:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 4586:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 3209:in 2019 may have been produced by 3114:recovered from Argentina preserve 2508:, from which it probably evolved. 2446:smilodontins and homotherins, the 1533:National Museum of Natural History 1287:, but these are now thought to be 1253:, it is now considered an invalid 1245:used Lund's original species name 59:Extinct genus of saber-toothed cat 57: 10334: 8208:American Journal of Roentgenology 4661:Kurtén, B.; Anderson, E. (1980). 4173:Late Pleistocene extinction event 4087:probably competed with the canid 3980:Animals that participated in the 3779: 2674:was intermediate in size between 1678:million years ago. The following 1033:was more robustly built than any 10313:Taxa named by Peter Wilhelm Lund 9585: 9313: 9266: 9225: 9128: 9081: 9019: 8923: 8867: 8840: 8648: 8547: 8499: 8034: 7734:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2009.01249.x 7215: 7150:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00321.x 7067:Proceedings of the Royal Society 6948: 6684: 5748:(in Spanish). 0223. May 26, 2016 5684:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2007.00091.x 5504:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2009.00659.x 5188: 4997:10.1111/j.1365-2451.2006.00572.x 4532:"On the extinct cats of America" 4305: 4291: 4069:arrived after the extinction of 3517:pair approaching a group of the 3441: 3333: 3324: 3042:were completely unfamiliar, yet 2891:primarily hunted large mammals. 2760: 2751: 2313: 2291: 2261: 2150: 2127: 2098: 2038: 1952: 1929: 1900: 1870: 1836: 1802: 1770: 1661:(which belongs in the subfamily 1124:end-Pleistocene extinction event 1073:with plain or spotted patterns. 190: 90: 9394: 9339:10.4067/S0716-078X2010000200010 9299:10.1016/j.quascirev.2023.108045 9114:10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.03.018 9088:Bocherens, Hervé (2015-06-01). 8932:Journal of Evolutionary Biology 8783:10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.11.024 8486:10.1016/j.quascirev.2023.108045 8451: 8403: 8285: 8234: 8140: 8095: 8081: 8042: 7785: 7705: 7613: 7514: 7469: 7416: 7363: 7305: 7223: 7157: 7124: 6956: 6819: 6774: 6711: 6692: 6521: 6470: 6398: 6367: 6308: 6277: 6235: 6184: 6135: 6079: 6041: 5952:10.1016/j.quascirev.2022.107471 5855: 5806: 5760: 5734: 5362: 5277: 5235: 5196: 5130: 4976: 4860: 4839: 4763: 4708: 4681: 4654: 4007:. However, in 2018, a skull of 3812:and trauma. One study of 1,000 3197:, which was at least partially 2859: 1552:Long the most completely known 1367:molar was identical to that of 8294:Nature Ecology & Evolution 8267:10.1080/02724634.1997.10011006 5767:Perkins, Sid (June 10, 2016). 5334:Turner, A.; Antón, M. (1997). 4620: 4606:10.1080/02724634.1990.10011804 4496: 4463: 4369: 3711: 3582:may also have hunted in groups 3505: 3395:, while these were smaller in 3137:consumed both flesh and bone. 2842:extant phylogenetic bracketing 2723:from Argentina (for which the 2588:was around the size of modern 2563: 1513:, the earliest species in the 1310:molar and maxilla fragment of 936:. It is one of the best known 527:Smilodon neogaeus ensenadensis 13: 1: 10293:Pleistocene genus extinctions 10288:Pleistocene first appearances 10278:Prehistoric carnivoran genera 10273:Fossil taxa described in 1842 7679:Brain, Behavior and Evolution 7579:Brain, Behavior and Evolution 7478:"Sociality in Rancho La Brea 6593:10.1080/10420940.2018.1479962 5720:10.1080/03115518.2019.1701080 4341: 4100: 2984:) bones show an overlap with 2879:; the tip points to the right 1183:caves near the small town of 1163:Zoological Museum, Copenhagen 9161:10.1016/j.quaint.2012.12.039 8995:10.1371/journal.pone.0052453 8824:10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.02.017 8543:– via GeoScienceWorld. 8430:10.1016/j.palwor.2023.05.001 8378:10.1371/journal.pone.0287656 8174:10.1371/journal.pone.0183175 8075:10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.01.009 8010:10.1371/journal.pone.0129847 7957:. 2015-07-01. Archived from 7191:10.1371/journal.pone.0024971 7039:Hecht, J. (1 October 2007). 6916:10.1371/journal.pone.0107456 6652:10.1371/journal.pone.0011412 6213:10.1126/science.261.5120.456 6016:10.1016/j.palaeo.2003.12.008 5927:(Felidae, Machairodontinae)" 5547:10.1371/journal.pone.0048352 5286:"New postcranial remains of 5261:10.1016/j.palaeo.2018.01.034 5164:10.1371/journal.pone.0002807 5098:10.1080/02724634.2011.550366 4336:Late Pleistocene extinctions 3969:. The similarity in size of 3185:to help them move in trees. 2496:to 500,000 years ago (early 2471:extracted from ancient bones 2459:, and the distantly related 1608:(true cats), members of the 1500: 1394:has junior synonyms such as 1390:have been found since 1875. 1069:is unknown, but it has been 623:Smilodon populator populator 7: 9374:10.1007/978-1-4020-8793-6_2 8919:– via Cambridge Core. 6131:– via Cambridge Core. 4408:in North and South America" 4321:List of largest carnivorans 4284: 4117:, two large North American 4041:was very successful, while 3889:Environment of what is now 3831:The frequency of trauma in 3282:Debate continues as to how 2580: 2576:species compared to a human 1141: 1138:remains poorly understood. 10: 10339: 9279:Quaternary Science Reviews 9094:Quaternary Science Reviews 8762:Quaternary Science Reviews 8465:Quaternary Science Reviews 8102:Tseng, Z.J. (April 2024). 7867:10.1016/j.isci.2020.101916 7778:10.1016/j.crpv.2019.02.006 7008:10.1038/s41598-022-09480-7 5931:Quaternary Science Reviews 3982:Great American Interchange 3847:in limb-joint surfaces of 3692:had proportionally larger 3530:Scientists debate whether 2895:preserved in the bones of 2534:Great American Interchange 1224: 1214:in 1842. He explained the 733:Smilodontopsis troglodytes 530:Boule & Thévenin, 1920 10150: 10042: 9895: 9748: 9697: 9649: 9594: 9583: 9516: 9469: 9360:. In Haynes, Gary (ed.). 8574:10.1007/s12542-014-0230-8 7638:10.1101/2020.01.07.897348 7552:10.1101/2020.01.07.897348 7280:10.1016/j.cub.2018.08.012 7131:Christiansen, P. (2007). 6963:Wheeler, H. Todd (2011). 6853:10.1016/j.cub.2018.08.012 6499:10.1017/S0094837300004966 6427:10.1017/S0094837300010691 6392:10.1130/abs/2018AM-322567 6169:10.1016/j.cub.2019.06.059 5137:Christiansen, P. (2008). 5049:10.1016/j.cub.2017.09.033 4953:10.1016/j.cub.2005.07.052 4792:10.1007/s00114-002-0392-1 4261:Última Esperanza Province 3891:White Sands National Park 3853:osteochondrosis dissecans 2612:was short and broad. The 2492:, which existed from 2.5 2306: 2284: 2277: 2253: 2246: 2224: 2217: 2200: 2193: 2142: 2120: 2113: 2091: 2084: 2067: 2060: 2053: 2031: 2024: 1944: 1922: 1915: 1892: 1885: 1858: 1851: 1824: 1817: 1795: 1788: 1762: 1752: 1745: 1728: 1721: 1704: 1697: 1639:-toothed cats), to which 1414:. Nordic paleontologists 1185:Lagoa Santa, Minas Gerais 1168:During the 1830s, Danish 894:Broom & Schepers 1946 886:Merriam & Stock, 1932 832:Merriam & Stock, 1932 816:Merriam & Stock, 1932 800:Merriam & Stock, 1932 784:Merriam & Stock, 1932 393: 386: 348: 343: 324: 317: 187:Scientific classification 185: 173: 164: 68: 9238:Contributions in Science 9141:Quaternary International 4715:Churcher, C. S. (1984). 4072:Arctotherium angustidens 3881:Distribution and habitat 3873:specimen dating back to 2484:The earliest species of 1122:died out as part of the 503:Machaerodus ensenadensis 39:latest accepted revision 10283:Pleistocene carnivorans 9353:Fiedel, Stuart (2009). 9067:10.1126/science.abo3594 8847:Hays, B. (2016-03-21). 