517:
200:
461:
3574:
inconsiderable part must be deduced from the context and some words remain incomprehensible. On the other hand, many words from agriculture and irrigation technology have been retrieved from the works of Yemeni scholars of the Middle Ages and partially also from the modern Yemeni dialects. Foreign loanwords are rare in Sabaic, a few Greek and
Aramaic words are found in the
719:), until A. F. L. Beeston proposed replacing this with the representation with s followed by the subscripts 1–3. This latest version has largely taken over the English-speaking world, while in the German-speaking area, for example, the older transcription signs, which are also given in the table below, are more widespread. They were transcribed by Beeston as
207:, mentioning five other South Arabian gods, two reigning sovereigns and two governors: "Ammī'amar son of Ma'dīkarib dedicated to Almaqah Ra'suhumū. With 'Athtar, with Almaqah, with dhāt-Ḥimyam, with dhât-Ba'dân, with Waddum, with Karib'īl, with Sumhu'alī, with 'Ammīrayam and with Yadhrahmalik." Alabaster, c. 700 BC, Yemen, area of Ma'rib (?).
2332:), which in any case is missing in Qatabānian and Ḥaḍramite. In actual use it is hard to distinguish the two imperfect forms from each other. The conjugation of the perfect and imperfect may be summarized as follows (the active and the passive are not distinguished in their consonantal written form; the verbal example is
1868:
one who commissioned them: hence they use third-person pronouns to refer to the one who is paying for the building and dedication or whatever. The use of the pronouns in Sabaic corresponds to that in other
Semitic languages. The pronominal suffixes are added to verbs and prepositions to denote the object; thus:
3573:
meaning "to jump"), nevertheless it stands relatively isolated in the
Semitic realm, something that makes it more difficult to analyze. Even given the existence of closely related languages such as Ge'ez and Classical Arabic, only part of the Sabaic vocabulary has proved able to be interpreted; a not
343:
Sabaic is attested in some 1,040 dedicatory inscriptions, 850 building inscriptions, 200 legal texts, and 1300 short graffiti (containing only personal names). No literary texts of any length have yet been brought to light. This paucity of source material and the limited forms of the inscriptions has
702:
phonemes, represented by distinct letters; the exact phonetic nature of these sounds is still uncertain. In the early days of Sabaic studies, Old South
Arabian was transcribed using Hebrew letters. The transcriptions of the alveolars or postvelar fricatives remained controversial; after a great deal
2078:
As in other
Semitic languages Sabaic has a few grammatical states, which are indicated by various different endings according to the gender and the number. At the same time external plurals and duals have their own endings for grammatical state, while inner plurals are treated like singulars. Apart
1867:
No independent pronouns have been identified in any of the other South
Arabian languages. First- and second-person independent pronouns are rarely attested in the monumental inscription, but possibly for cultural reasons; the likelihood was that these texts were neither composed nor written by the
482:
The dialect used in the western Yemeni highlands, known as
Central Sabaic, is very homogeneous and generally used as the language of the inscriptions. Divergent dialects are usually found in the area surrounding the Central Highlands, such as the important dialect of the city of
4193:
Peter Stein: Die altsüdarabischen
Minuskelinschriften auf Holzstäbchen aus der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek in München. Band 2: Die altsabäischen und minäaischen Inschriften (Epigraphische Forschungen auf der Arabischen Halbinsel. Band 10). Wiesbaden, 2023.
4182:
Peter Stein: Die altsüdarabischen
Minuskelinschriften auf Holzstäbchen aus der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek in München 1: Die Inschriften der mittel- und spätsabäischen Periode (Epigraphische Forschungen auf der Arabischen Halbinsel 5). Tübingen u.a. 2010.
2065:
Sabaic almost certainly had a case system formed by vocalic endings, but since vowels were involved they are not recognizable in the writings; nevertheless a few traces have been retained in the written texts, above all in the
2323:
forms: the perfect which is conjugated with suffixes and the imperfect which is conjugated with both prefixes and suffixes. In the imperfect two forms can be distinguished: a short form and a form constructed using the
3920:
Stein, Peter (2007). "Materialien zur sabäischen
Dialektologie: Das Problem des amiritischen ("haramitischen") Dialektes" [Materials on Sabaean Dialectology: The Problem of the Amirite ("Haramite") Dialect].
2890:
The arrangement of clauses is not consistent in Sabaic. The first clause in an inscription always has the order (particle - ) subject – predicate (SV), the other main clauses of an inscription are introduced by
472:
is referred to. The last known inscription in Sabaic dates from 554 or 559 AD. The language's eventual extinction was brought about by the later rapid expansion of Islam, bringing with it Northern Arabic or
2850:
By changing the consonantal roots of verbs they can produce various derivational forms, which change their meaning. In Sabaic (and other Old South Arabian languages) six such stems are attested. Examples:
1921:"canal" (f.). Sabaic nouns have forms for singular, dual and plural. The singular is formed without changing the stem, the plural can however be formed in a number of ways even in the very same word:
4157:
Jacques Ryckmans, Walter W. Müller, Yusuf M. Abdallah: Textes du Yémen antique inscrits sur bois (Publications de l'Institut Orientaliste de Louvain 43). Institut Orientaliste, Louvain 1994.
348:) incised into wooden sticks have been found and date to the Middle Sabaic period; these represent letters and legal documents and as such includes a much wider variety of grammatical forms.
535:
script leaving vowels unmarked, little can be said for certain about the vocalic system. However, based on other Semitic languages, it is generally presumed that it had at least the vowels
309:), but in 1973 documents in another minuscule and cursive script were discovered, dating back to the second half of the 1st century BC; only a few of the latter have so far been published.
4006:, in: Norbert Nebes (Hrsg.): Arabia Felix. Beiträge zur Sprache und Kultur des vorislamischen Arabien. Festschrift Walter W. Müller zum 60. Geburtstag. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden, Pp. 191–211
2083:
known in other Semitic languages, there is also an indeterminate state and a determinate state, the functions of which are explained below. The following are the detailed state endings:
1494:
As in other Semitic languages Sabaic had both independent pronouns and pronominal suffixes. The attested pronouns, along with suffixes from Qatabanian and Hadramautic are as follows:
662:; in the later stages the same words are increasingly found without these letters, which leads some scholars (such as Stein) to the conclusion that they had by then contracted to
3728:
579:. In the Old period this is used mainly in word-final position, but in Middle and Late Sabaic it also commonly occurs medially. Sabaic has no way of writing the long vowel
3991:
Neue Beiträge zur Semitistik. Erstes Arbeitstreffen der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Semitistik in der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft vom 11. bis 13. September 2000
2726:
The imperfect usually expresses that something has occurred at the same time as an event previously mentioned, or it may simply express the present or future. Four
2303:
bʾy w-ḍbʾ tqdmn mrʾy-hmw "all expeditions, battles and raids, their two lords conducted, struck and led" (the nouns in the construct state are italicized here).
