103:
31:
388:+-+--------------+--------+------+---------------------------+ |*| Op Code | R | X | Reference address | +-+--------------+--------+------+---------------------------+ bit 0 1 7 8 1 1 1 1 3 1 2 4 5 1 Bit 0 indicates indirect address. Bits 1-7 contain the operation code (opcode) Bits 8-11 encode a register operand (0:15) Bits 12-14 encode an index register (1:7). 0 indicates no indexing. Bits 16-31 encode the address of a memory word.
1097:
Data
Systems announced the MOD 9000, a Sigma 9 clone with an incompatible I/O architecture. Realtime Computer Equipment, Inc. designed the RCE-9, an upward compatible drop-in replacement that could also use IBM peripherals. The Modutest Mod 9 was redesigned and built by Gene Zeitler (President), Lothar Mueller (Senior VP) and Ed Drapell, is 100% hardware and software compatibility with the Sigma 9. It was manufactured and sold to Telefile, Utah Power and Light, Minnesota Power,
394:+-+--------------+--------+------+-+-------------------------+ | | | | |0| Address in 1st 64K words| |*| Op Code | R | X +-+-------------------------+ | | | | |1| Low 16 bits of address | +-+--------------+--------+------+-+-------------------------+ bit 0 1 7 8 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 2 4 5 6 1
499:
939:(UTS) became available in 1971, supporting much enhanced time-sharing facilities. A compatible upgrade (or renaming) of UTS, Control Program V (CP-V) became available starting in 1973 and added real-time, remote batch, and transaction processing. A dedicated real-time OS, Control Program for Real-Time (CP-R) was also available for Sigma 9 systems. The
510:
disk), contains 512 fixed heads and a large (approx 600 mm/24 in diameter) vertically mounted disk spinning at relatively low speeds. Because of the fixed head arrangement, access is quite fast. Capacities range from 1.6 to 6.0 megabytes and are used for temporary storage. Large-capacity
397:
If the high-order bit is 0, the lower 16 bits of the address refer to a location in the first 64K words of main memory; if the high-order bit is 1, the lower 16 bits of the address refer to a location in a 64K-word block of memory specified by the
Extension Address in bits 42-47 of the Program Status
72:
Memory size increments for all SDS/XDS/Xerox computers are stated in kwords, not kbytes. For example, the Sigma 5 base memory is 16K 32-bit words (64K bytes). Maximum memory is limited by the length of the instruction address field of 17 bits, or 128K words (512K bytes). Although this is a trivial
1096:
After
Honeywell discontinued production of Sigma hardware — Xerox had sold most of the rights to Honeywell in July, 1975 — several companies produced or announced clone systems. The Telefile T-85, introduced in 1979, was an upward compatible drop-in replacement for 32-bit Sigmas. Ilene Industries
461:
memory function as a "lock-and-key" system in conjunction with two bits in the program status doubleword. The system allows pages to be marked "unlocked", or the key to be a "master key". Otherwise the key in the PSD had to match the lock in the access register in order to reference the memory
489:
I/O processor (MIOP). The SIOP provides a data rate up to 1.5 megabytes per second (MBPS), but allows only one device to be active at a time. The MIOP, intended to support slow speed peripherals allows up to 32 devices to be active at any time, but provides only a .3 MBPS aggregate data rate.
411:
Sigma systems provided a range of performance, roughly doubling from Sigma 5, the slowest, to Sigma 9 Model 3, the fastest. For example, 32-bit fixed point multiply times ranged from 7.2 to 3.8 μs; 64-bit floating point divide ranged from 30.5 to 17.4 μs.
134:. Keith Calkins made the Sigma 9 functional for the museum in 2012/13 and brought up the CP-V operating system in Dec. 2014. The various other system components came from other user sites, such as Marquette, Samford and Xerox/Dallas.
415:
Most Sigma systems included two or more blocks of 16 general-purpose registers. Switching blocks is accomplished by a single instruction (LPSD), providing fast context switching, since registers do not have to be saved and restored.