8314:10.1038/s41559-017-0131 6749:10.1073/pnas.0706086104 6529:"What Is a Sabertooth?" 6073:10.58782/flmnh.psyo5090 6048:Feranec, R. S. (2005). 5781:10.1126/science.aag0602 5370:"What Is a Sabertooth?" 4894:10.1073/pnas.89.20.9769 4847:"What Is a Sabertooth?" 4772:Die Naturwissenschaften 4746:10.5962/bhl.title.52222 4633:: The Iconic Sabertooth 4536:The American Naturalist 4489:10.5962/bhl.title.20910 4147:Bølling–Allerød warming 4129:, George C. Page Museum 3869:has been reported in a 3068:, species of the genus 2864: 2838:orbicularis oris muscle 2620:was prominent, and the 1132:recently arrived humans 938:saber-toothed predators 907:Smilodontopsis gracilis 749:Smilodontopsis mercerii 479:Machaerodus bonaerensis 8624:10.1139/cjes-2018-0272 8053:from Rancho La Brea". 7792:O’Brien, D. M (2019). 7757:Comptes Rendus Palevol 7498:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0261 7445:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0008 7392:10.1098/rsbl.2008.0526 7230:Martin, L. D. (1980). 7079:10.1098/rspb.2004.2986 5831:10.1098/rspb.2010.1734 5588:(Mammalia: Felidae)". 4421:: 1–15. Archived from 4232: 4130: 3989: 3898: 3875:Marine Isotope Stage 5 3867:fourth metacarpal bone 3806:ankylosing spondylitis 3804:fossils show signs of 3797: 3728: 3634: 3583: 3527: 3470: 3279: 3161: 3092:, and the crocodilian 3019: 2880: 2577: 1623:(false saber-tooths); 1564:" itself refers to an 1549: 1535: 1521: 1371:, and he proposed the 1314: 1165: 986:are recognized today: 899:Ischyrosmilus gracilis 741:Smilodontopsis conardi 685:Machaerodus floridanus 74:Temporal range: Early 10323:Symbols of California 10230:Paleobiology Database 10135:Paleobiology Database 10014:Paleobiology Database 9867:Paleobiology Database 8591:– via Springer. 8220:10.2214/ajr.148.4.779 8112:The Anatomical Record 7905:Journal of Morphology 7753:(Carnivora, Felidae)" 7523:Smilodon californicus 6885:Brown, J. G. (2014). 6345:10.2110/palo.2021.056 6262:10.4072/rbp.2020.2.05 6025:on November 11, 2011. 5864:Smilodon californicus 5590:Journal of Morphology 5307:10.4072/rbp.2008.3.06 4239:differs from that of 4227: 4149:event and before the 4108: 3988:(lower right) in blue 3979: 3888: 3787: 3726:George C. Page Museum 3719: 3625: 3566: 3513: 3467:Robert Bruce Horsfall 3449: 3273: 3207:Felipeda miramarensis 3156: 3007: 2931:Glyptotherium texanum 2872: 2810:artistically restored 2571: 1541: 1527: 1508: 1363:pointed out that the 1301: 1269:Smilodontidion riggii 1149: 1071:artistically restored 829:californicus brevipes 757:Smilodon nebraskensis 725:Smilodon californicus 677:Drepanodon floridanus 599:Smilodontidion riggii 495:Smilodon ensenadensis 463:Munifelis bonaerensis 180:Tellus Science Museum 10268:Holocene extinctions 8741:Sherani, S. (2016). 8720:on December 20, 2016 7423:Kiffner, C. (2009). 7334:on December 25, 2016 7265:(20): 3260–3266.e3. 6838:(20): 3260–3266.e3. 6791:Journal of Mammalogy 6781:Anyonge, W. (1996). 5925:Homotherium latidens 5632:"Saber-Toothed Cat, 5034:(21): 3330–3336.e5. 4376:Lund, P. W. (1842). 4228:Skeletal diagram of 3796:limb-joints (arrows) 3546:respond more to the 3359:infraorbital foramen 3217:feet, lacked strong 2784:in 1903 (left), and 2692:largest known felids 2544:ages), and replaced 1631:-toothed cats); and 1604:. Within the family 1574:convergently evolved 1404:S. californicus 1335:Hardin County, Texas 1285:S. bonaeriensis 891:Megantereon gracilis 837:Smilodon trinitensis 765:Machaerodus mercerii 626:de Paula Couto, 1955 607:Machaerodus neogaeus 562:de Paula Couto, 1940 554:de Paula Couto, 1940 519:Smilodon bonaerensis 471:Smilodon blainvillii 9291:2023QSRv..30708045H 9153:2013QuInt.305...74P 9106:2015QSRv..117...42B 9039:, pp. 217–230. 8986:2012PLoSO...752453D 8894:2013Pbio...39..323M 8816:2016PPP...449..463B 8798:Smilodon population 8775:2018QSRv..180...57M 8673:2016Ecogr..39..125V 8616:2019CaJES..56.1052R 8478:2023QSRv..30708045H 8369:2023PLoSO..1887656S 8306:2017NatEE...1..131B 8259:1997JVPal..17..600D 8165:2017PLoSO..1283175L 8067:2004PPP...206..303F 8001:2015PLoSO..1029847W 7858:2021iSci...24j1916R 7769:2019CRPal..18..449C 7271:2018CBio...28E3260F 7182:2011PLoSO...624971A 7000:2022NatSR..12.6045D 6907:2014PLoSO...9j7456B 6844:2018CBio...28E3260F 6740:2007PNAS..10416010M 6734:(41): 16010–16015. 6643:2010PLoSO...511412M 6585:2019Ichno..26..119A 6491:1976Pbio....2..332G 6467:, pp. 176–216. 6419:1991Pbio...17..340V 6337:2022Palai..37..402M 6205:1993Sci...261..456V 6160:2019CBio...29E2488D 6106:2014Pbio...40..477F 6038:, pp. 203–204. 6008:2004PPP...205..199C 5943:2022QSRv..28407471A 5825:(1710): 1373–1380. 5803:, pp. 157–176. 5712:2020Alch...44..332M 5676:2008Letha..41..333S 5538:2012PLoSO...748352C 5404:2008Pbio...34..403S 5155:2008PLoSO...3.2807C 5090:2011JVPal..31..468R 5040:2017CBio...27E3330P 4944:2005CBio...15.R589B 4885:1992PNAS...89.9769J 4784:2003NW.....90..131M 4598:1990JVPal..10..158K 4460:, pp. 108–154. 4313:Paleontology portal 3845:subchondral defects 3790:subchondral defects 3570:pride attacking an 3411:Analyses of canine 3350:showing a wide gape 3245:cortical thickening 2414:of Europe, such as 1361:Edward Drinker Cope 1175:and his assistants 1053:, but remains from 942:saber-toothed tiger 701:Smilodon floridanus 669:Machaerodus fatalis 487:Machaerodus necator 29:Page version status 18:Saber-toothed tiger 9927:Smilodon populator 9897:Smilodon populator 9402:Antón, M. (2013). 9368:. pp. 21–37. 9061:(6659): eabo3594. 8745:. PeerJ Preprints. 8681:10.1111/ecog.01606 8526:10.1130/G21476AR.1 7918:10.1002/jmor.21627 7815:10.1093/icb/icz054 7751:Smilodon populator 6988:Scientific Reports 6290:Journal of Zoology 5602:10.1002/jmor.10384 5492:Journal of Zoology 5288:Smilodon populator 4721:(Brown, 1908) and 4688:Berta, A. (1987). 4470:Leidy, J. (1869). 4402:Berta, A. (1985). 4257:Smilodon populator 4233: 4131: 3990: 3899: 3798: 3729: 3635: 3584: 3528: 3471: 3401:temporalis muscles 3280: 3274:Maximum gape of a 3162: 3149:Predatory behavior 3095:Caiman latirostris 3020: 2881: 2711:, a more vertical 2640:. Some studies of 2638:sexually dimorphic 2578: 2572:Size of the three 2548:in North America. 2473:, the lineages of 2288:Smilodon populator 1550: 1536: 1522: 1400:S. floridanus 1315: 1212:Smilodon populator 1191:as belonging to a 1173:Peter Wilhelm Lund 1166: 1076:In North America, 661:Trucifelis fatalis 591:ensenadensis minor 575:ensenadensis ferox 330:Smilodon populator 35: 10245: 10244: 10217:Open Tree of Life 10182:Smilodon gracilis 10152:Smilodon gracilis 10001:Open Tree of Life 9854:Open Tree of Life 9742:Taxon identifiers 9733: 9732: 9415:978-0-253-01042-1 9383:978-1-4020-8792-9 9218:978-0-226-82403-1 8944:10.1111/jeb.12340 8610:(10): 1052–1060. 7716:) and the tiger ( 7691:10.1159/000123636 7591:10.1159/000069752 7360:, pp. 30–33. 7314:"The Addition of 6887:"Jaw function in 6199:(5120): 456–459. 6154:(15): 2488–2495. 5347:978-0-231-10229-2 5221:10.1111/cla.12008 4938:(15): R589–R590. 4879:(20): 9769–9773. 4836:, pp. 65–76. 4756:978-0-88854-305-9 4692:Smilodon gracilis 4674:978-0-231-03733-4 4647:978-1-4214-2557-3 4530:(December 1880). 