1993:). He was congratulated by the Shah, an interesting comment on the relations between the two Muslim empires. Gudovich was replaced by Count Tormasov who arrived about April 1809. In 1810 Poti on the coast was captured. A Turkish invasion was blocked by General Paulucci under the walls of Akhalkalaki. In November 1810 a Russian attack on Akhaltsikhe failed due to an outbreak of plague. In 1811 Tormasov was recalled at his own request and replaced by Paulucci in Transcaucasia, Rtishchev taking over the Northern Line. In 1811 more troops were withdrawn to deal with the expected threat of Napoleon. Turks and Persians agreed on a joint attack toward Gyumri. They met at ’Magasberd’ {location?} on 30Aug11. There a Kurd assassinated the
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Slobozia where they were quickly surrounded by two divisions of
Kutuzov's army. The remaining 20,000 men of Ahmed Pasha's army remained at the Turkish field camp on the right bank near Rusçuk where they guarded the munitions and supplies. On the night of 1 October 1811, however, a Russian detachment of 7,500 men secretly crossed the Danube. In the morning the Russians overwhelmed the Turkish troops in a surprise attack. The Turks panicked and scattered, suffering 2,000 casualties. Thereafter, the Russian forces completely enveloped the Turkish bridgehead on the left bank of the Danube and initiated an all-out artillery attack.
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1413:. To this point, although the Russians had won many battles, they had failed to achieve any important victories that would force the Ottomans to end the war. Furthermore, relationship between France and Russia quickly became strained, pointing to the inevitable renewal of hostilities between the countries. The Russian Empire found that she needed to end the southern war quickly in order to concentrate on dealing with Napoleon. In such a situation, Tsar Alexander appointed his disfavoured general
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this he was promoted to major-general at the age of 29. On 21 February 1812 5000 Turks failed to re-take
Akhalkalaki. Three days later they were defeated at Parghita {location?}. Paulucci was sent west to command troops against Napoleon, and Rtishchev became commander of forces on both sides of the Caucasus mountains.
2008:
against
Akhalkalaki. He made a forced march over the snow-covered mountains, avoiding the main roads, attacked at night, and had storming parties on the walls before the Turks knew the Russians were there. By the morning of 10 December he held the fort with a loss of only 30 killed and wounded. For
1448:
Kutuzov's first action upon taking command was to reduce the size of the garrisons in the fortresses along the Danube and retreat back into
Wallachia. The Russian withdrawal induced the Turks to launch a counter-offensive to recapture lost territory. In the spring of 1811, 60,000 Turkish troops led
1477:
For approximately six weeks, the
Russians sieged and bombarded the Turkish bridgehead. Surrounded with their supply lines cut, the Turks suffered not only from a persistent Russian bombardment but also from malnutrition and disease. A ceasefire was agreed upon on 25 October and approximately three
1473:
Believing that the
Russians were trying to escape, Ahmed Pasha decided to launch an attack. On 28 August, 36,000 Turkish troops began to cross the Danube River to assault the Russians. The Turkish force established a fortified bridgehead on the left bank of the river near the small village of
1469:
on the Danube. After a long struggle, the
Russians successfully repelled Ahmed Pasha's larger army. A few days later as the Turks were preparing to attack the Russians in the Rusçuk fortress, Kutuzov ordered his forces to cross the Danube and retreat back into Wallachia.
1478:
weeks later on 14 November 1811, Ahmed Pasha agreed to a truce and formally surrendered to
Kutuzov. The magnitude of the Turkish defeat with 36,000 casualties, ended the war along the Danube and led to peace negotiations ultimately resulting in the signing of the
1270:
and threatened to penetrate the
Danubian principalities at any time. In order to safeguard the Russian border against a possible French attack, a 40,000-strong Russian contingent advanced into Moldavia and Wallachia. The Sultan reacted by
1461:
and set out on a campaign to confront
Kutuzov's army. Kutuzov's army was also large with 46,000 soldiers, however, he was responsible for protecting the full 600 mile Danube River border between Wallachia and Ottoman Bulgaria.
3217:
1186:
1287:
was reluctant to concentrate large forces against the Ottoman Empire while his relations with Napoleonic France were still uncertain and the main part of his army was occupied fighting against
686:
1922:, but it was still a sideshow to the main action. Russia crossed the Caucasus and annexed Georgia, the western half of which had been nominally Turkish. It also had taken the
1406:
on 26 August. On 26 October, Kamensky again defeated a 40,000-strong army of Osman Pasha at Vidin. The Russians lost only 1,500 men, compared with 10,000 for their opponents.
2061:
had committed to protecting that region. Russia became a new power in the lower Danube area, and had an economically, diplomatically, and militarily profitable frontier.
