Russian Empire - Knowledge

7523: 2784: 6253: 3285: 5955: 1738: 8342:, at the university level promoted more academic freedom for the faculty, who were under suspicion by reactionary church officials. Uvarov raised academic standards, improved facilities, and opened the admission doors a bit wider. Nicholas tolerated Uvarov's achievements until 1848, then reversed his innovations. For the rest of the century, the national government continued to focus on universities, and generally ignored elementary and secondary educational needs. By 1900 there were 17,000 university students, and over 30,000 were enrolled in specialized technical institutes. The students were conspicuous in Moscow and Saint Petersburg as a political force typically at the forefront of demonstrations and disturbances. The majority of tertiary institutions in the empire used Russian, while some used other languages but later underwent Russification. Other educational institutions in the empire included the 3385: 8087:, which was responsible for the payment of taxes for the allotments. For these allotments the peasants had to pay a fixed rent, which could be fulfilled by personal labour. The allotments could be redeemed by peasants with the help of the Crown, and then they were freed from all obligations to the landlord. The Crown paid the landlord and the peasants had to repay the Crown, for forty-nine years at 6% interest. The financial redemption to the landlord was not calculated on the value of the allotments but was considered as compensation for the loss of the compulsory labour of the serfs. Many proprietors contrived to curtail the allotments that the peasants had occupied under serfdom, and frequently deprived them of precisely that land of which they were most in need: pasture lands around their houses. The result was to compel the peasants to rent land from their former masters. 1582: 7144: 8504: 2942:, which freed the serfs, was the single most important event in 19th-century Russian history, and the beginning of the end of the landed aristocracy's monopoly on power. The 1860s saw further socio-economic reforms to clarify the position of the Russian government with regard to property rights. Emancipation brought a supply of free labour to the cities, stimulating industry; and the middle class grew in number and influence. However, instead of receiving their lands as a gift, the freed peasants had to pay a special lifetime tax to the government, which in turn paid the landlords a generous price for the land that they had lost. In numerous cases the peasants ended up with relatively small amounts of the least productive land. All the property turned over to the peasants was owned collectively by the 1971: 3289: 3288: 3599: 3290: 6630: 7847: 3287: 9965:Новороссия, состоящая из губерний Бессарабской, Херсонской, Таврической, Екатеринославской, области Войска Донского и Ставропольской губернии, занимает южную окраину Европейской России, примыкающую к Чёрному морю и к Манычу». (Россия. Полное географическое описание нашего отечества. Настольная и дорожная книга для русских людей / Под ред. В. П. Семенова и под общим руководством П. П. Семенова-Тян-Шанского и В. И. Ламанского. — Т. XIV. Новороссия и Крым Архивная копия от 31 октября 2015 на Wayback Machine / Сост. Б. Г. Карпов, П. А. Федулов, В. И. Каратыгин и др. — СПб.: Изд. А. Ф. Девриена, 1910. — 983 с. 3996: 2834: 6765: 1999: 7511: 2645: 8183:

estimated at 11 to 17 hectares (28 to 42 acres). This land was of necessity rented from the landlords. The aggregate value of the redemption and land taxes often reached 185 to 275% of the normal rental value of the allotments, not to speak of taxes for recruiting purposes, the church, roads, local administration, and so on, chiefly levied on the peasants. This burden increased every year; consequently, one-fifth of the inhabitants left their houses and cattle disappeared. Every year more than half the adult males (in some districts three-quarters of the men and one-third of the women) quit their homes and wandered throughout Russia in search of work. In the governments of the

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ignored reform issues. In sharp contrast to Western Europe, the entire empire had a very small bureaucracy – about 17,000 public officials, most of whom lived in two of the largest cities, Moscow and Saint Petersburg. Modernization of government required much larger numbers; but that, in turn, required an educational system that could provide suitable training. Russia lacked that, and for university education, young men went to Western Europe. The army and the church had their own training programs, narrowly focused on their particular needs. The most important successful reform under Alexander I was the creation of a national system of education.

6044: 113: 4077: 6374:) belonged to Asian Russia. Of the rest, 8 Governorates were in Finland and 10 in Congress Poland. European Russia thus embraced 59 governorates and 1 oblast (that of the Don). The Don Oblast was under the direct jurisdiction of the ministry of war; the rest each had a governor and deputy-governor, the latter presiding over the administrative council. In addition, there were governors-general, generally placed over several governorates and armed with more extensive powers, usually including the command of the troops within the limits of their jurisdiction. In 1906, there were governors-general in Finland, Warsaw, 309: 5932:

estates worked by serfs, and militarism rooted in the army officer corps. Regarding irrationality, Russia avoided the full force of the European Enlightenment, which gave priority to rationalism, preferring the romanticism of an idealized nation state that reflected the beliefs, values, and behavior of the distinctive people. The distinctly liberal notion of "progress" was replaced by a conservative notion of modernization based on the incorporation of modern technology to serve the established system. The promise of modernization in the service of autocracy frightened the socialist intellectual

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province of the empire, except Central Asia, returned a certain number of members; added to which were those returned by several large cities. The members of the Duma were chosen by electoral colleges and these, in their turn, were elected by assemblies of the three classes: landed proprietors, citizens, and peasants. In these assemblies the wealthiest proprietors sat in person while the lesser proprietors were represented by delegates. The urban population was divided into two categories according to taxable wealth and elected delegates directly to the college of the

4735: 7034: 5920:. While the emperor retained many of his old prerogatives, including an absolute veto over all legislation, he equally agreed to the establishment of an elected parliament, without whose consent no laws were to be enacted in Russia. Not that the regime in Russia had become in any true sense constitutional, far less parliamentary. But the "unlimited autocracy" had given way to a "self-limited autocracy". Whether this autocracy was to be permanently limited by the new changes, or only at the continuing discretion of the autocrat, became a subject of heated 345: 8290:

highest for the nobility (84 to 87 percent), merchants (over 75 percent), then the workers and peasants. Serfs were the least literate. In every group, women were far less literate than men. By contrast in Western Europe, urban men had about a 50 percent literacy rate. The Orthodox hierarchy was suspicious of education, seeing no religious need for literacy whatsoever. Peasants did not need to be literate, and those who did — such as artisans, businessmen, and professionals — were few in number. As late as 1851, only 8% of Russians lived in cities.

6773: 2842: 943: 4437: 10084: 8044: 7503: 3291: 2281: 4033:, a strike was organized at a factory in the capital, followed by thousands of people took to the streets in Petrograd to protest food shortages. A day later, protesters rose to two hundred thousand, demanding that Russia withdraw from the war and the emperor be deposed. Eighty thousand Russian troops, half of the men sent to restore order, had gone on strike and refused the senior officers' orders. Any imperial symbols were destroyed and burned. The capital was out of control and gripped by protest and strife. 85: 3693: 8282: 6325: 4599:, the Russian Empire was one indivisible state. In addition, the 26th article stated that "With the Imperial Russian throne are indivisible the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Principality of Finland". Relations with the Grand Principality of Finland were also regulated by the 2nd article, "The Grand Principality of Finland, constituted an indivisible part of the Russian state, in its internal affairs governed by special regulations at the base of special laws", and by the law of 10 June 1910. 3917:. His offensive was a great success, taking 76,000 prisoners from the main attack and 1,500 from the Austrian bridgehead. But the offensive was halted by inadequate ammunition and a lack of supplies. The eponymous offensive was the most successful allied strike of World War I, practically destroying the Austro-Hungarian army as an independent force, but the slaughter of many casualties (approximately one million men) forced the Russian forces not to rebuild or launch any further attacks. 15431: 4575: 2885: 1714:, and Alexey Kelin. During Peter's reign, the obligation of the nobility to serve was reinforced, and serf labour played a significant role in the growth of the industry; therefore, Peter's objectives required the preservation of antiquated traditions. The volume of the country's international trade turnover increased as a result of Peter I's industrial reforms. However, imports of goods overtook exports, strengthening the role of foreigners in Russian trade, particularly the 355: 6298:; an audit office; a high court of justice for all political offences; and one of its departments fulfilled the functions of a heralds' college. It also had supreme jurisdiction in all disputes arising out of the administration of the empire, notably in differences between representatives of the central power and the elected organs of local self-government. Lastly, it promulgated new laws, a function which theoretically gave it a power akin to that of the 8056: 8152: 2492: 7384: 4069: 2352: 78: 3286: 3440:(legislature) to be called without delay. The right to vote was extended and no law was to become final without confirmation by the Duma. The moderate groups were satisfied, but the socialists rejected the concessions as insufficient and tried to organise new strikes. By the end of 1905, there was disunity among the reformers, and the emperor's position was strengthened, allowing him to roll back some of the concessions with the new 7836: 7124: 6021: 3270: 8298: 8376: 5841: 8167: 986: 972: 6520: 15419: 293: 6541:. All owners of houses, tax-paying merchants, artisans, and workmen were enrolled on lists, in descending order according to their assessed wealth. The total valuation was then divided into three equal parts, representing three groups of electors very unequal in number, each of which would elect an equal number of delegates to the municipal duma. The executive was in the hands of an elected mayor and an 2783: 8362: 2516: 1526: 8239:

calculated to have far-reaching and profound effects on the rural economy of Russia. Thirteen years previously the government had endeavored to secure greater fixity and permanence of tenure by providing that at least twelve years must elapse between every two redistributions of the land belonging to a mir amongst those entitled to share in it. The order of November 1906 provided that the

8505: 8687:. In 1889, Alexander III abolished the election of justices of the peace, except in certain large towns and some outlying parts of the Empire, and greatly restricted the right of trial by jury. The combining of judicial and administrative functions was introduced again by the appointment of officials as judges. In 1909, the third Duma restored the election of justices of the peace. 2790: 2508:, Russia began to lag ever farther behind, creating new weaknesses for the empire seeking to play a role as a great power. Russia's status as a great power concealed the inefficiency of its government, the isolation of its people, and its economic and social backwardness. Following the defeat of Napoleon, Alexander I had been ready to discuss constitutional reforms, but though 7522: 8310:

the national government operated six universities, forty-eight secondary state schools, and 337 improved primary schools. Highly qualified teachers arrived from France, fleeing the revolution there. Exiled Jesuits set up elite boarding schools until their order was expelled in 1815. At the highest level, universities were based on the German model—in

1763:), also known as Peter the Great, played a major role in introducing the European state system into Russia. While the empire's vast lands had a population of 14 million, grain yields trailed behind those in the West. Nearly the entire population was devoted to agriculture, with only a small percentage living in towns. The class of 6067:; from this time the legislative power was exercised normally by the emperor only in concert with the two chambers. The Council of the Empire, or Imperial Council, as reconstituted for this purpose, consisted of 196 members, of whom 98 were nominated by the emperor, while 98 were elective. The ministers, also nominated, were 2946:, the village community, which divided the land among the peasants and supervised the various holdings. Although serfdom was abolished, since its abolition was achieved on terms unfavourable to the peasants, revolutionary tensions did not abate. Revolutionaries believed that the newly freed serfs were merely being sold into 7795:'s population and half of its urban residents were Russians, four-fifths of them agricultural colonists. In the other four oblasts in the same year, Russians constituted only 4 percent of the population, and the overwhelming majority lived in European-style settlements alongside the native quarters in the major towns. 2047:. However, the cost of these campaigns further burdened the already oppressive social system, under which serfs were required to spend almost all of their time laboring on their owners' land. A major peasant uprising took place in 1773, after Catherine legalised the selling of serfs separate from land. Inspired by a 3137:, tutor to Alexander III and his son Nicholas, and procurator of the Holy Synod from 1880 to 1895. Pobedonostsev taught his imperial pupils to fear freedom of speech and the press, as well as dislike democracy, constitutions, and the parliamentary system. Under Pobedonostsev, revolutionaries were persecuted—by the 3125:(1881–1894), a reactionary who revived the maxim of "Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality" of Nicholas I. A committed Slavophile, Alexander III believed that Russia could be saved from turmoil only by shutting itself off from the subversive influences of Western Europe. During his reign, Russia formed the 8309:

was established in 1802, and the country was divided into six educational regions. The long-term plan was for a university in every region, a secondary school in every major city, upgraded primary schools, and – serving the largest number of students – a parish school for every two parishes. By 1825,

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In November 1906, however, Emperor Nicholas II promulgated a provisional order permitting the peasants to become freeholders of allotments made at the time of emancipation, all redemption dues being remitted. This measure, which was endorsed by the third Duma in an act passed on 21 December 1908, was

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for the land allotted to peasants. There was an increase of wealth among the few, but along with this a general impoverishment of the mass of the people. Added to this, the peculiar institution of the mir—framed on the principle of community ownership and occupation of the land—the overall effect was

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issued on 28 April 1906. However, he retained the right to disband the newly established Duma, and he exercised this right more than once. He also retained an absolute veto over all legislation, and only he could initiate any changes to the Organic Law itself. His ministers were responsible solely to

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The Russian Empire was predominantly a rural society spread over vast spaces. In 1913, 80% of the people were peasants. Soviet historiography proclaimed that the Russian Empire of the 19th century was characterized by systemic crisis, which impoverished the workers and peasants and culminated in the

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Conservatism was the ideology of most of the Russian leadership, albeit with some reformist activities from time to time. The structure of conservative thought was based upon anti-rationalism of the intellectuals, religiosity rooted in the Russian Orthodox Church, traditionalism rooted in the landed

2702:. Russia attempted to expand to the southwest, at the expense of the Ottoman Empire, using recently acquired Georgia at its base for its Caucasus and Anatolian front. The late 1820s were successful years militarily. Despite losing almost all recently consolidated territories in the first year of the 2055:

and proclaiming "Hang all the landlords!", the rebels threatened to take Moscow before they were ruthlessly suppressed. Instead of imposing the traditional punishment of drawing and quartering, Catherine issued secret instructions that the executioners should execute death sentences quickly and with

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During the years 1861 to 1892 the land owned by the nobles decreased 30%, or from 850,000 to 610,000 km (210,000,000 to 150,000,000 acres); during the following four years an additional 8,577 km (2,119,500 acres) were sold; and since then the sales went on at an accelerated rate, until in

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The situation of the former serf-proprietors was also unsatisfactory. Accustomed to the use of compulsory labor, they failed to adapt to the new conditions. The millions of rubles of redemption money received from the crown was spent without any real or lasting agricultural improvements having been

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Economic conditions steadily improved after 1890, thanks to new crops such as sugar beets, and new access to railway transportation. Total grain production increased, as well as exports, even with rising domestic demand from population growth. As a result, there was a slow improvement in the living

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party was a conservative force, with a base of landowners and businessmen. They accepted land reform but insisted that property owners be fully paid. They favored far-reaching reforms, and hoped the landlord class would fade away, while agreeing they should be paid for their land. Liberal elements

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In order to ensure the continued support of the nobility, which was essential to her reign, Catherine was obliged to strengthen their authority and power at the expense of the serfs and other lower classes. Nevertheless, Catherine realized that serfdom must eventually be ended, going so far in her

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A majority of the population, 81.6%, belonged to the peasant order. The other classes were the nobility, 0.6%; clergy, 0.1%; the burghers and merchants, 9.3%; and military, 6.1%. More than 88 million Russians were peasants, some of whom were former serfs (10,447,149 males in 1858) – the

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In the late 1870s, Russia and the Ottoman Empire again clashed in the Balkans. From 1875 to 1877, the Balkan crisis intensified, with rebellions against Ottoman rule by various Slavic nationalities, which the Ottoman Turks had dominated since the 15th century. This was seen as a political risk in

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Educational standards were very low in the Russian Empire, though they slowly increased in its last century of existence. By 1800, the level of literacy among male peasants ranged from 1 to 12 percent and from 20 to 25 percent for urban men. Literacy among women was very low. Literacy rates were

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that the situation was more hopeful. In Ukraine, where the allotments were personal (the mir existing only among state peasants), the state of affairs was not better, on account of high redemption taxes. In the western provinces, where the land was more cheaply valued and the allotments somewhat

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After 1860, the planning and building of the railway network had far-reaching effects on the economy, culture, and ordinary life of Russia. The central authorities and the imperial elite made most of the key decisions, but local elites made demands for rail linkages. Local nobles, merchants, and

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The accession in 1801 of Alexander I (1801–1825) was widely welcomed as an opening to fresh liberal ideas from the European Enlightenment. Many reforms were promised, but few were actually carried out before 1820 when the emperor turned his attention to foreign affairs and personal religion and

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nobility retained considerable powers of self-government and numerous privileges in matters affecting education, police, and the local administration of justice. After 167 years of German language administration and education, in 1888 and 1889 laws were passed transferring administration of the

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Russia was in a continuous state of financial crisis. While revenue rose from 9 million rubles in 1724 to 40 million in 1794, expenses grew more rapidly, reaching 49 million in 1794. The budget allocated 46 percent to the military, 20 percent to government economic activities, 12

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After Emancipation reform, one-quarter of peasants received allotments of only 1.2 hectares (2.9 acres) per male, and one-half received less than 3.4 to 4.6 hectares (8.5 to 11.4 acres); the normal size of the allotment necessary for the subsistence of a family under the three-fields system is

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indicators, and taxation of peasants. He argues that those reforms brought about measurable improvements in social welfare. More generally, he finds that the well-being of the Russian people declined during most of the 18th century but increased slowly from the end of the 18th century to 1914.