2266:
The Status constructus: is introduced if the noun is bound to a genitive, a personal suffix or — contrary to other Semitic languages — with a relative sentence:
3294:
4265:
843:(and reconstructed Proto-Semitic)? There are arguments to support both possibilities. In any case, beginning with Middle Sabaic the letters representing
469:
3565:
Although the Sabaic vocabulary is found in relatively diverse types of inscriptions (an example being that the south Semitic tribes derive their word
3089:
402:
394:: 3rd century BC until the end of the 3rd century AD. The best-documented language. The largest corpus of texts from this period comes from the
4019:(Veröffentlichungen der Orientalischen Kommission der Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur Mainz, Nr. 40) Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1995
2042:
External ("Sound") plurals: in the masculine the ending differs according to the grammatical state (see below); in the feminine the ending is -
786:
merge. The subscript n did not start appearing until after the Early Sabaic period. The Middle Sabaic Haramitic dialect often shows the change
340:; and there is linguistic evidence that Semitic languages were concurrently in use, being spoken in Eritrea and Ethiopia as early as 2000 BC.
2895:- "and" and always have – like subordinate clauses – the order predicate – subject (VS). At the same time the Predicate may be introduced by
4240:
Az Abraha' felirat. Inscription in the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. Images, Transcription and Translation into English.
851:
are increasingly interchanged, which seems to indicate that they have fallen together as one phoneme. The existence of bilabial fricative
1901:
Old South Arabian nouns fall into two genders: masculine and feminine. The feminine is usually indicated in the singular by the ending –
2799:
2707:
and in relative phrases with a conditional connotation does it describe an action in the present, as in Classical Arabic. For example:
492:
703:
of uncertainty in the initial period the lead was taken by the transcription chosen by Nikolaus Rhodokanakis and others for the
871:
only occasionally assimilates to a following consonant, but in the later periods this assimilation is the norm. The minuscule
4221:
4213:
4199:
4188:
4136:
3796:
344:
made it difficult to get a complete picture of Sabaic grammar. Thousands of inscriptions written in a cursive script (called
4270:
1324:
454:: 4th–6th centuries AD. This is the monotheistic period when Christianity and Judaism brought Aramaic and Greek influences.
1451:
1361:
772:. The difference between the three sounds is maintained throughout Old Sabaic and Middle Sabaic, but in the Late period
516:
4275:
4176:
4162:
4151:
4102:
4088:
4073:
3753:
3696:
1131:
704:
17:
3786:
1100:
3769:
1159:
839:
also remains a matter for debate: were they pharyngealized as in Modern Arabic, or were they glottalized as in
384:
inscriptions from the 9th until the 8th century BC and including further texts in the next two centuries from
274:
174:
4131:(Epigraphische Forschungen auf der Arabischen Halbinsel 9). Verlag Marie Leidorf, Rahden (Westfalen) 2021,
3608:
1117:
138:
495:
dialect, which is heavily influenced by North Arabic, are also generally considered a form of Sabaic. The
1218:
1169:
3939:
Rebecca Hasselbach, Old South Arabian in Languages from the World of the Bible, edited by Holger Gzella
3737:
1464:
1107:
972:
234:, Ḥashidites, Ṣirwāḥites, Humlanites, Ghaymānites, and Radmānites. Sabaic belongs to the South Arabian
2054:
is already beginning to disappear in Old Sabaic; its endings vary according to the grammatical state:
2046:, which probably represents *-āt ; this plural is rare and seems to be restricted to a few nouns.
4083:/ Dictionnaire sabéen /al-Muʿdscham as-Sabaʾī (Englisch-Französisch-Arabisch) Louvain-la-Neuve, 1982
2051:
1672:
1195:
1147:
4244:
990:
740:. Bearing in mind the latest reconstructions of the Proto-Semitic sibilants, we can postulate that
468:
In the Late Sabaic period the ancient names of the gods are no longer mentioned and only one deity
4239:
3081:
Sabaic is equipped with a number of means to form subordinate clauses using various conjunctions:
3688:
1185:
1026:
1017:
983:
301:. For many years the only texts discovered were inscriptions in the formal Masnad script (Sabaic
99:
93:
3293:; in free relative clauses this marking is obligatory. Unlike other Semitic languages in Sabaic
1876:"Ta'lab poured for them both"; when the suffixes are added to nouns they indicate possession: '
1206:
923:
286:
88:
1425:
1289:
1280:
328:
beginning in the 8th century BC, in all three locations, later evolved into the still in use
239:
78:
1880:"his slave").The independent pronouns serve as the subject of nominal and verbal sentences:
3554:
God, for Whom the heavens and the earth are = God, to Whom the heaven and the earth belong
3201:
3197:
2704:
1037:
945:
3727:
Nebes, Norbert; Stein, Peter (2008). "Ancient South Arabian". In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.).
2703:
The perfect is mainly used to describe something that took place in the past, only before
8:
3613:
1073:
500:
488:
226:. It was used as a written language by some other peoples of the ancient civilization of
3658:
464:
Bronze plaque, written in Sabaic. A dedication from Rabibum Yakhdaf 𐩧𐩨𐩨𐩣 𐩡 𐩺𐩭𐩳𐩰
3891:
3085:
918:
908:
273:-languages. Numerous other Sabaic inscriptions have also been found dating back to the
251:
2737:: in Sabaic this has no special marker, though it has in some of the other languages:
190:
4280:
4217:
4209:
4195:
4184:
4172:
4158:
4147:
4132:
4098:
4084:
4069:
3792:
3749:
3692:
3633:
3603:
2756:
1309:
950:
930:
755:
337:
333:
329:
243:
235:
219:
104:
83:
51:
4116:
3741:
3678:
3623:
2727:
1415:
940:
913:
58:
3653:
4227:
2823:
2080:
2067:
1524:
1274:
935:
576:
298:
70:
479:, which became the language of culture and writing, totally supplanting Sabaic.
3867:
Le iscrizioni sudarabiche d'Etiopia: un esempio di culture e lingue a contatto.