4265:Magallanes Region 4255:(BP). The latest 4039:S. populator 3997:S. populator 3986:S. populator 3967:S. populator 3904:lived during the 3459:Columbian mammoth 3432:Homotherium serum 3403:and thus reduced 3276:saber-toothed cat 3053:Toxodon platensis 3044:S. populator 2814:Charles R. Knight 2782:Charles R. Knight 2743:External features 2705:S. populator 2550:S. populator 2530:Early Pleistocene 2467:mitochondrial DNA 2407: 2406: 2398: 2397: 2389: 2388: 2380: 2379: 2371: 2370: 2362: 2361: 2353: 2352: 2344: 2343: 2335: 2334: 2326: 2325: 2257:Smilodon gracilis 2182: 2181: 2173: 2172: 2164: 2163: 2010: 2009: 2001: 2000: 1992: 1991: 1983: 1982: 1974: 1973: 1965: 1964: 1578:maxillary canines 1554:saber-toothed cat 1509:Partial skull of 1475:S. populator 1443:Port Kennedy Cave 1412:S. populator 1293:S. populator 1195:, which he named 1177:collected fossils 1059:S. populator 921: 920: 602:Kraglievich, 1948 594:Kraglievich, 1948 578:Kraglievich, 1947 551:Smilodon neogaeus 511:Smilodon crucians 438:Kraglievich, 1948 313: 26: 16:(Redirected from 10330: 10238: 10237: 10225: 10224: 10212: 10211: 10199: 10198: 10186: 10185: 10184: 10171: 10170: 10169: 10143: 10142: 10130: 10129: 10117: 10116: 10104: 10103: 10091: 10090: 10078: 10077: 10076: 10074:Smilodon fatalis 10063: 10062: 10061: 10044:Smilodon fatalis 10035: 10034: 10022: 10021: 10009: 10008: 9996: 9995: 9983: 9982: 9970: 9969: 9957: 9956: 9944: 9943: 9931: 9930: 9929: 9916: 9915: 9914: 9888: 9887: 9875: 9874: 9862: 9861: 9849: 9848: 9836: 9835: 9823: 9822: 9810: 9809: 9797: 9796: 9784: 9783: 9782: 9769: 9768: 9767: 9737: 9736: 9589: 9527:Amphimachairodus 9463:Machairodontinae 9456: 9449: 9442: 9433: 9432: 9427: 9388: 9387: 9359: 9350: 9344: 9343: 9341: 9317: 9311: 9310: 9270: 9264: 9263: 9253: 9251:10.5962/p.226783 9229: 9223: 9222: 9204: 9195: 9189: 9183: 9182: 9172: 9132: 9126: 9125: 9085: 9079: 9078: 9049: 9040: 9034: 9025: 9024: 9023: 9017: 9007: 8997: 8965: 8956: 8955: 8927: 8921: 8920: 8918: 8916: 8871: 8865: 8864: 8862: 8860: 8853:UPI Science News 8844: 8838: 8837: 8835: 8793: 8787: 8786: 8757:Smilodon fatalis 8752: 8746: 8739: 8730: 8729: 8727: 8725: 8719: 8708: 8699: 8693: 8692: 8652: 8646: 8645: 8635: 8599: 8593: 8592: 8590: 8588: 8551: 8545: 8544: 8542: 8540: 8503: 8497: 8496: 8494: 8492: 8455: 8449: 8448: 8446: 8444: 8407: 8401: 8400: 8390: 8380: 8347:Smilodon fatalis 8340: 8334: 8333: 8289: 8283: 8277: 8271: 8270: 8243:Smilodon fatalis 8238: 8232: 8231: 8203: 8197: 8196: 8186: 8176: 8144: 8138: 8137: 8127: 8125:10.1002/ar.25447 8106:Smilodon fatalis 8099: 8093: 8092: 8085: 8079: 8078: 8061:(3–4): 303–310. 8051:Smilodon fatalis 8046: 8040: 8039: 8038: 8032: 8022: 8012: 7983:Smilodon fatalis 7976: 7970: 7969: 7967: 7966: 7945: 7939: 7938: 7920: 7896: 7890: 7889: 7879: 7869: 7837: 7828: 7827: 7817: 7808:(5): 1303–1311. 7796:Smilodon fatalis 7789: 7783: 7782: 7780: 7744: 7738: 7737: 7709: 7703: 7702: 7685:(3–4): 214–254. 7674: 7668: 7667: 7649: 7617: 7611: 7610: 7566: 7557: 7556: 7554: 7541: 7535: 7534: 7518: 7512: 7511: 7509: 7473: 7467: 7466: 7456: 7420: 7414: 7413: 7403: 7367: 7361: 7355: 7344: 7343: 7341: 7339: 7333: 7322: 7316:Smilodon fatalis 7309: 7303: 7302: 7292: 7282: 7250: 7244: 7243: 7227: 7221: 7220: 7219: 7213: 7203: 7193: 7161: 7155: 7154: 7152: 7128: 7122: 7121: 7115: 7107: 7105: 7099:. Archived from 7090: 7073:(1563): 619–25. 7064: 7055: 7049: 7048: 7036: 7030: 7029: 7019: 6979: 6973: 6972: 6960: 6954: 6953: 6952: 6946: 6936: 6918: 6889:Smilodon fatalis 6882: 6876: 6875: 6865: 6855: 6823: 6817: 6816: 6806: 6797:(4): 1059–1067. 6785:Smilodon fatalis 6778: 6772: 6771: 6761: 6751: 6722:Smilodon fatalis 6715: 6709: 6708: 6696: 6690: 6689: 6688: 6682: 6672: 6654: 6625:Smilodon fatalis 6618: 6605: 6604: 6568: 6562: 6561: 6550: 6541: 6540: 6538: 6536: 6525: 6519: 6518: 6474: 6468: 6462: 6447: 6446: 6402: 6396: 6395: 6371: 6365: 6364: 6312: 6306: 6305: 6286:Smilodon fatalis 6281: 6275: 6274: 6264: 6239: 6233: 6232: 6188: 6182: 6181: 6171: 6139: 6133: 6132: 6130: 6128: 6083: 6077: 6076: 6058: 6045: 6039: 6033: 6027: 6026: 6024: 6018:. Archived from 6002:(3–4): 199–219. 5993: 5984: 5975: 5974: 5964: 5954: 5918: 5912: 5911: 5887: 5876: 5875: 5859: 5853: 5852: 5842: 5810: 5804: 5798: 5785: 5784: 5764: 5758: 5757: 5755: 5753: 5738: 5732: 5731: 5694: 5688: 5687: 5657: 5651: 5650: 5648: 5647: 5634:Smilodon fatalis 5628: 5622: 5621: 5581: 5570: 5569: 5559: 5549: 5517: 5508: 5507: 5487: 5478: 5477: 5441: 5432: 5431: 5387: 5381: 5380: 5378: 5377: 5366: 5360: 5359: 5331: 5312: 5311: 5309: 5281: 5275: 5274: 5272: 5239: 5233: 5232: 5200: 5194: 5193: 5192: 5186: 5176: 5166: 5134: 5128: 5127: 5109: 5073: 5062: 5061: 5051: 5018: 5009: 5008: 4980: 4974: 4973: 4955: 4923: 4917: 4916: 4906: 4896: 4864: 4858: 4857: 4855: 4854: 4843: 4837: 4831: 4812: 4811: 4767: 4761: 4760: 4748: 4712: 4706: 4705: 4685: 4679: 4678: 4658: 4652: 4651: 4624: 4618: 4617: 4577: 4562: 4561: 4551: 4524: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4511: 4500: 4494: 4493: 4491: 4467: 4461: 4455: 4430: 4429: 4427: 4412: 4399: 4384: 4383: 4373: 4367: 4366:, pp. 3–26. 4361: 4315: 4310: 4309: 4308: 4301: 4296: 4295: 4267:in southernmost 4127:Late Pleistocene 4021:invasive species 3955:short-faced bear 3841:lumbar vertebrae 3647:monogamous pairs 3643:Smilodon fatalis 3609: 3488:Late Pleistocene 3484:Smilodon fatalis 3463:La Brea Tar Pits 3428:Smilodon fatalis 3421: 3413:bending strength 3409: 3393:zygomatic arches 3337: 3328: 3315:Smilodon fatalis 3183:binocular vision 3059:Pachyarmatherium 2990:Smilodon fatalis 2943:S. gracilis 2921:Smilodon fatalis 2764: 2755: 2546:S. gracilis 2526:S. gracilis 2490:S. gracilis 2453:Late Pleistocene 2432:clouded leopards 2317: 2310:Smilodon fatalis 2295: 2280: 2279: 2266: 2265: 2249: 2248: 2220: 2219: 2196: 2195: 2155: 2154: 2131: 2116: 2115: 2102: 2087: 2086: 2063: 2062: 2056: 2055: 2042: 2027: 2026: 2021:Machairodontinae 1956: 1933: 1918: 1917: 1904: 1888: 1887: 1874: 1854: 1853: 1840: 1820: 1819: 1806: 1791: 1790: 1774: 1755: 1754: 1748: 1747: 1724: 1723: 1700: 1699: 1690: 1689: 1613:Machairodontinae 1602:Machairodontinae 1483:S. gracilis 1459:S. gracilis 1447:Schuylkill River 1439:S. gracilis 1396:S. mercerii 1380:La Brea Tar Pits 1329:fragment with a 1227: 1226: 1109: 1016:La Brea Tar Pits 950:Machairodontinae 911: 903: 895: 887: 871: 841: 833: 817: 801: 785: 769: 761: 753: 745: 737: 729: 721: 705: 697: 689: 681: 673: 665: 657: 627: 619: 611: 603: 595: 579: 563: 559:Smilodon necator 555: 547: 531: 523: 515: 507: 499: 491: 483: 482:Burmeister, 1867 475: 467: 446:Species synonymy 439: 431: 423: 415: 407: 380: 369: 364: 353: 327: 308: 301: 288: 277:Machairodontinae 275: 195: 194: 169: 159: 89: 66: 65: 47:8 September 2024 21: 10338: 10337: 10333: 10332: 10331: 10329: 10328: 10327: 10318:Sopas Formation 10248: 10247: 10246: 10241: 10233: 10228: 10220: 10215: 10207: 10202: 10194: 10189: 10180: 10179: 10174: 10165: 10164: 10159: 10146: 10138: 10133: 10125: 10120: 10112: 10107: 10099: 10094: 10086: 10081: 10072: 10071: 10066: 10057: 10056: 10051: 10038: 10030: 10025: 10017: 10012: 10004: 9999: 9991: 9986: 9978: 9973: 9965: 9960: 9952: 9947: 9939: 9934: 9925: 9924: 9919: 9910: 9909: 9904: 9891: 9883: 9878: 9870: 9865: 9857: 9852: 9844: 9839: 9831: 9826: 9818: 9813: 9805: 9800: 9792: 9787: 9778: 9777: 9772: 9763: 9762: 9757: 9744: 9734: 9729: 9710:Hemimachairodus 9700:Incertae sedis: 9693: 9667:Paramachaerodus 9645: 9590: 9581: 9548:Longchuansmilus 9534:Lokotunjailurus 9512: 9465: 9460: 9430: 9416: 9397: 9392: 9391: 9384: 9357: 9351: 9347: 9318: 9314: 9271: 9267: 9230: 9226: 9219: 9205: 9198: 9190: 9186: 9133: 9129: 9086: 9082: 9050: 9043: 9035: 9028: 9018: 8966: 8959: 8928: 8924: 8914: 8912: 8872: 8868: 8858: 8856: 8845: 8841: 8794: 8790: 8753: 8749: 8740: 8733: 8723: 8721: 8717: 8706: 8700: 8696: 8653: 8649: 8600: 8596: 8586: 8584: 8552: 8548: 8538: 8536: 8504: 8500: 8490: 8488: 8456: 8452: 8442: 8440: 8408: 8404: 8363:(7): e0287656. 