1402:(or Rustchuk) on 22 July. The latter fortress did not fall to the Russians until 9 September, after Kamensky's army had surprised and routed a huge Turkish detachment at
679:
2432:
The Historians' History of the World: A Comprehensive Narrative of the Rise and Development of Nations as Recorded by Over Two Thousand of the Great Writers of All Ages
3212:
750:
1058:
1422:
Alexander might not like Kutuzov, but he needed Kutuzov's intelligence, his talent and his prestige in the Army, where he was thought to be the direct successor of
1394:(May 22). The position of Silistra now appeared hopeless, and the garrison surrendered on May, 30. Ten days later, Kamensky laid siege to another strong fortress,
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began. The commanders were able to get many of the Russian soldiers in the Balkans back to the western areas before the expected attack of Napoleon.
790:
765:
755:
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2611:
1351:. The Russian Emperor, constrained by Napoleon to sign an armistice with the Turks, used the time of peace to transfer more Russian soldiers from
3400:
2269:
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1398:(or Schumen). His storm of the citadel was repelled at great loss of life, and more bloodshed ensued during the storming of the Danubian port of
3584:
3478:
3145:
2837:
1942:
but the Turks and Persians did not help each other. A large part of the Russian army was tied up because of Napoleon's threat in the west. The
1409:
However, the young Nikolay Kamensky caught a serious illness on February 4, 1811 and died soon thereafter, left the army under the command of
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17:
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but, on hearing that the 50,000-strong Turkish army approached the city, deemed it wise to evacuate Dobruja and retreat to Bessarabia.
1008:
44:
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3355:
3286:
2579:
2513:
2883:
3624:
3619:
3609:
3604:
3234:
3224:
2518:
1943:
1410:
1038:
819:
3259:
1048:
3473:
3305:
3192:
2671:
2430:
2323:
2295:
1359:. After the southern army was augmented to 80,000 and the hostilities were resumed, the 76-year-old commander-in-chief
1028:
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2826:
2821:
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2793:
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2739:
2724:
2584:
1939:
1919:
1165:
1155:
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1140:
1135:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1101:
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930:
918:
906:
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3017:
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1887:
1328:
976:
971:
715:
3410:
3170:
3155:
3096:
2455:
140:
3310:
1918:
Six years of war on the eastern front left the border unchanged. Fighting here was more serious than during the
2878:
2842:
1033:
575:
509:
283:
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3044:
2773:
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1175:
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3405:
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2903:
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2508:
2448:
2036:
2024:
2017:
1479:
965:
936:
896:
858:
161:
3594:
3589:
3244:
3138:
2938:
958:
214:
136:
1299:, the Wallachian capital, was promptly checked at Obilesti by as few as 4,500 soldiers commanded by
3574:
3564:
3559:
3385:
3091:
2666:
2470:
2068:, Turkey regained nearly all it had lost in the east: Poti, Anapa and Akhalkalali. Russia retained
351:
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132:
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49:
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1360:
1316:
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710:
328:
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225:
720:
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2636:
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1300:
1239:
1130:
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619:
497:
403:
270:
8:
3538:
3468:
3325:
2853:
2788:
2559:
1935:
1259:
1243:
2334:
1390:, who defeated the Ottoman reinforcement heading for Silistra and ousted the Turks from
1363:
made little progress in more than a year. In August 1809 he was eventually succeeded by
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3510:
3463:
3445:
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3064:
2816:
2714:
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2554:
2073:
2005:
1990:
1951:
1443:
1312:
1211:
874:
800:
725:
2288:
Caucasian Battlefields: A History of the Wars on the Turco-Caucasian Border, 1828–1921
3435:
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on the Abkhazian coast. In return, the Sultan accepted the Russian annexation of the
1959:
1423:
1170:
993:
942:
745:
109:
3420:
3365:
3271:
3012:
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2753:
2719:
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2379:
1955:
1458:
1383:
370:
355:
2409:
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3187:
3039:
3007:
2681:
2661:
1414:
1403:
1387:
1364:
1348:
1336:
1320:
1231:
1219:
843:
775:
735:
730:
586:
491:
436:
392:
381:
340:
92:
3523:
3350:
3113:
3103:
2480:
2058:
2012:
1931:
1207:
1203:
988:
924:
664:
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614:
603:
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581:
570:
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502:
409:
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296:
203:
2383:
2125:
2114:
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1947:
1930:
along the Caspian coast and east of Georgia. The area around modern Armenia (
1308:
551:
532:
414:
3239:
2763:
2729:
2484:
2391:
Mikhailovskii-Danilevskii, Alexander (2002). Mikaberidze, Alexander (ed.).
982:
3000:
3345:
3074:
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2928:
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1974:
1970:
1324:
1266:, both Ottoman vassal states. Simultaneously, the French Empire occupied
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901:
148:
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3118:
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1923:
1356:
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178:
2367:
2041:
According to the Treaty, the Ottoman Empire ceded the eastern half of
1985:
also failed. The Turks took the offensive, failed three times to take
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2173:
1296:
1255:
1235:
1069:
564:
527:
258:
3533:
3395:
2042:
1994:
1376:
1288:
1267:
1263:
1251:
1215:
247:
174:
144:
811:
2069:
1998:
1927:
1391:
1372:
1352:
1304:
1292:
35:
2472:
2050:
1986:
1466:
1454:
1399:
1395:
1368:
1347:
At this point the war might have ended, if it were not for the
1214:. Russia prevailed, but both sides wanted peace as they feared
100:
1966:
1965:
Fighting with Turkey began in 1807 with the swift seizure of
1335:. The Ottoman fleet was destroyed the following month in the
2054:
1982:
1978:
2408:
2182:
1969:
by Admiral Pustoshkin. Gudovich led his main force toward
2395:(Volume 1–2 ed.). West Chester: Nafziger Collection.