2248:
The three grammatical states have distinct syntactical and semantic functions:
1391:
1250:
1239:
1059:
131:
587:
is sometimes infixed in plurals where it is not etymologically expected: thus
4259:
3745:
3648:
3643:
2783:
2762:
2319:
As in other West Semitic languages Sabaic distinguishes between two types of
695:
484:
444:
440:
423:
381:
199:
167:
4142:
N. Nebes, P. Stein: "Ancient South Arabian", in: Roger D. Woodard (Hrsg.):
3478:
this tower yḥḏr, which stands opposite the walls of her city (is located).
1000:
227:
3485:
Attributive relative clause with a prepositional predicate and resumptive
222:
language that was spoken between c. 1000 BC and the 6th century AD by the
158:
4249:
4171:(Epigraphische Forschungen auf der Arabischen Halbinsel 3). Rahden 2003,
3852:
N. Nebes, P. Stein: Ancient South Arabian, in: Roger D. Woodard (Hrsg.):
3278:
2734:
2320:
2252:
The Status indeterminatus: marks an indefinite, unspecified thing :
203:
Votive stele with Sabaic inscription addressed to the main Sabaean deity
4129:
Die sabäischen Inschriften aus Marib. Katalog, Übersetzung und Kommentar
3788:
The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East: Volume V: the Age of Persia
644:
496:
242:
language family. Sabaic is distinguished from the other members of the
231:
611:
certainly seem to be indicated in forms such as the personal pronouns
3591:
3582:
from the Greek ἐκκλησία "church", which still survives in the Arabic
3575:
1809:
1592:
1445:
1089:
769:
758:
503:
was Semitic but not South Arabic, used Sabaic as a written language.
385:
255:
183:
151:
3682:
1925:
Inner ("Broken") Plurals: as in Classical Arabic they are frequent.
4029:
Mendenhall, George (2006). "Arabic in Semitic Linguistic History".
3628:
3618:
1838:
1624:
840:
699:
624:
525:
336:
however is no longer considered to be a descendant of Sabaic or of
325:
321:
223:
3578:, Christian and Jewish period (5th–7th centuries AD) for example:
2995:ʿdʾl and Rʾbʾl have offered up and consecrated all the repairs to
859:
is partly proved by Latin transcriptions of names. In late Sabaic
460:
3067:
2777:
957:
583:, but in later inscriptions, in the Radmanite dialect the letter
317:
297:
marked only consonants, the only indication of vowels being with
204:
3969:
3967:
875:
script does not seem to have a letter that represents the sound
371:
3785:
Radner, Karen; Moeller, Nadine; Potts, Daniel T. (2023-04-07).
3587:
3187:
3173:
2996:
2964:
1950:
1932:
1753:
475:
436:
427:
367:
294:
290:
3389:
Attributive relative clause (Qataban.) with nominal predicate
3964:
3638:
2007:
654:
seemed to have been retained, being written with the letters
532:
416:: the language of the inscriptions from the Sabaean heartland
395:
363:
313:
41:
4169:
Untersuchungen zur Phonologie und Morphologie des Sabäischen
3805:
4144:
The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages
4004:
Verwendung und Funktion der Präfixkonjugation im Sabäischen
3854:
The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages
2747:"he trades" (Qatabānian). With the meaning of the perfect:
521:
4119:(1997). "Sayhadic Languages (Epigraphic South Arabian)".
3705:
3885:
3883:
3881:
3879:
3923:
Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft
2029:
Reduplicational plurals are rarely attested in Sabaic:
520:
Ancient stone slabs with Sabaic inscriptions found at
4079:
A.F.L. Beeston, M.A. Ghul, W.W. Müller, J. Ryckmans:
3876:
398:
Temple (otherwise known as Maḥrem Bilqīs) in Ma'rib.
4111:(Porta linguarum Orientalium, Band 24) Leipzig, 1943
3730:
The Ancient Languages of Syria-Palestine and Arabia
2718:"And Hlkʾmr and ḥmʿṯt have pleaded guilty (dual)".
591:(sons of; Constructive State) instead of the usual
4154:S. 454–487 (grammatical sketch with Bibliography).
3784:
4017:Die Konstruktionen mit /FA-/ im Altsüdarabischen.
3569:meaning "to sit" from the northwest tribe's word
2961:and have consecrated (3rd person plural perfect)
2958:they have offered up (3rd person plural perfect)
643:In the Old Sabaic inscriptions the Proto-Semitic
4257:
3838:Aksum: An African Civilization of Late Antiquity
3722:
3720:
3190:had sent a delegation to the Abyssinian tribes.
2259:The Status determinatus: marks a specific noun:
547:, which would have occurred both short and long
410:: the language of the area to the north of Ma'īn
4095:Dictionary of Old South Arabic. Sabaean dialect
265:in those cases. Therefore, Sabaic is called an
4114:
3973:
3811:
3711:
567:are sometimes indicated using the letters for
4146:(Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2004)
4047:The usual modern Arabic word for "church" is
3717:
435:: the literary language of Arabian tribes in
374:; very well documented, c. 6000 inscriptions
3856:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2004
3848:
3846:
3277:In Sabaic, relative clauses are marked by a
819:The exact nature of the emphatic consonants
2804:ʾl". It serves to express negative wishes:
4266:Languages attested from the 8th century BC
4028:
3726:
2830:script on wooden sticks, and has the form
1953:: especially frequent in words having the
1896:
887:("a measure of capacity"), written in the
27:Old South Arabian language spoken in Yemen
3843:
3677:
1884:"you are the Lord" (a nominal sentence);
747:was probably pronounced as a simple or ,
4031:Journal of the American Oriental Society
3896:Journal of the American Oriental Society
3889:
3791:. Oxford University Press. p. 353.
3044:and he thanked (3rd-person sg. perfect)
2906:At the beginning of an inscription; SVO
2812:"and no ʿilb-trees may be planted here“.
515:
459:
422:: the language of the inscriptions from
198:
2058:"two years" (indeterminate state) from
1995:without any external grammatical sign:
258:prefix; all of the other languages use
14:
4258:
4252:(Work is still in progress on Sabaic.)
4208:. 2 volumes. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz,
4123:. London: Routledge. pp. 157–183.
3948:Norbert Nebes and Peter Stein, op. cit
3076:
2885:
3959:Languages from the World of the Bible
3919:
3840:page 57. Edinburgh: University Press.
3382:Whoever buys a male or female slave
2341:
2073:
4250:Corpus of South Arabian Inscriptions
1888:"they thanked" (a verbal sentence).