8341: 8337: 8290: 8286: 8278: 8274: 8239: 8235: 8204: 8200: 8159:(9): e0183175. 8145: 8141: 8100: 8096: 8087: 8086: 8082: 8047: 8043: 8033: 7995:(7): e0129847. 7977: 7973: 7964: 7962: 7947: 7946: 7942: 7897: 7893: 7838: 7831: 7790: 7786: 7745: 7741: 7710: 7706: 7675: 7671: 7618: 7614: 7567: 7560: 7542: 7538: 7519: 7515: 7486:Biology Letters 7474: 7470: 7433:Biology Letters 7421: 7417: 7380:Biology Letters 7368: 7364: 7356: 7347: 7337: 7335: 7331: 7320: 7310: 7306: 7259:Current Biology 7251: 7247: 7228: 7224: 7214: 7162: 7158: 7129: 7125: 7109: 7108: 7103: 7062: 7056: 7052: 7037: 7033: 6980: 6976: 6961: 6957: 6947: 6901:(10): e107456. 6883: 6879: 6832:Current Biology 6824: 6820: 6804:10.2307/1382786 6779: 6775: 6716: 6712: 6697: 6693: 6683: 6619: 6608: 6569: 6565: 6554:Anton, Mauricio 6551: 6544: 6534: 6532: 6527: 6526: 6522: 6475: 6471: 6463: 6450: 6403: 6399: 6372: 6368: 6313: 6309: 6282: 6278: 6240: 6236: 6189: 6185: 6148:Current Biology 6140: 6136: 6126: 6124: 6084: 6080: 6056: 6046: 6042: 6034: 6030: 6022: 5991: 5985: 5978: 5919: 5915: 5888: 5879: 5860: 5856: 5811: 5807: 5799: 5788: 5765: 5761: 5751: 5749: 5740: 5739: 5735: 5695: 5691: 5658: 5654: 5645: 5643: 5630: 5629: 5625: 5582: 5573: 5518: 5511: 5488: 5481: 5442: 5435: 5412:10.1666/07061.1 5388: 5384: 5375: 5373: 5368: 5367: 5363: 5348: 5332: 5315: 5282: 5278: 5240: 5236: 5201: 5197: 5187: 5135: 5131: 5074: 5065: 5028:Current Biology 5019: 5012: 4981: 4977: 4932:Current Biology 4924: 4920: 4865: 4861: 4852: 4850: 4845: 4844: 4840: 4832: 4815: 4768: 4764: 4757: 4717:"The status of 4713: 4709: 4686: 4682: 4675: 4659: 4655: 4648: 4625: 4621: 4578: 4565: 4542:(12): 833–858. 4525: 4518: 4509: 4507: 4502: 4501: 4497: 4468: 4464: 4456: 4433: 4428:on 28 May 2014. 4425: 4410: 4404:"The status of 4400: 4387: 4374: 4370: 4362: 4349: 4344: 4311: 4306: 4304: 4297: 4290: 4287: 4153:cooling event, 4113:(left) and the 4103: 4009:S. fatalis 4005:Andes mountains 4001:S. fatalis 3971:S. fatalis 3963:S. fatalis 3923:mammoth steppes 3919:Alberta, Canada 3883: 3782: 3714: 3655:S. fatalis 3651:S. fatalis 3607: 3572:African buffalo 3552:S. fatalis 3508: 3461:carcass in the 3444: 3436:trabecular bone 3419: 3407: 3354: 3353: 3352: 3351: 3340: 3339: 3338: 3330: 3329: 3253:S. fatalis 3238:S. fatalis 3191:ambush predator 3151: 3018:group in Brazil 2986:S. fatalis 2897:S. fatalis 2867: 2862: 2792: 2791: 2790: 2789: 2767: 2766: 2765: 2757: 2756: 2745: 2715:, more massive 2701:S. fatalis 2583: 2566: 2538:S. fatalis 2532:as part of the 2408: 2399: 2390: 2381: 2372: 2363: 2354: 2345: 2336: 2327: 2260: 2204:Paramachairodus 2183: 2174: 2165: 2149: 2011: 2002: 1993: 1984: 1975: 1966: 1598:Barbourofelidae 1586:Thylacosmilidae 1576:extremely long 1547:Tierpark Berlin 1503: 1497:of California. 1479:S. fatalis 1424:S. californicus 1408:S. fatalis 1392:S. fatalis 1388:S. fatalis 1376:S. fatalis 1373:new combination 1365:F. fatalis 1289:junior synonyms 1161:'s collection, 1144: 1107: 917: 914: 909: 901: 893: 885: 869: 855: 854: 844: 840:Slaughter, 1960 839: 831: 815: 799: 783: 767: 759: 751: 743: 735: 727: 719: 703: 695: 687: 679: 671: 663: 655: 641: 640: 630: 625: 618:Desmarest, 1953 617: 609: 601: 593: 577: 561: 553: 545: 529: 521: 513: 505: 497: 489: 481: 474:Desmarest, 1860 473: 465: 459: 458: 448: 447: 442: 437: 429: 421: 413: 405: 399: 398: 375: 359: 339: 333: 307: 299: 286: 273: 189: 160: 158: 157: 156: 155: 150: 145: 140: 135: 130: 125: 120: 115: 110: 105: 100: 95: 84: 83: 72: 60: 55: 54: 53: 52: 51: 50: 34: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10336: 10326: 10325: 10320: 10315: 10310: 10305: 10300: 10295: 10290: 10285: 10280: 10275: 10270: 10265: 10263:Apex predators 10260: 10243: 10242: 10240: 10239: 10226: 10213: 10200: 10187: 10172: 10156: 10154: 10148: 10147: 10145: 10144: 10131: 10118: 10105: 10092: 10079: 10064: 10048: 10046: 10040: 10039: 10037: 10036: 10023: 10010: 9997: 9984: 9971: 9958: 9945: 9932: 9917: 9901: 9899: 9893: 9892: 9890: 9889: 9876: 9863: 9850: 9837: 9824: 9811: 9798: 9785: 9770: 9754: 9752: 9746: 9745: 9731: 9730: 9728: 9727: 9720: 9717:Miomachairodus 9713: 9705: 9703: 9695: 9694: 9692: 9691: 9684: 9677: 9674:Promegantereon 9670: 9663: 9655: 9653: 9647: 9646: 9644: 9643: 9636: 9629: 9622: 9615: 9608: 9600: 9598: 9592: 9591: 9584: 9582: 9580: 9579: 9572: 9565: 9558: 9551: 9544: 9537: 9530: 9522: 9520: 9514: 9513: 9511: 9510: 9504: 9498: 9492: 9483: 9477: 9470: 9467: 9466: 9459: 9458: 9451: 9444: 9436: 9429: 9428: 9414: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9390: 9389: 9382: 9345: 9312: 9265: 9224: 9217: 9196: 9194:, p. 223. 9184: 9127: 9080: 9041: 9026: 8980:(12): e52453. 8957: 8938:(4): 714–723. 8922: 8888:(3): 323–344. 8866: 8839: 8788: 8747: 8731: 8694: 8667:(2): 125–140. 8647: 8594: 8568:(2): 261–269. 8546: 8520:(8): 649–652. 8498: 8450: 8424:(2): 517–525. 8402: 8351:Aenocyon dirus 8349:and dire wolf 8335: 8284: 8282:, p. 199. 8272: 8253:(3): 600–609. 8233: 8214:(4): 779–782. 8198: 8139: 8094: 8080: 8041: 7971: 7940: 7911:(10): e21627. 7891: 7829: 7784: 7763:(4): 449–454. 7739: 7704: 7669: 7612: 7585:(3): 159–164. 7558: 7536: 7513: 7492:(4): 563–564. 7468: 7439:(4): 561–562. 7415: 7362: 7345: 7304: 7245: 7222: 7176:(10): e24971. 7156: 7143:(2): 423–437. 7123: 7106:on 2013-08-25. 7050: 7031: 6974: 6955: 6877: 6818: 6773: 6710: 6691: 6606: 6579:(2): 119–126. 6563: 6542: 6531:. Berkeley.edu 6520: 6485:(4): 332–342. 6469: 6448: 6413:(4): 340–362. 6397: 6366: 6331:(7): 402–410. 6307: 6296:(2): 319–340. 6276: 6255:(2): 138–152. 6234: 6183: 6134: 6100:(3): 477–493. 6078: 6067:(4): 369–377. 6040: 6028: 5976: 5913: 5902:(4): 369–386. 5877: 5854: 5805: 5786: 5759: 5733: 5706:(2): 332–339. 5689: 5670:(4): 333–347. 5652: 5623: 5571: 5532:(10): e48352. 5509: 5498:(3): 271–279. 5479: 5452:(1): 164–169. 5433: 5398:(3): 403–419. 5382: 5361: 5346: 5313: 5300:(3): 199–206. 5276: 5234: 5215:(5): 543–559. 5195: 5129: 5084:(2): 468–478. 5063: 5010: 4991:(4): 150–157. 4975: 4918: 4859: 4838: 4813: 4778:(3): 131–135. 4762: 4755: 4719:Smilodontopsis 4707: 4690:"The sabercat 4680: 4673: 4653: 4646: 4619: 4592:(2): 158–169. 4563: 4549:10.1086/272672 4516: 4495: 4462: 4431: 4385: 4368: 4346: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4339: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4317: 4316: 4302: 4299:Biology portal 4286: 4283: 4253:Before Present 4102: 4099: 4033:thylacosmilids 3959:Arctodus simus 3882: 3879: 3822:deltoid muscle 3818:parietal bones 3781: 3780:Paleopathology 3778: 3720:Undersides of 3713: 3710: 3671:sexual display 3548:distress calls 3544:spotted hyenas 3507: 3504: 3443: 3440: 3348:Mauricio Antón 3342: 3341: 3332: 3331: 3323: 3322: 3321: 3320: 3319: 3189:was likely an 3150: 3147: 2995:Rancho La Brea 2982:Panthera atrox 2974:Aenocyon dirus 2913:) and camels ( 2911:American bison 2906:Bison antiquus 2866: 2863: 2861: 2858: 2826:Mauricio Antón 2769: 2768: 2759: 2758: 2750: 2749: 2748: 2747: 2746: 2744: 2741: 2729:Smilodonichium 2690:was among the 2622:frontal region 2618:sagittal crest 2582: 2579: 2565: 2562: 2405: 2404: 2401: 2400: 2396: 2395: 2392: 2391: 2387: 2386: 2383: 2382: 2378: 2377: 2374: 2373: 2369: 2368: 2365: 2364: 2360: 2359: 2356: 2355: 2351: 2350: 2347: 2346: 2342: 2341: 2338: 2337: 2333: 2332: 2329: 2328: 2324: 2323: 2320: 2319: 2305: 2302: 2301: 2298: 2297: 2283: 2278: 2276: 2273: 2272: 2269: 2268: 2252: 2247: 2245: 2237: 2236: 2233: 2232: 2223: 2218: 2216: 2213: 2212: 2209: 2208: 2199: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2188: 2185: 2184: 