442:
of a word is 17 bits wide. Virtual addresses 0 thru 15 are reserved to reference the corresponding general purpose register, and are not mapped. Otherwise, in virtual memory mode the high-order eight bits of an address, called
931:
Sigma 5 and 8 systems lack the memory map feature, The Sigma 5 is supported by the Basic
Control Monitor (BCM) and the Batch Processing Monitor (BPM). The Sigma 8 can run the Real-time Batch Monitor (RBM) as well as BPM/BTM.
447:, are used as an index to an array of 256 13-bit memory map registers. The thirteen bits from the map register plus the remaining nine bits of the virtual address form the address used to access real memory.
450:
Access protection is implemented using a separate array of 256 two-bit access control codes, one per virtual page (512 words), indicating a combination of read/write/execute or no access to that page.
859:
The optional
Communication Input/Output Processor or CIOP handled upt to 128 communication lines at speeds from 128 to 9600 baud. It used 1K of dedicated mainframe memory for control and line status.
114:
The Sigma 9 may hold the record for the longest lifetime of a machine selling near the original retail price. Sigma 9 computers were still in service in 1993. In 2011, the Living
Computer Museum in
1088:
The Basic
Control Monitor (BCM) for the Sigma 2 and 3 provided "Full real-time capability with some provision for batch processing in the background." The Sigma 3 could also run RBM.
935:
The remaining models initially ran the Batch
Processing Monitor (BPM), later augmented with a timesharing option (BTM); the combined system was usually referred to as BPM/BTM. The
73:
amount of memory in today's technology, Sigma systems performed their tasks exceptionally well, and few were deployed with, or needed, the maximum 128K word memory size.
899:
in 2002. The system consists of five full-size cabinets with a monitor, control panel and a printer. It is possibly the last surviving Sigma 5 that is still operational.
478:(Input-output processor). An IOP provides an 8-bit data path to and from memory. Systems support up to 8 IOPs, each of which can attach up to 32 device controllers.
391:
For the Sigma 9, when real extended addressing is enabled, the reference address field is interpreted differently depending on whether the high-order bit is 0 or 1:
1321:
1156:
130:
purchased it and took it to
Michigan. In February 1990, Andrews University via Keith Calkins sold and delivered it to Applied Esoterics in
1628:
122:
acquired a Sigma 9 from a service bureau (Applied
Esoterics/George Plue Estate) and has made it operational. That Sigma 9 CPU was at the
398:
Doubleword, with the Extension Address being concatenated with the lower 16 bits of the reference address to form the physical address.
1554:
1291:
1574:
1157:
Nelson, Richard R.; New York University Graduate School of Business Administration Center for Science and Technology Policy (1982).
1603:
1158:
1188:
1778:
879:
devices, and to many kinds of line protocol." The SCU executes horizontal microinstructions with a 32-bit word length. A
1693:
123:
1168:
853:
849:
1522:
Proceeding AFIPS '68 (Fall, Part II) Proceedings of the December 9–11, 1968, Fall Joint Computer Conference, Part II
1788:
92:
computers, introduced starting in 1973, were also compatible upgrades to the Sigma systems using newer technology.
1735:
1721:
1190:
Historical evidence on the evolution of vertical exchange mechanisms: examples from the computer systems industry
1128:
emulator can emulate a Sigma 5, 6, or 7 system. A copy of CP-V version F00 is available to run on the simulator.
1707:
1679:
1350:
1204:
936:
1783:
1556:
Xerox Control Program-Five (CP-V) Xerox 560 and Sigma 5/6/7/9 Computers System Management Reference Manual
1407:
102:
17:
892:
30:
1754:
1808:
1803:
1317:
1245:
968:
43:
424:
Memory in the Sigma systems can be addressed as individual bytes, halfwords, words, or doublewords.
1798:
1448:
963:(for Generalized Environmental Monitor), and was said to be "rather UNIX-like". A second was named
1426:
1762:
896:
47:
1053:
Peripheral Conversion Language (PCL) — pronounced "pickle" — data move/convert utility
880:
940:
107:
80:
computer was a rebadged Sigma 7 and served as a basis for the upgraded, yet still compatible,
1793:
1371:"Argos: An Operating System for a Computer Utility Supporting Interactive Instrument Control"
856:
mode. The COC was "intended for low to medium speed character oriented data transmissions."
