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option annually of increasing or diminishing his holding, or of entirely abandoning it. In unfavourable seasons remissions of assessment are granted for entire or partial loss of produce. The assessment is fixed in money, and does not vary from year to year, in those cases where water is drawn from a
Government source of irrigation to convert dry land into wet, or into two-crop land, when an extra rent is paid to Government for the water so appropriated; nor is any addition made to the assessment for improvements effected at the Ryot's own expense. The Ryot under this system is virtually a Proprietor on a simple and perfect title, and has all the benefits of a perpetual lease without its responsibilities, in as much as he can at any time throw up his lands, but cannot be ejected so long as he pays his dues; he receives assistance in difficult seasons, and is irresponsible for the payment of his neighbours... The Annual Settlements under Ryotwari are often misunderstood, and it is necessary to explain that they are rendered necessary by the right accorded to the Ryot of dimi Rapeg or extending his cultivation from year to year. Their object is to determine how much of the assessment due on his holding the Ryot shall pay, and not to reassess the land. In these cases where no change occurs in the Ryots holding a fresh Patta or lease is not issued, and such parties are in no way affected by the Annual Settlement, which they are not required to attend.
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This system was in operation for nearly 5 years and had many features of revenue system of the
Mughals. It was instituted in some parts of India, one of the three main systems used to collect revenues from the cultivators of agricultural land. These taxes included un differentiated land revenue and
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Under the
Ryotwari System every registered holder of land is recognised as its proprietor, and pays direct to Government. He is at liberty to sublet his property, or to transfer it by gift, sale, or mortgage. He cannot be ejected by Government so long as he pays the fixed assessment, and has the
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Payment of the land tax in cash, rather than in kind, was instituted in the late 18th century when the East India
Company wanted to establish an exclusive monopoly in the market as buyers of Indian goods. The requirement of cash payments frequently proved economically untenable for cultivators,
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had implored the Court of
Directors of the East India Company, in vain, to redeem the pledge given by the British government, and to permanently settle the land-tax, so as to make it possible for the people to accumulate wealth and improve their own condition.
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John Stuart Mill, Examiner of the India Office, "Return to an Order of the House of
Commons (June 9, 1867), showing under what tenures, and subject to what Land Tax, lands are held under the several Presidencies of India." Quoted in
407:, the pressure on agricultural land made things worse. It led to a failure of administration, leaving the blame on the feudatory king of the province; which allowed the East India Company to easily take over the administration.
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Since the farmer had to pay only in cash under the new system, he could only sell it to a fellow farmer who started using the land for cultivation of a different crop and therefore was not willing to return
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in May 1820. Subsequently, the
Ryotwari system was extended to the Bombay area. Munro gradually reduced the rate of taxation from one half to one third of the gross produce, even then an excessive tax.
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rents, collected simultaneously. Where the land revenue was imposed directly on the (the individual cultivators who actually worked the land) the system of assessment was known as
31:, which allowed the government to deal directly with the cultivator ('ryot') for revenue collection and gave the peasant freedom to cede or acquire new land for cultivation.
532:
Banerjee, Abhijit; Iyer, Lakshmi (September 2005), "History, Institutions, and
Economic Performance: The Legacy of Colonial Land TenureSystems in India",
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The
Economic History of India in the Victorian Age. Vol. II: From the Accession of Queen Victoria in 1837 to the Commencement of the Twentieth Century
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The
Economic History of India in the Victorian Age. Vol. II: From the Accession of Queen Victoria in 1837 to the Commencement of the Twentieth Century
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The Economic History of India Under Early British Rule. Vol. I: From the Rise of the British Power in 1757 to the Accession of Queen Victoria in 1837
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The Economic History of India Under Early British Rule. From the Rise of the British Power in 1757 to the Accession of Queen Victoria in 1837
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The farmer eventually lost some part of his land to someone else and consequently retained a highly awkward remnant of land for cultivation.
44:. Where the land revenue was imposed indirectly through agreements made with the system of assessment was known as zamindari. In
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This led to excessive marketing of land, which lost its sentimental grip on the farmer. The land became merely a commodity.
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The king never made use of those lands, which could be bought back by the farmers after they got back some money.
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Harnetty, Peter (Autumn 1966), "The British Impact on India: Some Recent Interpretations: A Review Article",
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The farmers and cultivators who owned the land lost their ownership and became tenants in their own land.
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exposing them to the exorbitant demands of moneylenders when crops failed.
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223:only in the form of cash
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137:system was as follows
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35:Description
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466:Dutt 1904
369:June 2023
340:does not
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135:zamindari
672:Category
411:See also
62:Zamindar
42:ryotwari
21:ryotwari
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