2180: 2179: 2176: 2175: 2171: 2170: 2167: 2166: 2162: 2161: 2158: 2157: 2141: 2138: 2137: 2134: 2133: 2119: 2114: 2112: 2109: 2108: 2105: 2104: 2090: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2079: 2076: 2075: 2066: 2061: 2059: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2048: 2045: 2044: 2030: 2025: 2023: 2017: 2016: 2013: 2012: 2008: 2007: 2004: 2003: 1999: 1998: 1995: 1994: 1990: 1989: 1986: 1985: 1981: 1980: 1977: 1976: 1972: 1971: 1968: 1967: 1963: 1962: 1959: 1958: 1943: 1940: 1939: 1936: 1935: 1921: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1910: 1907: 1906: 1891: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1880: 1877: 1876: 1869:and relatives) 1857: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1846: 1843: 1842: 1835:and relatives) 1823: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1812: 1809: 1808: 1794: 1789: 1787: 1781: 1780: 1777: 1776: 1761: 1753: 1751: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1740: 1737: 1736: 1727: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1716: 1713: 1712: 1703: 1698: 1696: 1688: 1590:Machaeroidinae 1502: 1499: 1238:odóntos 1197:Hyaena neogaea 1143: 1140: 928:is an extinct 919: 918: 916: 915: 913: 912: 904: 902:Churcher, 1984 896: 888: 879:Smilodontopsis 872: 849: 848: 847: 845: 843: 842: 834: 818: 802: 786: 770: 762: 754: 746: 738: 730: 722: 706: 698: 693:Uncia mercerii 690: 682: 674: 672:Lydekker, 1884 666: 658: 635: 634: 633: 631: 629: 628: 620: 615:Felis smilodon 612: 604: 596: 580: 564: 556: 548: 532: 524: 522:Ameghino, 1907 516: 514:Ameghino, 1904 508: 506:Ameghino, 1889 500: 498:Ameghino, 1888 492: 484: 476: 468: 453: 452: 451: 445: 444: 443: 441: 440: 435:Smilodontidion 432: 424: 419:Smilodontopsis 416: 408: 397:Genus synonymy 396: 395: 394: 391: 390: 384: 383: 382: 381: 365: 346: 345: 344:Other species 341: 340: 334: 322: 321: 315: 314: 297: 293: 292: 284: 280: 279: 271: 267: 266: 261: 257: 256: 251: 247: 246: 241: 237: 236: 231: 227: 226: 221: 217: 216: 211: 207: 206: 201: 197: 196: 183: 182: 171: 170: 162: 161: 153: 152: 151: 146: 141: 136: 131: 126: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 85:2.5–0.01 73: 58: 36: 30: 27: 25: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10335: 10324: 10321: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10311: 10309: 10306: 10304: 10301: 10299: 10296: 10294: 10291: 10289: 10286: 10284: 10281: 10279: 10276: 10274: 10271: 10269: 10266: 10264: 10261: 10259: 10256: 10255: 10253: 10236: 10231: 10227: 10223: 10218: 10214: 10210: 10205: 10201: 10197: 10192: 10188: 10183: 10177: 10173: 10168: 10162: 10158: 10157: 10155: 10153: 10149: 10141: 10136: 10132: 10128: 10123: 10119: 10115: 10110: 10106: 10102: 10097: 10093: 10089: 10084: 10080: 10075: 10069: 10065: 10060: 10054: 10050: 10049: 10047: 10045: 10041: 10033: 10028: 10024: 10020: 10015: 10011: 10007: 10002: 9998: 9994: 9989: 9985: 9981: 9976: 9972: 9968: 9963: 9959: 9955: 9950: 9946: 9942: 9937: 9933: 9928: 9922: 9918: 9913: 9907: 9903: 9902: 9900: 9898: 9894: 9886: 9881: 9877: 9873: 9868: 9864: 9860: 9855: 9851: 9847: 9842: 9838: 9834: 9829: 9825: 9821: 9816: 9812: 9808: 9803: 9799: 9795: 9790: 9786: 9781: 9775: 9771: 9766: 9760: 9756: 9755: 9753: 9751: 9747: 9743: 9738: 9726: 9725: 9721: 9719: 9718: 9714: 9712: 9711: 9707: 9706: 9704: 9702: 9701: 9696: 9690: 9689: 9685: 9683: 9682: 9681:Rhizosmilodon 9678: 9676: 9675: 9671: 9669: 9668: 9664: 9662: 9661: 9657: 9656: 9654: 9652: 9648: 9642: 9641: 9637: 9635: 9634: 9630: 9628: 9627: 9623: 9621: 9620: 9616: 9614: 9613: 9609: 9607: 9606: 9605:Adelphailurus 9602: 9601: 9599: 9597: 9593: 9588: 9578: 9577: 9573: 9571: 9570: 9566: 9564: 9563: 9559: 9557: 9556: 9552: 9550: 9549: 9545: 9543: 9542: 9538: 9536: 9535: 9531: 9529: 9528: 9524: 9523: 9521: 9519: 9515: 9509: 9505: 9503: 9499: 9497: 9493: 9491: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9478: 9476: 9472: 9471: 9468: 9464: 9457: 9452: 9450: 9445: 9443: 9438: 9437: 9434: 9425: 9421: 9417: 9411: 9407: 9406: 9400: 9399: 9385: 9379: 9375: 9371: 9367: 9363: 9356: 9349: 9340: 9335: 9331: 9327: 9323: 9316: 9308: 9304: 9300: 9296: 9292: 9288: 9284: 9280: 9276: 9269: 9261: 9257: 9252: 9247: 9243: 9239: 9235: 9228: 9220: 9214: 9210: 9203: 9201: 9193: 9188: 9180: 9176: 9171: 9166: 9162: 9158: 9154: 9150: 9146: 9142: 9138: 9131: 9123: 9119: 9115: 9111: 9107: 9103: 9099: 9095: 9091: 9084: 9076: 9072: 9068: 9064: 9060: 9056: 9048: 9046: 9038: 9033: 9031: 9022: 9015: 9011: 9006: 9001: 8996: 8991: 8987: 8983: 8979: 8975: 8971: 8964: 8962: 8953: 8949: 8945: 8941: 8937: 8933: 8926: 8911: 8907: 8903: 8902:10.1666/12001 8899: 8895: 8891: 8887: 8883: 8882: 8877: 8870: 8854: 8850: 8843: 8834: 8829: 8825: 8821: 8817: 8813: 8809: 8805: 8804: 8799: 8792: 8784: 8780: 8776: 8772: 8768: 8764: 8763: 8758: 8751: 8744: 8738: 8736: 8716: 8712: 8705: 8698: 8690: 8686: 8682: 8678: 8674: 8670: 8666: 8662: 8658: 8651: 8643: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8625: 8621: 8617: 8613: 8609: 8605: 8598: 8583: 8579: 8575: 8571: 8567: 8563: 8562: 8557: 8550: 8535: 8531: 8527: 8523: 8519: 8515: 8514: 8509: 8502: 8487: 8483: 8479: 8475: 8471: 8467: 8466: 8461: 8454: 8439: 8435: 8431: 8427: 8423: 8419: 8418: 8413: 8406: 8398: 8394: 8389: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8370: 8366: 8362: 8358: 8354: 8352: 8348: 8339: 8331: 8327: 8323: 8319: 8315: 8311: 8307: 8303: 8299: 8295: 8288: 8281: 8276: 8268: 8264: 8260: 8256: 8252: 8248: 8244: 8237: 8229: 8225: 8221: 8217: 8213: 8209: 8202: 8194: 8190: 8185: 8180: 8175: 8170: 8166: 8162: 8158: 8154: 8150: 8143: 8135: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8117: 8113: 8109: 8107: 8098: 8090: 8084: 8076: 8072: 8068: 8064: 8060: 8056: 8052: 8045: 8037: 8030: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8002: 7998: 7994: 7990: 7986: 7984: 7975: 7961:on 2015-07-02 7960: 7956: 7955: 7950: 7944: 7936: 7932: 7928: 7924: 7919: 7914: 7910: 7906: 7902: 7895: 7887: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7859: 7855: 7852:(1): 101916. 7851: 7847: 7843: 7836: 7834: 7825: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7807: 7803: 7799: 7797: 7788: 7779: 7774: 7770: 7766: 7762: 7758: 7754: 7752: 7743: 7735: 7731: 7727: 7723: 7719: 7715: 7708: 7700: 7696: 7692: 7688: 7684: 7680: 7673: 7665: 7661: 7657: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7639: 7635: 7631: 7627: 7623: 7616: 7608: 7604: 7600: 7596: 7592: 7588: 7584: 7580: 7576: 7574: 7565: 7563: 7553: 7548: 7540: 7532: 7528: 7524: 7517: 7508: 7503: 7499: 7495: 7491: 7487: 7483: 7481: 7472: 7464: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7446: 7442: 7438: 7434: 7430: 7428: 7419: 7411: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7393: 7389: 7385: 7381: 7377: 7375: 7366: 7359: 7354: 7352: 7350: 7338:September 30, 7330: 7326: 7319: 7317: 7308: 7300: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7272: 7268: 7264: 7260: 7256: 7249: 7241: 7237: 7233: 7226: 7218: 7211: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7183: 7179: 7175: 7171: 7167: 7160: 7151: 7146: 7142: 7138: 7134: 7127: 7119: 7113: 7102: 7098: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7080: 7076: 7072: 7068: 7061: 7054: 7046: 7045:New Scientist 7042: 7035: 7027: 7023: 7018: 7013: 7009: 7005: 7001: 6997: 6993: 6989: 6985: 6978: 6970: 6966: 6959: 6951: 6944: 6940: 6935: 6930: 6926: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6908: 6904: 6900: 6896: 6892: 6890: 6881: 6873: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6845: 6841: 6837: 6833: 6829: 6822: 6814: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6786: 6777: 6769: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6741: 6737: 6733: 6729: 6725: 6723: 6714: 6706: 6702: 6695: 6687: 6680: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6644: 6640: 6637:(7): e11412. 