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of 2 June 1907) of 442 members, elected by an exceedingly complicated process. The membership was manipulated as to secure an overwhelming majority of the wealthy (especially the landed classes) and also for the representatives of the Russian peoples at the expense of the subject nations. Each

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By the middle of 1915, the impact of the war was demoralizing. Food and fuel were in short supply, casualties were increasing, and inflation was mounting. Strikes rose among low-paid factory workers, and there were reports that peasants, who wanted reforms of land ownership, were restless. The

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In order to repress further revolts, censorship was intensified, including the constant surveillance of schools and universities. Textbooks were strictly regulated by the government. Police spies were planted everywhere. Under Nicholas I, would-be revolutionaries were sent off to Siberia, with

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The former serfs became peasants, joining the millions of farmers who already had peasant status. Most peasants lived in tens of thousands of small villages under a highly patriarchal system. Hundreds of thousands moved to cities to work in factories, but they typically retained their village

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that gave legal status to non-Orthodox religions. This created a "Golden Age of Old Faith" for the previously persecuted Old Believers until the emergence of the Soviet Union. In the early 20th century, some of the restrictions of the Pale of Settlement were reversed, though were not formally

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and urban delegates), the progressives had little chance of representation at all, save for the curious provision that one member at least in each government was to be chosen from each of the five classes represented in the college. That the Duma had any radical elements was mainly due to the

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to present a petition to the emperor. When the procession reached the palace, soldiers opened fire on the crowd, killing hundreds. The Russian masses were so furious over the massacre that a general strike was declared, which demanded a democratic republic. This marked the beginning of the

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members. Of the elected members, 3 were returned by the "black" clergy (the monks), 3 by the "white" clergy (secular), 18 by the corporations of nobles, 6 by the academy of sciences and the universities, 6 by the chambers of commerce, 6 by the industrial councils, 34 by local governmental

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fighters. As Napoleon's forces retreated, Russian troops pursued them into Central and Western Europe and to the gates of Paris. After Russia and its allies defeated Napoleon, Alexander became known as the "saviour of Europe". He presided over the redrawing of the map of Europe at the

2335:; five percent of the budget was allocated to debt payments. Paper money was issued to pay for expensive wars, thus causing inflation. As a result of its spending, Russia developed a large and well-equipped army, a very large and complex bureaucracy, and a court that rivaled those of 1891:. Peter told the Senate that its mission was to collect taxes, and tax revenues tripled over the course of his reign. Meanwhile, all vestiges of local self-government were removed. Peter continued and intensified his predecessors' requirement of state service from all nobles, in the 229: 6436:

law – was predicated on the separation of judicial and administrative functions, the independence of the judges and courts, public trials and oral procedure, and the equality of all classes before the law. Moreover, a democratic element was introduced by the adoption of the

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ceased this harsh treatment and pursued a more bureaucratic type of assimilation, such as compensating the Cantonists for their previous military service, including those who remained Jewish, although certain military ranks were still limited to Christians. In contrast, Emperor

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The question of Russia's direction had been gaining attention ever since Peter the Great's program of modernization. Some favored imitating Western Europe while others were against this and called for a return to the traditions of the past. The latter path was advocated by

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which strengthened Russia's standing on the world stage. Internal transformations and military victories contributed to the transformation of Russia into a great power, playing a major role in European politics. On the day of the announcement of the Treaty of Nystad, the 2

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Nicholas II was deeply devoted to his wife, Alexandra, whom he married on 26 November 1894. They had five children: Grand Duchesses Olga, Tatiana, Maria, Anastasia, and Tsesarevich Alexei. The Russian Imperial Romanov family was executed by who were believed to be drunken

1401:. Poland was partitioned by its three neighbours in 1772–1815, with much of its land and population being taken under Russian rule. Most of the empire's growth in the 19th century came from gaining territory in central and eastern Asia south of Siberia. By 1795, after the 188: 3377:. The Mensheviks believed that the Russian working class was insufficiently developed and that socialism could be achieved only after a period of bourgeois democratic rule. They thus tended to ally themselves with the forces of bourgeois liberalism. The Bolsheviks, under 2503:

Although the Russian Empire played a leading political role in the next century, thanks to its role in defeating Napoleonic France, its retention of serfdom precluded economic progress to any significant degree. As Western European economic growth accelerated during the

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was expanded. The higher forms of education were reserved for a very small elite, with only a few hundred students at the universities by 1825 and 5500 in the secondary schools. There were no schools open to girls. Most rich families still depended on private tutors.

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entrepreneurs imagined a future of promoting their regional interests, from "locality" to "empire". Often, they had to compete with other cities. By envisioning their own role in a rail network they came to understand how important they were to the empire's economy.

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promulgated in 1892 and 1894, the municipal dumas were subordinated to the governors in the same way as the zemstvos. In 1894, municipal institutions, with still more restricted powers, were granted to several towns in Siberia, and in 1895 to some in the Caucasus.

183: 2233:. He favored modernization through foreign loans and strong ties with France, but was reluctant to give significant roles to the new parliament (the Duma).He signed the Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907 to counter Germany’s influence in the Middle East, ending the 184: 187: 5981:

of 1917. Prior to the issuance of the October Manifesto, the emperor ruled as an absolute monarch, subject to only two limitations on his authority, both of which were intended to protect the existing system: the emperor and his consort must both belong to the

181: 182: 178: 177: 3622:, Austria-Hungary's ally, saw the call to arms as a threat; when Russia mustered its troops, Germany affirmed the state of "imminent danger of War", followed by the declaration of war on 1 August 1914. The Russians were imbued with patriotic earnestness and 186: 180: 10109: 7321:, which had a degree of imperial jurisdiction over the organization of Islamic practice in the country. As the Russian Empire expanded, tsarist administrators found it expedient to draw on existing Islamic religious institutions that were already in place. 179: 2920:. Since playing a major role in the defeat of Napoleon, Russia had been regarded as militarily invincible, but against a coalition of the great powers of Europe, the reverses it suffered on land and sea exposed the weakness of Emperor Nicholas I's regime. 185: 189: 8194:

was only 0.36 hectares (0.90 acres), and for allotments from 1.2 to 2.3 hectares (2.9 to 5.8 acres) the peasants paid 5 to 10 rubles in redemption tax. The state peasants were better off; but they, too, were emigrating in masses. It was only in the

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in military institutions in the east aiming to compel them to convert to Christianity, attempted to stratify Jews into "useful" and "not useful" based on wealth and further restricted religious and commercial rights within the Pale of Settlement.

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standards of Russian peasants in the empire's last two decades before 1914. Recent research into the physical stature of Army recruits shows they were bigger and stronger. There were regional variations, with more poverty in the heavily populated

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Ivan III (1462–1505) and his son, Vasili III (1505–1533), completed Moscow's quest to dominate Great Russia. Of the two rulers, Ivan III (the Great) accomplished the most, and Russian historians have called him 'the gatherer of the Russian

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were demanded against Muslims in the early Russian Empire. In the 18th century, Catherine II issued an edict of toleration that gave legal status to Islam and allowed Muslims to fulfill religious obligations. Catherine also established the

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for 11 million rubles (7.2 million dollars) in 1867. Initially, many Americans considered this newly gained territory to be a wasteland and useless, and saw the government wasting money, but later, much gold and petroleum were discovered.

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Household servants or dependents attached to personal service were merely set free, while the landed peasants received their houses and orchards, and allotments of arable land. These allotments were given over to the rural commune, the

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in order to secure Russia's position in the European states system. While later rulers did not discard the new title, the Russian monarch was commonly known as the tsar or tsaritsa until the imperial system was abolished during the

1655:, trade, and industry, including shipbuilding, as well as the growth of the Russian educational system. Every tenth Russian acquired an education during Peter I's reign, when there were 15 million people in the country. The city of 8234:

was founded for making advances to peasants who were desirous of purchasing land, the former serfs, or rather their descendants, had between 1883 and 1904 bought about 78,900 km (19,500,000 acres) from their former masters.

9974:В. М. Хмарський. Новоросійський край (укр.). Енциклопедія історії України: Т. 7: Мі-О / Редкол.: В. А. Смолій (голова) та ін. НАН України. Інститут історії України. — К.: В-во «Наукова думка», 2010. — 728 с.: іл.. 3002:

Russia, which similarly suppressed its Muslims in Central Asia and Caucasia. Russian nationalist opinion became a major domestic factor with its support for liberating Balkan Christians from Ottoman rule and making Bulgaria and

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in 1892. Witte began by raising revenues through a monopoly on alcohol, which brought in 300 million rubles 1894. These reforms returned the peasants to essentially being serfs again. In 1900, a peasant class (also known as

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Censorship was heavy-handed until the reign of Alexander II, but it never went away. Newspapers were strictly limited in what they could publish, and intellectuals favored literary magazines for their publishing outlets.

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river, to replace Moscow, which had long been Russia's cultural center. This relocation expressed his intent to adopt European elements for his empire. Many of the government and other major buildings were designed under

6155:. These elected their delegates to the Duma directly, and though their votes were divided (on the basis of taxable property) in such a way as to give the advantage to wealth, each returned the same number of delegates. 176: 6078:, 16 by local governments having no zemstvos, and 6 by Poland. As a legislative body the powers of the council were coordinate with those of the Duma; in practice, however, it has seldom if ever initiated legislation. 3579:

that demanded an obligation for the heir's death, and Austria-Hungary cut all diplomatic ties and declared war on 28 July 1914. Russia supported Serbia because it was a fellow Slavic state, and two days later, Emperor

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held by each peasant should be merged into a single holding; the Duma, however, on the advice of the government, left its implementation to the future, regarding it as an ideal that could only gradually be realized.

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on 5 August 1915. In the same month, the emperor dismissed Grand Duke Nicholas and took personal command; this was a turning point for the Russian army and the beginning of the worst disaster. The Germans continued

3090:. To replace Muslim refugees who had fled across the new frontier into Ottoman territory, the Russian authorities settled large numbers of Christians from ethnically diverse communities in Kars Oblast, particularly 12849: 3018:

in March 1878, creating an enlarged, independent Bulgaria that stretched into the southwestern Balkans. When Britain threatened to declare war over the terms of the treaty, an exhausted Russia backed down. At the

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solution), or to put it into collective local ownership. The Socialist Revolutionaries also differed from the Social Democrats in that the SRs believed a revolution must rely on urban workers, not the peasantry.

2028:, the German heir to the Russian crown. After the death of Empress Elizabeth, Catherine came to power after she effected a coup d'état against her very unpopular husband. She contributed to the resurgence of the 9323:

Ivan III in his own time already had the reputation of the builder of the Russian state... The consolidation of Russia as a state was not just a territorial issue, for Ivan also began the development of a state

6468:, with jurisdiction over petty causes, whether civil or criminal; the second, based on the French model, were the ordinary tribunals of nominated judges, sitting with or without a jury to hear important cases. 4084:

By the end of the 19th century the area of the empire was about 22,400,000 square kilometers (8,600,000 sq mi), or almost one-sixth of the Earth's landmass; its only rival in size at the time was the

1777:, thus counting them for poll taxation. Russian agricultural kholops had been formally converted into serfs earlier in 1679. They were largely tied to the land, in a feudal sense, until the late 19th century. 228: 7294:, which further restricted Jewish settlements and rights to own property, as well as limiting the types of professions available, and the expulsion of Jews from Kiev in 1886 and Moscow in 1891. The overall 6252: 4610: – the Russian Empire was a contiguous mass of land spanning Europe and Asia. In this it differed from contemporary colonial-style empires. The result of this was that, while the British and 4954: 4893: 6006:

him, and not to the Duma or any other authority, which could question but not remove them. Thus, while the emperor's personal powers were limited in scope after 28 April 1906, they remained formidable.

1178:, which aimed to restrain the rise of secularism and liberalism across Europe. Russia further expanded to the west, south, and east, strengthening its position as a European power. Its victories in the 7250:), and arbitrating doctrinal disputes. When the state lacked resources to provide a secular bureaucracy across its entire territory, guided 'reformation' of faiths provided elements of social control. 4878: 21188: 7272:, an area of Tsarist Russia inside which Jews were authorized to settle, and outside of which were deprived of various rights such as freedom of movement or commerce. Particularly repressive was 6680:

was appointed as the new minister of finance in 1886, he increased the pressure on peasants by increasing taxes on land and prescribing how they harvested grain. These policies led to the severe

5724: 5703: 5682: 5661: 5573: 7356:. Throughout the late 19th century, the term "Circassian" became a common adage for "highwayman" across the Balkan and Anatolian regions, due to the prevalence of homeless Circassian refugees. 5557: 6746:

From 1891 to 1892, peasants were faced with new policies carried out by Ivan Vyshnegradsky, causing a famine and disease that took the lives of four hundred thousand people, especially in the

3525:, when both agreed to settle their differences and joined to oppose the new rising power of Germany. Russia and France's relations remained isolated before the 1890s when both sides agreed to 9956:Кабузан В. М. Заселение Новороссии (Екатеринославской и Херсонской губерний) в XVIII — первой половине XIX века (1719—1858 гг.). — М. : Наука, 1976. — 308 с 8273:, which he accused of publishing trifles and distracting readers from the pressing social concerns of contemporary Russia through their obsession with spectacle and European popular culture. 7163:) and was deemed "the Supreme Defender and Guardian of the dogmas of the predominant Faith and is the Keeper of the purity of the Faith and all good order within the Holy Church" (Article 64 3381:, supported the idea of forming a small elite of professional revolutionists, subject to strong party discipline, to act as the vanguard of the proletariat, in order to seize power by force. 1018:

in September 1917. At its height in the late 19th century, it covered about 22,800,000 square kilometres (8,800,000 sq mi), roughly one-sixth of the world's landmass, making it the

9500: 4250:, an immense shallow lake, mostly bordered by deserts, possessed more importance as a link between Russia and its Asiatic settlements than as a channel for intercourse with other countries. 2272:

revolutionaries under Yakov Yurovsky, as ordered by the Ural Regional Soviet in Yekaterinburg on the night of 16–17 July 1918. This marked the end of the Russian Empire and Imperial Russia.

1107:". Between 1550 and 1700, the Russian state grew by an average of 35,000 square kilometres (14,000 sq mi) per year. Major events during this period include the transition from the 259: 13583: 8094:

or sent to military service. Owners had the right to sell slaves, depending on whether they were targeting land or accused (i.e., had escaped from working). Children of serfs received less

4352:

of the United States; thereafter, the Russian territorial expansion only encountered nomadic or feudal societies which is strikingly similar to the Westward Expansion of the United States.

15239: 2777:

being imposed on its schools and courts. However, Russification policies in Poland, Finland and among the Germans in the Baltics largely failed and only strengthened political opposition.

174: 13859: 7415:

was strictly controlled during Catherine II's reign, which was considered an epoch of relative tolerance for Catholicism. Catholics were distrusted by the Russian Empire as elements of

5565: 4344:

noted that the methodological procedure how the Russian Empire started to expand their territory was in comparable to that of how the United States had done the same. Russian statesman

13677: 4433:

appointed by him. The emperor never explicitly recognized Finland as a constitutional state in its own right, although his Finnish subjects came to consider the grand duchy as such.

15999: 15371:——— (2001), "The empire strikes out: Imperial Russia, 'national' identity, and theories of empire", in Holquist, Peter; Suny, Ronald Grigor; Martin, Terry (eds.), 12927: 5183: 3329:

On the political right, the reactionary elements of the aristocracy strongly favored the large landholders, who, however, were slowly selling their land to the peasants through the

2555:

as a constitutional monarch. The revolt was easily crushed, but it caused Nicholas to turn away from the modernization program begun by Peter the Great and champion the doctrine of

10349: 8110:

system was introduced in 1865 as a rural assembly with administrative authority over the local population, including education and welfare, which ex-serfs were unable to acquire.

6177:, the first appearance of a prime minister in Russia. This council consisted of all the ministers and of the heads of other principal departments. The ministries were as follows: 1283:, it suffered a series of defeats that further galvanized the population against the emperor. In 1917, mass unrest among the population and mutinies in the army culminated in the 260: 13426:

Rubinstein, Samara; Dulik, Matthew C.; Gokcumen, Omer; Zhadanov, Sergey; Osipova, Ludmila; Cocca, Maggie; Mehta, Nishi; Gubina, Marina; Posukh, Olga; Schurr, Theodore G. (2008).

3326:

By the end of the 19th century, the Russian Empire dominated its territorial extent, covering a surface area of 22,800,000 km, making it become the world's third-largest empire.

3307:, who was committed to retaining the autocracy that his father had left him. Nicholas II proved as an ineffective ruler, and in the end his dynasty was overthrown by the Russian 12862:

The number who died in the Circassian catastrophe of the 1860s could hardly, therefore, have been fewer than one million, and may well have been closer to one-and-a-half million

9758: 13749:[First general census of the population of the Russian Empire in 1897. Distribution of the population by faiths and regions] (in Russian). archipelag.ru. Archived from 9791: 7167:). Although he made and annulled all senior ecclesiastical appointments, he did not settle questions of dogma or church teaching. The principal ecclesiastical authority of the 175: 9677: 7876:

of 1853–56 caused great soul-searching and resulted in proposals for reform. However, the Russian forces fell further behind the technology, training, and organization of the

2127:("Instruction") to say that serfs were "just as good as we are" – a comment received with disgust by the nobility. Catherine advanced Russia's southern and western frontiers, 5806: 4540:, then a part of Germany; a significant portion of Austrian Galicia; and significant portions of Ottoman Armenia. While the modern Russian Federation currently controls the 8338:

Emperor Nicholas I was a reactionary who wanted to neutralize foreign ideas, especially those he ridiculed as "pseudo-knowledge". Nevertheless, his minister of education,

6294:, consisted of members nominated by the emperor. Its wide variety of functions were carried out by the different departments into which it was divided. It was the supreme 6615:. In 1893, district committees for the management of the peasants' affairs, similar to those in purely Russian governments, were introduced into this part of the empire. 15040: 8212:, who either farmed the land themselves, with hired laborers, or let it in small farms. Only one-quarter of the peasants were farmers; the remainder were mere laborers. 5997:

On 17 October 1905, the situation changed: the ruler voluntarily limited his legislative power by decreeing that no measure was to become law without the consent of the

13193: 3366: 2837:

The Imperial Standard of the Tsar between from 1858 to 1917. Previous variations of the black eagle on gold background were used as far back as Peter the Great's time.