1295:. A massive Ottoman offensive aimed at Russian-occupied
2200:
2130:
2356:
State Building and Conflict Resolution in the Caucasus
2161:
2023:
Russia decided to make peace, which was signed by the
1382:
In 1810, the hostilities were renewed by the brothers
3267:
Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
2151:
2149:
2147:
2145:
1977:
and withdrew to Georgia. Secondary campaigns against
1738:
1059:
Portuguese invasion of the Banda Oriental (1811–1812)
2286:
Allen, William Edward David; Muratoff, Paul (2010).
2248:
2236:
2224:
2212:
2188:
2368:"The Making of the Treaty of Bucharest, 1811–1812"
2142:
1465:On 22 June 1811, the two forces met in battle at
3551:
3282:Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)
2612:List of battles involving the Russian Federation
1230:The war broke out against the background of the
694:
3401:Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts
3316:Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)
1989:and then were completely defeated by Gudovich (
1417:to be the new commander of the Russian force.
1339:, thus establishing Russian supremacy at sea.
3255:Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)
2456:
1085:
827:
680:
2402:The War between Russia and Turkey, 1806–1812
1437:
3208:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)
3203:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)
2279:Ottoman Wars, 1700–1870: An Empire Besieged
2270:Bibliography of Russian history (1613–1917)
2126:https://necrometrics.com/wars19c.htm#RuTk06
2115:https://necrometrics.com/wars19c.htm#RuTk06
2524:Military history of the Russian Federation
2463:
2449:
2045:to Russia (which renamed the territory to
1903:=Khanates taken from Persia before the war
1710:
1092:
1078:
834:
820:
687:
673:
2774:Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689)
2049:), specifically, the territories east of
2001:and this caused the forces to break up.
1696:
1542:
1528:
1311:destroyed the Turkish force of 20,000 at
1273:blocking the Dardanelles to Russian ships
2428:
2304:
2218:
2167:
2011:
1668:
60:of all important aspects of the article.
2735:Russian Conquest of Siberia (1580–1747)
2605:List of wars involving the Soviet Union
2332:
2155:
1973:but lost 900 men while trying to storm
1654:
1342:
1009:Linois's expedition to the Indian Ocean
106:Russian Fleet after the Battle of Athos
14:
3552:
3356:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
3287:Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944
3146:Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)
3124:Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919
2838:Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739)
2514:Military history of the Russian Empire
1626:
1375:. Bagration proceeded to lay siege to
1327:and defeated the Ottoman fleet in the
1099:
56:Please consider expanding the lead to
3585:Military history of Georgia (country)
3506:Deployment in Nagorno-Karabakh (2020)
2884:Russian colonization of North America
2444:
2353:
2313:
2285:
2276:
2254:
2242:
2230:
2206:
2194:
2136:
1938:) was still Persian. Russia was also
1682:
1640:
1514:
1073:
815:
668:
2519:Military history of the Soviet Union
1411:Louis Alexandre Andrault de Langeron
1278:
1039:British invasions of the River Plate
29:
3260:Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940
1831:
1817:
1556:
1500:
1200:Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)
841:
173:Russia annexes the eastern half of
27:Conflict during the Napoleonic Wars
24:
3306:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
2672:1993 Russian constitutional crisis
2435:. London: The History Association.
25:
3636:
3615:19th century in Georgia (country)
3171:Red Army intervention in Mongolia
2183:Great Russian Encyclopedia (2017)
1761:
1485:
1307:, the 7,000-strong contingent of
3225:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
3018:Russian conquest of Central Asia
2954:Russian conquest of the Caucasus
2750:Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)
2692:Insurgency in the North Caucasus
2393:Russian-Turkish War of 1806–1812
2307:Russian Conquest of the Caucasus
2083:on June 11, some 13 days before
1872:
1858:
1844:
1830:
1816:
1802:
1788:
1774:
1760:
1746:
1737:
1723:
1709:
1695:
1681:
1667:
1653:
1639:
1625:
1611:
1597:
1583:
1569:
1555:
1541:
1527:
1513:
1499:
1492:
1315:(June 18). In the meantime, the
653:
643:
624:
613:
602:
591:
580:
569:
558:
550:
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531:
521:
508:
496:
485:
474:
463:
452:
441:
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408:
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375:
364:
345:
334:
322:
310:
289:
276:
263:
252:
241:
230:
219:
208:
196:
99:
34:
3511:Deployment in Kazakhstan (2022)
3156:Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan
3097:1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine
2263:
1747:
1598:
48:may be too short to adequately
3193:Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)
2843:War of the Austrian Succession
2429:Williams, Henry Smith (1907).