6636: 6632: 6628: 6626: 6617: 6615: 6613: 6611: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6582: 6578: 6574: 6567: 6559: 6555: 6549: 6547: 6530: 6524: 6516: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6496: 6492: 6488: 6484: 6480: 6473: 6466: 6461: 6459: 6457: 6455: 6453: 6444: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6401: 6393: 6389: 6386:(6): 322567. 6385: 6381: 6377: 6370: 6362: 6358: 6354: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6320: 6311: 6303: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6280: 6272: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6238: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6198: 6194: 6187: 6179: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6138: 6123: 6119: 6115: 6114:10.1666/13055 6111: 6107: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6094: 6089: 6082: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6055: 6053: 6044: 6037: 6032: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5990: 5983: 5981: 5972: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5926: 5917: 5909: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5886: 5884: 5882: 5873: 5869: 5865: 5858: 5850: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5809: 5802: 5797: 5795: 5793: 5791: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5763: 5747: 5743: 5737: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5693: 5685: 5681: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5664: 5656: 5642:on 2013-02-03 5641: 5637: 5635: 5627: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5596:(3): 369–84. 5595: 5591: 5587: 5580: 5578: 5576: 5567: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5516: 5514: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5486: 5484: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5440: 5438: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5386: 5371: 5365: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5343: 5339: 5338: 5330: 5328: 5326: 5324: 5322: 5320: 5318: 5308: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5289: 5280: 5271: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5238: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5199: 5191: 5184: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5133: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5072: 5070: 5068: 5059: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5017: 5015: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4985:Geology Today 4979: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4922: 4914: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4863: 4848: 4842: 4835: 4830: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4766: 4758: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4724: 4723:Ischyrosmilus 4720: 4711: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4693: 4684: 4676: 4670: 4666: 4665: 4657: 4649: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4634: 4630: 4623: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4570: 4568: 4559: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4523: 4521: 4505: 4499: 4490: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4466: 4459: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4409: 4407: 4398: 4396: 4394: 4392: 4390: 4381: 4380: 4372: 4365: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4347: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4318: 4314: 4303: 4300: 4294: 4289: 4282: 4279: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4231: 4226: 4222: 4219: 4218: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4184: 4182: 4178: 4177:Younger Dryas 4174: 4170: 4166: 4165: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4151:Younger Dryas 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4115:American lion 4112: 4109:Skeletons of 4107: 4098: 4096: 4092: 4091: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4073: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3987: 3983: 3978: 3974: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3943:ground sloths 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3917:fossils from 3916: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3896: 3892: 3887: 3878: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3864: 3863:Osteomyelitis 3860: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3829: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3795: 3791: 3786: 3777: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3761: 3759: 3754: 3749: 3746: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3727: 3723: 3718: 3709: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3678: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3633: 3629: 3624: 3620: 3618: 3613: 3606: 3602: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3558: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3525: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3503: 3500: 3496: 3491: 3489: 3485: 3480: 3479:asphalt seeps 3476: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3442:Natural traps 3439: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3418: 3414: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3385: 3383: 3380:suggest that 3379: 3378: 3373: 3369: 3364: 3360: 3349: 3345: 3336: 3327: 3318: 3316: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3300:suggest that 3299: 3294: 3290: 3285: 3277: 3272: 3268: 3266: 3262: 3257: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3222: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3160: 3155: 3146: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3127: 3122: 3119: 3118: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3096: 3091: 3090: 3089:Equus neogeus 3085: 3084: 3079: 3078: 3073: 3072: 3067: 3066: 3061: 3060: 3055: 3054: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3032:proboscideans 3029: 3025: 3017: 3016: 3011: 3006: 3002: 3000: 2996: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2978:American lion 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2962: 2957: 2953: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2927: 2926:Glyptotherium 2922: 2918: 2917: 2912: 2908: 2907: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2885:apex predator 2878: 2875: 2871: 2857: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2806: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2772: 2763: 2754: 2740: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2721:fossil tracks 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2594:lumbar region 2591: 2587: 2575: 2570: 2561: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2542:Rancholabrean 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2520:, along with 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2482: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2463: 2458: 2454: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2428: 2423: 2419: 2418: 2413: 2403: 2402: 2394: 2393: 2385: 2384: 2376: 2375: 2367: 2366: 2358: 2357: 2349: 2348: 2340: 2339: 2331: 2330: 2322: 2321: 2318: 2316: 2312: 2311: 2304: 2303: 2300: 2299: 2296: 2294: 2290: 2289: 2282: 2281: 2275: 2274: 2271: 2270: 2267: 2264: 2259: 2258: 2251: 2250: 2244: 2243: 