845:
1231:
1098:
907:
876:
435:. The following description applies to the Sigma 9, other models have minor differences.
8:
385:
The format for memory-reference instructions for the 32-bit Sigma systems is as follows:
1535:
1495:
1270:
131:
127:
119:
951:
of a latter era), also runs on Sigma 6/7/9 systems, but never gained real popularity.
1311:
1164:
959:
Some third party operating systems were available for Sigma Machines. One was named
1539:
1525:
1382:
1370:
1325:
1316:. 1966 Fall Joint Computer Conference. AFIPS Conference Proceedings. Vol. 29.
872:
89:
911:
1056:
Other service processors such as SYSGEN, ANLZ dump analyzer, library maintenance
910:, with an optional memory upgrade to 32 kW for an additional $ 50,000. The
844:(LIUs). Each LIU can have one to eight line interfaces capable of operating in
432:
993:
File system management processors — backup/restore (fill, fsave and fres)
1772:
1649:
1517:
1473:
1210:(Revision 5 ed.). September 1969. THE SDS APPROACH TO MODULES, p. -1 (3)
507:
1530:
1329:
1071:
MANAGE —generalized file management and report generation system
883:
running on a Sigma system can be used to create microprograms for the SCU.
875:
data processor" which can interface to a Sigma CPU, and "to peripheral and
471:
65:
released by SDS. At the time, the only competition for the Sigma 7 was the
1386:
996:
EASY — online Interactive Debugging Environment for Fortran and BASIC
1106:
1758:
50:
of the United States in 1966. The first machines in the series are the
34:
Front panel of the SDS Sigma 5 computer at the Computer History Museum
1175:
In 1965-67, SDS introduced its third-generational Sigma Series (...).
1110:
96:
77:
1205:"IC DIGITAL LOGIC MODULES. T Series. Description and Specifications"
903:
62:
1552:
1137:
1118:
1114:
1050:
EDIT — text editor mostly for language source or data files.
944:
115:
85:
81:
66:
498:
1761:
collection of timesharing and interactive computers, including
1633:
948:
427:
All 32-bit Sigma systems except the Sigma 5 and Sigma 8 used a
59:
55:
51:
1520:(1968). "JANUS: a flexible approach to realtime timesharing".
1715:. Waltham, Mass.: Honeywell Information Systems. p. 135.
1705:
1701:. Waltham, Mass.: Honeywell Information Systems. p. 137.
1691:
1427:"Carnegie Mellon's Sigma-5 Retires After 30 Years of Service"
1160:
Government and technical progress: a cross-industry analysis
1687:. El Segundo, Calif.: Scientific Data Systems. p. 113.
1582:. El Segundo, CA.: Scientific Data Systems/a Xerox Company.
1381:(4). Argonne National Laboratoy, Argonne, Illinois: 23–37.
1310:
Mendelson, Myron J.; England, A. W. (November 7–10, 1966).
1125:
1102:
915:
990:
Control Command Interpreter (CCI) batch counterpart of TEL
1409:
System Control Unit (SCU) Reference Manual (Preliminary)
511:
multi-platter disks are employed for permanent storage.
1677:
1572:
1322:
American Federation of Information Processing Societies
1289:
502:
RAD with cover open and disk pulled out for maintenance
99:
which continued support for the Sigma line for a time.
1757:
at Living Computers: Museum + Labs, a portal into the
1743:. El Segundo, Calif.: Xerox Data Systems. p. 188.
1729:. El Segundo, Calif.: Xerox Data Systems. p. 151.
1524:. Fall Joint Computer Conference. pp. 1033–1042.
1352:
Character Oriented Communications Equipment Model 7611
1576:
SDS Sigma 2/3 Basic Control Monitor Reference Manual
1733:
1719:
1405:
1348:
1313:The SDS Sigma 7: A Real-Time Time-Sharing Computer
987:Terminal Executive Language (TEL) command language
1496:"The Computer That Will Not Die: The SDS SIGMA 7"
506:The primary mass storage device, known as a RAD (
1770:
1493:
1309:
954:
1637:. Sigma 5, 6 & 7 simulator from Bob Supnik.