2316:The Caucasus – An Introduction
2290:. Cambridge University Press.
2119:
2108:
1920:Russo-Turkish War of 1787–1792
1789:
1724:
284:Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro
123:22 December 1806 – 28 May 1812
58:provide an accessible overview
13:
1:
3416:South Ossetia war (1991–1992)
3294:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
3045:Russian invasion of Manchuria
3035:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
2981:Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)
2976:Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)
2919:Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)
2909:Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)
2874:Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)
2869:Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)
2859:Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)
2849:Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)
2827:Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)
2822:Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711)
2799:Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)
2794:Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)
2769:Russo-Persian War (1651–1653)
2745:Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595)
2740:Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)
2725:Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)
2600:List of wars involving Russia
2595:Sino-Russian border conflicts
2085:Napoleon's invasion of Russia
1873:
1859:
1775:
1570:
1225:
1024:Second Archipelago Expedition
1019:British conquest of Cape Town
448:Kelesh Ahmed-Bey Shervashidze
82:Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)
3371:Eritrean War of Independence
3341:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
3336:East German uprising of 1953
3277:Eastern Front (World War II)
3166:Red Army invasion of Georgia
3161:Red Army invasion of Armenia
3129:Estonian War of Independence
3070:Russian occupation of Tabriz
2991:Hungarian Revolution of 1848
2949:War of the Seventh Coalition
2832:War of the Polish Succession
2779:Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)
2102:
2030:
1845:
1803:
1612:
1584:
1457:, the strongest fortress in
1275:and declared war on Russia.
1240:Russian defeat at Austerlitz
711:Dardanelles operation (1807)
18:Russo-Turkish War, 1806-1812
7:
3625:1810s in the Russian Empire
3620:1800s in the Russian Empire
3610:1810s in the Ottoman Empire
3605:1800s in the Ottoman Empire
3411:War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)
3361:Sino-Soviet border conflict
3230:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
3198:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)
3134:Latvian War of Independence
3023:Russian conquest of Bukhara
2914:War of the Fourth Coalition
2899:War of the Second Coalition
2090:
2079:The treaty was approved by
2016:Southeast Europe after the
1892:Russo-Turkish War 1806-1812
1367:, who promptly crossed the
10:
3641:
3406:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
2944:War of the Sixth Coalition
2934:War of the Fifth Coalition
2904:War of the Third Coalition
2509:Military history of Russia
2471:Armed conflicts involving
2414:Great Russian Encyclopedia
2404:(Volume 1–3 Spb ed.).
2400:Petrov, A.H. (1885–1887).
2305:Baddeley, John F. (1908).
2267:
2037:Treaty of Bucharest (1812)
2034:
2025:Treaty of Bucharest (1812)
1441:
1246:, deposed the pro-Russian
3519:
3454:
3245:Soviet invasion of Poland
3055:
2939:French invasion of Russia
2807:
2705:
2624:
2550:Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars
2542:
2499:
2492:
2384:10.1080/00263207908700404
2354:Hille, Charlotte (2010).
1438:Kutuzov's campaign (1811)
1329:Battle of the Dardanelles
1184:
1111:
959:French invasion of Russia
853:
706:
636:
302:
215:Principality of Mingrelia
188:
115:
98:
86:
81:
3386:South African Border War
3311:Guerrilla war in Ukraine
3213:Chechen uprising of 1932
2894:Russo-Persian War (1796)
2335:"Sideshow on the Danube"
2333:Kamenir, Victor (2017).
2314:Coene, Frederik (2010).
2277:Aksan, Virginia (2013).
2057:rivers, even though the
352:Giorgio Giovanni Zuccato
237:Principality of Abkhazia
177:, which became known as
3580:19th century in Armenia
3028:Khivan campaign of 1873
2879:Russo-Polish War (1792)
1254:of the Principality of
999:Minor campaigns of 1815
3501:Western Libya campaign
3176:East Karelian uprising
2697:Wagner Group rebellion
2632:Uprising of Bolotnikov
2410:"Slobodze Battle 1811"
2372:Middle Eastern Studies
2097:First Serbian Uprising
2020:
1435:
1248:Constantine Ypsilantis
892:First Serbian Uprising
481:Constantine Ypsilantis
459:Aslan-Bey Shervashidze
303:Commanders and leaders
3496:Intervention in Syria
3431:Tajikistani Civil War
3139:Lithuanian–Soviet War
3080:Battle of Robat Karim
2529:Post-Soviet conflicts
2081:Alexander I of Russia
2015:
1419:
1333:Selim III was deposed
1317:Russian Imperial Navy
977:Swedish-Norwegian War
637:Casualties and losses
329:Alexander Prozorovsky
226:Principality of Guria
3479:Annexation of Crimea
3183:Central Asian Revolt
3092:Ukrainian–Soviet War
2964:Russo-Circassian War
2647:Pugachev's Rebellion
2590:Russo-Ukrainian Wars
2534:Russian Armed Forces
2504:Early modern warfare
1888:class=notpageimage|
1343:Campaigns of 1808–10
1301:Mikhail Miloradovich
1238:, encouraged by the
1014:West Indies campaign
404:Mikhail Miloradovich
271:Revolutionary Serbia
3539:Sphere of influence
3469:Russo-Ukrainian War
3326:First Indochina War
3299:Soviet–Japanese War
3235:Xinjiang War (1937)
3104:Kazakhstan Campaign
2889:Kościuszko Uprising
2789:Second Northern War
2667:Coup attempt (1991)
2560:Soviet-Finnish wars
2209:, pp. 276–277.
