122:
104:
75:
751:
334:
532:
759:
302:
82:
487:. The vassalage was, however, largely nominal, and both Mingrelian and Abkhazian rulers not only successfully fought for their independence, but contested borders with each other and with Imereti. The independence of Abkhazia was largely symbolic as the region was generally left alone as the kings of Imereti had their hands full governing their designated area. In 1490, the split became official as Georgia was split by treaty into the
373:
601:
359:
592:, and was run by Gechba, Arydba and Tsanba clans. These polities included also several minor fiefdoms governed by the representatives of the Sharvashidze-Chachba house or other noble families such as Achba (Anchabadze), Emhaa (Emukhvari), Ziapsh-Ipa, Inal-Ipa, Chabalurkhua and Chkhotua. All these princedoms were more or less dependent on the princes of Abkhazia proper.
580:; Jikeshia received Abjua between the Ghalidzga and the Kodori; and Kvapu became a lord of a county on the coast extending from the Ghalidzga to the Inguri, subsequently known as the country of Samurzakano after Kvapu's son Murzakan. The highlands of Dal-Tzabal (Tzebelda, Tsabal) were without any centralized government, but were dominated by the clan of Marshan.
619:. The first attempt to enter into relation with Russia was made by the said Keilash Bey in 1803, shortly after the incorporation of eastern Georgia into the expanding Tsarist empire (1801). When the Ottomans tried to subjugate Abkhazia and sent a naval squadron to its coast in 1806 Kelesh Bey gathered twenty-five thousand soldiers. Seeing that the fortress of
666:
by Russia in 1864. The autonomy of
Abkhazia, which had functioned as a pro-Russian "buffer zone" in this troublesome region, was no more needed to the Tsarist government and the rule of the Sharvashidze came to an end; in November 1864, Prince Michael was forced to renounce his rights and resettle in
1623:
The
Encyclopaedia of Geography: Comprising a Complete Description of the Earth, Physical, Statistical, Civil, and Political; Exhibiting its Relation to the Heavenly Bodies, its Physical Structure, The Natural History of Each Country, and the Industry, Commerce, Political Institutions, and Civil and
523:
was but slowly replaced and it was not until the second half of the 18th century that the ruling
Sharvashidze family embraced Islam. Until then, Abkhazia, secured from large-scale invasions by its mountainous location and impassable forests, had retained independence and profited from commerce in
774:
In July 1866 an attempt made by the
Russian authorities to collect information concerning the economic conditions of the Abkhaz, for the purpose of taxation, led to the Lykhny revolt. The rebels proclaimed Mikheil Sharvashidze's son Giorgi as prince and marched on
1265:
In the north, among the mountains, there is
Sadasha, the land belonging to Sidi Ahmed Pasha; the inhabitants speak well both the Abkhazian language and the language of the Circassians, the latter is adjacent to their country, their seven thousand brave and strong
462:
established their trading factories along the
Abkhazian coastline in the 14th century, but they functioned for a short time. When the Georgian kingdom was embroiled in a bitter civil war in the 1450s, the Sharvashidzes joined a major rebellion against King
543:
Throughout the 16th–18th centuries, the
Abkhazian lords were involved in the incessant border conflicts with the Mingrelian princes. As a result, the Sharvashidze potentates were able to expand their possessions in the east, first to the river
649:
However, George's rule, as well of his successors, was limited to the neighborhood of Suhum-Kale and the Bzyb area garrisoned by the
Russians while the other parts had remained under the rule of the Muslim nobles. The
1539:
793:, especially after the locals took part in the rebellion of the Caucasian mountaineers incited by the landing of Turkish troops in 1877. As a result, many areas became virtually deserted.