1489:
898:
370:; also documented in the kingdom of
3272:
867:also merge.In Old Sabaic the sound
24:
2790:and stands for an indirect order:
2276:With a genitive noun: (Ḥaḑramite)
312:The South Arabic alphabet used in
25:
4292:
4233:
3586:referring to the church built by
3147:Conjunction – 3rd p. pl. perfect
2826:is found in texts written in the
1463:
1450:
1424:
1390:
1360:
1323:
1288:
1279:
1249:
1238:
1217:
1205:
1194:
1184:
1168:
1158:
1146:
1130:
1116:
1106:
1099:
1072:
1058:
1036:
1025:
1016:
999:
989:
982:
971:
855:as a reflex of the Proto-Semitic
559:. In Old Sabaic, the long vowels
362:: the language of the kingdom of
3351:3rd-person singular n-imperfect
3066:"And Awsil thanked the power of
2845:
705:Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum
619:(also written without the glide
4245:Wiki Commons: Old South Arabian
4206:Lehrbuch der sabäischen Sprache
4058:
4041:
4022:
4009:
3996:
3979:
3961:(ed. by Holger Gzella), pg. 170
3951:
3942:
3933:
3913:
3890:Avanzini, A (April–June 2006).
3859:
3774:. J. Lection. 1894. p. 88.
3266:And if you send (it), sign it.
3830:
3817:
3778:
3762:
3671:
2842:("and you (sg.) look after").
2755:"Zaid'il died in the month of
2314:
531:Since Sabaic is written in an
13:
1:
3823:Weninger, Stefan. "Ge'ez" in
3664:
3560:
3144:"and" – 3rd p. pl. imperfect
2817:
768:may have been realized as an
689:
638:
275:Sabean colonization of Africa
4002:Details see: Norbert Nebes:
3987:Gibt es Kasus im Sabäischen?
3974:Kogan & Korotayev (1997)
3609:Ancient South Arabian script
2802:is formed with the negative
2721:
635:probably used for emphasis.
595:; it is suspected that this
506:
351:
7:
4271:Old South Arabian languages
3597:
3301:Free Relative clause after
3186:And they heard, that these
808:("clothes"), normal Sabaic
214:, sometimes referred to as
10:
4297:
3873:, 26 (1987), Seite 201–221
3836:Stuart, Munro-Hay (1991).
3812:Kogan & Korotayev 1997
3738:Cambridge University Press
3712:Kogan & Korotayev 1997
2698:
2291:With a relative sentence:
2280:"both walls of Maifa'at",
2269:With a pronominal suffix:
1968:Combinations: for example
1484:
285:Sabaic was written in the
4276:Extinct languages of Asia
4109:Altsüdarabische Grammatik
3553:
3477:
3396:
3393:
3381:
3364:
3265:
3210:
3207:
3185:
3098:
3065:
3060:
2990:
2985:
2979:
2880:
2862:"to sacrifice; to donate"
2572:
2488:
2360:
2347:
2344:
2174:
2101:
2088:
1752:
1671:
1523:
1510:
1502:
1499:
1444:
1414:
1308:
1273:
1088:
998:
956:
905:
511:
280:
269:-language and the others
181:
165:
149:
144:
128:
67:
57:
47:
37:
32:
4228:Sabaic Online Dictionary
3892:"A Fresh Look at Sabaic"
3825:Encyclopaedia Aethiopica
3746:10.1017/CBO9780511486890
2309:
1891:
686:would also be possible)
615:(them), the verbal form
4051:, from the same origin.
3989:, in: N. Nebes (Hrg.):
3957:Rebecca Hasselbach, in
3689:Oxford University Press
3297:are only rarely found.
1897:Case, number and gender
879:, and replaces it with
4093:Joan Copeland Biella:
3438:Demonstrative pronoun
3241:2. person sg. perfect
2769:and expresses wishes:
2730:can be distinguished:
883:instead; for example:
623:; he will be), and in
528:
491:. Inscriptions in the
465:
287:South Arabian alphabet
208:
3450:Prepositional object
3159:Prepositional object
3047:Does (stat. constr.)
1506:Independent pronouns
599:represents the vowel
519:
463:
202:
139:Ancient South Arabian
4097:. Eisenbrauns, 1982
3740:. pp. 145–178.
3529:Object (resumptive)
3244:"Then" – imperative
3238:"And" – conjunction
2796:"so should it come".
2786:is also formed with
2328:(long form esp. the
2297:bʾt w-ḍbyʾ w-tqdmt
2288:"both kings of Saba"
1721:(Qataban.; Hadram.)
1503:Pronominal suffixes
246:group by its use of
3614:Himyaritic language
3486:
3390:
3305:
3295:resumptive pronouns
3211:Subordinate clause
3208:Subordinate clause
3204:
3099:Subordinate clause
3092:
3077:Subordinate clauses
3011:
2907:
2886:Position of clauses
2705:conditional phrases
4068:, Manchester 1984
4064:A. F. L. Beeston:
3985:Hierzu: P. Stein:
3484:
3388:
3300:
3247:Pronominal phrase
3198:Conditional clause
3196:
3181:Abyssinian tribes
3084:
3058:"and" – predicate
3005:
2905:
2858:"to receive" >
2074:Grammatical states
1872:"he killed them";
529:
487:in the eastern al-
466:
388:and the Highlands.
366:and later also of
209:
4222:978-3-447-06768-3
4214:978-3-447-10026-7
4200:978-3-7520-0704-6
4189:978-3-8030-2200-4
4137:978-3-86757-130-2
4121:Semitic Languages
4117:Korotayev, Andrey
4081:Sabaic Dictionary
3798:978-0-19-068766-3
3679:Korotayev, Andrey
3634:Himyarite Kingdom
3604:Old South Arabian
3558:
3557:
3549:heaven and earth
3482:
3481:
3386:
3385:
3345:"who" – enclitic
3270:
3269:
3194:
3193:
3074:
3073:
3003:
3002:
2876:"to bear witness"
2868:"to decree" >
2753:zydʾl b-wrḫh ḥtḥr
2696:
2695:
2246:
2245:
1865:
1864:
1574:Second person f.
1548:Second person m.