2139:, pp. 261–270.
2018:Treaty of Bucharest
1936:Nakhichevan Khanate
1480:Treaty of Bucharest
1303:(June 2, 1807). In
1283:Initially, Emperor
1260:Alexander Mourousis
1242:and advised by the
631:Ibrahim Hilmi Pasha
317:Emperor Alexander I
162:Treaty of Bucharest
3570:Russo-Turkish wars
3529:Russian Revolution
3464:Russo-Georgian War
3446:Second Chechen War
3426:Georgian Civil War
3065:Russo-Japanese War
2817:Great Northern War
2715:Russo-Crimean Wars
2687:Second Chechen War
2585:Russo-Turkish wars
2580:Russo-Swedish wars
2570:Russo-Persian Wars
2555:Russo-Crimean Wars
2416:(in Russian). 2017
2074:Kingdom of Imereti
2021:
2006:Pyotr Kotlyarevsky
1991:Battle of Arpachai
1952:Alexander Tormasov
1940:at war with Persia
1717:Nakhchivan Khanate
1444:Battle of Slobozia
1234:. In 1806, Sultan
1212:Russo-Turkish Wars
1187:Turco-Mongol raids
1103:Russo-Turkish Wars
875:Franco-Swedish War
89:Russo-Turkish Wars
3547:
3546:
3436:First Chechen War
3391:Soviet–Afghan War
3376:Angolan Civil War
3151:Polish–Soviet War
3109:Finnish Civil War
3087:Russian Civil War
2986:November Uprising
2924:Anglo-Russian War
2864:Bar Confederation
2677:First Chechen War
2657:Russian Civil War
2652:Decembrist revolt
2642:Bulavin Rebellion
2637:Razin's Rebellion
2620:
2619:
2575:Russo-Polish Wars
2543:Lists by opponent
1960:Nikolay Rtishchev
1703:Khanate of Erevan
1549:Free Mountaineers
1535:Free Mountaineers
1392:Hacıoğlu Pazarcık
1279:Early hostilities
1220:moves to the east
1193:
1192:
1067:
1066:
1029:Adriatic campaign
994:Waterloo campaign
983:Seventh Coalition
948:Anglo-Swedish War
943:Austro-Polish War
931:Anglo-Russian War
919:Anglo-Turkish War
887:Russo-Turkish War
870:Russo-Persian War
865:Anglo-Spanish War
809:
808:
786:2nd Rousse (1811)
697:Russo-Turkish War
663:
662:
609:Koca Hüsrev Pasha
547:Sultan Mustafa IV
470:Veniamin Costache
426:Nino of Mingrelia
184:
183:
110:Alexey Bogolyubov
75:
74:
16:(Redirected from
3632:
3595:1810s in Romania
3590:1800s in Romania
3421:Transnistria War
3366:War of Attrition
3272:Continuation War
3221:
3013:January Uprising
2854:Seven Years' War
2754:Time of Troubles
2720:Russo-Kazan Wars
2565:Russo-Kazan Wars
2497:
2496:
2465:
2458:
2451:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2405:
2396:
2387:
2359:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2341:. Historynet LLC
2329:
2310:
2301:
2282:
2258:
2252:
2246:
2240:
2234:
2228:
2222:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2198:
2192:
2186:
2180:
2171:
2165:
2159:
2153:
2140:
2134:
2128:
2123:
2117:
2112:
1956:Filippo Paulucci
1944:Russian Viceroys
1898:=Russian Georgia
1876:
1875:
1862:
1861:
1848:
1847:
1834:
1833:
1820:
1819:
1806:
1805:
1792:
1791:
1778:
1777:
1764:
1763:
1750:
1749:
1741:
1740:
1727:
1726:
1713:
1712:
1699:
1698:
1685:
1684:
1675:Karabakh Khanate
1671:
1670:
1657:
1656:
1643:
1642:
1629:
1628:
1615:
1614:
1601:
1600:
1587:
1586:
1573:
1572:
1559:
1558:
1545:
1544:
1531:
1530:
1517:
1516:
1503:
1502:
1496:
1482:on 28 May 1812.