12551: 6122:

In the college itself, the voting for the Duma was by secret ballot and a simple majority carried the day. Since the majority consisted of conservative elements (the

2260:, further eroded his popularity. By March 1917, public support for Nicholas II had dwindled, leading to his forced abdication and the end of the 304-year rule of the 13932: 13010: 8845:

After all, Orthodoxy was both the majority faith in the Russian Empire – approximately 70 percent subscribed to this faith in the 1897 census–and the state religion.

7344:

In the 19th century, the restrictive policies became much more oppressive during the Russo-Turkish Wars, and the Russian Empire perpetrated persecutions such as the

6735:, in which serfs worked in exchange for cash or goods from the master, allowing them to work outside the estate. These systems were based on a legal code called the 3745: 13085: 13044: 12383: 1965: 2102:, a high-ranking noblewoman, on charges of torturing and murdering serfs. Whilst these gestures garnered Catherine much positive attention from Europe during the 18405: 7367:. During the latter portion of the 19th century, the status of Islam in the Russian Empire became associated with the tsarist regime's ideological principles of 2032:

that began after the death of Peter the Great, abolishing State service and granting them control of most state functions in the provinces. She also removed the

9806: 2343:. But the government was living far beyond its means, and 18th-century Russia remained "a poor, backward, overwhelmingly agricultural, and illiterate country". 1796:

was blocked by Sweden, whose territory enclosed it on three sides. Peter's ambitions for a "window to the sea" led him, in 1699, to make a secret alliance with

21263: 5908:, established in the Russian Empire after October 1905. Before this date, the fundamental laws of Russia described the power of the emperor as "autocratic and 16523: 9578:[Petition of the senators to Tsar Peter I for the adoption of the title of "Father of the Fatherland, Emperor of all the Russias, Peter the Great"]. 2519:

This 1892 painting imagines a scene of Russian troops forming a bridge with their bodies, moving equipment to prepare for invading Persian forces during the

9136: 2471:

strategy prevented the invaders from living off the country. In the harsh and bitter winter, thousands of French troops were ambushed and killed by peasant

1144:, which marked the birth of the imperial era, and led a cultural revolution that introduced a modern, scientific, rationalist, and Western-oriented system. 13553: 7934:

assesses the effects of the reforms of latter 19th-century, especially in terms of the 1861 emancipation of the serfs, agricultural output trends, various

2244:

However, his reign was marked by criticism for the government’s suppression of political dissent and perceived failures or inaction during events like the

7411:

was not promulgated, so Jesuits survived in Russian Empire, and this "Russian Society" played a role in re-establishing the Jesuits in the west. Overall,

5890:) who ruled as an absolute monarch. After the Revolution of 1905, Russia developed a new type of government, which became difficult to categorize. In the 3243:

in 1894, with large-scale loans to Russia, sales of arms, and warships, as well as diplomatic support. Once Afghanistan was informally partitioned by the

21258: 16216: 13109:"Hijra and Forced Migration from Nineteenth-Century Russia to the Ottoman Empire. A Critical Analysis of the Great Crimean Tatar Emigration of 1860–1861" 6119:. Workmen were treated in a special manner, with every industrial concern employing fifty hands electing one or more delegates to the electoral college. 2652: 1136:

transformed the tsardom into an empire, and fought numerous wars that turned a vast realm into a major European power. He moved the Russian capital from

13957:(2004) 63#2 pp. 247–274.; Steven Nafziger, "Serfdom, emancipation, and economic development in Tsarist Russia" (Working paper, Williams College, 2012). 7995:

remainder being "state peasants" (9,194,891 males in 1858, exclusive of the Archangel governorate) and "domain peasants" (842,740 males the same year).

6039:, which was the headquarters of the Army General Staff. Today, it houses the headquarters of the Western Military District/Joint Strategic Command West. 608: 15833: 12257:(previously, Article 40): "The primary and predominant Faith in the Russian Empire is the Christian Orthodox Catholic Faith of the Eastern Confession." 12227:

Walter Sperling, "Building a Railway, Creating Imperial Space: 'Locality,' 'Region,' 'Russia,' 'Empire' as Political Arguments in Post-Reform Russia",

8230:

1903 alone close to 8,000 km (2,000,000 acres) passed out of their hands. On the other hand, since 1861, and more especially since 1882, when the

6693:) had emerged, representing less than 20 per cent of the population, who were characterised by owning some of their land, machinery, and livestock. An 6213: 5954: 4210:

An important feature of Russia is its few free outlets to the open sea, outside the ice-bound shores of the Arctic Ocean. The deep indentations of the

3247:

in 1907, Britain, France, and Russia came increasingly close together in opposition to Germany and Austria-Hungary. The three would later comprise the

6476:

Alongside the local organs of the central government in Russia there are three classes of local elected bodies charged with administrative functions:

4222:

territory, and it is only at the very head of the latter gulf that the Russians had taken firm foothold by erecting their capital at the mouth of the

13961: 12461: 6186: 1042:

census, the only one it conducted, found a population of 125.6 million with considerable ethnic, linguistic, religious, and socioeconomic diversity.

13744: 12912: 3130: 1952:). But she did not carry out significant structural reforms. Her reign, which lasted nearly 20 years, is also known for Russia's involvement in the 6311: 13575: 4115:, apart from Finland and its portion of Poland, coincided approximately with the natural limits of the East-European plains. To the north was the 20724: 20580: 14683: 12968: 8306: 7775:. As of the 1897 census, Russian Central Asia's five oblasts contained 5,260,300 inhabitants, 13.9 percent of them urban. The largest towns were 6234: 5553: 3044: 1252:. Notwithstanding its extensive territorial gains and great power status, the empire entered the 20th century in a perilous state. A devastating 8187:

the state of matters was hardly better. Many peasants took "gratuitous allotments", whose amount was about one-eighth of the normal allotments.

2331:

percent to administration, and nine percent for the Imperial Court in St. Petersburg. The deficit required borrowing, primarily from bankers in

112: 16832: 5640: 5537: 4544:, which comprised the northern part of East Prussia, this differs from the area captured by the empire in 1914, though there was some overlap: 3384: 2110: 19437: 14214: 10726: 7462:

abolished until the February Revolution. However, some historians evaluate Tsar Nicholas II as having given tacit approval to the antisemitic

6264:

The Most Holy Synod (established in 1721) was the supreme organ of government of the Orthodox Church in Russia. It was presided over by a lay

5545: 5527: 1737: 1707: 100: 13953:

Steven Hoch, "Did Russia's Emancipated Serfs Really Pay Too Much for Too Little Land? Statistical Anomalies and Long-Tailed Distributions".

9729: 8891: 4258:

From 1860 to 1905, the Russian Empire occupied all territories of the present-day Russian Federation, with the exception of the present-day

3886:, the first attempt to capture the fortress failed, but the second attempt seized the redoubt in March 1915. On 2 May, the Russian army was 21243: 20638: 17453: 17281: 17196: 16935: 15621: 13669: 13252: 8454: 7424: 3066:

Another significant result of the 1877–1878 Russo-Turkish War in Russia's favour was the acquisition from the Ottomans of the provinces of

2994: 2824: 1930: 1308: 1202: 14596: 13304: 12935: 9007: 8977: 8517: 4052:

as his legitimate successor. The Tsarist system was fully overthrown. After a series of deportations and imprisonments, in July 1918, the

4040:, 262 kilometres (163 mi) southwest from the capital, many generals and politicians advised the Emperor to abdicate in favour of the 3404:(1904–1905) was a major blow to the tsarist regime and further increased the potential for unrest. In January 1905, an incident known as " 1365:. By the early 16th century, all of the semi-independent and petty princedoms in Russia had been unified with Moscow. During the reign of 21228: 20633: 18513: 15713: 14629: 14582:

World War I: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection [5 volumes]: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection

14280: 14247: 14166: 12424: 11723: 11645: 11606: 11567: 11516: 11426: 11348: 11297: 11171: 11120: 11081: 10471: 9271: 5869: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5810: 3486: 2897: 2762: 2014: 220: 12194: 12060: 11465: 11387: 11222: 10542: 10510: 10333: 9190: 3429:(councils of workers) appeared in most cities to direct revolutionary activity. Russia was paralyzed, and the government was desperate. 21233: 21213: 15673: 11684: 9575: 9232: 9037: 6207: 6164: 5149: 4441: 4049: 3875: 2931:

as inefficient. In 1859, there were more than 23 million serfs in usually poor living conditions. Alexander II decided to abolish

2539:, when a number of well-educated Russian officers travelled in Europe in the course of military campaigns, where their exposure to the 9934: 9752: 21218: 21178: 20734: 9781: 6228: 6201: 6032: 5717: 4242:, a great chain of mountains separating it from Russia. But even this sheet of water is an inland sea, the only outlet of which, the 3564: 2552: 2163:. Upon achieving victory, she established Russian rule over it and expelled the newly established Persian garrisons in the Caucasus. 1906:

was partially incorporated into the country's administrative structure, in effect making it a tool of the state. Peter abolished the

15404: 9667: 4518:

The Russian Empire expanded its influence and possessions in Central Asia, especially in the later 19th century, conquering much of

4410:

on 17 September 1809, the eastern half of Sweden, the area that then became Finland, was incorporated into the Russian Empire as an

17350: 16598: 13653: 12521: 7214:

within the empire. In a policy influenced by Catherine II but solidified in the 19th century, Tsarist Russia exhibited increasing "

7202:

clergy had to be married when appointed, but if left widowers were not allowed to marry again; this rule continues to apply today.

4155: — the administrative boundary, however, partly extended into Asia on the Siberian slope of the Urals. To the south, were the 3014:

and the Ottomans surrendered. Russia's nationalist diplomats and generals persuaded Alexander II to force the Ottomans to sign the

2083:(the garrison of the fortress of St. Elizabeth was disbanded, it lost its military importance and received the rights of a city) , 1581: 15332:

Olson, Gust, and Aleksei I. Miller. "Between Local and Inter-Imperial: Russian Imperial History in Search of Scope and Paradigm."

13276:"How the Jesuits Survived Their Suppression: The Society of Jesus in the Russian Empire (1773–1814), written by Mark Inglot, S.J." 2551:(December 1825), which was the work of a small circle of liberal nobles and army officers who wanted to install Nicholas' brother 20589: 17668: 16135: 16040: 15955: 15482: 8812: 6759: 5924:

between conflicting parties in the state. Provisionally, then, the Russian governmental system may perhaps be best defined as "a

5499: 5310: 4041: 3705: 2417: 12697:

Muslim Religious Institutions in Imperial Russia: The Islamic World of Novouzensk District and the Kazakh Inner Horde, 1780–1910

8786: 8106:

23 million serfs to become free, but they remained indigent throughout the former enslaved population despite their rights. The

21173: 16940: 16839: 16256: 15205: 13732:

To the tsar, the pogroms organized by the police seemed like a holy outburst of popular indignation against the revolutionaries

8090:

Serfs lived in deplorable conditions, working in the fields for nearly seven days a week and being exiled to the harsh land of

7804: 3354: 15185: 15037: 14802: 9862: 9359:

Under Ivan III's reign, the uniting of separate Russian principalities into a centralized state made great and rapid progress.

6268:, representing the emperor, and consisted of the three metropolitans of Moscow, Saint Petersburg, and Kiev, the Archbishop of 3598: 20929: 20390: 19772: 17720: 17275: 16351: 16014: 15693: 15254: 15157: 15107: 14985: 14939: 14735: 14666: 14623: 14590: 14503: 14470: 14449: 14418: 14385: 14341: 14307: 14274: 14241: 14208: 13713: 13616: 13079: 13038: 12958: 12894: 12876: 12804: 12779: 12704: 12654: 12491: 12339: 12289: 12188: 12044: 12019: 11920: 11717: 11678: 11639: 11600: 11561: 11510: 11459: 11420: 11381: 11342: 11291: 11216: 11165: 11114: 11075: 10897: 10575: 10536: 10504: 10465: 10425: 10400: 10343: 10069: 10032: 9993: 9838: 9702: 9616: 9547: 9531: 9463: 9380: 9340: 9304: 9265: 9226: 9176: 8838: 7368: 7143: 6411: 6192: 5326: 4565: 2556: 1156: 1031: 17685: 16735: 15131: 14509: 14476: 14424: 14391: 14313: 13719: 13630: 12748: 12668: 10806: 9346: 9310: 6063:

Under Russia's revised Fundamental Law of 20 February 1906, the State Council was associated with the Duma as a legislative

4614:

empires declined in the 20th century, a large portion of the Russian Empire's territory remained together, first within the

3338:

among industrial capitalists and nobility, who believed in peaceful social reform and a constitutional monarchy, formed the

2229:

During his rule, Nicholas II supported the economic and political reforms proposed by his prime ministers, Sergei Witte and

1948:

being put on the Russian throne. Elizabeth supported the arts, architecture, and the sciences (for example, the founding of

21223: 16905: 16685: 16397: 15650: 12543: 9440: 9203:

The first government to be formed after the February Revolution of 1917 had, with one exception, been composed of liberals.

8319: 7948: 6291: 5826: 5696: 5503: 5456: 4994: 4008: 3043:

for failing to back Russia. Disappointment at the results of the war stimulated revolutionary tensions, and helped Serbia,

2614: 1872: 1745: 1545: 1520: 20296: 14052:

Mironov, Boris N. (1991). "The Development of Literacy in Russia and the USSR from the Tenth to the Twentieth Centuries".

10819:

In the days of the Great Game, Mongolia was an object of imperialist encroachment by Russia, as Tibet was for the British.

7846: 6684:

that lasted from 1891 to 1892, with four hundred thousand perishing from starvation. Vyshnegradsky was succeeded by Count

3204:. China was too weak to resist, and was pulled increasingly into the Russian sphere. Russia obtained treaty ports such as 3188:

Expansion into the vast stretches of Siberia was slow and expensive, but finally became possible with the building of the

21208: 20573: 19028: 18173: 16628: 15572: 12375: 12353: 12303: 8389: 7408: 3729: 3568: 3118: 2828: 2567:

camps. The retaliation for the revolt made "December Fourteenth" a day long remembered by later revolutionary movements.

2535:(1825–1855), who at the beginning of his reign was confronted with an uprising. The background of this revolt lay in the 2068: 1907: 119: 12829: 10622: 9644: 6629: 3995: 2206:

of Finland. His reign started on 1 November 1894 and ended with his abdication on 15 March 1917. Born on 18 May 1868 at

2202:

Nicholas II, also known as Nikolai Alexandrovich Romanov, was the final Emperor of Russia, King of Congress Poland, and

2063:, in result of which Russian Empire conquered the vast lands in the south including the Black and Azov seas coasts, the 1578:. The adoption of the latter title by Peter I is usually seen as the beginning of the "imperial" period of Russia. 21010: 20886: 20442: 19442: 18882: 18178: 16130: 15749: 14149:

Imperial Lineages and Legacies in the Eastern Mediterranean: Recording the Imprint of Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman Rule

13823: 11892: 10302:

Burant, Stephen R. (1985). "The January Uprising of 1863 in Poland: Sources of Disaffection and the Arenas of Revolt".

9104: 8941: 7428: 7372: 7318: 7295: 7259: 6657:

attempted to modernise his country, and have it not been so dependant on a single economic sector. During the reign of

6583: 6299: 5491: 5481: 4411: 3725: 3133:; and demanded important territorial and commercial concessions from China. The emperor's most influential adviser was 2935:

from above, with ample provision for the landowners, rather than wait for it to be abolished from below by revolution.

2040: 1970: 1801: 1437: 1315:

ended Russia's involvement in the war, but who nevertheless were opposed by various factions known collectively as the

1050: 13471: 4395:

got their names from Russian settlers, who had staked claims in a region claimed until 1821 by the Spanish as part of

4007:

emperor eventually decided to take personal command of the army and moved to the front, leaving his wife, the Empress

1998: 1295:. Political dysfunction, continued involvement in the widely unpopular war, and widespread food shortages resulted in 21248: 21065: 20993: 20959: 19086: 17443: 16563: 16452: 16387: 15688: 15547: 15084: 14900: 14870: 14753: 14534: 14156: 13926: 13004: 12843: 12734: 10792: 7371:

requiring Russian Orthodoxy. Nonetheless, in certain areas Islamic institutions were allowed to operate, such as the

7136: 6712: 6706: 6607:

was being carried out in the same provinces, in all departments of administration, in the higher schools, and in the

5802: 5798: 5794: 5790: 4908: 4449: 3453: 3264: 2846: 2818: 2719: 2703: 2679: 2656: 2638: 2520: 2368: 2060: 1857: 1853: 1727: 1377:

were conquered by Russia in the mid-16th century, leading to the development of an increasingly multinational state.

1221: 1179: 13746:Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897 г. Распределение населения по вероисповеданиям и регионам 13428:"Russian Old Believers: genetic consequences of their persecution and exile, as shown by mitochondrial DNA evidence" 9576:"Прошение сенаторов к царю Петру I о принятии им титула "Отца Отечества, императора Всероссийского, Петра Великого"" 6781:

Output in 1912 of mining and heavy industries of the Russian Empire, as a percentage of national output, by region.