1490:Personal pronouns
1482:
1481:
1469:⟨y⟩
1396:⟨ḍ⟩
1255:⟨ṣ⟩
1244:⟨ẓ⟩
1223:⟨ˀ⟩
1211:⟨ġ⟩
1190:⟨ḏ⟩
1164:⟨ḥ⟩
1152:⟨ḫ⟩
1112:⟨ṯ⟩
1078:⟨ḳ⟩
1064:⟨ṭ⟩
1005:⟨ʾ⟩
899:Sabaic consonants
698:, contains three
338:Old South Arabian
244:Old South Arabian
220:Old South Arabian
197:
196:
105:Old South Arabian
52:Arabian Peninsula
16:(Redirected from
4288:
4124:
4052:
4045:
4039:
4038:
4026:
4020:
4013:
4007:
4000:
3994:
3983:
3977:
3971:
3962:
3955:
3949:
3946:
3940:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3917:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3887:
3874:
3863:
3857:
3850:
3841:
3834:
3828:
3821:
3815:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3766:
3760:
3759:
3735:
3724:
3715:
3709:
3703:
3702:
3675:
3659:Walter W. Müller
3624:Kingdom of Aksum
3487:
3483:
3397:Relative clause
3391:
3387:
3306:
3299:
3273:Relative clauses
3205:
3195:
3093:
3083:
3055:"and" – subject
3012:
3004:
2983:Indirect object
2908:
2904:
2339:
2338:
2224:External plural
2148:External plural
2086:
2085:
1909:"husband" (m.),
1696:3rd Person com.
1516:Other languages
1497:
1496:
1470:
1467:
1454:
1428:
1397:
1394:
1383:
1364:
1353:
1334:
1327:
1316:
1292:
1283:
1256:
1253:
1245:
1242:
1233:
1224:
1221:
1212:
1209:
1198:
1191:
1188:
1179:
1172:
1165:
1162:
1153:
1150:
1141:
1134:
1127:
1120:
1113:
1110:
1103:
1096:
1079:
1076:
1065:
1062:
1051:
1040:
1029:
1020:
1013:
1006:
1003:
993:
986:
975:
964:
903:
902:
577:matres lectionis
299:matres lectionis
230:, including the
193:
177:
161:
154:
134:
73:
30:
29:
21:
18:Sabaean language
4296:
4295:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4285:
4256:
4255:
4236:
4216:(volume 1) and
4127:Anne Multhoff:
4115:Kogan, Leonid;
4061:
4056:
4055:
4046:
4042:
4027:
4023:
4015:Norbert Nebes:
4014:
4010:
4001:
3997:
3984:
3980:
3972:
3965:
3956:
3952:
3947:
3943:
3938:
3934:
3918:
3914:
3905:
3903:
3888:
3877:
3871:Oriens antiquus
3864:
3860:
3851:
3844:
3835:
3831:
3822:
3818:
3810:
3806:
3799:
3783:
3779:
3768:
3767:
3763:
3756:
3733:
3725:
3718:
3710:
3706:
3699:
3676:
3672:
3667:
3600:
3563:
3461:the tower yḥḏr
3421:
3377:a female slave
3323:
3275:
3167:that they sent
3164:And they heard
3137:
3108:
3079:
3019:
2994:
2955:ʿdʾl and Rʾbʾl
2954:
2924:
2915:
2888:
2883:
2848:
2839:
2834:. For example:
2820:
2765:is formed with
2743:
2724:
2713:
2701:
2317:
2312:
2302:
2296:
2285:
2081:construct state
2076:
2068:construct state
1899:
1894:
1854:
1825:
1742:
1718:
1710:
1659:
1647:
1640:
1612:
1608:
1492:
1487:
1468:
1395:
1381:
1351:
1332:
1328:
1314:
1254:
1243:
1231:
1222:
1210:
1189:
1177:
1163:
1151:
1139:
1135:
1125:
1121:
1111:
1094:
1077:
1063:
1049:
1011:
1004:
962:
925:
901:
813:
805:
800:, for example:
798:
791:
784:
777:
766:
754:was probably a
752:
745:
738:
731:
724:
692:
641:
514:
509:
501:spoken language
433:"Pseudo-Sabaic"
354:
306:
283:
263:
189:
173:
170:
157:
150:
135:
130:
124:
74:
71:Language family
69:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4294:
4284:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4254:
4253:
4247:
4242:
4235:
4234:External links
4232:
4231:
4230:
4225:
4202:
4191:
4180:
4165:
4155:
4140:
4125:
4112:
4107:Maria Höfner:
4105:
4091:
4077:
4066:Sabaic Grammar
4060:
4057:
4054:
4053:
4040:
4021:
4008:
3995:
3978:
3963:
3950:
3941:
3932:
3912:
3875:
3858:
3842:
3829:
3827:: D-Ha, p.732.
3816:
3814:, p. 221.
3804:
3797:
3777:
3761:
3754:
3716:
3704:
3697:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3599:
3596:
3562:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3551:
3550:
3547:
3544:
3541:
3538:
3534:
3533:
3530:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3514:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3480:
3479:
3475:
3474:
3471:
3468:
3465:
3462:
3459:
3455:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3395:
3384:
3383:
3379:
3378:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3362:
3361:
3358:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3342:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3317:
3312:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3249:
3248:
3245:
3242:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3213:
3212:
3209:
3192:
3191:
3183:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3100:
3097:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3063:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3052:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3006:Introduced by
3001:
3000:
2992:
2988:
2987:
2986:Direct object
2984:
2981:
2978:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2863:
2847:
2844:
2837:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2797:
2781:
2760:
2741:
2723:
2720:
2716:Hlkʾmr w-ḥmʿṯt
2711:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2679:
2665:
2647:
2643:
2642:
2629:
2616:
2607:
2603:
2602:
2589:
2586:
2577:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2556:
2543:
2534:
2530:
2529:
2516:
2503:
2493:
2490:
2486:
2485:
2476:
2467:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2440:
2431:
2426:
2422:
2421:
2412:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2382:
2378:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2365:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2354:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2289:
2283:
2274:
2264:
2257:
2244:
2243:
2237:
2231:
2225:
2221:
2220:
2214:
2208:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2149:
2145:
2144:
2138:
2132:
2126:
2122:
2121:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2091:Constr. state
2089:
2075:
2072:
2048:
2047:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2027:
2004:
1999:"canals" from
1993:
1988:"houses" from
1966:
1961:"towers" from
1944:
1939:"houses" from
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1863:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1841:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1812:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1794:2nd Person f.
1791:
1790:
1785:
1782:
1776:
1775:2nd Person m.
1772:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1759:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1746:
1740:
1735:
1732:
1731:3rd Person m.