121:
1768:
1346:
1773:
833:
1543:
839:
561:
103:
1199:
827:
418:
783:
were able to suppress the revolt by the same August. The harsh
Russian reaction led, subsequently, to a considerable emigration of the Abkhaz
156:
1778:
994:
213:
654:
strongly enhanced the
Russian positions, leading to a further split in the Abkhaz elite, mainly along religious divisions. During the
471:
in 1463. As a result, Georgia split into three rival kingdoms and five principalities. The Abkhazian princes were the vassals of the
1693:
1120:
515:
occupied the fort of Tskhumi, turning it into the Turkish fortress of Suhum-Kale. Abkhazia came under the influence of Turkey and
1419:
1703:
1640:
1578:
1258:
1155:
1004:
1758:
780:
714:"The principal tribe in Abaza are the Chach, who speak Mingrelian, which is spoken on the opposite shore of the Phasus"
414:
568:
established himself as a prince of Abkhazia proper, also known as the Bzyb Abkhazia, on the coast from the modern-day
1682:
1663:
1608:
1540:"Conflicting Narratives in Abkhazia and Georgia: Different Visions of the same History and the Quest for Objectivity"
1182:
1031:
635:
1308:"Viacheslav Chirikba. "The Ubykh People Were in Practice Consumed in the Flames of the Fight for Freedom""
1307:
1733:"ABKHAZIA FROM THE 16 TH CENTURY TO THE BEGINNING OF THE 19 TH CENTURY §1. Abkhazia in the 16 th -17 th Centuries"
1445:"ABKHAZIA FROM THE 16 TH CENTURY TO THE BEGINNING OF THE 19 TH CENTURY §1. Abkhazia in the 16 th -17 th Centuries"
1054:"ABKHAZIA FROM THE 16 TH CENTURY TO THE BEGINNING OF THE 19 TH CENTURY §1. Abkhazia in the 16 th -17 th Centuries"
969:
588:(Jiketi of the Georgian sources) extended north to Abkhazia proper between the modern-day cities of Gagra and
1601:
On Ruins of Empire: Ethnicity and Nationalism in the Former Soviet Union (Contributions in Political Science)
869:
608:
1753:
1295:[A.N. Genko, the Dzhiget sadsha, and now also called sazua in Abkhazian, spoke the Ubykh language.]
1278:
857:
651:
623:
was well-defended the Turkish forces ships sailed back. After the assassination of this prince by his son
74:
1347:"Т. А. Ачугба. Этническая история абхазов XIX – XX вв. Этнополитические и миграционные аспекты. Глава II"
893:
802:
659:
251:
887:
881:
845:
639:
536:
301:
472:
1569:. Vol. I: A-ak Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, Illinois: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. pp.
662:(1822–1864) seemingly switched to the Ottomans. Later on, the Russian presence strengthened and the
1618:
1589:
1420:"On the Political and Ethnic History of Myrzakan (Samurzakano) in the 19th Century, By Denis Gopia"
405:
946:
458:
since the 12th century. The sources are very scarce about the Abkhazian history of that time. The
1763:
1145:
1021:
1570:
1561:
875:
624:
464:
1692:
Zverev, Alexei (1996). "Ethnic Conflicts in the Caucasus 1988-1994". In Coppieters, B. (ed.).
1594:. SRC Winter Symposium Socio-Cultural Dimensions of the Changes in the Slavic-Eurasian World.
863:
455:
413:) emerged as a separate feudal entity in the 15th-16th centuries, amid the civil wars in the
762:
Gravestone of the last ruler of principality of Abkhazia Mikheil Sharvashidze(Khamut-Bay)in
735:
663:
1650:
Smith, Graham; Allworth, Edward A.; Law, Vivien A.; Bohr, Annette; Wilson, Andrew (1998).
1121:"Sukhum and the Abkhazians in the Light of 16th Century Ottoman Documents, by Habat Şogan"
8:
1709:
926:
921:
906:
709:
643:
265:
206:
110:
20:
1510:
1462:
1104:Бгажба, О. Х.; Лакоба, С. З. (2007). "§9. Абхазское княжество и Турция (XV–XVIII ВВ.)".
1652:
1293:джигетские садша, и теперь еще именуемые по-абхазски сазуа, говорили на убыхском языке.
851:
785:
565:
500:
496:
492:
484:
468:
339:
236:
1699:
1678:
1659:
1636:
1604:
1574:
1254:
1178:
1151:
1071:
1027:
1000:
763:
699:
675:
as a special military province of Suhum-Kale which was transformed, in 1883, into an
557:
488:
394:
191:
41:
1486:
1370:
1250:
Narrative of Travels in Europe, Asia and Africa in the Seventeenth Century: Volume 2
1654:
Nation-Building in the Post-Soviet Borderlands: The Politics of National Identities
531:
476:
451:
55:
1223:
758:
750:
705:
1248:
1172:
727:
632:
480:
202:
916:
790:
739:
731:
672:
628:
616:
612:
430:
426:
422:
366:
352:
1747:
911:
698:
The principal language of governance in the principality of Abkhazia was the
171:
158:
564:
circa 1700, his principality was divided among his sons. The oldest brother
520:
512:
139:
1174:
Narrative of Travels in Europe, Asia and Africa in the Seventeenth Century
767:
655:
1394:
812:
808:
719:
642:(1810–1821), who had converted to Christianity and assumed the name of
573:
1200:"The Ubykhs: Historical and Ethnographical Study, by Leonid I. Lavrov"
947:"აღწერა ეგრისის ქუეყანისა, ანუ აფხაზეთისა, ანუ იმერეთისა - Wikisource"
686:
545:
81:
1732:
1444:
1053:
646:. Abkhazia joined the Russian empire as an autonomous principality.