6764: 3357:

wanted to expropriate the land, without payment, but debated whether to distribute the land among the peasants (the

19013: 18608: 17988: 16311: 16294: 15960: 15309: 13522: 10593:"The Plans for Russian Expansion in the New World and the North Pacific in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries" 7920: 6634: 6257: 6219: 5738: 5284: 5272: 5173: 4204: 3859: 3679: 2509: 2210:, Tsarskoye Selo, Russian Empire, he was the eldest son and successor of Aleksandr Aleksandrovich (later known as 1899: 1390: 1260:

in Europe, the empire saw rapid political radicalization and the growing popularity of revolutionary ideas such as

1241: 1187: 252: 13355: 12618: 21238: 20068: 19038: 18641: 18506: 17386: 16930: 16105: 15643: 15423: 15361: 9501:"Perspective | Russian Orthodox Old Believers: Keeping their faith and fighting fires in the West Siberian Plain" 9126: 8916: 7450:

were banished in internal exile to Transcaucasia and Central Asia, with some further emigrating to the Americas.

6681: 6421: 5862: 5477: 4500: 4496: 4053: 4015:(1869–1916). His assassination in late 1916 by a clique of nobles could not restore the emperor's lost prestige. 3339: 3007: 2833: 1253: 486: 19230: 13545: 7510: 3887: 3849: 3006:

independent. In early 1877, Russia intervened on behalf of Serbian and Russian volunteer forces, leading to the

20903: 20898: 20566: 18825: 18658: 18596: 17965: 17468: 16710: 16336: 15769: 15353:

Suny, Ronald Grigor. "Rehabilitating Tsarism: The Imperial Russian State and Its Historians. A Review Article"

8315: 6465: 6181: 6015: 5208: 5123: 4691:

against the colony. After a brief resistance, the colony surrendered and the Russian settlers were deported to

4569: 3963:

This led Russia to declare war on the Ottoman Empire on 2 November. The Russians, led by Baltic German General

3593: 2576: 2412:

in 1807. After Alexander was defeated in Friedland, he agreed to negotiate and sued for peace with France; the

1699: 1288: 965: 671: 17: 9647:[The title "emperor" and the concept of "empire" in Russia in the first quarter of the 18th century]. 8683:

of 1879 gave the governors the right to report secretly on the qualifications of candidates for the office of

7307: 5902:". This contradiction in terms demonstrated the difficulty of precisely defining the system, transitional and 2644: 1686:. Afterwards, the concept was developed in the writings of an associate of Peter I, Archbishop Professor 20913: 20506: 19033: 18942: 17802: 16506: 16221: 16045: 16005: 15759: 15683: 15678: 15582: 13166:"The Tsar's Foreign Faiths: Toleration and the Fate of Religious Freedom in Imperial Russia by Paul W. Werth" 8684: 7463: 7235: 7118: 6624: 6608: 6603:

justice from Baltic German control to officials of the central government. About the same time, a process of

5431: 5261: 4976: 4634: 3536:

The relations between Russia and the Triple Alliance, especially Germany and Austria, were like those of the

3350: 3213: 2575:, who held the "decadent" West in contempt. The Slavophiles were opponents of bureaucracy, who preferred the 1978:, who reigned from 1762 to 1796, continued the empire's expansion and modernization. Considering herself an 1876: 1643: 1554: 14147:

Strauss, Johann. "Language and power in the late Ottoman Empire" (Chapter 7). In: Murphey, Rhoads (editor).

3781: 2927:

ascended the throne in 1855, the desire for reform was widespread. A growing humanitarian movement attacked

1691: 20974: 20819: 20693: 20501: 20385: 18456: 17438: 17426: 16945: 16792: 16772: 16675: 16326: 16276: 16140: 15985: 15950: 15633: 12254: 8884: 8073:

The serfdom that had developed in Russia in the 16th century, and had become enshrined in law in 1649, was

7924: 7839: 7539:

of 1897, adherents of the different religious communities in the empire numbered approximately as follows.

7160: 6002: 5913: 5675: 5654: 5145: 4030: 3549: 3541: 3537: 3465: 3441: 3054: 2191: 2187: 819: 552: 13958: 12453: 11993:

Romantics, Reformers, Reactionaries: Russian Conservative Thought and Politics in the Reign of Alexander I

9923:

Autocratic politics in a national crisis: the Imperial Russian government and Pugachev's revolt, 1773–1775

8883:"The Sovereign Emperor exercises legislative power in conjunction with the State Council and State Duma". 7329: 4464:, along with some areas formerly under direct Ottoman rule, came under the rule of the empire. This area ( 3173:. That rivalry between the two empires has been considered to have included far-flung territories such as 21090: 20849: 20780: 20511: 19548: 18992: 18987: 18603: 18319: 18233: 18128: 18043: 17960: 17458: 17330: 17185: 16690: 16427: 16299: 16206: 16160: 16150: 16115: 15995: 15870: 15855: 15509: 15475: 13750: 12904: 8103: 8074: 8038: 7930:

revolutions of the early 20th century. Recent research by Russian scholars disputes this interpretation.

7851: 7491: 7324: 7132: 6642: 6637:

was founded in 1860 as a central bank structure (headquarters in Saint Petersburg, photographed in 1905).

6087: 5998: 5912:". After October 1905, while the imperial style was still "Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias", the 5786: 5633: 5549: 5299: 5022: 5006: 4426: 3556:

had nearly led to war and in 1912–13 relations between Saint Petersburg and Vienna were tense during the

3459: 3437: 3031:, as a vassal state and an autonomous principality inside the Ottoman Empire, respectively. As a result, 2939: 2593:

of the West. More extreme social doctrines were elaborated by such Russian radicals on the left, such as

2175: 2099: 1638: 1398: 1273: 1206: 1116: 762: 688: 14095:

Franklin A. Walker, "Enlightenment and religion in Russian education in the reign of Tsar Alexander I."

2860: 21198: 20881: 20854: 19048: 19043: 18499: 18466: 18381: 17970: 17868: 16750: 16583: 16365: 16346: 16246: 16236: 16231: 15823: 15703: 15446: 15325:

Kuzio, Taras. "Historiography and national identity among the Eastern Slavs: towards a new framework."

11006:

Radkey, Oliver H. (1953). "An Alternative to Bolshevism: The Program of Russian Social Revolutionism".

10235:

The first Russian revolution, 1825: the Decembrist movement, its origins, development, and significance

9538: 9468: 9000:"The Price of Expansion: The Nationality Problem in Russia of the Eighteenth-Early Twentieth Centuries" 8331: 6446: 5883: 5855: 5441: 5376: 5014: 4714: 4672: 4453: 4388: 4199:, taking a great circular sweep to the west to embrace east-central Poland, and separating Russia from 3999: 3741: 3653:, which both had been allied with Russia since 1892, fearing the rise of Germany as the new power. The 3320: 3048: 2962: 2156: 1773:, remained a major institution in Russia until 1723, when Peter converted household kholops into house 792: 18158: 13788:

I. N. Grebenkin, "The Disintegration of the Russian Army in 1917: Factors and Actors in the Process."

12976: 9131: 6216:(including police, health, censorship and press, posts and telegraphs, foreign religions, statistics); 2682:, they clashed with Persia over control and consolidation of Georgia, and also became involved in the 21203: 21183: 20719: 20469: 19617: 19181: 19018: 18772: 18733: 18436: 18123: 18058: 18048: 18033: 17368: 17315: 17225: 16802: 16782: 16755: 16511: 16271: 16030: 15909: 15838: 15718: 15181: 13801: 13328:"The Roman Catholic Church and Its Legal Position under the Provisional Government in Russia in 1917" 7931: 7634: 7435: 7172: 7159:. The emperor was not allowed to "profess any faith other than the Orthodox" (Article 62 of the 1906 7114: 5569: 5561: 5086: 4856: 4661: 4626: 4545: 4380: 4045: 3809: 3785: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3721: 3687: 2765:, and Austria tried to intervene in the crisis but were unable to do so. The Russian press and state 2667: 2524: 2456: 2374: 2160: 2152: 2064: 1615:, who were obedient nobles that served the state for the rest of their lives. He also introduced the 18258: 11208:

Arming the Sultan: German Arms Trade and Personal Diplomacy in the Ottoman Empire Before World War I

8253: 6665:

was founded in 1883 to provide loans for Russian peasants, both as individuals and in communes. The

2106:, the specter of revolution and disorder continued to haunt her and her successors. Indeed, her son 1224:, ruled from 1762 until 1917. By the start of the 19th century, Russian territory extended from the 21080: 20746: 20681: 20427: 20402: 20252: 19911: 19906: 17878: 17858: 17823: 17776: 17730: 17082: 16898: 16316: 16155: 16125: 15990: 15904: 15813: 15776: 11106:

A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East

8311: 7982: 7702: 6269: 5218: 4580: 4356: 3769: 3733: 3530: 3522: 3244: 3182: 3134: 3024: 1715: 1678:, was introduced during the reign of Peter I, and it was associated with the name of Archimandrite 1361:

The foundations of a Russian national state were laid in the late 15th century during the reign of

1332: 10050:"The Real and Live Ethnographic Map of Russia: The Russian Empire in The Mirror of The State Duma" 9719: 9097:"The Great Game, 1856–1907: Russo-British Relations in Central and East Asia | Reviews in History" 6043: 21253: 21193: 21143: 21133: 21075: 21015: 20861: 20688: 20671: 20494: 20375: 19916: 19869: 19812: 19511: 19455: 19203: 19023: 18681: 17756: 17448: 17431: 17421: 17396: 17240: 16966: 16822: 16797: 16633: 16482: 16442: 16145: 16090: 15975: 15843: 15341:

Historiography of imperial Russia: The profession and writing of history in a multinational state

10201: 8888: 8612: 8576: 8483: 7556: 7287: 7231: 7168: 7156: 6658: 6548: 5983: 5895: 5533: 5515: 5495: 5382: 5354: 4846: 4630: 4422: 3796: 3683: 3526: 3240: 3126: 3122: 2211: 2166:

Catherine's expansionist policy caused Russia to develop into a major European power, as did the

2072: 2044: 1903: 1833: 1312: 1265: 1019: 469: 77: 31: 14233:

Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond [2 volumes]

7490:

that he found that some proclamations inciting pogroms were printed and distributed by imperial

7097:. Both lines served the commercial and strategic needs of the empire and facilitated migration. 6256:

The Senate and Synod headquarters – today the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation on

4748: 4641: 20934: 20871: 20654: 20516: 20417: 20412: 20100: 20048: 19968: 19901: 19805: 19790: 19683: 19450: 19404: 19245: 19132: 18847: 18676: 18476: 18391: 18238: 17950: 17883: 17751: 17700: 17632: 17532: 17522: 17320: 17255: 17062: 16991: 16760: 16618: 16588: 16543: 16494: 16489: 16422: 16306: 16266: 16226: 16060: 15970: 15965: 15786: 15698: 15565: 15468: 14580: 13275: 8999: 8957: 8755: 8171: 8099: 8048: 7443: 7404: 7282: 7128: 7106: 7038: 6662: 6425: 5064: 4942: 4752: 4665: 4611: 4418: 4407: 4372: 4291: 4278:, but gained Tuva as a protectorate in 1914. Prior to 1917 the Russian Empire included most of 3502: 3330: 3189: 3162: 3003: 2924: 2441: 2433: 2221: 1979: 1592: 1530: 1463: 1191: 284: 15434: 15394: 14931: 14613: 14264: 14231: 14163: 13916: 12984: 12821: 12416: 12011: 11707: 11629: 11590: 11551: 11500: 11410: 11332: 11281: 11155: 11104: 11065: 10885: 10455: 9255: 4076: 2170:

and the Golden age in Russia. But after Catherine died in 1796, she was succeeded by her son,

1548:, which significantly altered Russia's political and social structure, and as a result of the 1331:

across most of the Russian territory; it would be one of four continental empires to collapse

21020: 20876: 20698: 20608: 20447: 20407: 20220: 20095: 19159: 19149: 19108: 19079: 18927: 18792: 18461: 18441: 18421: 18284: 18248: 18203: 18148: 17940: 17935: 17710: 17657: 17482: 17391: 17360: 17300: 17250: 17032: 17022: 16787: 16528: 16501: 16462: 16402: 16201: 16170: 16080: 15828: 15764: 15322:(Yale University Press, 2002), compares Russian with British, Habsburg & Ottoman empires. 13067: 13026: 12178: 12064: 11449: 11371: 11206: 10835: 10565: 10526: 10494: 9692: 9606: 9168: 7869: 7865: 7536: 7078: 7058: 6650: 6464:

of cassation. The first tribunal, based on the English model, were the courts of the elected

6316: 6056: 5958: 5364: 4508: 4376: 4231: 3867: 3829: 3650: 3623: 3581: 3529:

when peace was threatened. France also granted loans for building infrastructure, especially

3482: 3476: 3312: 3304: 3236: 3217: 3178: 3059: 3015: 2735: 2707: 2649: 2619: 2505: 2496: 2397: 2378: 2179: 2167: 1983: 1922: 1784:. His attention then turned to the north. Russia lacked a secure northern seaport, except at 1744:

officially proclaimed the Russian Empire in 1721 and became its first emperor. He instituted

1679: 1634: 1630: 1572: 1494: 1280: 1269: 1160: 1065:. From the 10th to 17th centuries, the Russians had been ruled by a noble class known as the 1039: 886: 592: 449: 20335: 17612: 15264:

Stolberg, Eva-Maria. (2004) "The Siberian Frontier and Russia's Position in World History",

11668: 9816: 9583: 9216: 9029: 8437: 8098:. These serfs were heavily taxed, making them the poorest in any Russians. In 1861, Emperor 3209: 1045:

The rise of the Russian Empire coincided with the decline of neighbouring rival powers: the

21025: 20944: 20939: 20659: 20540: 20370: 20340: 20215: 20146: 20117: 20036: 19370: 19208: 19198: 18982: 18977: 18917: 18852: 18757: 18446: 18365: 18329: 18279: 18138: 18063: 17848: 17725: 17517: 17292: 17270: 17265: 17230: 17172: 16817: 16725: 16720: 16472: 16407: 16165: 16100: 16095: 16085: 16055: 16050: 16010: 15517: 15346:

Smith, Steve. "Writing the History of the Russian Revolution after the Fall of Communism."

13979: 8122: 7978: 7877: 7830: 7349: 7273: 7265: 7171:—which extended its jurisdiction over the entire territory of the empire, including the ex- 6736: 6666: 6654: 5338: 5141: 4526: 4230:

and the Baltic belong also to territory that was not inhabited by Slavs, but by Baltic and

3976: 3821: 3765: 3713: 3697: 3654: 3405: 2901: 2758: 2671: 2532: 2401: 2336: 2249: 2148: 2136: 2103: 1990: 1888: 1797: 1687: 1607:

of the regime. During the reign of Peter I, the last vestiges of the independence of the

1402: 1374: 1159:, and diplomacy, while continuing Peter's policy of modernization towards a Western model. 308: 20320: 9945: 8221:

effected. The forests were sold, and the only prosperous landlords were those who exacted

3883: 3879: 3618:'s declaration of war on Serbia, Nicholas II ordered the mobilisation of 4.9 million men. 2769:

used the Polish uprising to justify the need for unity in the empire. The semi-autonomous

1860:

several areas of Iran to Russia, which after the death of Peter were returned in the 1732

8: 21005: 20814: 20768: 20739: 20232: 20112: 20078: 19980: 19800: 19795: 19607: 19326: 19262: 19137: 19122: 18947: 18877: 18820: 18737: 18563: 18471: 18416: 18253: 18243: 18228: 18218: 18183: 18113: 18028: 17998: 17945: 17662: 17416: 17411: 17310: 17305: 17072: 17027: 16986: 16891: 16812: 16568: 16518: 16437: 16341: 16175: 16120: 16075: 16070: 16065: 16020: 15980: 15945: 15887: 15801: 15732: 15594: 15455: 15027:

The Russian empire and the world, 1700–1917: The geopolitics of expansion and containment

14121:

Stephen Woodburn, "Reaction Reconsidered: Education and the State in Russia, 1825–1848."

12575:"Russian Roads to Mecca: Religious Tolerance and Muslim Pilgrimage in the Russian Empire" 10831: 10376: 10284: 10011:"Legal Basis of Control and Prevention of Crimes by Subaltern Officers in Russian Empire" 8400: 8327: 8095: 7899:

and the fierce political struggles inside army units led to irreversible disintegration.

7896: 7458: 7353: 7345: 7333: 7215: 7191: 7180: 6565: 6398:) had administrative systems of their own, independent of the governorates; in these the 6265: 5978: 5306: 5251: 5119: 4904: 4734: 4553: 4345: 4327: 4311: 4271: 4106: 4024: 3833: 3749: 3334: 2872: 2773:

of Congress Poland subsequently lost its distinctive political and judicial rights, with

2715: 2409: 2025: 2021: 1975: 1953: 1945: 1915: 1836:

influence. In 1722, he turned his aspirations toward increasing Russian influence in the

1683: 1340: 1284: 1145: 834: 604: 19948: 19938: 13804:, "The Myth of a Systemic Crisis in Russia after the Great Reforms of the 1860s–1870s", 13645: 12513: 12284:(1st ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. pp. 404, 407–408. 10723: 7388: 7312:

Islam had a "sheltered but precarious" place in the Russian Empire. Initially, sporadic

7033: 3315:

began to show significant influence in Russia, but the country remained rural and poor.