1728:
1727:
1722:
1716:
1708:
1703:
1697:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1684:
1678:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1657:
1645:
1638:
1633:
1627:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1595:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1575:
1571:
1570:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1536:
1530:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1471:
1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1330:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1286:
1284:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1247:
1236:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1225:
1215:
1213:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1192:
1182:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1166:
1156:
1154:
1144:
1142:
1137:
1128:
1123:
1114:
1104:
1097:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1023:
1021:
1014:
1008:
1007:
997:
995:
987:
980:
978:
976:
969:
967:
965:
960:
954:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
921:
916:
911:
906:
900:
897:
811:
803:
796:
789:
782:
775:
764:
750:
743:
736:
729:
722:
691:
688:
640:
637:
603:. Long vowels
513:
510:
508:
505:
458:
457:
456:
455:
449:
448:
447:
430:
417:
414:Central Sabaic
411:
389:
357:
353:
350:
334:Ge'ez language
330:Ge'ez alphabet
304:
282:
279:
261:
238:branch of the
195:
194:
187:
179:
178:
171:
166:
163:
162:
155:
147:
146:
145:Language codes
142:
141:
136:
132:Writing system
129:
126:
125:
123:
122:
121:
120:
119:
118:
117:
116:
115:
114:
113:
112:
77:
75:
68:
65:
64:
61:
55:
54:
49:
45:
44:
39:
38:Native to
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4293:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4237:
4229:
4226:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4204:Peter Stein,
4203:
4201:
4197:
4192:
4190:
4186:
4181:
4178:
4177:3-89646-683-6
4174:
4170:
4167:Peter Stein,
4166:
4164:
4163:2-87723-104-6
4160:
4156:
4153:
4152:0-521-56256-2
4149:
4145:
4141:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4113:
4110:
4106:
4104:
4103:1-57506-919-9
4100:
4096:
4092:
4090:
4089:2-8017-0194-7
4086:
4082:
4078:
4075:
4074:0-9507885-2-X
4071:
4067:
4063:
4062:
4050:
4044:
4036:
4032:
4025:
4018:
4012:
4005:
3999:
3992:
3988:
3982:
3976:, p. 223
3975:
3970:
3968:
3960:
3954:
3945:
3936:
3928:
3925:(in German).
3924:
3916:
3901:
3897:
3893:
3886:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3872:
3868:
3865:A. Avanzini:
3862:
3855:
3849:
3847:
3839:
3833:
3826:
3820:
3813:
3808:
3800:
3794:
3790:
3789:
3781:
3773:
3772:
3771:The Athenaeum
3765:
3757:
3755:9780511486890
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3736:. Cambridge:
3732:
3731:
3723:
3721:
3713:
3708:
3700:
3698:0-19-922237-1
3694:
3690:
3686:
3685:
3684:Ancient Yemen
3680:
3674:
3670:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3654:Joseph Halévy
3652:
3650:
3649:Carl Rathjens
3647:
3645:
3644:Eduard Glaser
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3595:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3572:
3568:
3552:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3531:
3528:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3516:
3515:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3476:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3392:
3380:
3376:
3373:
3371:a male slave
3370:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3356:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3304:
3298:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3264:
3260:
3257:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3206:
3203:
3199:
3189:
3184:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3139:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3103:
3102:
3095:
3094:
3091:
3090:object clause
3088:with ensuing
3087:
3082:
3069:
3064:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3014:
3013:
3009:
2998:
2989:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2950:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2919:
2917:
2910:
2909:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2875:
2872:"to decree",
2871:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2846:Derived stems
2843:
2841:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2775:
2773:
2772:w-l-y-ḫmrn-hw
2768:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2754:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2706:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2571:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2322:
2298:
2290:
2287:
2279:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2263:"the statue".
2262:
2258:
2256:"any statue".
2255:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2242:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2094:Indet. state
2093:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2071:
2069:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2025:
2022:"years" from
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2003:(f.) "canal".
2002:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1980:"years" from
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1917:"city" (m.),
1916:
1913:"wife" (f.),
1912:
1908:
1904:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1819:
1817:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1744:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1712:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1653:
1650:(Qataban.), -
1649:
1641:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1594:
1591:Third person
1590:
1589:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1529:First person
1528:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1498:
1495:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1466:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1393:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1326:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1252:
1248:
1241:
1237:
1235:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1220:
1216:
1214:
1208:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1187:
1183:
1181:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1161:
1157:
1155:
1149:
1145:
1143:
1133:
1129:
1119:
1115:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1075:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1061:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1009:
1002:
996:
992:
988:
985:
981:
979:
977:
974:
970:
968:
966:
961:
959:
955:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
904:
896:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
817:
815:
807:
799:
792:
785:
778:
771:
767:
760:
757:
753:
746:
739:
732:
725:
718:
714:
710:
706:
701:
697:
696:Proto-Semitic
694:Sabaic, like
687:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
646:
636:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
527:
523:
518:
504:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
480:
478:
477:
471:
462:
453:
450:
446:
445:Qaryat al-Fāw
442:
438:
434:
431:
429:
425:
421:
418:
415:
412:
409:
405:
404:
400:
399:
397:
393:
392:Middle Sabaic
390:
387:
383:
382:boustrophedon
379:
376:
375:
373:
369:
365:
361:
358:
356:
355:
349:
347:
341:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
310:
308:
300:
296:
292:
288:
278:
276:
272:
268:
264:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
206:
201:
192:
188:
186:
185:
180:
176:
172:
169:
168:Linguist List
164:
160:
156:
153:
148:
143:
140:
137:
133:
127:
111:
108:
107:
106:
103:
102:
101:
98:
97:
95:
94:South Semitic
92:
91:
90:
87:
86:
85:
82:
81:
80:
76:
72:
66:
62:
60:
56:
53:
50:
46:
43:
40:
36:
31:
19:
4205:
4168:
4143:
4128:
4120:
4108:
4094:
4080:
4065:
4059:Bibliography
4048:
4043:
4034:
4030:
4024:
4016:
4011:
4003:
3998:
3993:, S. 201–222
3990:
3986:
3981:
3958:
3953:
3944:
3935:
3926:
3922:
3915:
3904:. Retrieved
3902:(2): 253–260
3899:
3895:
3870:
3866:
3861:
3853:
3837:
3832:
3824:
3819:
3807:
3787:
3780:
3770:
3764:
3729:
3707:
3683:
3673:
3583:
3579:
3570:
3566:
3564:
3526:Preposition
3523:Relativiser
3518:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3447:Preposition
3444:Relativiser
3431:
3426:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3394:Main clause
3348:Relativiser
3338:
3333:
3328:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3302:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3276:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3156:Preposition
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3104:
3096:Main clause
3080:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3015:
3007:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2920:
2916:ʿdʾl w-rʾbʾl
2911:
2901:
2896:
2892:
2889:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2859:
2855:
2849:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2821:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2759:" (Minaean).