1232:"Computers that will not die – The SDS Sigma 7"
1299:. Beverly Hills, CA.: Scientific Data Systems.
1065:GPDS General Purpose Discrete Simulator
95:In 1975, Xerox sold its computer business to
1553:Honeywell Information Systems Inc. (1978).
1515:
1465:
1369:Day, Paul; Hines, John (January 1, 1973).
886:
1529:
1226:
1224:
1187:Krickx, Guido Armand Marie Jules (1988).
1035:LYNX simplified syntax front-end for LOAD
902:The Sigma 5 sold for US$ 300,000 with 16
1737:Xerox Sigma 9 Computers Reference Manual
1592:Modutest Systems President, Gene Zeitler
1368:
974:
497:
101:
29:
1723:Xerox Sigma 8 Computer Reference Manual
1709:Xerox Sigma 7 Computer Reference Manual
1695:Xerox Sigma 6 Computer Reference Manual
1487:
1471:
1429:. Carnegie Mellon University. June 2002
983:, available for CP-V in 1978 included:
14:
1771:
1706:Honeywell Information Systems (1973).
1692:Honeywell Information Systems (1971).
1221:
1186:
1083:
862:
1604:"Modutest CPU emulates Xerox Sigma 9"
1601:
1446:
947:replacement (not to be confused with
470:Input/output is accomplished using a
453:Independently, an array of 256 2-bit
380:
1293:Sigma Series Input Output Processors
926:
27:Series of third generation computers
1419:
1375:ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review
58:Sigma 7; the Sigma 7 was the first
24:
1671:
1647:
1078:
921:
124:University of Southern Mississippi
25:
1820:
1748:
1681:Sigma 5 Computer Reference Manual
1101:and Ohio College Library Center (
834:Character Oriented Communications
827:
338:
145:
1678:Scientific Data Systems (1968).
1573:Scientific Data Systems (1969).
1447:Spice, Byron (October 1, 2001).
1290:Scientific Data Systems (1966).
1271:"sigmaCPUs.txt at bitsavers.org"
1026:Simulation Language (SL-l)
1641:
1621:
1595:
1586:
1566:
1546:
1509:
1449:"Saying goodbye to the Sigma 5"
1440:
1399:
1362:
1163:. Pergamon Press. p. 208.
1041:DELTA machine language debugger
493:
110:, Seattle, Washington, US, 2014
1494:Keith G. Calkins (June 1984).
1342:
1303:
1283:
1263:
1238:
1197:
1180:
1150:
1062:EDMS database management
1011:FLAG —FORTRAN Load and Go
891:The Sigma 5 computer owned by
465:
13:
1:
1602:Shoor, Rita (June 16, 1980).
1143:
1109:produced Sigma 7 clones, the
955:Third party operating systems
937:Universal Time-Sharing System
1763:a Xerox Sigma 9 running CP-V
1075:Program product, chargeable
1032:LOAD two-pass overlay loader
1029:LINK one-pass linking loader
457:for the first 128k words of
7:
1779:Products introduced in 1966
1734:Xerox Data Systems (1974).
1720:Xerox Data Systems (1971).
1629:"SIMH v4.0 - 19-01 Current"
1406:Xerox Data Systems (1973).
1349:Xerox Data Systems (1969).
1131:
1044:FORTRAN Debug Package (FDP)
1002:Meta-Symbol macro assembler
979:The Xerox software, called
515:Sigma mass storage devices
401:
10:
1825:
1250:The Living Computer Museum
1193:. UCLA. pp. 167, 416.