1459:Ottoman Bulgaria
1449:by Grand Vizier
1433:
1365:Prince Bagration
1106:
1104:
1094:
1087:
1080:
1071:
1070:
972:Dano-Swedish War
907:Dano-Swedish War
881:Fourth Coalition
848:
846:
836:
829:
822:
813:
812:
796:2nd Turnu (1811)
761:Tataritse (1810)
701:
689:
682:
675:
666:
665:
658:
657:
648:
647:
629:
628:
620:Aziz Ahmed Pasha
618:
617:
607:
606:
598:Ağa Hüseyin Paşa
596:
595:
585:
584:
576:Yusuf Ziya Pasha
574:
573:
565:Sultan Mahmud II
563:
562:
555:
554:
545:
544:
536:
535:
528:Sultan Selim III
526:
525:
513:
512:
501:
500:
490:
489:
488:
479:
478:
477:
468:
467:
466:
457:
456:
455:
446:
445:
444:
435:
434:
433:
424:
423:
422:
413:
412:
402:
401:
391:
390:
380:
379:
371:Nikolay Kamensky
369:
368:
360:
350:
349:
339:
338:
331:
327:
326:
315:
314:
295:
293:
292:
282:
280:
279:
269:
267:
266:
257:
256:
255:
246:
245:
244:
235:
234:
233:
224:
223:
222:
213:
212:
211:
202:
200:
199:
117:
116:
103:
79:
78:
70:
67:
61:
38:
30:
21:
3640:
3639:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3575:Napoleonic Wars
3565:1810s conflicts
3560:1800s conflicts
3550:
3549:
3548:
3543:
3515:
3456:
3450:
3441:War of Dagestan
3215:
3188:August Uprising
3057:
3051:
3040:Boxer Rebellion
3008:Amur Annexation
2809:
2803:
2707:
2701:
2682:War of Dagestan
2662:August Uprising
2616:
2538:
2488:
2469:
2439:
2419:
2417:
2399:
2390:
2362:
2344:
2342:
2326:
2298:
2272:
2266:
2261:
2253:
2249:
2241:
2237:
2229:
2225:
2219:Baddeley (1908)
2217:
2213:
2205:
2201:
2193:
2189:
2181:
2174:
2168:Williams (1907)
2166:
2162:
2154:
2143:
2135:
2131:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2093:
2039:
2033:
1916:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1841:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1743:
1742:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1692:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1661:Shirvan Khanate
1658:
1650:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1574:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1488:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1431:
1415:Mikhail Kutuzov
1388:Sergei Kamensky
1349:Peace of Tilsit
1345:
1337:Battle of Athos
1321:Dmitry Senyavin
1281:
1262:as Hospodar of
1232:Napoleonic Wars
1228:
1210:was one of the
1196:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1180:
1107:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1068:
1063:
1005:
966:Sixth Coalition
937:Fifth Coalition
859:Third Coalition
849:
845:Napoleonic Wars
844:
842:
840:
810:
805:
801:Slobozia (1811)
726:Arpachai (1807)
721:Obilești (1807)
702:
698:
695:
693:
659:100,000 killed
652:
642:
623:
622:
612:
611:
601:
600:
590:
589:
587:Seydi Ali Pasha
579:
578:
568:
567:
557:
556:
539:
538:
537:
520:
519:
507:
505:
495:
494:
492:Mamia V Gurieli
486:
484:
483:
475:
473:
472:
464:
462:
461:
453:
451:
450:
442:
440:
439:
437:Levan V Dadiani
431:
429:
428:
420:
418:
417:
407:
406:
396:
395:
393:Dmitry Senyavin
385:
384:
382:Mikhail Kutuzov
374:
373:
363:
362:
356:
344:
343:
341:Pyotr Bagration
333:
332:
321:
320:
319:
309:
290:
288:
277:
275:
273:
264:
262:
261:
253:
251:
250:
242:
240:
239:
231:
229:
228:
220:
218:
217:
209:
207:
206:
197:
195:
169:
160:
159:Russian victory
151:
104:
93:Napoleonic Wars
71:
65:
62:
55:
43:This article's
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3638:
3628:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3600:Ottoman Greece
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3524:Russian Winter
3520:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3492:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3466:
3460:
3458:
3452:
3451:
3449:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3351:Vlora incident
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3252:
3247:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3121:
3116:
3114:Sochi conflict
3111:
3106:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3072:
3067:
3061:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3037:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3025:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3004:
3003:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2966:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2840:
2835:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2813:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2711:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2546:
2544:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2500:
2494:
2490:
2489:
2468:
2467:
2460:
2453:
2445:
2438:
2437:
2426:
2406:
2397:
2388:
2378:(2): 163–192.
2360:
2351:
2330:
2325:978-0415666831
2324:
2311:
2302:
2297:978-1108013352
2296:
2283:
2273:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2257:, p. 125.
2247:
2235:
2223:
2211:
2199:
2197:, p. 276.
2187:
2172:
2170:, p. 467.