668:
600:
553:
525:
306:
Map of the territory of Great and Small Abasia (Abkhazia) in 1808
820:
816:
776:
682:
631:
orientation prevailed but for a short time. On July 2, 1810, the
620:
658:(1853–1856), Russian forces had to evacuate Abkhazia and Prince
450:) within the Kingdom of Georgia, was previously referred as the
577:
549:
149:
970:"Г. А. Дзидзария. Восстание 1866 года в Абхазии (Сух., 1955)"
723:
677:
589:
585:
576:
to the Ghalidzga river, with the residence in the village of
569:
516:
459:
1279:"Ш.Д. Инал-Ипа. Убыхи и их этно-культурные связи с абхазами"
1626:. Philadelphia, PA: Carey, Lea, and Blanchard. p. 455.
1591:
The Role of Historiography in the Abkhazo-Georgian Conflict
581:
1424:
Abkhaz World | History, Culture & Politics of Abkhazia
1312:
Abkhaz World | History, Culture & Politics of Abkhazia
1204:
Abkhaz World | History, Culture & Politics of Abkhazia
1125:
Abkhaz World | History, Culture & Politics of Abkhazia
595:
770:
made by son of Mikheil Sharvashidze - Giorgi Sharvashidze
708:
in his work mentions that the Sharvashidze dynasty spoke
779:. Only the strong Russian reinforcements led by General
730:
region spoke both their native language, in addition to
539:
in Georgian language, Prince of Principality of Abkhazia
664:
highlanders of Western Caucasia were finally subjugated
467:, which saw him defeated at the hands of the rebels at
421:. The principality retained a degree of autonomy under
19:
For the early medieval principality of Abkhazia, see
1649:
1224:"Ш. Д. Инал-ипа. Садзы (Москва, 1995; Сухум, 2014)"
996:
The Geography of Georgia: Problems and Perspectives
638:and had Aslan-Bey replaced with his rival brother,
16:
1463–1864 feudal vassal state in the South Caucasus
1651:
1560:
1147:The Making of the Georgian Nation, Second Edition
1106:История Абхазии с древнейших времен до наших дней
1023:The Making of the Georgian Nation, Second Edition
1745:
560:proper. After the death of the Abkhazian prince
1769:States and territories established in the 1460s
823:, which translated meant "prince over prince"
611:remained neutral between the interests of the
398:
194:(language of governance, literacy and culture)
33:
1774:States and territories disestablished in 1864
1658:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
1598:
1537:
47:
1103:
419:dissolution of the unified Georgian monarchy
1599:Mirsky, Georgiy I.; Mirskii, G. I. (1997).
1177:. Vol. 2. Outlook Verlag. p. 56.
552:, which serves as today's boundary between
483:), which, in turn, was subordinated to the
429:rule, but was eventually absorbed into the
1677:(2nd ed.). Indiana University Press.
528:commodities, that of slaves not excepted.
506:
300:
120:
1150:. Indiana University Press. p. 321.
1026:. Indiana University Press. p. 321.
1630:
1587:
992:
757:
749:
599:
530:
1737:Why Abkhazia is Georgia. A True History
1730:
1558:
1487:"§12. Владетель Абхазии Келешбей Чачба"
1449:Why Abkhazia is Georgia. A True History
1442:
1371:"§12. Владетель Абхазии Келешбей Чачба"
1072:"§12. Владетель Абхазии Келешбей Чачба"
1058:Why Abkhazia is Georgia. A True History
1051:
596:Between the Ottoman and Russian empires
109:18th-century coat of arms according to
1746:
1691:
1617:
1511:"Михаил Гумба. Келешбей (Сухум, 2014)"
1463:"Михаил Гумба. Келешбей (Сухум, 2014)"
1246:
1170:
1019:
1633:Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia
1417:
1305:
1197:
1118:
1672:
1143:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1779:Vassal states of the Ottoman Empire
1538:Gigineishvili, Levan (April 2003).