2239: 2238: 2235: 2234: 2231: 2230: 2229: 2222: 2221: 2215: 2214: 2211: 2210: 2207: 2206: 2205: 2198: 2197: 2191: 2190: 2187: 2186: 2178: 2177: 2169: 2168: 2160: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2148: 2147: 2140: 2139: 2136: 2135: 2132: 2130: 2126: 2125: 2118: 2117: 2111: 2110: 2107: 2106: 2103: 2101: 2097: 2096: 2089: 2088: 2082: 2081: 2078: 2077: 2074: 2073: 2072: 2065: 2064: 2058: 2057: 2051: 2050: 2047: 2046: 2043: 2041: 2037: 2036: 2029: 2028: 2022: 2019: 2018: 2015: 2014: 2006: 2005: 1997: 1996: 1988: 1987: 1979: 1978: 1970: 1969: 1961: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1950: 1949: 1942: 1941: 1938: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1928: 1927: 1920: 1919: 1913: 1912: 1909: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1899:(jaguarundi) 1898: 1897: 1890: 1889: 1883: 1882: 1879: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1868: 1867:domestic cats 1864: 1863: 1856: 1855: 1849: 1848: 1845: 1844: 1841: 1839: 1834: 1830: 1829: 1822: 1821: 1815: 1814: 1811: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1801: 1800: 1793: 1792: 1786: 1783: 1782: 1779: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1768: 1767: 1760: 1757: 1756: 1750: 1749: 1743: 1742: 1739: 1738: 1735: 1734: 1733: 1726: 1725: 1719: 1718: 1715: 1714: 1711: 1710: 1709: 1702: 1701: 1695: 1692: 1691: 1687: 1685: 1681: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1651: 1649: 1644: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1507: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1471: 1470:Ischyrosmilus 1466: 1465: 1460: 1456: 1455:specific name 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1431: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1420:Lars Werdelin 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1341: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1300: 1296: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1257: 1252: 1248: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1221: 1217: 1216:Ancient Greek 1213: 1209: 1208: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1171: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1079: 1074: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1055:South America 1052: 1051:North America 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1012: 1007: 1003: 1002: 997: 996: 991: 990: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 966:lived in the 965: 961: 960: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 926: 908: 905: 900: 897: 892: 889: 884: 880: 876: 873: 868: 864: 860: 857: 856: 852: 846: 838: 835: 830: 826: 822: 819: 814: 810: 806: 803: 798: 794: 790: 787: 782: 778: 774: 771: 768:Matthew, 1918 766: 763: 760:Matthew, 1918 758: 755: 750: 747: 742: 739: 734: 731: 726: 723: 718: 714: 710: 707: 702: 699: 694: 691: 686: 683: 678: 675: 670: 667: 662: 659: 654: 650: 646: 643: 642: 638: 632: 624: 621: 616: 613: 608: 605: 600: 597: 592: 588: 584: 581: 576: 572: 568: 565: 560: 557: 552: 549: 546:Rusconi, 1929 544: 540: 536: 533: 528: 525: 520: 517: 512: 509: 504: 501: 496: 493: 490:Gervais, 1878 488: 485: 480: 477: 472: 469: 464: 461: 460: 456: 450: 449: 436: 433: 430:Rusconi, 1929 428: 425: 420: 417: 412: 409: 404: 401: 400: 392: 389: 385: 378: 374: 373: 366: 362: 358: 357: 350: 349: 347: 342: 337: 332: 331: 323: 320: 316: 311: 306: 305: 298: 295: 294: 291: 285: 282: 281: 278: 272: 269: 268: 265: 262: 259: 258: 255: 252: 249: 248: 245: 242: 239: 238: 235: 232: 229: 228: 225: 222: 219: 218: 215: 212: 209: 208: 205: 202: 199: 198: 193: 188: 184: 181: 177: 172: 168: 163: 149: 144: 139: 134: 129: 124: 119: 114: 109: 104: 99: 94: 88: 81: 77: 71: 67: 64: 62: 48: 44: 40: 33: 28: 19: 10308:Smilodontini 10151: 10043: 9896: 9749: 9724:Tchadailurus 9722: 9715: 9708: 9699: 9698: 9687: 9686: 9679: 9672: 9665: 9658: 9651:Smilodontini 9638: 9631: 9624: 9617: 9610: 9603: 9574: 9567: 9560: 9553: 9546: 9539: 9532: 9525: 9485: 9404: 9395:Bibliography 9361: 9348: 9329: 9325: 9315: 9282: 9278: 9268: 9241: 9237: 9227: 9208: 9187: 9144: 9140: 9130: 9097: 9093: 9083: 9058: 9054: 8977: 8973: 8935: 8931: 8925: 8913:. Retrieved 8885: 8881:Paleobiology 8879: 8869: 8857:. Retrieved 8852: 8842: 8807: 8801: 8797: 8791: 8766: 8760: 8756: 8750: 8742: 8722:. Retrieved 8715:the original 8710: 8697: 8664: 8660: 8650: 8607: 8603: 8597: 8585:. Retrieved 8565: 8559: 8549: 8537:. Retrieved 8517: 8511: 8501: 8489:. Retrieved 8469: 8463: 8453: 8441:. Retrieved 8421: 8415: 8405: 8360: 8356: 8350: 8346: 8338: 8297: 8293: 8287: 8275: 8250: 8246: 8242: 8236: 8211: 8207: 8201: 8156: 8152: 8142: 8115: 8111: 8105: 8097: 8083: 8058: 8054: 8050: 8044: 7992: 7988: 7982: 7974: 7963:. Retrieved 7959:the original 7954:ScienceDaily 7952: 7943: 7908: 7904: 7894: 7849: 7845: 7805: 7801: 7795: 7787: 7760: 7756: 7750: 7742: 7728:(1): 85–93. 7725: 7721: 7717: 7714:Panthera leo 7713: 7707: 7682: 7678: 7672: 7632:(1): 21271. 7629: 7625: 7615: 7582: 7578: 7572: 7539: 7530: 7526: 7522: 7516: 7489: 7485: 7479: 7471: 7436: 7432: 7426: 7418: 7386:(1): 81–85. 7383: 7379: 7373: 7365: 7336:. Retrieved 7329:the original 7324: 7315: 7307: 7262: 7258: 7248: 7239: 7235: 7225: 7173: 7169: 7159: 7140: 7136: 7126: 7112:cite journal 7101:the original 7070: 7066: 7053: 7044: 7034: 6991: 6987: 6977: 6968: 6958: 6898: 6894: 6888: 6880: 6835: 6831: 6821: 6794: 6790: 6784: 6776: 6731: 6727: 6721: 6713: 6704: 6694: 6634: 6630: 6624: 6576: 6572: 6566: 6557: 6533:. Retrieved 6523: 6482: 6479:Paleobiology 6478: 6472: 6410: 6407:Paleobiology 6406: 6400: 6383: 6379: 6369: 6328: 6324: 6318: 6317:"A possible 6310: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6279: 6252: 6248: 6237: 6196: 6192: 6186: 6151: 6147: 6137: 6125:. Retrieved 6097: 6093:Paleobiology 6091: 6081: 6064: 6060: 6051: 6043: 6031: 6020:the original 5999: 5995: 5962:10261/270770 5934: 5930: 5924: 5916: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5857: 5822: 5818: 5808: 5772: 5762: 5750:. Retrieved 5745: 5736: 5703: 5699: 5692: 5667: 5661: 5655: 5644:. 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Retrieved 4504:"Sabertooth" 4498: 4479: 4475: 4465: 4423:the original 4418: 4414: 4405: 4378: 4371: 4277: 4272: 4256: 4248: 4244: 4241:S. populator 4240: 4236: 4234: 4230:S. populator 4229: 4215: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4185: 4168: 4164:Homo sapiens 4162: 4158: 4154: 4142: 4134: 4132: 4110: 4095:S. populator 4094: 4088: 4085:S. populator 4084: 4080: 4077:S. populator 4076: 4070: 4067:S. populator 4066: 4062: 4059:S. populator 4058: 4054: 4051:phorusrhacid 4046: 4042: 4038: 4037: 4008: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3991: 3985: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3950: 3946: 3914: 3909: 3901: 3900: 3894: 3871:S. populator 3870: 3865:in the left 3861: 3848: 3836: 3832: 3830: 3825: 3813: 3810:hyperostosis 3801: 3799: 3793: 3772: 3764: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3750: 3744: 3739: 3731: 3730: 3721: 3697: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3679: 3675:S. populator 3674: 3666: 3663:S. populator 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3642: 3638: 3636: 3631: 3627: 3616: 3611: 3604: 3600: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3585: 3579: 3551: 3531: 3529: 3521: 3519:ground sloth 3514: 3498: 3494: 3492: 3483: 3474: 3472: 3450: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3416: 3404: 3396: 3388: 3386: 3381: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3355: 3343: 