943:(XOS), intended as an IBM
893:Carnegie Mellon University
485:I/O processor (SIOP) or a
44:third generation computers
1318:San Francisco, California
1091:
969:Michigan State University
440:effective virtual address
419:
137:
1246:"Computer Room Exhibits"
1038:GENMD load module editor
840:) supports one to seven
455:access control registers
46:that were introduced by
1789:Scientific Data Systems
1531:10.1145/1476706.1476722
1453:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
1330:10.1145/1464291.1464296
897:Computer History Museum
887:Carnegie Mellon Sigma 5
481:An IOP can be either a
48:Scientific Data Systems
1105:). The French company
1068:CIRC circuit analysis,
1047:COBOL On-line Debugger
1020:TEXT - word processing
941:Xerox Operating System
503:
406:
111:
108:Living Computer Museum
106:An XDS Sigma 9 at the
35:
1387:10.1145/957195.808046
975:Applications software
532:Avg rotational delay
501:
126:until Nov. 1985 when
105:
33:
914:had a capacity of 3
908:magnetic-core memory
842:Line Interface Units
352:Max memory (kwords)
171:Max memory (kwords)
1784:Mainframe computers
999:Extended FORTRAN IV
895:was donated to the
869:System Control Unit
863:System control unit
535:Avg transfer rate
516:
445:virtual page number
1472:Kirkpatrick, Jim.
772:2.3 removable
750:2.3 removable
730:5.7 removable
708:5.7 removable
688:4.9 removable
666:4.9 removable
646:2.4 removable
514:
504:
381:Instruction format
132:Flagstaff, Arizona
128:Andrews University
112:
36:
1084:Operating systems
927:Operating systems
906:of random-access
873:microprogrammable
825:
824:
378:
377:
336:
335:
16:(Redirected from
1816:
1809:32-bit computers
1804:16-bit computers
1744:
1742:
1730:
1728:
1716:
1714:
1702:
1700:
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1177:
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517:
513:
343:
342:
150:
149:
90:Xerox 500 series
54:Sigma 2 and the
40:SDS Sigma series
21:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1799:Xerox computers
1769:
1768:
1751:
1740:
1726:
1712:
1698:
1684:
1674:
1672:Further reading
1669:
1668:
1658:
1656:
1650:"sigma-cpv-kit"
1646:
1642:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1612:
1610:
1600:
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1567:
1559:
1551:
1547:
1514:
1510:
1500:
1498:
1492:
1488:
1478:
1476:
1474:"The Sigma Era"
1470:
1466:
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1455:
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1412:
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1207:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1185:
1181:
1171:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1134:
1124:As of 2023 the
1094:
1086:
1081:
1079:16-bit software
977:
957:
929:
924:
922:32-bit software
912:hard disk drive
889:
881:cross-assembler
865:
832:The Sigma 7611
830:
771:
729:
687:
496:
468:
422:
409:
404:
395:
389:
383:
341:
314:Sigma 9 model 3
291:Sigma 9 model 2
148:
140:
97:Honeywell, Inc.
88:computers. The
42:is a series of
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1822:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1767:
1766:
1755:Online systems
1750:
1749:External links
1747:
1746:
1745:
1731:
1717:
1703:
1689:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1640:
1620:
1594:
1585:
1565:
1545:
1518:Plauger, P. J.
1508:
1486:
1464:
1439:
1418:
1415:. p. 147.
1398:
1361:
1358:. p. 143.