671:. Abkhazia was incorporated in the
13:
1724:
1635:. London, UK: Reaktion Books Ltd.
1144:Suny, Ronald Grigor (1994-10-22).
781:Dmitry Ivanovich Svyatopolk-Mirsky
14:
1790:
1695:Contested Borders in the Caucasus
1675:The Making of the Georgian Nation
1603:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
1040:
953:
1731:Khorava, Bezhan (January 2021).
1020:Ronald, Suny (22 October 1994).
745:
495:, of which Abkhazia was a part,
371:
357:
332:
102:
80:
73:
1503:
1479:
1455:
1436:
1411:
1387:
1363:
1339:
1324:
1299:
1271:
1240:
1216:
1191:
1164:
1137:
1112:
894:Mikhail Sharvashidze(Hamud-Bey)
1559:Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010).
1443:Khorava, Bezhan (2021-01-01).
1097:
1088:
1064:
1052:Khorava, Bezhan (2021-01-01).
1013:
993:Bondyrev, Igor (18 May 2015).
986:
962:
939:
410:
126:The Principality of Abkhazia (
1:
1531:
1247:Efendí, Evliyá (2020-07-22).
888:Dmitry Sharvashidze(Umar-Bey)
870:Kelesh Ahmed-Bey Sharvashidze
604:The book Sukhum-Kale Istanbul
441:
1673:Suny, Ronald Grigor (1994).
1418:World, Abkhaz (2024-01-19).
1306:World, Abkhaz (2013-02-22).
1198:World, Abkhaz (2018-01-26).
1119:World, Abkhaz (2023-11-19).
932:
693:
7:
1759:Former monarchies of Europe
1624:Social State of All Nations
900:
803:List of Princes of Abkhazia
10:
1795:
1588:Kitagawa, Seiichi (1996).
882:Sefer Ali-Bey Sharvashidze
800:
436:
18:
1631:Rayfield, Donald (2012).
1253:. BoD – Books on Demand.
1108:(in Russian). Алашарбага.
796:
754:Flag of Lykhnensky revolt
473:Principality of Mingrelia
399:
311:
299:
295:
285:
275:
271:
261:
257:
242:
227:
223:
212:
198:
187:
145:
135:
119:
69:
64:
48:
34:
28:
999:. Springer. p. 28.
722:who lived in the dol of
627:on May 2, 1808, the pro-
501:Principality of Samtskhe
417:that concluded with the
391:Principality of Abkhazia
30:Principality of Abkhazia
1567:Encyclopædia Britannica
1171:Çelebi, Evliya (2020).
959:Hoiberg, Dale H. (2010)
876:Aslan-Bey Sharvashidze-
811:principality among the
507:The 16th-18th centuries
188:Official languages
1094:Rayfield (2012), p 162
771:
755:
652:next Russo-Turkish war
605:
540:
465:George VIII of Georgia
446:Abkhazia, as a duchy (
287:• Disestablished
97:State flag (1808–1810)
91:State flag (1770–1866)
858:Manuchar Sharvashidze
761:
753:
603:
534:
475:under the dynasty of
456:House of Sharvashidze
1698:. Brussels: Vub Pr.