2706:, Russia managed to bring an end to the war with highly favourable terms granted by the 1641:). Civil lettering was adopted during Peter I's reign, and the first Russian newspaper, 21138: 21105: 21070: 20949: 20866: 20844: 20824: 20790: 20345: 20325: 20308: 20259: 20124: 19933: 19884: 19817: 19735: 19676: 19671: 19666: 19622: 19592: 19484: 19382: 19250: 19225: 19053: 18957: 18741: 18693: 18688: 18591: 18581: 18538: 18530: 18370: 18193: 18188: 18153: 18133: 18108: 18103: 18098: 18093: 18088: 18073: 18068: 18013: 17920: 17766: 17637: 17527: 17507: 17463: 17406: 17401: 17378: 17345: 17335: 17325: 17207: 16740: 16715: 16705: 16695: 16680: 16665: 16623: 16553: 16538: 16477: 16457: 16447: 16417: 16392: 16377: 16321: 16261: 16251: 16110: 15933: 15919: 15914: 15860: 15796: 15606: 14077: 14069: 14034: 14026: 13514: 13463: 13408: 13347: 13244: 13146: 13138: 12610: 12602: 12037:

The origins of the Slavic nations: premodern identities in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus

10049: 8933: 8665: 8540: 8323: 8260: 7935: 7912: 7826: 7818: 7814: 7810: 7416: 7395:

Despite the predominance of Orthodoxy, several Christian denominations were professed.

7276:, who sought the forced assimilation of Jews, from 1827 conscripted Jewish children as 7269: 7227: 7219: 6772: 6677: 6587: 6359: 6295: 5620: 5584: 5523: 5511: 5419: 5372: 5112: 5010: 4998: 4912: 4900: 4820: 4541: 4504: 4469: 4259: 3968: 3910: 3853: 3825: 3571:, raised Europe's tensions, which led to the confrontation between Austria and Russia. 3422: 3401: 3393: 3308: 3274: 3229: 3020: 2841: 2757:

reason to rebel, by assailing national core values of language, religion, and culture.

2745:

Russian emperors quelled two uprisings in their newly acquired Polish territories: the

2699: 2488:" was proclaimed, linking the monarchist great powers of Austria, Prussia, and Russia. 2477: 2421: 2413: 2393: 2360: 2257: 2253: 2128: 1921:

Peter died in 1725, leaving an unsettled succession. After a short reign by his widow,

1813: 1549: 1534: 1386: 1362: 1300: 1104: 1074: 629: 167: 20558: 14009:

Dianina, Katia (2003). "Passage to Europe: Dostoevskii in the St. Petersburg Arcade".

12928:"Circassian Genocide on its 159th Anniversary – Genocide is a Crime against Humanity!" 10061: 9623:

This explains much of the difficulty encountered by Peter I when he adopted the title

8857:

Williams, Beryl (1 December 1994). "The concept of the first Duma: Russia 1905–1906".

8808: 4649: 3513:. Previously, Saint Petersburg and Paris, along with London, were belligerents in the 2742:. Following a brief occupation, the Russian imperial army withdrew back into Georgia. 2113:

in his short reign aimed directly against the spread of French culture in response to

1663:

that had been conquered during the Great Northern War, served as the state's capital.

21125: 21110: 20986: 20954: 20908: 20454: 20350: 20286: 20281: 20210: 20107: 19822: 19750: 19745: 19587: 19516: 19499: 19494: 19489: 19289: 19240: 18932: 18907: 18887: 18867: 18857: 18747: 18729: 18698: 18631: 18548: 18522: 18396: 18386: 18349: 18223: 18208: 18083: 18053: 18023: 18018: 17993: 17930: 17925: 17915: 17786: 17735: 17622: 17617: 17340: 16976: 16961: 16858: 16610: 16578: 16573: 16558: 16533: 16382: 16331: 16281: 16211: 16189: 16034: 15818: 15754: 15744: 15708: 15611: 15577: 15555: 15500: 15250: 15153: 15103: 15080: 14981: 14935: 14906: 14896: 14866: 14749: 14731: 14662: 14619: 14586: 14530: 14499: 14466: 14445: 14414: 14381: 14337: 14303: 14270: 14237: 14204: 14152: 14081: 14038: 13922: 13819: 13709: 13622: 13612: 13506: 13455: 13447: 13412: 13400: 13339: 13296: 13248: 13236: 13185: 13130: 13075: 13034: 13000: 12954: 12890: 12872: 12839: 12800: 12775: 12740: 12730: 12700: 12660: 12650: 12614: 12594: 12345: 12335: 12295: 12285: 12184: 12040: 12015: 11926: 11916: 11888: 11713: 11674: 11635: 11596: 11557: 11506: 11455: 11416: 11377: 11338: 11287: 11212: 11161: 11110: 11071: 11067:

China's Quest: The History of the Foreign Relations of the People's Republic of China

10926: 10893: 10858: 10798: 10788: 10614: 10571: 10532: 10500: 10461: 10421: 10396: 10339: 10065: 10028: 9989: 9834: 9698: 9612: 9543: 9376: 9336: 9300: 9261: 9222: 9172: 8969: 8834: 8778: 8265: 8240: 8231: 8034: 7908: 7822: 7792: 7515: 7412: 7313: 7247: 6724: 6646: 6579: 6537:

Since 1870, the municipalities in European Russia had institutions like those of the

5949: 5921: 5909: 5899: 5891: 5507: 5471: 5467: 5360: 5187: 5169: 5157: 5032: 5018: 5002: 4969: 4922: 4775: 4723: 4704: 4519: 4481: 4430: 4307: 4303: 3926: 3871: 3845: 3788:

and Second armies were severely mauled, and the Second army was nearly surrounded in

3665:

before moving east to attack Russia, whose massive army was much slower to mobilise.

3572: 3433: 3115: 3102:, each of whom hoped to achieve protection and advance their own regional ambitions. 2970: 2746: 2687: 2630: 2548: 2544: 2284:

Catherine II Sestroretsk Rouble (1771) is made of solid copper measuring 77 mm (

2261: 2140: 2114: 2052: 2010: 1949: 1774: 1749: 1604: 1600: 1587: 1394: 1366: 1356: 1320: 1257: 1093: 948: 805: 747: 561: 540: 15301:

Hellie, Richard. "The structure of modern Russian history: Toward a dynamic model."

15211: 15002:

Gatrell, Peter. "Tsarist Russia at War: The View from Above, 1914 – February 1917."

14783: 14764: 13379:""Religion, Nationality, or Politics: Catholicism in the Russian Empire, 1863–1905"" 13150: 7442:

were seen as dangerous elements and persecuted heavily. Various minor sects such as

7234:

faiths, which was performed by creating spiritual assemblies (in the case of Islam,

7218:" pursuing top-down reorganization of the empire's faiths, also referred to as the " 7190:

The ecclesiastical heads of the national Russian Orthodox Church consisted of three

3858:

Austria-Hungary went to war with Russia on 6 August. The Russians started to invade

2731: 1637:

that was reformed in the manner of European style and educational institutions (the

21120: 21000: 20795: 20729: 20676: 20618: 20303: 20090: 20085: 20041: 20028: 19958: 19926: 19921: 19785: 19780: 19762: 19723: 19656: 19639: 19580: 19570: 19565: 19506: 19462: 19432: 19392: 19375: 19358: 19321: 19072: 18922: 18837: 18782: 18752: 18703: 18663: 18646: 18636: 18571: 18543: 18412: 18376: 18294: 18118: 17888: 17833: 17796: 17771: 17761: 17695: 17647: 17577: 17572: 17567: 17562: 17557: 17547: 17542: 17235: 16981: 16807: 16745: 16700: 16643: 16548: 16467: 16432: 16241: 15892: 15791: 15599: 15191: 14654: 14565: 14061: 14018: 13467: 13439: 13390: 13286: 13228: 13177: 13120: 12586: 11973: 11015: 10604: 10311: 10215: 10057: 10018: 9854: 9059: 8925: 8866: 8747: 8730: 8707: 8650:" (according to the Western European view), and thus Westerners began to translate 8603: 8591: 8567: 8498: 8394: 8343: 8205: 8201: 8184: 7651: 7595: 7467: 7420: 7198:

and fifty bishops, all drawn from the ranks of the monastic (celibate) clergy. The

6740: 6591: 6524: 6363: 6281: 6128: 6048: 5991: 5933: 5925: 5463: 5322: 5240: 5197: 4990: 4980: 4680: 4530: 4436: 4368: 4349: 4335: 4319: 4089:. The majority of the population lived in European Russia. More than 100 different 4012: 3980: 3906: 3627: 3545: 3510: 3426: 3417: 3389: 2978: 2750: 2594: 2424:. By 1812, Russia had occupied many territories in Eastern Europe, holding some of 2390: 2373:

In 1801, over four years after Paul became the emperor of Russia, he was killed in

2245: 2207: 2171: 2107: 2029: 1884: 1824: 1695: 1656: 1612: 1558: 1370: 1292: 1213: 1141: 1112: 1015: 979: 847: 711: 656: 642: 434: 430: 426: 422: 402: 392: 372: 14570: 14553: 12483: 9553: 9473: 8870: 7363:

were forced to emigrate to the Ottoman Empire following the Russian defeat in the

3972: 2013:. Suvorov's victory was immortalized with the empire's newfound national anthem: " 1852:

the centre of military efforts against Persia, and waged the first full-scale war

1748:

and oversaw the transformation of Russia into a major European power. Painting by

1256:

killed hundreds of thousands and led to popular discontent. As the last remaining

1240:

in the east. By the end of the 19th century, Russia had expanded its control over

21100: 21095: 20763: 20623: 20603: 20521: 20489: 20362: 20330: 20313: 20269: 20264: 20242: 20237: 20195: 20188: 20163: 20023: 20018: 19859: 19740: 19634: 19629: 19597: 19422: 19412: 19306: 19299: 19294: 19279: 19235: 19117: 19103: 18962: 18937: 18725: 18708: 18553: 18289: 18038: 18008: 18003: 17863: 17853: 17818: 17808: 17791: 17627: 17582: 17497: 17215: 17190: 17037: 16867: 16827: 16730: 16670: 16660: 16648: 16593: 16412: 15806: 15781: 15560: 15365: 15313: 15135: 15128: 15044: 14945: 14914: 14876: 14540: 14493: 14460: 14408: 14375: 14347: 14297: 14198: 14170: 14151:(Volume 18 of Birmingham Byzantine and Ottoman Studies). Routledge, 7 July 2016. 13965: 13703: 13606: 12724: 12644: 11934: 11908: 10934: 10903: 10866: 10782: 10730: 10457:

Russia in the Nineteenth Century: Autocracy, Reform, and Social Change, 1814–1914

9330: 9294: 9182: 9162: 8895: 8816: 8066: 8043: 7728: 7582: 7502: 7223: 7176: 7147:

Map of subdivisions of the Russian Empire by largest ethnolinguistic group (1897)

7110: 6575: 6571: 6457: 6399: 6247: 5965: 5603: 5137: 5075: 5053: 4932: 4825: 4603: 4473: 4468:) was among the Russian Empire's last territorial acquisitions in Europe. At the 4341: 4323: 4279: 4275: 4215: 4211: 4188: 4184: 4124: 4112: 3964: 3800: 3658: 3631: 3615: 3506: 3252: 3225: 3221: 3111: 3095: 3036: 3028: 2990: 2974: 2958: 2889: 2803: 2660: 2627: 2602: 2598: 2536: 2481: 2429: 2425: 2405: 2382: 2356: 2280: 2135:, and incorporating territories of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth during the 2004: 1934: 1911: 1865: 1861: 1820: 1741: 1671: 1562: 1541: 1477: 1237: 1133: 1120: 1035: 779: 775: 580: 418: 414: 19943: 15142:

From Supplication to Revolution: A Documentary Social History of Imperial Russia

14704:

The Russian Empire in the Eighteenth Century: Searching for a Place in the World

13395: 13378: 11033:

Cavendish, Richard (2003). "The Bolshevik-Menshevik split November 16th, 1903".

9435:[First general census of the population of the Russian Empire in 1897]. 9432: 7526:

Ethnographic Map of the Russian Empire by Pauli Gustav-Fedor Khristianovich 1862

7037:

Watercolor-tinted lithgraph, from the 1840s, depicting the arrival of the first

4625:

Furthermore, the empire at times controlled concession territories, notably the

2464: 1966:

Russia in the American Revolutionary War § Russian Diplomacy during the War

21044: 20891: 20773: 20758: 20666: 20464: 20422: 20397: 20380: 20276: 20247: 20205: 20053: 20013: 20008: 19963: 19889: 19849: 19839: 19829: 19644: 19523: 19417: 19284: 19166: 18902: 18897: 18892: 18872: 18862: 18777: 18720: 18613: 18576: 18431: 18213: 18163: 17903: 17898: 17781: 17715: 17587: 17245: 17220: 17125: 17042: 16996: 16765: 16638: 15899: 15865: 15542: 14709: 14646: 14371: 14359: 14329: 13772: 13443: 12996: 12835: 11977: 10315: 8911: 8907: 8367: 8209: 8007: 7857: 7434:

Tsarist religious policy was focused on punishing Orthodox dissenters, such as

7360: 7152: 7042: 5161: 5153: 5097: 4809: 4795: 4764: 4585: 4477: 4176: 4144: 4128: 4086: 3936: 3803:, allowing the Germans to capture many cities, including the kingdom's capital 3692: 3553: 3490: 3378: 3248: 3205: 3174: 3011: 2982: 2905: 2634: 2468: 2460: 2437: 2238: 2230: 2056:

minimal suffering, as part of her effort to introduce compassion into the law.

1941: 1926: 1892: 1809: 1805: 1781: 1711: 1616: 1344: 1316: 1249: 1058: 1046: 1023: 734: 473: 90: 84: 15440: 14658: 14554:"Russian Nationalism and the Divided Soul of the Westernizers and Slavophiles" 13291: 13232: 10567:

The Fires of Patriotism: Alaskans in the Days of the First World War 1910–1920

8281: 6586:, were incorporated into the Russian Empire after the defeat of Sweden in the 3232:

of 1904–1905. Japan took over Korea, and Manchuria remained a contested area.

21167: 21037: 21032: 20703: 20613: 20545: 20432: 20227: 20200: 20173: 20151: 20129: 19896: 19879: 19864: 19708: 19661: 19649: 19575: 19467: 19341: 19336: 19311: 19193: 19008: 18807: 18078: 17843: 17838: 17260: 17118: 17077: 17057: 16872: 16777: 16286: 16025: 15616: 14973: 14888: 13670:"In the former Soviet Union, statues and hero worship for leaders of pogroms" 13626: 13510: 13451: 13404: 13343: 13300: 13240: 13189: 13134: 12664: 12598: 12349: 12299: 10618: 10592: 10371: 9652: 9645:"ТИТУЛ "ИМПЕРАТОР" И ПОНЯТИЕ "ИМПЕРИЯ" В РОССИИ В ПЕРВОЙ ЧЕТВЕРТИ XVIII ВЕКА" 8973: 8381: 8339: 8021: 7916: 7621: 7475: 7470:

suggested that many pogroms were incited by authorities and supported by the

7439: 7400: 6716: 6604: 6595: 6461: 6460:

and coming in contact with each other only in the Senate, which acted as the

6433: 6395: 6355: 6324: 6055:, was the summer residence of the imperial family. It is named after Empress 6052: 6036: 5845: 5541: 5229: 5179: 4866: 4836: 4589: 4512: 4492: 4384: 4331: 4263: 4239: 4180: 4140: 4120: 4057: 3643: 3635: 3619: 3607: 3603: 3498: 3413: 3201: 3146: 3079: 3040: 2774: 2739: 2683: 2675: 2623: 2590: 2485: 2449: 2080: 1887:, in effect a supreme council of state. The countryside was divided into new 1626: 1567: 1433: 1336: 1175: 1108: 1027: 914: 549: 546: 537: 19973: 19953: 17607: 14910: 14544: 14495:

Imperial Apocalypse: The Great War and the Destruction of the Russian Empire

13216: 12953:. New Brunswick, New Jersey, US: Rutgers University Press. pp. 91, 92. 12744: 11930: 10802: 9186: 9096: 8929: 7985:, Siberia, and Central Asia were officially registered as a category called 7895:

and became a center of unrest and revolutionary activity. The events of the

7336:, Russian military historian Rostislav Fadeyev wrote: "The state needed the 6669:, in 1885, made loans at nominal interest rates to the landed nobility. The 6059:, who reigned from 1725 to 1727 (watercolor painting from the 19th century). 4574: 4175:

with the Caspian. The western boundary was purely arbitrary: it crossed the

2499:, Russia had burned the city just before Napoleon could reach and occupy it. 2455:

Following a dispute with Emperor Alexander I, in 1812, Napoleon launched an

1816:, which ended in 1721 when an exhausted Sweden asked for peace with Russia. 1385:

Much of Russia's expansion occurred in the 17th century, culminating in the

20437: 20178: 20168: 20134: 20063: 20058: 19985: 19775: 19757: 19718: 19713: 19693: 19688: 19560: 19553: 19543: 19538: 19533: 19427: 19365: 19346: 19331: 19267: 18967: 18797: 18668: 18586: 18168: 17690: 17652: 17552: 17135: 16653: 15638: 15628: 15373:

A state of nations: Empire and nation-making in the age of Lenin and Stalin

15234:

Mironov, Boris N. (2010) "Wages and Prices in Imperial Russia, 1703–1913",

15058:

A Military History of Russia: From Ivan the Terrible to the War in Chechnya

14949: 14918: 14880: 14160: 13997:

News under Russia's Old Regime: The Development of a Mass-Circulation Press

13777:

A Military History of Russia: From Ivan the Terrible to the War in Chechnya

13459: 13427: 12889:. New Brunswick, New Jersey, US: Rutgers University Press. pp. 88–93. 11938: 10938: 10907: 10870: 8083: 8014: 7885: 7483: 7431:

were built across Congress Poland, but no forced conversion was attempted.