2750:
2748:
2739:
2738:
2725:
2709:
2708:
2702:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2613:
2609:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2583:
2579:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2540:
2536:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2499:
2495:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2400:
2384:
2367:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2292:
2281:
2277:
2273:"his slave".
2270:
2260:
2253:
2247:
2240:
2234:
2228:
2217:
2211:
2205:
2194:
2188:
2182:
2168:
2162:
2156:
2152:
2141:
2135:
2129:
2118:
2112:
2077:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2034:
2030:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1972:–prefix and
1969:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1946:
1940:
1936:
1928:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1900:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1874:ḫmr-hmy t'lb
1873:
1869:
1866:
1859:
1850:
1844:
1830:
1821:
1815:
1787:
1779:
1762:
1738:
1724:
1714:
1706:
1700:
1686:
1681:
1665:
1655:
1651:
1643:
1636:
1630:
1616:
1604:
1598:
1578:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1552:
1541:
1533:
1493:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
818:
809:
801:
794:
787:
780:
773:
762:
748:
741:
734:
727:
720:
716:
712:
708:
693:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
642:
632:
628:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
530:
481:
474:
467:
451:
432:
420:South Sabaic
419:
413:
407:
401:
391:
377:
359:
345:
342:
311:
302:
284:
270:
266:
259:
252:third person
250:to mark the
247:
228:South Arabia
215:
211:
210:
182:
109:
89:West Semitic
79:Afro-Asiatic
4224:(volume 2).
4037:(1): 17–25.
3576:Rahmanistic
3511:smyn w-ʾrḍn
3279:Relativiser
3086:Main clause
2780:grant him".
2353:Short form
2330:n-imperfect
2321:finite verb
2315:Conjugation
2278:gnʾhy myfʾt
2097:Det. state
2033:"gods" from
1758:1st Person
1677:2nd Person
1623:3rd Person
891:script as:
627:particles -
452:Late Sabaic
289:, and like
240:Afroasiatic
63:6th century
4260:Categories
3906:2013-09-20
3687:. Oxford:
3665:References
3571:yashab/wtb
3561:Vocabulary
3453:Possessor
3408:mḥfdn yḥḏr
3357:"and/ or"
3188:Najranites
3174:Najranites
3150:Attribute
3041:and Awsil
2980:Predicate
2902:Examples:
2824:imperative
2818:Imperative
2735:Indicative
2356:Long form
2348:Imperfect
2336:"to do"):
2102:Masculine
1886:hmw f-ḥmdw
1837:3. Person
1808:3. Person
1745:(Hadram.)
1662:(Hadram.)
1333:/ś⟩
1140:/š⟩
1126:/s⟩
946:Pharyngeal
690:Consonants
645:diphthongs
639:Diphthongs
497:Himyarites
378:Old Sabaic
232:Ḥimyarites
3584:al-Qillīs
3473:her city
3467:opposite
3258:and sign
3255:you sent
2969:complete
2836:w-'nt f-s
2808:ʾl y-hwfd
2763:Precative
2722:Imperfect
2646:3. P. f.
2606:3. P. m.
2576:2. P. m.
2533:3. P. f.
2492:3. P. m.
2457:3. P. f.
2425:3. P. m.
2397:2. P. f.
2381:2. P. m.
2361:Singular
2178:Singular
2175:Feminine
2105:Singular
2079:from the
1976:-suffix:
1957:-prefix:
1713:(min.), -
1446:Semivowel
1329:⟨s
1315:voiceless
1136:⟨s
1122:⟨s
1095:voiceless
1090:Fricative
963:voiceless
770:affricate
759:fricative
507:Phonology
408:Ḥaramitic
380:: mostly
352:Varieties
256:causative
254:and as a
218:, was an
184:Glottolog
152:ISO 639-3
4281:Sabaeans
3929:: 13–47.
3681:(1995).
3629:Sabaeans
3598:See also
3537:the God
3532:Subject
3519:Nunation
3441:Subject
3368:he buys
3202:apodosis
3153:Subject
3134:ʾḥzb ḥbs
3050:Almaqah
2977:Subject
2800:Vetitive
2778:Almaqahu
2345:Perfect
2062:"year".
1992:"house".
1984:"year",
1965:"tower".
1905: :
1525:Singular
1382:emphatic
1232:emphatic
1050:emphatic
926:alveolar
919:Alveolar
909:Bilabial
841:Ethiopic
700:sibilant
670:(though
625:enclitic
526:Ethiopia
499:, whose
470:Raḥmānān
403:Amiritic
326:Ethiopia
322:Djibouti
224:Sabaeans
191:saba1279
4049:kanīsah
3588:Abrahah
3360:Object
3354:Object
3252:And if
3227:f-tʿlmn
3068:Almaqah
3061:Object
2972:repair
2832:fˁl(-n)
2784:Jussive
2699:Perfect
2588:
2573:Plural
2392:
2389:
2376:
2373:
2342:
2026:"year".
1943:"house"
1870:qtl-hmw
1803:
1800:
1797:
1784:
1770:
1767:
1748:
1734:
1691:
1609:w(w), s
1586:
1583:
1538:
1519:Sabaic
1513:Sabaic
1500:
1485:Grammar
1310:Lateral
958:Plosive
951:Glottal
931:Palatal
756:lateral
631:, and -
493:Ḥaramic
372:Da'amot
318:Eritrea
236:Semitic
216:Sabaean
205:Almaqah
100:Western
84:Semitic
59:Extinct
4220:
4212:
4198:
4187:
4175:
4161:
4150:
4135:
4101:
4087:
4072:
3795:
3752:
3695:
3592:Sana'a
3580:qls1-n
3540:which
3517:God –
3464:which
3432:hgr-sm
3261:on it
3170:these
3114:k-nblw
3010:; SVO
2997:Athtar
2965:Athtar
2930:w-sqny
2881:Syntax
2774:ʾlmqhw
2757:Hathor
2364:1. P.
2282:mlky s
2271:ʿbd-hw
2128:-∅ / -
2037:"god".