884:(Giorgi) (1810–1821)
834:Seteman Sharvashidze
584:, formerly known as
252:Mikhail Sharvashidze
199:Other languages
1754:History of Abkhazia
1395:"А. Шанава. Статьи"
927:Circassian Genocide
922:History of Abkhazia
907:Kingdom of Abkhazia
852:Rostom Sharvashidze
846:Zegnak Sharvashidze
840:Sustar Sharvashidze
537:Giorgi Sharvashidze
411:apkhazetis samtavro
277:• Established
266:Early Modern Period
229:• c.1451-1465
168: /
49:Apkhazetis Samtavro
21:Kingdom of Abkhazia
864:Zurab Sharvashidze
807:The rulers of the
772:
756:
636:stormed Suhum-Kale
606:
548:, and then to the
541:
511:In the 1570s, the
485:Kingdom of Imereti
415:Kingdom of Georgia
400:აფხაზეთის სამთავრო
340:Kingdom of Imereti
237:Rabia Sharvashidze
35:აფხაზეთის სამთავრო
1705:978-90-5487-117-0
1642:978-1-78023-030-6
1580:978-1-59339-837-8
1546:on 12 August 2007
1260:978-3-7523-5087-6
1157:978-0-253-20915-3
1006:978-3-319-05413-1
872:(circa 1780–1808)
866:(circa 1750–1780)
860:(circa 1730–1750)
854:(circa 1700–1730)
848:(circa 1665–1700)
842:(circa 1640–1665)
836:(circa 1620–1640)
830:(circa 1580–1620)
828:Putu Sharvashidze
768:Georgian alphabet
764:Georgian language
700:Georgian language
489:Kingdom of Kartli
454:was ruled by the
387:
386:
383:
382:
379:
378:
345:
344:
247:
244:• 1823–1864
232:
172:43.150°N 40.617°E
1786:
1740:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1708:. Archived from
1688:
1669:
1657:
1646:
1627:
1614:
1595:
1584:
1564:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1542:. Archived from
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1524:
1522:
1521:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1474:
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1220:
1214:
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1083:
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1037:
1017:
1011:
1010:
990:
984:
983:
981:
980:
966:
960:
957:
951:
950:
943:
452:Duchy of Tskhumi
412:
409:
402:
401:
375:
374:
361:
360:
349:
348:
336:
335:
329:
328:
313:
312:
304:
245:
230:
183:
182:
180:
179:
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165:
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124:
106:
84:
77:
59:
51:
50:
45:
37:
36:
26:
25:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1744:
1743:
1739:. Our Abkhazia.
1727:
1725:Further reading
1715:
1713:
1706:
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1034:
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1007:
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976:
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967:
963:
958:
954:
945:
944:
940:
935:
903:
805:
799:
748:
696:
681:as part of the
633:Russian Marines
598:
509:
444:
439:
404:
372:
358:
333:
307:
288:
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233:
176:
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60:
53:
46:
39:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1792:
1782:
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1776:
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1766:
1764:Russian Empire
1761:
1756:
1742:
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1726:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1704:
1689:
1683:
1670:
1664:
1647:
1641:
1628:
1621:, ed. (1838).
1615:
1609:
1596:
1585:
1579:
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322:Succeeded by
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140:Principality
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890:(1821–1822)
878:(1808–1810)
656:Crimean War
621:Sukhum-Kale
519:, although
317:Preceded by
175: /
1748:Categories
1716:2006-02-25
1562:"Abkhazia"
1532:References
1520:2024-03-03
1496:2024-03-03
1472:2024-03-03
1429:2024-04-04
1404:2024-04-04
1380:2024-04-04
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1317:2024-04-02
1288:2024-04-02
1233:2024-04-02
1209:2024-04-02
1130:2024-02-25
1081:2024-04-01
979:2024-03-31
736:Circassian
720:Abkhazians
710:Mingrelian
609:Kelesh Bey
574:Bzyb River
448:saeristavo
442:Background
207:Mingrelian
933:Footnotes
813:Abkhazian
809:Abkhazian
718:Northern
694:Languages
687:Guberniya
640:Sefer-Bey
625:Aslan-Bey
546:Ghalidzga
526:Caucasian
433:in 1864.
425:and then
406:romanized
111:Vakhushti
65:1463–1864
1550:17 April
901:See also
786:muhajirs
726:and the
669:Voronezh
615:and the
554:Abkhazia
469:Chikhori
395:Georgian
192:Georgian
152:(Lykhny)
42:Georgian
1335:. 1866.
821:Chachba
789:to the
777:Sukhumi
660:Michael
629:Ottoman
572:on the
558:Georgia
497:Kakheti
493:Imereti
481:Bediani
477:Dadiani
460:Genoese
437:History
427:Russian
423:Ottoman
231:(first)
163:40°37′E
160:43°09′N
146:Capital
128:Abassia
94:Bottom:
56:English
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728:Sadzen
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644:George
582:Sadzny
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566:Rostom
562:Zegnak
550:Enguri
397::
246:(last)
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214:Prince
203:Abkhaz
136:Status
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766:, in
740:Ubykh
732:Abaza
724:Sochi
678:okrug
590:Sochi
586:Zygia
570:Gagra
517:Islam
1700:ISBN
1679:ISBN
1660:ISBN
1637:ISBN
1605:ISBN
1575:ISBN
1552:2016
1333:№ 68
1266:men.
1255:ISBN
1179:ISBN
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1028:ISBN
1001:ISBN
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738:and
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499:and
389:The
291:1864
281:1463
150:Zupu
88:Top:
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