7199: 7054: 6747: 6685: 6506: 6482: 6115:

were represented by delegates selected by the regional subdivisions called

5987: 5937: 5408: 5397: 5314: 4986: 4657: 4615: 4537: 4461: 4227: 4164: 4116: 4090: 3948: 3932: 3863: 3717: 3709: 3639: 3409: 3296: 3083: 2966: 2947: 2884: 1845: 1647:, was published. Peter I promoted the advancement of science, particularly 1328: 1245: 1225: 1085: 1062: 463: 15430: 14706:(1997) . xii. 307 pp. A synthesis of much Western and Russian scholarship. 14351: 13125: 13108: 12329: 12279: 10930: 10862: 9754:

Formation of the system of Russian education during the reforms of Peter I

8912:"Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia" 6547:, which consisted of several members elected by the municipal duma. Under 6152: 5994:. Beyond this, the power of the Russian autocrat was virtually limitless. 4660:

of Hawaii, but the Russian emperor refused to ratify the treaty. See also

4487:

Saint Petersburg gradually extended and consolidated its control over the

4139:. To the east were the Asiatic territories of the empire: Siberia and the 3789: 3157:

Russia had little difficulty expanding to the south, including conquering

2917: 2753:

in 1863. In 1863, the Russian autocracy had given the Polish artisans and

1819:

As a result, Peter acquired four provinces situated south and east of the

21152: 21115: 21085: 21049: 20980: 20965: 20809: 20156: 20141: 19990: 19703: 19612: 19602: 19528: 19176: 19171: 18952: 18830: 18815: 18787: 18623: 18400: 17909: 17705: 17597: 17592: 17512: 17103: 17087: 15848: 15655: 15532: 15019:

Russia Against Napoleon: The True Story of the Campaigns of War and Peace

14978:

The Battle That Shook Europe: Poltava and the Birth of the Russian Empire

13854: 13181: 12988: 12825: 10167: 9674:

Peter I in Russian historiography of the late 18th – early 20th centuries

8831:

Orthodox Christianity in Imperial Russia: A Source Book on Lived Religion

8743: 8656: 8441: 8146: 7965: 7892: 7881: 7873: 7741: 7608: 7396: 7364: 7337: 7239: 7211: 7082: 7074: 6653:

of 1897, 95 per cent of the Russian population lived in the countryside.

6442: 6429: 6290:, i.e. directing or governing senate), originally established during the 6097: 6064: 5904: 5485: 5386: 5368: 5346: 5334: 4756: 4596: 4414: 4403: 4247: 4172: 4152: 3984: 3584:

ordered a mobilisation to attempt to force Austria-Hungary to back down.

3576: 3557: 3514: 3494: 3166: 3087: 3051:

gain independence from, and strengthen themselves against, the Ottomans.

3032: 2986: 2951: 2909: 2854: 2572: 2445: 1875:

based on the latest political models of the time, molding Russia into an

1841: 1785: 1703: 1675: 1183: 682: 665: 15306: 15125:

Information and Empire: Mechanisms of Communication in Russia, 1600–1850

13518: 13494: 13142: 10762: 7328:

Portrait of Muslim Circassian tribes fleeing from persecution after the

6543: 3899: 3820:. Russia lost the entire territory of Poland and Lithuania, part of the 2071:

in 1775, on the former lands of the Ukrainian Cossacks were created the

354: 344: 20785: 20751: 20183: 20000: 19874: 19834: 19767: 18715: 17955: 17893: 17812: 17052: 17017: 15877: 15537: 15527: 14366:. Vol. II, Imperial Russia, 1689–1917. Cambridge University Press. 14030: 13763:

Encyclopaedia of russian history, by James R. Miller, "Turkestan" entry

13351: 13327: 12774:. New Brunswick, New Jersey, US: Rutgers University Press. p. 76. 12726:

For prophet and tsar : Islam and empire in Russia and Central Asia

12606: 12574: 10855:

St. Petersburg and Moscow: Tsarist and Soviet Foreign Policy, 1814–1974

8937: 8129: 8061: 8055: 7689: 7451: 7387:

Corpses of Jewish victims collected for burial in the aftermath of the

7195: 6694: 6438: 6383: 6378:, Kiev, Moscow, and Riga. The larger cities (Saint Petersburg, Moscow, 6069: 5127: 4533:("Emperor Nicholas II Land") first mapped and claimed as late as 1913. 4525:

Newly discovered Arctic islands became part of the Russian Empire: the

4465: 4392: 4299: 4287: 4192: 4148: 3944: 3518: 3374: 3370: 3278: 3170: 2850: 2766: 2695: 2540: 2269: 2256:, which resulted in the destruction of the Russian Baltic Fleet at the 2234: 2203: 1880: 1793: 1660: 1481: 1324: 1304: 1233: 1054: 15451: 15358: 15120:(Polity Press, 2011); discussion of serfdom, the peasant commune, etc. 14073: 10609: 8151: 7383: 7378: 6727:), who did not get any rights from slave masters under the system of " 2491: 2459:. It was catastrophic for France, whose army was decimated during the 1084:), who greatly expanded his domain, established a centralized Russian 20800: 20073: 19844: 19728: 19698: 19479: 19353: 19144: 18762: 18314: 18304: 17873: 17180: 17067: 15522: 13874:

Serfdom and social control in Russia: Petrovskoe, a village in Tambov

13165: 10454:

Polunov, Alexander Y.; Owen, Thomas C.; Zakharova, Larisa G. (2015).

10023: 10010: 8956:

Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (December 2006).

8638: 8424: 8222: 8142: 7987: 7955: 7788: 7772: 7676: 7277: 7222:". The tsarist administration sought to arrange "orthodoxies" within 7090: 7066: 6417: 6334: 6123: 6108: 5598: 5318: 5133: 4653: 4396: 4243: 4156: 4068: 3836:

in Ukraine; thereafter the front with Germany was stable until 1917.

3696:

Russian POWs and equipments which were captured by Germany after the

3358: 3197: 3193: 3158: 3099: 3091: 3082:, which were transformed into the militarily administered regions of 2865: 2690:. At the conclusion of the war, Persia irrevocably ceded what is now 2581: 2472: 2351: 2332: 2190:,—he inflicted a series of defeats on the French; in particular, the 2132: 2075:, and on the sites of Cossack settlements were founded the cities of 2033: 1956:, where it was successful militarily, but gained little politically. 1849: 1789: 1648: 1296: 1261: 1229: 18491: 15228:

The Standard of Living and Revolutions in Imperial Russia, 1700–1917

14022: 13984:

Peasant Russia: family and community in the post-emancipation period

13810:

The Standard of Living and Revolutions in Imperial Russia, 1700–1917

12590: 12328:

Davies, Franziska; Wessel, Martin Schulze; Brenner, Michael (2015).

12039:(1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 285. 10784:

Soviet Russia and Tibet: the debacle of secret diplomacy, 1918-1930s

8155:

Young Russian peasant women in front of a traditional wooden house (

7053:

During the 1880s, the Russian army built two major railway lines in

6728: 3895: 3773: 3724:. Russia suffered a massive defeat at the Masurian Lakes twice, the 2543:

of Western Europe encouraged them to seek change on their return to

1792:, where the harbor was frozen for nine months a year. Access to the 1155:) presided over further expansion of the Russian state by conquest, 19474: 19257: 19215: 19154: 18972: 18767: 18451: 18334: 18324: 18143: 17642: 16914: 14793:. Vol. III, The Twentieth Century. Cambridge University Press. 14774:. Vol. I, From Early Rus' to 1689. Cambridge University Press. 14065: 13860:

Lord and Peasant in Russia from the Ninth to the Nineteenth Century

13576:"On This Day: Nicholas II Signs Decree for "Tolerance Development"" 11157:

The Third Republic in France, 1870–1940: Conflicts and Continuities

11019: 9790:] (Abstract dissertion thesis) (in Russian). Saint Petersburg. 9676:] (Doctor of Historical Sciences thesis) (in Russian). Moscow. 9218:

The Bolsheviks in Power: The First Year of Soviet Rule in Petrograd

8420: 7974: 7970: 7960: 7784: 7776: 7715: 7647: 7291: 7094: 6670: 6600: 6453: 6391: 6371: 6112: 5615: 5519: 5342: 5165: 4785: 4684: 4606:. With the exception of this territory – modern-day 4488: 4457: 4168: 4160: 4132: 4094: 3952: 3817: 2795: 2723: 2691: 2088: 2048: 2039:

Catherine extended Russian political control over the lands of the

1837: 1823:, securing access to the sea. There he built Russia's new capital, 1667: 1621: 1287:, which led to the abdication of Nicholas II, the formation of the 1171: 527: 509: 480: 15460: 14377:

The End of Tsarist Russia: The March to World War I and Revolution

14123:

Consortium on Revolutionary Europe 1750–1850: Selected Papers 2000

8889:"Chapter One On the Essence of Supreme Sovereign Power Article 7." 8297: 8102:

saw serfs as a problem that held back Russia's development, so he

7977:. Native people of the Caucasus, non-ethnic Russian areas such as 7835: 7183:

of the Holy Synod being one of the council of ministers with wide

7123: 6452:

The system established by the law of 1864 had two wholly separate

6020: 3777: 3269: 2252:, and the violent suppression of the 1905 Russian Revolution. The 19387: 19316: 19272: 19127: 18842: 18653: 18344: 18299: 18274: 17828: 17537: 17155: 17108: 17047: 16971: 16925: 16000:

Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine

15882: 15168:

The Development of the Economies of Continental Europe: 1850–1914

14832:

An atlas of Russian history: eleven centuries of changing borders

10380:. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press. pp. 315–333, 352–63. 8647: 8347: 8191: 8166: 8107: 8091: 7479: 7447: 7243: 7086: 6720: 6649:

in 1861, Russia's economy mainly depended on agriculture. By the

6538: 6497: 6375: 6370:(Uriankhai). Of these, 11 Governorates, 17 oblasts, and 1 okrug ( 6351: 6302:, of rejecting measures not in accordance with fundamental laws. 6075: 5973: 5886:, the Russian Empire was led by the emperor (also referred to as 5350: 4688: 4676: 4295: 4283: 4235: 4200: 4136: 3891: 3784:

on 11 November against the main army's right flank and rear; the

3662: 3142: 3138: 3071: 2932: 2928: 2727: 2711: 2564: 2386: 2215: 2183: 2144: 2092: 1770: 1652: 1217: 1011: 522: 503: 19188: 13608:

Europe 1850–1914 : progress, participation and apprehension

12729:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. pp. 293–294. 11964:

Stepanov, Valerii L. (2009). "Revisiting Russian Conservatism".

9669:Петр I в Отечественной Историографии: Конца XVIII – Начала XX ВВ 9030:"Population of the Major European Countries in the 19th Century" 8263:, for example, ridiculed the St. Petersburg newspapers, such as 6519: 4011:, in charge in the capital. She fell under the spell of a monk, 21189:

Countries and territories where Russian is an official language

19220: 19095: 18426: 18339: 17602: 17502: 17145: 17001: 15491: 15418: 13425: 12240:

Sarah Searight, "Russian railway penetration of Central Asia",

10700: 10493:

Akinsha, Konstantin; Kozlov, Georgi; Hochfleid, Sylvya (2008).

9433:"Первая всеобщая перепись населения Российской Империи 1897 г." 8751: 8196: 7780: 7482:, even if some happened spontaneously. According to Radzinsky, 6552: 6488: 6379: 6340: 6148: 6140: 6132: 6116: 4692: 4619: 4607: 4364: 4360: 4315: 4196: 3804: 3737: 3323:; and there were temporary downturns in 1891–93 and 1905–1908. 3228:

strongly opposed Russian expansion, and defeated Russia in the

3067: 2913: 2799: 2770: 2754: 2340: 2155:, and her own political aspirations, Catherine waged a new war 2076: 1765: 1406: 1137: 1089: 1007: 438: 380: 14269:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 556. 14136:

Russia in the Age of Modernisation and Revolution 1881 – 1917

12871:. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. p. 357. 9897:

The Three Empresses: Catherine I, Anne and Elizabeth of Russia

8047:

1856 painting imagining the announcement of the coronation of

4687:. However this attempt angered the French, who dispatched two 3931:

On 29 October 1914, a prelude to the Russo-Turkish front, the

3748:, the Russian commander-in-chief, now had the order to invade 2950:

in the onset of the industrial revolution, and that the urban

19854: 16883: 13975: 13973: 10528:

Russia: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present

10496:

The Holy Place: Architecture, Ideology, and History in Russia

9530:

Osipov, Yuriy, ed. (2015). "The Great Northern War 1700–21".

8679: 7569: 7062: 6690: 6612: 6387: 6346: 6328:

Residence of the governor of Moscow (1778–82) as seen in 2015

6127:

peculiar franchise enjoyed by the seven largest towns —

5330: 4816: 4645: 4584:

and the Russian settlement of St. Paul's Harbor (present-day

4219: 4037: 3960: 3956: 3940: 3914: 3169:; and decades of diplomatic maneuvering resulted, called the 2877: 2515: 2123: 2084: 1608: 1525: 1066: 497: 15247:

The Russian Peasantry 1600–1930: The World the Peasants Made

14863:

The Crisis of the Old Order in Russia: Gentry and Government

13890:

The Russian Peasantry 1600–1930: The World the Peasants Made

11786: 8646:

was also used to refer to other monarchs below the rank of "

6441:

and the election of judges. This system was disliked by the

4536:

During World War I, Russia briefly occupied a small part of

3369:, in London, the party split into two wings: the gradualist 2531:

The liberal Alexander I was replaced by his younger brother

2098:

She furthered these efforts by ordering the public trial of

1690:. Several of Peter I's associates are well-known, including 1405:, Russia became the most populous state in Europe, ahead of 18309: 17150: 17140: 17130: 17113: 13914: 13816:

The Standard of Living and Revolutions in Russia, 1700-1917

12799:. New Brunswick, New Jersey, US: Rutgers University Press. 12331:

Jews and Muslims in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union

11945: 11762: 9783:Внешняя торговля и финансово-экономическая политика Петра I 9728:] (Dissertation abstract thesis) (in Russian). Moscow. 8632: 7471: 7399:

were particularly tolerated with the invited settlement of

7268:, there were restrictions placed against Jews known as the 7070: 6711:

Russia had a long-standing economic bargain on fundamental

6367: 6144: 6136: 6102: 5969: 5961:

was the last emperor of Russia, reigning from 1894 to 1917.

4267: 4223: 3813: 3649:

The Russian entry into the First World War was followed by

3075: 1828: 1666:

This concept of the triune Russian people, composed of the

1603:

was enshrined. The Military Regulations made a note of the

1279:

When Russia entered the First World War on the side of the

1103:), became in 1547 the first Russian monarch to be crowned " 1070: 19064: 15051:

Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Foreign Policy

14930:(5th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 13970: 12544:"This Day in Jewish History May Laws Punish Russia's Jews" 12376:"1791: Catherine the Great Tells Jews Where They Can Live" 11045: 9788:

Foreign trade and financial and economic policy of Peter I

3517:. The relations with Britain were in disquietude from the 3367:

2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party

3239:, looking for allies against Germany after 1871, formed a 2916:, and to a lesser extent in the Baltic during the related 2312: in) (thickness), and weighs 1,041 g (2 lb 1327:. After emerging victorious in 1923, they established the 1212:

From 1721 until 1762, the Russian Empire was ruled by the

15210:, vol. 2: Patterns of State Building, archived from 13708:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. pp. 69, 77, 79. 13033:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. pp. 96–98. 12334:. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 47–52. 12209: 11592:

Russian Revolution of 1917: The Essential Reference Guide

10972: 10654: 10652: 10418:

A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present

10199:

Baykov, Alexander. "The economic development of Russia."

9542:. 2004–2017 (in Russian). Vol. 29. pp. 617–20. 4522:

in 1865 and continuing to add territory as late as 1885.

4480:

with Russia. However, this autonomy was eroded after the

3129:, to contain the growing power of Germany; completed the 3023:

in July 1878, Russia agreed to the creation of a smaller

2912:, which Russia lost. The war was fought primarily in the 1780:

Peter's first military efforts were directed against the

15175:

The Economic Development of Continental Europe 1780–1870

13499:

Yearbook of the Association of Pacific Coast Geographers

12649:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 1–25. 12148: 12146: 11830:

To kill Rasputin: the life and death of Grigori Rasputin

11798: 11499:

Tucker, Spencer C.; Roberts, Priscilla M., eds. (2005).

10954:

Nicholas II: the life and reign of Russia's last monarch

10749: 8558:

First and only census carried out in the Russian Empire.

7419:, a perception which especially increased following the 7210:

All non-Orthodox religions were formally forbidden from

6001:, a freely elected national assembly established by the 20588: 15238:(Jan 2010) 69#1 pp. 47–72, with 13 tables and 3 charts 15064: 15032:

Neumann, Iver B. "Russia as a great power, 1815–2007."

13918:

Critical Companion to the Russian Revolution, 1914–1921

12131: 12119: 12107: 11859: 11835: 11480: 11451:

Tannenberg 1914: Destruction of the Russian Second Army

11261: 11186: 10676: 10664: 9757:(Abstract dissertion thesis) (in Russian). Pyatigorsk. 8630:

Originally there was no distinction between the titles

2480:(1815), which ultimately made Alexander the monarch of 1276:, although he still retained absolute political power. 15102:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 288. 12158: 12095: 11810: 11774: 11750: 11738: 11531: 11373:

Power in Uncertain Times: Strategy in the Fog of Peace

11312: 11237: 10688: 10649: 10637: 10492: 10265: 10253: 10148: 9631:

had been glossed over and the title had been devalued.