1951:Suffix
1933:Prefix
1882:mr' 't
1754:Plural
1416:Rhotic
1352:voiced
1178:voiced
1012:voiced
941:Uvular
914:Dental
889:Musnad
761:, and
733:, and
715:, and
555:, and
543:, and
512:Vowels
476:Muḍarī
437:Najrān
428:Ḥimyar
424:Radmān
386:Ma'rib
368:Ḥimyar
360:Sabaic
332:. The
324:, and
295:Arabic
291:Hebrew
281:Script
212:Sabaic
110:Sabaic
48:Region
33:Sabaic
3734:(PDF)
3639:Sheba
3619:Ge'ez
3470:wall
3458:this
3310:mn-mw
3303:mn-mw
3281:like
3232:b-hmy
3217:w-hmy
3200:with
3129:b-ʿbr
3105:w-y-s
3035:ʾlmqh
3025:f-ḥmd
3016:w-ʾws
2874:tqwmw
2828:zabūr
2793:l-yʾt
2776:"may
2740:b-y-s
2728:moods
2489:Dual
2483:fʿl-n
2419:fʿl-n
2401:fʿl-k
2385:fʿl-k
2368:fʿl-k
2310:Verbs
2293:kl s
2261:ṣlm-n
2254:ṣlm-m
2201:Dual
2125:Dual
2056:ḫrf-n
2031:ʾlʾlt
2020:ḫryft
2008:Infix
2006:w-/y-
1986:ʾbytt
1978:ʾḫrft
1959:mḥfdt
1892:Nouns
1878:bd-hw
1816:hm(w)
1788:ʾntmw
1743:m(y)n
1652:ṯ(yw)
1631:h, hw
1617:h(w)ʾ
1599:hw, h
1275:Nasal
936:Velar
924:Post-
873:Zabūr
793:>
533:abjad
485:Ḥaram
441:Ḥaram
396:Awwam
346:Zabur
314:Yemen
42:Yemen
4218:ISBN
4210:ISBN
4196:ISBN
4185:ISBN
4173:ISBN
4159:ISBN
4148:ISBN
4133:ISBN
4099:ISBN
4085:ISBN
4070:ISBN
3869:In:
3793:ISBN
3750:ISBN
3693:ISBN
3546:him
3543:for
3491:ʾl-n
3365:who
3339:ʾmtm
3334:f-ʾw
3329:ʿbdm
3324:ʾm-n
3320:-y-s
3222:hfnk
3124:ʾgrn
3109:mʿ-w
2935:ʿṯtr
2860:hqny
2822:The
2810:ʿlbm
2751:y-qr
2692:(?)
2678:(?)
2664:(?)
2370:(?)
2218:tnhn
2052:dual
2050:The
2044:(h)t
2016:ḫryf
2012:ḫrwf
2001:fnwt
1963:mḥfd
1937:ʾbyt
1919:fnwt
1911:bʿlt
1687:ʾtmy
1673:Dual
1660:(yw)
893:mfẓr
885:mfḍr
863:and
847:and
835:and
779:and
678:and
666:and
658:and
650:and
617:ykwn
607:and
589:bnhy
571:and
563:and
522:Yeha
489:Jawf
443:and
426:and
364:Saba
293:and
4035:126
3927:157
3900:126
3742:doi
3590:in
3567:wtb
3506:-hw
3501:-l-
3427:gnʾ
3418:b-s
3403:ḏn
3374:or
3291:mn-
3178:to
3119:hmw
3030:mqm
2999:".
2945:ġwṯ
2870:hqm
2866:qwm
2856:qny
2840:ḫln
2714:ḫly
2710:w-s
2686:fʿl
2672:fʿl
2658:fʿl
2650:fʿl
2636:fʿl
2623:fʿl
2610:fʿl
2596:fʿl
2584:kmw
2580:fʿl
2563:fʿl
2550:fʿl
2537:fʿl
2523:fʿl
2510:fʿl
2496:fʿl
2474:fʿl
2461:fʿl
2447:fʿl
2438:fʿl
2429:fʿl
2410:fʿl
2334:fʿl
2169:nhn
2155:/ -
2142:nhn
2108:-∅
2060:ḫrf
2024:ḫrf
1997:fnw
1990:byt
1982:ḫrf
1941:byt
1915:hgr
1907:bʿl
1831:hmw
1780:kmw
1725:hmy
1701:hmy
1682:kmy
1654:, -
1642:, -
1564:ʾnt
802:ˀks
621:ykn
613:hmw
593:bny
575:as
175:xsa
159:xsa
4262::
4033:.
3966:^
3898:.
3894:.
3878:^
3845:^
3748:.
3719:^
3691:.
3594:.
3496:ḏ-
3422:hd
3413:ḏm
3315:ḏ-
3289:,
3287:ʾl
3285:,
3283:ḏ-
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3020:ʾl
2991:"S
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2925:lʾ
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2788:l-
2767:l-
2749:w-
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2656:,
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2498:(-
2286:bʾ
2241:tn
2235:tm
2212:tn
2206:ty
2195:tn
2189:tm
2070:.
2035:ʾl
2018:/
2014:/
2010::
1935::
1860:hn
1845:hn
1839:f.
1810:m.
1719:my
1711:mn
1666:hʾ
1648:yw
1625:f.
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1568:ʾt
1566:;
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1398:?
1392:ɬˀ
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1080:?
1074:kʼ
1060:tˀ
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895:.
857:*p
831:,
827:,
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816:.
814:wy
810:ks
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711:,
682:→
680:ay
674:→
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652:ay
648:aw
633:my
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539:,
524:,
439:,
320:,
316:,
307:nd
303:ms
277:.
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3714:.
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2923:3
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2838:3
2744:ṭ
2742:2
2712:3
2688:-
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2676:n
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2668:t
2662:n
2660:-
2654:y
2652:-
2638:-
2634:-
2632:y
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2119:n
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2113:m
2111:-
1974:t
1970:ʾ
1955:m
1949:-
1947:t
1931:-
1929:ʾ
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1826:m
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1325:ɬ
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1219:ʕ
1207:ɣ
1196:z
1186:ð
1170:h
1160:ħ
1148:x
1138:1
1132:ʃ
1124:3
1118:s
1108:θ
1101:f
1038:ɡ
1027:d
1018:b
1001:ʔ
991:q
984:k
973:t
881:ḍ
877:ẓ
869:n
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861:ḏ
853:f
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833:ẓ
829:ṭ
825:ṣ
821:q
812:3
804:1
797:1
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790:3
788:s
783:3
781:s
776:1
774:s
765:3
763:s
751:2
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744:1
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735:s
730:2
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717:ś
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709:s
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684:ī
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565:ī
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545:u
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537:a
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305:3
271:s
267:h
262:1
260:s
248:h
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