1341:
1302:
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1196:
1179:
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923:
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888:
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864:
861:
829:
828:Communications
826:
823:
822:
819:
816:
813:
810:
809:Removable disk
807:
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802:
799:
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790:
789:Removable disk
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779:
776:
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767:Cartridge disk
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747:Cartridge disk
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725:Cartridge disk
723:
719:
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705:Cartridge disk
703:
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683:Cartridge disk
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663:Cartridge disk
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541:
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536:
533:
530:
529:Avg seek time
527:
524:
521:
495:
492:
467:
464:
433:virtual memory
421:
418:
408:
405:
403:
400:
393:
387:
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379:
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365:
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340:
339:16-bit systems
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159:Floating point
157:
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146:32-bit systems
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508:random-access
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1794:Time-sharing
1736:
1722:
1708:
1694:
1680:
1657:. Retrieved
1653:
1643:
1632:
1623:
1611:. Retrieved
1607:
1597:
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1489:
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1467:
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1421:
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1378:
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1312:
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1274:. Retrieved
1265:
1255:September 4,
1253:. Retrieved
1249:
1240:
1212:. Retrieved
1199:
1189:
1182:
1174:
1159:
1152:
1123:
1099:Taiwan Power
1095:
1087:
1074:
1005:AP assembler
980:
978:
964:
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958:
934:
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837:
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831:
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494:Mass storage
486:
482:
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472:control unit
469:
458:
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141:
113:
94:
75:
71:
39:
37:
854:full-duplex
850:half-duplex
836:subsystem (
523:Device type
487:multiplexer
466:Peripherals
165:Byte string
18:SDS Sigma 7
1773:Categories
1759:Paul Allen
1613:August 20,
1479:August 29,
1458:2007-08-15
1433:2007-08-15
1392:2024-01-18
1335:2024-01-18
1276:2011-10-22
1214:2019-03-19
1144:References
1117:, and the
1059:Sort/Merge
981:processors
474:called an
429:memory map
168:Memory map
120:Washington
1501:29 August
1111:CII 10070
1014:ANS COBOL
916:megabytes
904:kilowords
770:2.3 fixed
728:5.7 fixed
686:4.9 fixed
526:Capacity
142:Source:
78:CII 10070
1540:15577630
1132:See also
483:selector
402:Features
329:standard
320:standard
306:standard
303:standard
300:standard
297:standard
274:standard
260:standard
257:standard
254:standard
251:standard
237:standard
234:standard
231:standard
228:optional
205:optional
191:optional
188:standard
185:optional
182:optional
63:computer
1659:June 1,
1138:SDS 940
1119:Iris 80
1115:Iris 50
967:, from
945:DOS/360
846:simplex
368:Sigma 3
357:Sigma 2
268:Sigma 8
245:Sigma 9
222:Sigma 6
199:Sigma 5
176:Sigma 7
162:Decimal
116:Seattle
86:Iris 80
82:Iris 50
67:IBM 360
1654:github
1634:GitHub
1538:
1167:
1092:Clones
949:PC DOS
877:analog
520:Device
462:page.
420:Memory
138:Models
60:32-bit
56:32-bit
52:16-bit
1741:(PDF)
1727:(PDF)
1713:(PDF)
1699:(PDF)
1685:(PDF)
1580:(PDF)
1560:(PDF)
1536:S2CID
1413:(PDF)
1356:(PDF)
1297:(PDF)
1208:(PDF)
1008:BASIC
965:JANUS
852:, or
346:Model
153:Model
1661:2023
1615:2012
1503:2013
1481:2013
1257:2014
1165:ISBN
1126:SIMH
1103:OCLC
867:The
821:245
818:12.5
812:46.8
806:7271
801:787
786:3277
781:225
778:12.5
764:7252
759:225
756:12.5
744:7251
739:286
736:12.5
722:3243
717:286
714:12.5
702:3242
697:246
694:12.5
680:3233
675:246
672:12.5
660:3232
655:246
652:12.5
640:3231
635:355
620:7232
615:166
600:7204
595:166
580:7203
575:166
560:7202
555:647
546:2.75
540:3214
459:real
438:The
371:1969
360:1966
349:Date
332:512
317:1973
309:256
286:128
271:1972
263:512
248:1971
240:128
225:1970
217:128
202:1967
194:128
179:1966
156:Date
84:and
76:The
38:The
1526:doi
1383:doi
1326:doi
1107:CII
1023:RPG
1017:APL
961:GEM
838:COC
798:8.3
629:N/A
626:6.0
623:RAD
609:N/A
606:2.8
603:RAD
589:N/A
586:1.4
583:RAD
569:N/A
563:RAD
552:8.5
549:N/A
543:RAD
476:IOP
407:CPU
374:64
363:64
326:N/A
323:N/A
283:N/A
280:N/A
277:N/A
214:N/A
211:N/A
208:N/A
1775::
1652:.
1631:.
1606:.
1534:.
1451:.
1377:.
1373:.
1324:.
1320::
1248:.
1223:^
1173:.
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1234:.
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