3314: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3292: 3288: 3283: 3281: 3264: 3260: 3252: 3248: 3237: 3229: 3223: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3194: 3186: 3169: 3163: 3158: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3124: 3115: 3112:S. populator 3111: 3110:assigned to 3103: 3100:S. populator 3099: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3069: 3063: 3057: 3051: 3048:S. populator 3047: 3043: 3023: 3021: 3013: 3010:S. populator 3009: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2973: 2965: 2961:Hemiauchenia 2959: 2949: 2942: 2939:tooth enamel 2934: 2930: 2924: 2920: 2914: 2904: 2903:like bison ( 2896: 2888: 2882: 2877:canine tooth 2874:S. populator 2873: 2860:Paleobiology 2853: 2849: 2845: 2834:hippopotamus 2829: 2817: 2807: 2794: 2793: 2785: 2771:S. populator 2770: 2737:Bengal tiger 2733:S. populator 2732: 2728: 2704: 2700: 2696:S. populator 2695: 2688:S. populator 2687: 2683: 2680:S. populator 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2655: 2654: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2633: 2605: 2601: 2585: 2584: 2573: 2549: 2545: 2537: 2525: 2521: 2509: 2505: 2502:Irvingtonian 2489: 2485: 2483: 2478: 2474: 2460: 2456: 2435: 2427:Pseudaelurus 2425: 2415: 2409: 2309: 2308: 2307: 2287: 2286: 2285: 2256: 2255: 2254: 2241: 2240: 2226: 2225: 2202: 2201: 2144: 2143: 2122: 2121: 2093: 2092: 2069: 2068: 2033: 2032: 1946: 1945: 1924: 1923: 1894: 1893: 1860: 1859: 1826: 1825: 1797: 1796: 1764: 1763: 1732:Pseudaelurus 1730: 1729: 1706: 1705: 1683: 1674: 1666: 1654: 1652: 1645: 1640: 1633:Smilodontini 1557: 1551: 1543:S. populator 1542: 1531:skeleton at 1528: 1510: 1495:state fossil 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1468: 1462: 1458: 1450: 1438: 1434: 1432: 1427: 1423: 1416:Björn Kurtén 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1375: 1368: 1364: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1338: 1325:described a 1323:Joseph Leidy 1318: 1316: 1311: 1292: 1284: 1281:ensenadensis 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1219: 1211: 1205: 1201:canine teeth 1196: 1167: 1157:canine from 1151:S. populator 1150: 1136:S. populator 1135: 1127: 1119: 1111: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1077: 1075: 1066: 1058: 1046: 1042: 1039:canine teeth 1030: 1028: 1023: 1009: 1005: 1001:S. populator 1000: 999: 994: 993: 988: 987: 963: 957: 953: 941: 924: 923: 922: 906: 898: 890: 882: 878: 874: 866: 862: 858: 850: 836: 828: 824: 820: 813:nebraskensis 812: 808: 804: 796: 792: 788: 781:californicus 780: 776: 772: 764: 756: 748: 740: 732: 728:Bovard, 1907 724: 716: 712: 708: 700: 692: 684: 676: 668: 660: 652: 648: 644: 636: 622: 614: 610:Pictet, 1953 606: 598: 590: 586: 582: 574: 570: 566: 558: 550: 543:ensenadensis 542: 538: 534: 526: 518: 510: 502: 494: 486: 478: 470: 462: 455:S. populator 454: 434: 426: 418: 410: 402: 371: 370: 355: 354: 329: 328: 319:Type species 303: 302: 290:Smilodontini 178:skeleton at 176:S. populator 175: 69: 63: 61: 46: 37:This is the 31: 10176:Wikispecies 10109:iNaturalist 10068:Wikispecies 9921:Wikispecies 9828:iNaturalist 9774:Wikispecies 9660:Megantereon 9626:Stenailurus 9619:Fortunictis 9596:Metailurini 9555:Machairodus 9541:Homotherium 9518:Homotherini 9170:11336/84524 8833:11336/43965 8810:: 463–474. 8724:February 6, 8417:Palaeoworld 8300:(5): 0131. 7290:10630/29727 6994:(1): 6045. 6863:10630/29727 6052:S. gracilis 5746:0223.com.ar 5255:: 166–174. 5107:11336/69016 4528:Cope, E. D. 4482:: 366–367. 4217:Miracinonyx 4200:Homotherium 4192:Homotherium 4181:extirpation 4125:during the 4121:which went 4043:Homotherium 4029:metatherian 3993:S. gracilis 3947:Homotherium 3906:Pleistocene 3712:Development 3708:" species. 3694:hyoid bones 3523:Paramylodon 3506:Social life 3455:dire wolves 3306:Homotherium 3298:Homotherium 3215:plantigrade 3195:Megantereon 3012:stalking a 2999:East Africa 2966:S. gracilis 2854:Homotherium 2776:with plain 2717:metapodials 2709:nasal bones 2684:Megantereon 2676:S. gracilis 2664:Megantereon 2656:S. gracilis 2614:cheek bones 2606:S.populator 2564:Description 2522:Homotherium 2516:during the 2510:Megantereon 2506:Megantereon 2475:Homotherium 2462:Homotherium 2228:Megantereon 2124:Homotherium 2095:Machairodus 1926:Miracinonyx 1896:Herpailurus 1759:Pantherinae 1663:Pantherinae 1625:Homotherini 1621:Metailurini 1582:Gorgonopsia 1562:saber-tooth 1511:S. gracilis 1464:Megantereon 1384:Los Angeles 1317:Fossils of 1277:Prosmilodon 1261:description 1256:nomen nudum 1249:instead of 1218:meaning of 1189:cheek teeth 1065:pattern of 1043:S. gracilis 1020:Los Angeles 1011:Megantereon 1006:S. gracilis 989:S. gracilis 974:epoch (2.5 972:Pleistocene 970:during the 959:Homotherium 910:Berta, 1995 859:Machaerodus 851:S. gracilis 752:Brown, 1908 744:Brown, 1908 736:Brown, 1908 709:Machaerodus 704:Adams, 1896 688:Leidy, 1889 680:Leidy, 1889 664:Leidy, 1869 656:Leidy, 1868 587:Prosmilodon 571:Prosmilodon 539:Prosmilodon 466:Muñis, 1845 427:Prosmilodon 422:Brown, 1908 414:Leidy, 1868 406:Muñis, 1845 372:S. gracilis 270:Subfamily: 76:Pleistocene 10252:Categories 9633:Metailurus 9576:Xenosmilus 9562:Nimravides 9405:Sabertooth 9285:: 108045. 9192:Antón 2013 9037:Antón 2013 8915:21 January 8633:1807/96725 8472:: 108045. 8443:5 February 8280:Antón 2013 7965:2015-07-02 7358:Antón 2013 7242:: 141–154. 6558:Sabertooth 6465:Antón 2013 6127:21 January 6036:Antón 2013 5937:: 107471. 5801:Antón 2013 5646:2013-05-07 5376:2013-04-08 5209:Cladistics 4853:2012-06-12 4834:Antón 2013 4510:2021-10-13 4458:Antón 2013 4364:Antón 2013 4342:References 4278:S. fatalis 4273:S. fatalis 4249:S. fatalis 4245:S. fatalis 4237:S. fatalis 4155:S. fatalis 4111:S. fatalis 4101:Extinction 4063:S. fatalis 4017:allopatric 3951:Xenosmilus 3933:, camels, 3915:S. fatalis 3910:S. fatalis 3895:S. fatalis 3849:S. fatalis 3833:S. fatalis 3794:S. fatalis 3765:S. fatalis 3736:baby teeth 3722:S. fatalis 3690:S. fatalis 3682:S. fatalis 3632:S. fatalis 3628:S. fatalis 3626:Tip of an 3515:S. fatalis 3451:S. fatalis 3377:Xenosmilus 3372:S. fatalis 3363:carnassial 3344:S. fatalis 3249:S. fatalis 3219:supination 3199:scansorial 3121:osteoderms 3108:Coprolites 3077:Palaeolama 3071:Panochthus 3040:litopterns 3015:Palaeolama 2951:Platygonus 2786:S. fatalis 2725:ichnotaxon 2672:S. fatalis 2668:S. fatalis 2646:S. fatalis 2642:S. fatalis 2469:sequences 2440:bite force 2417:Proailurus 2146:Xenosmilus 2071:Nimravides 1708:Proailurus 1648:serrations 1594:Nimravidae 1545:statue in 1529:S. fatalis 1428:S. fatalis 1353:Trucifelis 1312:S. fatalis 1304:lithograph 1267:, such as 1265:subspecies 1181:calcareous 1170:naturalist 1153:skull and 1128:S. fatalis 1085:herbivores 1047:S. fatalis 995:S. fatalis 870:Cope, 1899 825:Trucifelis 809:Trucifelis 793:Trucifelis 777:Trucifelis 720:Cope, 1899 696:Cope, 1895 649:Trucifelis 637:S. fatalis 411:Trucifelis 356:S. fatalis 254:Feliformia 250:Suborder: 9612:Dinofelis 9502:Carnivora 9490:Synapsida 9473:Kingdom: 9424:857070029 9307:257861663 9260:128107590 9179:1040-6182 9147:: 74–84. 9122:0277-3791 9100:: 42–71. 8910:0094-8373 8769:: 57–62. 8689:0906-7590 8661:Ecography 8642:134586651 8582:0031-0220 8534:1943-2682 8438:1871-174X 7935:261090355 7718:P. tigris 7664:235663241 7533:(3): 24A. 6925:1932-6203 6661:1932-6203 6601:134190731 6443:251052044 6361:251078622 6353:1938-5323 6271:2236-1715 6122:0094-8373 5971:248168629 5866:Bovard". 5728:216505747 5420:0094-8373 5229:0748-3007 5124:129693331 5005:128960196 4331:Megafauna 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