2160:
2156:Kamenir (2017)
2141:
2129:
2118:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2092:
2089:
2059:Ottoman Empire
2035:Main article:
2032:
2029:
2004:Paulucci sent
1932:Erivan Khanate
1886:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1864:
1857:
1856:
1851:
1850:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1836:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1822:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1808:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1794:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1780:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1766:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1752:
1745:
1744:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1729:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1715:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1701:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1687:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1673:
1666:
1665:
1660:
1659:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1645:
1638:
1637:
1633:Talysh Khanate
1632:
1631:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1617:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1603:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1589:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1575:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1561:
1554:
1553:
1548:
1547:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1533:
1526:
1525:
1520:
1519:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1505:
1498:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1486:Caucasus front
1484:
1439:
1436:
1429:
1344:
1341:
1331:, after which
1323:blockaded the
1309:Count Gudovich
1280:
1277:
1227:
1224:
1208:Ottoman Empire
1204:Russian Empire
1191:
1190:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1097:
1096:
1089:
1082:
1074:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1004:
1003:
1002:
1001:
996:
991:
989:Neapolitan War
979:
974:
969:
962:
955:
950:
945:
940:
933:
928:
925:Peninsular War
921:
916:
911:
910:
909:
904:
894:
889:
884:
877:
872:
867:
862:
854:
851:
850:
839:
838:
831:
824:
816:
807:
806:
804:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
751:Dobrich (1810)
748:
746:Dobruja (1809)
743:
741:Frasine (1808)
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
707:
704:
703:
692:
691:
684:
677:
669:
661:
660:
650:
649:70,000 killed
639:
638:
634:
633:
517:
305:
304:
300:
299:
297:Ottoman Empire
286:
204:Russian Empire
191:
190:
186:
185:
182:
181:
171:
165:
164:
157:
153:
152:
131:
129:
125:
124:
121:
113:
112:
96:
95:
84:
83:
77:
76:
73:
72:
52:the key points
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3637:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3518:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3490:
3489:2022 invasion
3487:
3485:
3484:War in Donbas
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3453:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3321:Ili Rebellion
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3219:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
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3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3098:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3054:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2959:Caucasian War
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
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2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
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2857:
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2836:
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2823:
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2806:
2800:
2797:
2795:
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2777:
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2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
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2718:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2704:
2698:
2695:
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2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
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2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
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2629:
2627:
2623:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2598:
2596:
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2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
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2427:
2415:
2411:
2407:
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2385:
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2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2340:
2336:
2331:
2327:
2321:
2318:. Routledge.
2317:
2312:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2275:
2274:
2271:
2256:
2251:
2245:, p. 19.
2244:
2239:
2233:, p. 64.
2232:
2227:
2220:
2215:
2208:
2203:
2196:
2191:
2184:
2179:
2177:
2169:
2164:
2157:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2138:
2133:
2127:
2122:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2066:Transcaucasia
2062:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2038:
2028:
2026:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1948:Ivan Gudovich
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1912:
1907:
1906:Black Diamond
1902:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1689:Ganja Khanate
1647:Shaki Khanate
1521:Steppe Nomads
1495:
1483:
1481:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1445:
1428:
1427:
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1412:
1407:
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1290:
1286:
1276:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1244:French Empire
1241:
1237:
1233:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1188:
1183:
1177:
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1081:
1076:
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1072:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1044:Spice Islands
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
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997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
986:
985:
984:
980:
978:
975:
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968:
967:
963:
961:
960:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
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934:
932:
929:
927:
926:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
908:
905:
903:
900:
899:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
882:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
860:
856:
855:
852:
847:
837:
832:
830:
825:
823:
818:
817:
814:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
771:Rousse (1810)
769:
767:
766:Sukhum (1810)
764:
762:
759:
757:
756:Shumla (1810)
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
736:Lemnos (1807)
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
708:
705:
700:
690:
685:
683:
678:
676:
671:
670:
667:
656:
651:
646:
641:
640:
635:
632:
627:
621:
616:
610:
605:
599:
594:
588:
583:
577:
572:
566:
561:
553:
548:
543:
534:
529:
524:
518:
516:
511:
506:
504:
499:
493:
482:
471:
460:
449:
438:
427:
416:
415:Ivan Gudovich
411:
405:
400:
394:
389:
383:
378:
372:
367:
361:
359:
353:
348:
342:
337:
330:
325:
318:
313:
307:
306:
301:
298:
287:
285:
274:
272:
260:
249:
238:
227:
216:
205:
193:
192:
187:
180:
176:
172:
167:
166:
163:
158:
155:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
127:
126:
122:
119:
118:
114:
111:
107:
102:
97:
94:
90:
85:
80:
69:
59:
53:
51:
46:
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
3240:World War II
2918:
2764:Smolensk War
2730:Livonian War
2431:
2418:. Retrieved
2413:
2401:
2392:
2375:
2371:
2355:
2343:. Retrieved
2338:
2315:
2306:
2287:
2281:. Routledge.