6750:, eliciting the greatest decline in grain production. 6320:

Map showing subdivisions of the Russian Empire in 1914

3161:, until Britain became alarmed when Russia threatened 3058:

Russian troops fighting against Ottoman troops at the

2377:

in a coup. Paul was succeeded by his 23-year-old son,

1599:

Following the reforms, the governance of Russia by an

1540:

The foundations of the Russian Empire was laid during

1272:

authorized the creation of a national parliament, the

15334:

Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History

14336:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. p. 640. 13895: 13074:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. p. 98. 12143: 12083: 12071: 11135: 10960: 10136: 10009:

Nikitin, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich (29 October 2021).

8617: 8581: 8488: 7991:(non-Slavic, literally: "people of another origin"). 7535:

According to returns published in 1905, based on the

6332:

As of 1914, Russia was divided into 81 governorates (

4491:

in the course of the 19th century, at the expense of

4348:

justified the Russian expansion in consonance of the

2989:. Meanwhile, Russia decided to sell the indefensible 2385:

with the French Republic under the leadership of the

1937:, an Ottoman vassal and long-term Russian adversary. 1898:

As part of Peter's reorganisation, he also enacted a

12010:. University of North Carolina Press Books. p. 11847: 11249: 10453: 10187:

Alexander I of Russia: the man who defeated Napoleon

9299:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 48. 9208: 8357: 7953:

Subjects of the Russian Empire were segregated into

7864:

The military of the Russian Empire consisted of the

7332:

during the 1860s. Summing up the imperial policy of

6570:

The formerly Swedish-controlled Baltic provinces of

4143:

steppes, from both of which it was separated by the

2977:

ceded much of the Manchu Homeland, and in 1860, the

2888:

Capturing of the Ottoman Turkish redoubt during the

2214:) and his wife Maria Fyodorovna (formerly Dagmar of 15118:

Internal Colonization: Russia's Imperial Experience

14782:. 7th ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. 14748:. 6th ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing, 2001. 14730:. New York: Longman Publishing Group. p. 496. 14728:

The Longman Companion to Imperial Russia, 1689–1917

13884: 13882: 12646:

The Muslim question and Russian imperial governance

12327: 11280:Hamilton, Richard F.; Herwig, Holger, eds. (2003). 10220:

Nicholas I, Emperor and Autocrat of All the Russias

9694:

Theological Reflection in Eighteenth-Century Russia

9393: 9077: 8440:to reflect anti-German sentiments of Russia during 8326:(refounded as the Imperial University in 1803) and 7486:(appointed Prime Minister in 1905) remarked in his 7427:policies intensified and Orthodox churches such as 7379:

Policy towards non-Eastern Orthodox Christian sects

7290:resumed an atmosphere of oppression, including the 7127:Contemporary painting of the procession of Emperor 3890:by joint Austro-German forces, retreating from the 3728:ending with a hundred thousand casualties; and the 3497:; these three powers were formed up in response to 2710:, including the formal acquisition of what are now 2111:

introduced a number of increasingly erratic decrees

1944:in Russian politics resulted in Peter I's daughter 1073:. The groundwork of the Russian Empire was laid by 15077:Inner Eurasia from Prehistory to the Mongol Empire 15034:Journal of International Relations and Development 14928:Endurance and Endeavour: Russian History 1812–2001 14841:(Oxford University Press, 1993), new topical maps. 13808:(July/Aug 2009) 50#4 pp 36–48.; Boris N. Mironov, 10289:The last years of the Georgian monarchy, 1658–1832 9877: 9819:, Chapter 1: The Environment and its Consequences. 9335:. New York: Macmillan Reference USA. p. 687. 4602:Between 1744 and 1867, the empire also controlled 3812:the front until they were halted in the line from 2812: 2131:against the Ottoman Empire for territory near the 1959: 1933:. This resulted in a significant weakening of the 1297:mass demonstrations against the government in July 14958: 14746:A History of Russia, the Soviet Union, and Beyond 10241: 9580:Russian educational portal | Historical documents 9060:"Population of Russia and the USSR, 1913 to 1928" 7264:After Catherine II annexed eastern Poland in the 4675:, tried to establish a Russian colony in Africa, 4131:were considered part of European Russia, but the 3744:had retreated from the frontier in East Prussia. 3432:In October 1905, Nicholas reluctantly issued the 3303:In 1894, Alexander III was succeeded by his son, 2452:; it also gained some territory in the Caucasus. 2346: 1659:, which was built in 1703 on territory along the 1014:from its proclamation in November 1721 until the 21165: 15296:Major Problems in the History of Imperial Russia 15207:The Social History of Imperial Russia, 1700–1917 15187:The Social History of Imperial Russia, 1700–1917 14834:(Yale University Press, 1970), new topical maps. 14778:Riasanovsky, Nicholas V. and Mark D. Steinberg. 13879: 13705:The Last Tsar: The Life and Death of Nicholas II 13495:"Religion and Migration: The Molokan Experience" 11915:. Simon & Schuster Paperbacks. p. 142. 9608:Politics and Culture in Eighteenth-Century Russi 9253: 9156: 9154: 8955: 7457:In 1905, Emperor Nicholas II issued a religious 6312:History of the administrative division of Russia 6100:of the Russian parliament, consisted (since the 5736: 5429: 4698: 3602:The Russian Emperor Nicholas II declared war on 3447: 1069:, above whom was an absolute monarch titled the 15399:Kennard, Howard Percy, and Netta Peacock, eds. 15266:Review: A Journal of the Fernand Braudel Center 11337:. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 255. 10892:. Stanford University Press. pp. 187–210. 6272:, and a number of bishops sitting in rotation. 3661:, which first eliminated France via nonaligned 3010:. Within one year, Russian troops were nearing 2738:, received extensive support from the region's 2416:led to the Franco-Russian alliance against the 1186:(1853–1856), leading to a period of reform and 15123:Franklin, Simon, and Bowers, Katherine (eds). 15073:A History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia 13850: 13848: 11670:Patriotic Culture in Russia During World War I 11279: 4633:, both conceded by Qing China, as well as the 4476:, which on paper was an autonomous kingdom in 4367:. The company also established settlements in 4238:. The east coast of the Black Sea belonged to 3110:In 1881, Alexander II was assassinated by the 3035:were left with a legacy of bitterness against 1940:The discontent over the dominant positions of 1929:. She slowed the reforms and led a successful 1732: 1170:) helped defeat the militaristic ambitions of 870:22,800,000 km (8,800,000 sq mi) 21264:States and territories disestablished in 1917 20574: 19080: 18507: 16899: 15476: 15289:Imperial Russia: new histories for the Empire 15011:Russia and the Origins of the First World War 14818:Restless Empire: A Historical Atlas of Russia 14141: 12905:"Circassian Genocide: Overview & History" 12819: 11498: 11412:Germany at War: 400 Years of Military History 10921:Harcave, Sidney (1964). "The "Two Russias"". 10787:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 13–15, 37, 67, 96. 10105:Catherine II. Novodel Sestroretsk Rouble 1771 9642: 9254:Planert, Ute; Retallack, James, eds. (2017). 9151: 8958:"East-West Orientation of Historical Empires" 8720: 8697: 8511: 8476: 6420:of the Russian Empire was established by the 5863: 4375:(1817), and as far south in North America as 4072:Topographic map of the Russian Empire in 1912 3716:, owing to a message sent without wiring and 3708:with unexpected speed the German province of 3196:; and Russian interests focused on Mongolia, 3152: 2608: 276: 269: 244: 237: 212: 205: 159: 152: 136: 58: 52: 46: 20537:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy 15280: 15180: 14524: 10990: 10768: 10706: 10442:The abolition of serfdom in Russia 1762–1907 9649:World of History: Russian Electronic Journal 8204:, the situation was better. Finally, in the 7340:' land, but had absolutely no need of them." 7308:Persecution of Muslims § Russian Empire 6753: 4484:in 1831, and was finally abolished in 1867. 3436:, which conceded the creation of a national 3388:Russian soldiers in combat against Japanese 2825:Government reforms of Alexander II of Russia 2734:and, posing as protector and saviour of the 2726:and occupied the strategic Ottoman towns of 2653:Brig "Mercury" Attacked by Two Turkish Ships 2523:, which occurred contemporaneously with the 1910:and replaced it with a collective body, the 1633:was built by Peter the Great, along with an 1611:were lost. He transformed them into the new 1309:Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic 14684:Bibliography of Russian history (1613–1917) 14462:A Concise History of the Russian Revolution 13845: 12985:"7: The Circassians: A Forgotten Genocide?" 12822:"7: The Circassians: A Forgotten Genocide?" 11556:. Cambridge University Press. p. 114. 11286:. Cambridge University Press. p. 180. 10923:First blood: the Russian Revolution of 1905 10830: 10415: 10184: 9779: 9292: 9260:. Cambridge University Press. p. 331. 9214: 8783:St. Petersburg International Economic Forum 7375:, but were designated with a lower status. 7194:(Saint Petersburg, Moscow, Kiev), fourteen 6305: 4578:1814 artwork depicting the Russian warship 2355:An 1843 painting imagining Russian general 2225:Tsar Nicholas II depicted in a royal cloak. 2067:played key role in this victory. After the 21259:States and territories established in 1721 20581: 20567: 19087: 19073: 18514: 18500: 16906: 16892: 15483: 15469: 15442:Film «Moscow clad in snow», 00:07:22, 1908 15355:Comparative Studies in Society and History 15150:The Russian Empire: A Multi-Ethnic History 14809: 14720:The Romanovs: Autocrats of All the Russias 14410:The Russian Origins of the First World War 14302:(2nd ed.). Harvard University Press. 12902: 11588: 10570:. University of Alaska Press. p. 21. 10420:. Cambridge University Press. p. 81. 7530: 7514:Ethnographic Map of the Russian Empire by 7506:Demographics of pre-WW1 European countries 6165:Council of Ministers of the Russian Empire 5870: 5856: 4253: 3975:. In December, Russia obtained success at 3544:were deteriorating, and tensions over the 2969:, which was occupied fighting against the 2633:by the Russian forces under leadership of 2059:During the reign of Catherine there was a 1994:1764, Rouble Catherine II ММД, Krasny Mint 353: 343: 307: 30:For other places with a similar name, see 15320:Empire: The Russian empire and its rivals 15287:Burbank, Jane, and David L. Ransel, eds. 14744:McKenzie, David & Michael W. Curran. 14713:Empire; The Russian Empire and Its Rivals 14569: 14187: 13915:Vladimir IUrevich Cherniaev, ed. (1997). 13701: 13611:. Oxon, England: Routledge. p. 325. 13394: 13290: 13124: 12982: 11907: 11376:. Stanford University Press. p. 40. 11330: 11153: 11032: 10993:The Decline of Imperial Russia, 1855–1914 10608: 10390: 10327: 10325: 10022: 9750: 9604: 9427: 9411: 8906: 7301: 7298:led to significant sustained emigration. 6092:The Duma of the Empire or Imperial Duma ( 4503:and the respectively ensuing treaties of 4417:. The emperor eventually ended up ruling 4163:, being separated from the latter by the 4093:lived in the Russian Empire, with ethnic 3990: 3181:. The maneuvering largely ended with the 2954:had effectively replaced the landowners. 2182:in 1798. Russian commander Field Marshal 2009:, by Russian troops under the command of 1387:first Russian colonization of the Pacific 27:1721–1917 empire spanning Europe and Asia 15147: 15092:Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great 14925: 14406: 14295: 13492: 13214: 13106: 12948: 12884: 12794: 12769: 12642: 12277: 12061:"Fundamental Laws of the Russian Empire" 11963: 11804: 11792: 11589:Kalic, Sean N.; Brown, Gates M. (2017). 11549: 11267: 11204: 11070:. Oxford University Press. p. 764. 10852: 10682: 10670: 10338:. Oxford: University Press. p. 23. 10047: 9986:Catherine the Great: Portrait of a Woman 9910:Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great 9828: 9697:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. x. 9665: 9461: 8856: 8296: 8280: 8170:Peasants in Russia (photograph taken by 8165: 8150: 8054: 8042: 7845: 7834: 7521: 7509: 7501: 7407:. During the reign of Catherine II, the 7382: 7323: 7296:anti-Jewish policy of the Russian Empire 7142: 7122: 7032: 6771: 6763: 6628: 6518: 6323: 6315: 6251: 6220:Ministry of Agriculture and State Assets 6042: 6019: 5953: 4573: 4435: 4075: 4067: 3994: 3720:, causing the destruction of the entire 3691: 3597: 3383: 3283: 3268: 3053: 2883: 2871: 2859: 2840: 2832: 2643: 2618: 2514: 2490: 2350: 2279: 2220: 1997: 1989: 1969: 1736: 1580: 1524: 1216:; its matrilineal branch of patrilineal 338: 20361: 16136:Collective Security Treaty Organization 15225: 14972: 14860: 14725: 14647:"The End of Imperial Russia, 1855–1917" 14644: 14615:World War I: A Country-by-Country Guide 14491: 14229: 14196: 14110:Russian Identities: A Historical Survey 14051: 14008: 13901: 13813: 13604: 13273: 12215: 12176: 12164: 12152: 12137: 12125: 12113: 12101: 12089: 12077: 11951: 11882: 11768: 11756: 11744: 11673:. Cornell University Press. p. 9. 11627: 11447: 11408: 11369: 11192: 11109:. Henry Holt and Company. p. 208. 11102: 10920: 10890:The Revolution of 1905: A Short History 10780: 10694: 10658: 10643: 10524: 10271: 10259: 10214: 10154: 10142: 10090: 10008: 9780:Novosyolova, Nataliya Ivanovna (1999). 9717: 9690: 8859:Parliaments, Estates and Representation 8833:. Indiana University Press. p. 4. 8828: 8162:), photograph taken by Prokudin-Gorskii 7766: 6760:Industrialization in the Russian Empire 6471: 6158: 4559: 4552:in German) was the site of the initial 4472:(1815), Russia gained sovereignty over 4097:composing about 45% of the population. 4018: 3772:and concentrated between the cities of 3149:was carried out throughout the empire. 1883:(council of nobles) with a nine-member 1188:intensified expansion into Central Asia 1088:, and secured independence against the 14: 21166: 16941:List of current non-sovereign monarchs 15391:Documents Of Russian History 1914–1917 15100:The Modernisation of Russia, 1676–1825 15016: 14997:Strategy and Power in Russia 1600–1914 14825:The Penguin historical atlas of Russia 14769: 14611: 14578: 14370: 14358: 14328: 14262: 13697: 13695: 12903:Cataliotti, Joseph (22 October 2023). 12718: 12716: 12690: 12688: 12686: 12638: 12636: 12572: 12448: 12446: 12444: 12442: 12411: 12409: 12407: 12405: 12403: 12401: 12323: 12321: 12273: 12271: 12269: 12267: 12265: 12263: 12034: 11990: 11885:The Routledge Atlas of Russian History 11816: 11780: 11712:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 449. 11537: 11505:. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 380. 11486: 11318: 11255: 11243: 11141: 11063: 11051: 11005: 10978: 10966: 10883: 10757: 10734: 10591:Grinev, Andrei V. (18 February 2010). 10590: 10370: 10335:Tsarist and Communist Russia 1855–1964 10331: 10322: 10301: 10232: 10166: 10048:Semyonov, Alexander (1 January 2010), 9983: 9883: 9726:Industrial and trade policy of Peter I 9627:. The etymological origin of the word 9529: 9523: 9328: 9235:from the original on 10 September 2015 9193:from the original on 19 September 2015 8980:from the original on 17 September 2016 8619:Imperator i Samoderzhets Vserossiyskiy 8226:not encouraging of individual effort. 7959:, or social estates (classes) such as 7805:Military history of the Russian Empire 7466:that resulted from reactionary riots. 7045:from St. Petersburg on 30 October 1837 5936:, who warned of a Russia governed by " 4318:, and the former Ottoman provinces of 3712:, ending with a humiliating defeat at 2440:; from Northern Europe, it had gained 20562: 19068: 18521: 18495: 17171: 16887: 15694:Judicial system of the Russian Empire 15464: 15097: 14887: 14632:from the original on 26 December 2022 14599:from the original on 26 December 2022 14551: 14458: 14439: 14394:from the original on 27 February 2024 14217:from the original on 27 February 2024 13935:from the original on 27 February 2024 13722:from the original on 27 February 2024 13543: 13376: 13332:The Slavonic and East European Review 13325: 13255:from the original on 27 February 2024 13196:from the original on 27 February 2024 13163: 13088:from the original on 27 February 2024 13047:from the original on 27 February 2024 13013:from the original on 27 February 2024 12969:"Forgotten genocides of the Caucasus" 12966: 12866: 12852:from the original on 16 December 2023 12820:Levene, Mark; Roberts, Penny (1999). 12722: 12694: 12356:from the original on 27 February 2024 12306:from the original on 27 February 2024 12063:. chapter1, article 7. Archived from 12005: 11865: 11853: 11841: 11726:from the original on 27 December 2022 11705: 11687:from the original on 27 December 2022 11648:from the original on 28 December 2022 11609:from the original on 28 December 2022 11570:from the original on 27 December 2022 11519:from the original on 26 December 2022 11468:from the original on 26 December 2022 11390:from the original on 27 December 2022 11351:from the original on 27 December 2022 11300:from the original on 27 December 2022 11225:from the original on 29 December 2022 11211:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 40. 11174:from the original on 29 December 2022 11123:from the original on 29 December 2022 11084:from the original on 28 December 2022 10951: 10750:Schimmelpenninck Van Der Oye, David. 10563: 10499:. Yale University Press. p. 74. 10377:God's Playground: A History of Poland 10352:from the original on 27 February 2024 10247: 9865:from the original on 5 September 2021 9812: 9721:Промышленно-торговая политика Петра 1 9718:Dubakov, Maxim Valentinovich (2004). 9511:from the original on 13 November 2020 9495: 9493: 9491: 9373:A History of Russia Volume 1: To 1917 9274:from the original on 11 February 2023 9160: 9139:from the original on 25 December 2022 9083: 9040:from the original on 28 February 2024 8944:from the original on 19 November 2018 8729: 8706: 8590: 8497: 7771:Russian Central Asia was also called 6776:Russian and US equities, 1865 to 1917 6428:. This system – based partly on 6412:Judicial system of the Russian Empire 5894:for 1910, Russia was described as "a 4566:Russian colonization of North America 4444:of the western Russian Empire in 1910 3626:, including the name of the capital, 3587: 3258: 2985:, also founded the outpost of future 2557:Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality 1565:invested the tsar with the titles of 1299:. The republic was overthrown in the 16833:Unified Sports Classification System 15401:The Russian Year-book: Volume 2 1912 15370: 15244: 15094:(2002), comprehensive topical survey 15065:Economic, social, and ethnic history 14788: 14512:from the original on 10 January 2023 14479:from the original on 12 January 2023 14465:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. 14334:Russia in the Age of Peter the Great 14316:from the original on 20 January 2023 14250:from the original on 12 January 2023 13656:from the original on 2 February 2022 13586:from the original on 29 October 2021 13556:from the original on 17 October 2021 13546:"Canada's little-known Russian sect" 13525:from the original on 17 October 2021 13474:from the original on 27 October 2021 13358:from the original on 17 October 2021 13307:from the original on 17 October 2021 13065: 13024: 12885:Richmond, Walter (2013). "4: 1864". 12770:Richmond, Walter (2013). "4: 1864". 12621:from the original on 29 October 2021 12554:from the original on 28 October 2021 12524:from the original on 2 February 2022 12494:from the original on 2 February 2022 12454:"Russia Virtual Jewish History Tour" 12427:from the original on 15 October 2019 12386:from the original on 17 October 2021 12197:from the original on 16 January 2023 11666: 10809:from the original on 24 January 2023 10625:from the original on 2 February 2022 10597:European Journal of American Studies 10545:from the original on 20 January 2023 10513:from the original on 17 January 2023 10474:from the original on 21 January 2023 10283: 9895:Philip Longworth and John Charlton, 9443:from the original on 4 February 2012 9399: 9370: 9349:from the original on 26 October 2023 8608:Император и Самодержец Всероссийский 8285:Saint Petersburg Imperial University 8208:nearly all the land belonged to the 8069:, depicting a Russian city in winter 7949:Social estates in the Russian Empire 7454:came to settle primarily in Canada. 6292:Government reform of Peter the Great 5882:From its initial creation until the 4595:According to the 1st article of the 4406:of 1808–1809 and the signing of the 4402:Following the Swedish defeat in the 3470: 2615:Foreign policy of the Russian Empire 1769:, whose status was close to that of 1639:Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences 1521:Government reform of Peter the Great 1291:, and the proclamation of the first 1182:were later checked by defeat in the 1038:between 1799 and 1867. The empire's 1016:proclamation of the Russian Republic 21244:Historical transcontinental empires 20590:International relations (1814–1919) 19029:History of the Mediterranean region 15490: 14427:from the original on 7 January 2023 14192:. Heinemann Educational Publishers. 13814:Mironov, Boris Nikolaevich (2012). 13702:Radzinsky, Edvard (30 March 2011). 13692: 13157: 12713: 12683: 12633: 12439: 12398: 12318: 12260: 11429:from the original on 4 January 2023 10774: 10737:Pobedonostsev: His Life and Thought 10531:. Infobase Publishing. p. 54. 10017:. Publishing house Sreda: 176–178. 9089: 8809:18th Century in the Russian History 8301:Russian primary school in the 1900s 8254:History of journalism § Russia 7205: 6611:, the name of which was altered to 6559: 6358:of the Russian Empire included the 6225:Ministry of Ways of Communications; 6009: 3971:the frontier but failed to capture 3839: 3732:suffering 200,000. By October, the 2666:After Russian armies liberated the 2512:, no major changes were attempted. 2069:liquidation of the Zaporozhian Sich 24: 21229:Former monarchies of North America 16936:List of current sovereign monarchs 16131:Commonwealth of Independent States 15382: 15152:. New York: Longman. p. 480. 14861:Manning, Roberta Thompson (1982). 14823:Channon, John, and Robert Hudson. 14677: 14552:Stein, Howard F. (December 1976). 14299:Russia and the Russians: A History 14283:from the original on 26 March 2023 13913:Orlando Figes, "The Peasantry" in 13680:from the original on 27 April 2022 13633:from the original on 26 March 2023 13274:Binzley, Ronald A. (1 June 2017). 12915:from the original on 20 March 2023 12751:from the original on 26 March 2023 12671:from the original on 26 March 2023 12464:from the original on 23 April 2020 12244:(June 1992) 23#2 pp. 171–180. 11879:Routledge Atlas of Russian History 10112:from the original on 22 April 2016 9732:from the original on 14 April 2018 9488: 9414:, pp. 8–31; Gilbert, Martin. 9313:from the original on 23 April 2023 9164:Trotsky and the Russian Revolution 9107:from the original on 10 April 2022 8789:from the original on 6 August 2022 7872:. Its poor performance during the 7429:Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Warsaw 7319:Orenburg Muslim Spiritual Assembly 7260:Antisemitism in the Russian Empire 7187:powers in ecclesiastical matters. 6514: 6405: 6300:Supreme Court of the United States 6241: 5743: 4644:, a Russian entrepreneur, went to 4246:, was in foreign hands, while the 4048:, but he bequeathed the throne to 3920: 3866:on 20 August, and annihilated the 3795:Exhausted Russian troops began to 3768:, retreated from the frontline in 3548:had reached a breaking point with 2678:'s occupation of 1802, during the 2298: in) (diameter), 26 mm ( 2024:was a German princess who married 2015:Let the Thunder of Victory Rumble! 1868:as a deal to oppose the Ottomans. 1497:, excludes Grand Duchy of Finland 1393:which led to the incorporation of 221:Let the Thunder of Victory Rumble! 25: 21275: 21234:Former monarchies of Central Asia 21214:Former countries in North America 15411: 15273:Russia's age of serfdom 1649–1861 15173:Milward, Alan S. and S. B. Saul. 15166:Milward, Alan S. and S. B. Saul. 14846:An historical geography of Russia 14827:(Viking, 1995), new topical maps. 14789:Suny, Ronald Grigor, ed. (2006). 13840:Russia's age of serfdom 1649–1861 13667: 12231:(2006) Issue 2, pp. 101–134. 11628:Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2014a). 10752:Russian foreign policy, 1815–1917 10393:Alexander II: The Last Great Tsar 10185:Strakhovsky, Leonid Ivan (1970). 10062:10.1163/ej.9789004175716.i-280.35 9831:The Revolution of Peter the Great 9794:from the original on 29 June 2018 9761:from the original on 29 June 2018 9680:from the original on 7 July 2018. 9010:from the original on 8 March 2023 8962:Journal of World-Systems Research 8779:"St. Petersburg through the Ages" 8499:[rɐˈsʲijskəjəɪmˈpʲerʲɪjə] 8397:- Russian conquest of Afghanistan 7791:(54,900). By 1911, 17 percent of 7023: 6707:Agriculture in the Russian Empire 6501:in the 34 governorates of Russia; 6208:Ministry of Commerce and Industry 6169:In 1905, a Council of Ministers ( 5757: 4650:negotiated a treaty of protection 4111:The administrative boundaries of 4080:Map of the Russian Empire in 1745 3673: 3454:Dissolution of the Russian Empire 3141:, with thousands being exiled to 2957:Seeking more territories, Russia 1682:(1621), the Archimandrite of the 1222:House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov 1174:and subsequently constituted the 239:Коль славенъ нашъ Господь в Сіонҍ 21219:Former countries in Central Asia 21179:1917 disestablishments in Russia 19014:Bibliography of European history 18609:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 17454:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 15429: 15417: 15291:(Indiana University Press, 1998) 15190:, Westview Press, archived from 14893:The Fall of the Russian Monarchy 14612:Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2019). 14579:Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2014). 14128: 14115: 14102: 14089: 14045: 14002: 13989: 13947: 13907: 13866: 13832: 13795: 13782: 13766: 13757: 13737: 13598: 13568: 13537: 13486: 13419: 13370: 13319: 13267: 13217:"Lutherans in Russia since 1990" 13208: 13164:Paert, Irina (1 February 2017). 13100: 13059: 12967:Peach, Gary (10 November 2010). 12942: 12813: 12788: 12763: 12566: 12536: 12506: 12476: 12368: 12278:Kollmann, Nancy Shields (2017). 12247: 12234: 12221: 12170: 12053: 12028: 11999: 11984: 11957: 11901: 11871: 11822: 11699: 11660: 11621: 11582: 11543: 11492: 11441: 11402: 11363: 11324: 11273: 11198: 11147: 11096: 11057: 10233:Mazour, Anatole Gregory (1961). 9651:(in Russian) (5). Archived from 8736: 8713: 8690: 8671: 8664:, Peter claimed equality to the 8660:("king"). By adopting the title 8374: 8360: 7921:Technology in the Russian Empire 7348:during the 1860s. Following its 7253: 6635:State Bank of the Russian Empire 5839: 4733: 4618:, and after 1991 in the smaller 3935:, with German support, began to 3680:Russian invasion of East Prussia 3105: 2782: 1418:Population of Russia (millions) 984: 970: 941: 289: 257: 253:How Glorious Is Our Lord in Zion 246:Kol' slaven nash Gospod' v Sione 225: 172: 111: 83: 76: 19039:History of Western civilization 18642:Christianity in the Middle Ages 16931:Imperial, royal and noble ranks 15271:Wirtschafter, Elise Kimerling. 14820:(2015), copies of historic maps 14791:The Cambridge History of Russia 14772:The Cambridge History of Russia 14651:European History in Perspective 14364:The Cambridge History of Russia 13921:. Indiana UP. pp. 543–53. 11026: 10999: 10984: 10945: 10877: 10846: 10824: 10743: 10712: 10584: 10557: 10486: 10447: 10434: 10409: 10384: 10364: 10295: 10277: 10226: 10208: 10193: 10178: 10160: 10123: 10096: 10041: 10002: 9977: 9968: 9959: 9950: 9939: 9928: 9915: 9902: 9889: 9847: 9822: 9773: 9744: 9711: 9684: 9659: 9636: 9598: 9568: 9455: 9421: 9405: 9364: 9332:Encyclopedia of Russian History 9286: 9247: 9215:Rabinowitch, Alexander (2008). 9119: 9052: 9022: 8992: 8917:International Studies Quarterly 8900: 8624: 8597: 8592:[ɐˈtʲet͡sɐˈtʲet͡ɕɪstvə] 8561: 8552: 8523: 8469: 8390:Expansion of Russia (1500–1800) 7359:Many groups of Muslims such as 7085:on the Caspian Sea and reached 5751:Not internationally recognized. 4671:In 1889, a Russian adventurer, 4334:, and the northeastern part of 4195:, and then to the mouth of the 3874:, leading to the occupation of 3542:Russia's relations with Germany 3521:in Central Asia until the 1907 3340:Constitutional Democratic Party 3192:, 1890 to 1904. This opened up 2829:Russia–United Kingdom relations 2813:Second half of the 19th century 2806:in 1819 (hand-drawn lithograph) 2694:, eastern Georgia, and most of 2495:An 1813 painting depicting the 2275: 2159:in 1796 after they had invaded 2036:instituted by Peter the Great. 1982:, she played a key role in the 1960:Catherine the Great (1762–1796) 1844:at the expense of the weakened 1758: 1721: 1557:22 October] 1721, the 1508:includes new Asian territories 1323:, the Bolsheviks conducted the 1196: 1165: 1150: 1125: 1098: 1079: 1020:third-largest empire in history 18883:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 18826:Christianity in the modern era 18597:Christianity in late antiquity 16913: 15226:——— (2012), 15017:——— (2011), 14959:Military and foreign relations 14865:. Princeton University Press. 14180: 14097:History of Education Quarterly 14054:History of Education Quarterly 13838:Elise Kimerling Wirtschafter, 13215:Stricker, Gerd (1 June 2001). 12983:Shenfield, Stephen D. (1999). 8877: 8850: 8822: 8801: 8771: 8746:was the dominant faith of the 8460: 8447: 8436:In 1914, the city was renamed 8430: 8413: 7665:Other non-Christian religions 6719:, which was worked by Russian 6700: 6584:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 6480:the peasant assemblies in the 6235:Ministry of National Education 6182:Ministry of the Imperial Court 6016:State Council (Russian Empire) 5928:under an autocratic emperor". 5745: 5209:General Secretariat of Ukraine 4570:First Russian circumnavigation 4306:, the Central Asian states of 3642:; and was thus renamed to the 3594:Russian entry into World War I 3567:of the Austro-Hungarian heir, 3212:. In 1900, the Russian Empire 3165:, with the implicit threat to 2722:, Russia invaded northeastern 2704:Russo-Persian War of 1826–1828 2563:hundreds of thousands sent to 2467:reached Moscow, the Russians' 2400:, Napoleon defeated Russia at 2347:First half of the 19th century 2178:against the new-revolutionary 2041:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1931:war against the Ottoman Empire 1925:, the crown passed to Empress 1802:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1289:Russian Provisional Government 1238:Alaska, Hawaii, and California 1051:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1010:that spanned most of northern 13: 1: 21174:1721 establishments in Russia 20960:Kronstadt–Toulon naval visits 20914:1917 Franco-Russian agreement 20904:Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty 19034:History of the European Union 16041:Political abuse of psychiatry 15127:(Open Book Publishers, 2017) 14770:Perrie, Maureen, ed. (2006). 14715:(Yale University Press, 2001) 14571:10.1525/eth.1976.4.4.02a00010 13806:Russian Social Science Review 13377:Weeks, Ted (1 January 2011). 13170:The English Historical Review 13107:Williams, Brian Glyn (2000). 12934:. 21 May 2023. Archived from 11991:Martin, Alexander M. (1997). 10015:Law, Economics and Management 9912:(Yale University Press, 1981) 9611:. Routledge. pp. 40–42. 9605:Madariaga, Isabel De (2014). 8871:10.1080/02606755.1994.9525857 8764: 8529:Historiographically known as 8215: 8156: 7891:The army performed poorly in 7497: 7330:Russian conquest of Circassia 7119:History of the Jews in Russia 6731:". Another system was called 6661:, many reforms occurred. The 6625:Economy of the Russian Empire 6609:Imperial University of Dorpat 6527: 6081: 6025: 5990:of succession established by 5914:fundamental laws were changed 5759: 4977:Great Stand on the Ugra River 4699:Government and administration 4635:Russian concession of Tianjin 4529:from the early 18th century; 4450:Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812) 3700:, a major disaster for Russia 3448:War, revolution, and collapse 3412:led an enormous crowd to the 3265:History of Russia (1892–1917) 2819:History of Russia (1855–1892) 2680:Russo-Persian War (1804–1813) 2657:Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829) 2639:Russo-Persian War (1826–1828) 2521:Russo-Persian War (1804–1813) 2369:History of Russia (1796–1855) 2061:Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) 1728:History of Russia (1721–1796) 1514: 1380: 20820:Second Industrial Revolution 20694:League of the Three Emperors 16946:List of monarchy referendums 16686:Traditions and superstitions 15437:travel guide from Wikivoyage 15357:31#1 (1989) pp. 168–79 14895:. Phoenix. pp. 94–143. 14853: 14527:The Russian empire 1801–1917 14413:. Harvard University Press. 14230:Dowling, Timothy C. (2014). 13650:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org 12699:. Brill. pp. 1–3, 100. 12518:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org 12488:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org 12458:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org 12421:www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org 12281:The Russian Empire 1450–1801 12177:Ziegler, Charles E. (2009). 11331:Ruthchild, Rochelle (2010). 10771:, pp. 441–444, 679–682. 9855:"BOUNDARIES ii. With Russia" 9833:. Harvard University Press. 9751:Yarysheva, Svetlana (2001). 9533:Romania to Saint-Jean-de-Luz 9472:(in Russian). Archived from 9462:Anisimov, Yevgeniya (2017). 9375:. Anthem Press. p. 88. 8829:Coleman, Heather J. (2014). 8330:—while the relatively young 8276: 7925:Cinema of the Russian Empire 7840:Battle of the Trebbia (1799) 6214:Ministry of Internal Affairs 4100: 4063: 3979:, where the Russian General 3538:League of the Three Emperors 3466:Eastern Orthodoxy by country 3442:Russian Constitution of 1906 3220:'s intervention against the 2896:In 1854–1855, Russia fought 2188:Italian and Swiss expedition 1391:Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) 553:semi-constitutional monarchy 7: 21224:Former monarchies of Europe 20850:Treaty of Versailles (1871) 19094: 18993:Russian invasion of Ukraine 18604:Crisis of the Third Century 16352:Water supply and sanitation 14525:Seton-Watson, Hugh (1967). 14498:. Oxford University Press. 14492:Sanborn, Joshua A. (2014). 14442:Russia under the Old Regime 13493:Hardwick, Susan W. (1993). 13396:10.1016/j.euras.2010.10.008 13383:Journal of Eurasian Studies 13221:Religion, State and Society 12643:