2278:
2264:Bibliography
2255:Coene (2010)
2250:
2243:Allen (2010)
2238:
2231:Hille (2010)
2226:
2214:
2207:Aksan (2013)
2202:
2195:Aksan (2013)
2190:
2163:
2137:Aksan (2013)
2132:
2121:
2110:
2078:
2063:
2040:
2022:
2003:
1964:
1917:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1891:
1476:
1472:
1464:
1453:gathered at
1447:
1421:
1420:
1408:
1381:
1371:and overran
1346:
1282:
1229:
1202:between the
1199:
1197:
1150:
1049:Indian Ocean
981:
964:
957:
935:
923:
897:English Wars
886:
879:
857:
791:Turnu (1811)
781:Vidin (1810)
776:Batin (1810)
731:Athos (1807)
696:
357:
308:
194:
189:Belligerents
105:
87:Part of the
63:
47:
45:lead section
3346:Vietnam War
3216: [
3075:World War I
2996:Crimean War
2929:Finnish War
2845:(1740–1748)
2834:(1733–1738)
2759:Ingrian War
2475:(including
2420:27 February
2345:25 February
2076:, in 1810.
2070:Sukhum-Kale
1975:Akhalkalaki
1971:Akhaltsikhe
1946:were 1806:
1838:Akhalkalaki
1824:Akhaltsikhe
1563:Sukhum-Kale
1507:Vladikavkaz
1451:Ahmed Pasha
1361:Prozorovsky
1325:Dardanelles
1285:Alexander I
953:War of 1812
914:Finnish War
902:Gunboat War
716:Dardanelles
699:(1806–1812)
168:Territorial
149:Dardanelles
3554:Categories
3381:Ogaden War
3331:Korean War
3250:Winter War
3119:Heimosodat
2706:Tsardom of
2364:Ismail, F.
2339:HistoryNet
2268:See also:
2047:Bessarabia
1442:See also:
1357:Bessarabia
1226:Background
179:Bessarabia
147:, and the
3001:Åland War
2969:Murid War
2808:18th–19th
2103:Citations
2031:Aftermath
1768:Mingrelia
1297:Bucharest
1256:Wallachia
1236:Selim III
1176:1916–1917
1171:1914–1918
1126:1686–1700
503:Karađorđe
259:Wallachia
137:Wallachia
66:July 2023
50:summarize
3534:Cold War
3396:Gulf War
2752:and the
2625:Internal
2481:Imperial
2366:(1979).
2358:. Brill.
2091:See also
2043:Moldavia
1995:Serasker
1958:, 1812:
1954:, 1811:
1950:, 1809:
1928:khanates
1913:=Turkish
1908:=Persian
1432:E. Tarle
1430:—
1377:Silistra
1313:Arpachai
1289:Napoleon
1268:Dalmatia
1264:Moldavia
1252:Hospodar
1216:Napoleon
1206:and the
1054:2nd Java
1034:1st Java
248:Moldavia
175:Moldavia
145:Caucasus
133:Moldavia
128:Location
3474:Outline
3457:century
3058:century
2810:century
2493:Related
2477:Tsarist
1999:Erzurum
1926:vassal
1924:Persian
1754:Imereti
1605:Derbent
1424:Suvorov
1384:Nikolay
1373:Dobruja
1353:Prussia
1305:Armenia
1293:Prussia
1166:1877–78
1161:1853–56
1156:1828–29
1151:1806–12
1146:1787–92
1141:1768–74
1136:1735–39
1131:1710–11
1121:1676–81
1116:1568–70
515:Petar I
358:†
170:changes
141:Armenia
2784:Deluge
2708:Russia
2487:times)
2485:Soviet
2473:Russia
2322:
2294:
2051:Danube
1987:Gyumri
1901:Yellow
1796:Ajaria
1731:Tiflis
1467:Rusçuk
1400:Rousse
1396:Shumla
1369:Danube
1319:under
549:
530:
354:
294:
281:
268:
201:
156:Result
3220:]
1967:Anapa
1880:Gymri
1866:Anapa
1782:Guria
1577:Tarki
1455:Šumnu
1404:Batin
3455:21st
3056:20th
2483:and
2422:2021
2347:2021
2320:ISBN
2292:ISBN
2055:Prut
2053:and
1983:Poti
1981:and
1979:Kars
1934:and
1896:Blue
1852:Poti
1810:Kars
1619:Baku
1591:Quba
1386:and
1258:and
1198:The
120:Date
91:and
2380:doi
2064:In
1997:of
1911:Red
1355:to
1291:in
1250:as
1218:'s
108:by
3556::
3218:ru
2479:,
2412:.
2376:15
2374:.
2370:.
2337:.
2175:^
2144:^
2027:.
1962:.
1222:.
143:,
139:,
135:,
2464:e
2457:t
2450:v
2424:.
2386:.
2382::
2349:.
2328:.
2309:.
2300:.
2221:.
2185:.
2158:.
1426:.
1093:e
1086:t
1079:v
835:e
828:t
821:v
688:e
681:t
674:v
68:)
64:(
54:.
20:)
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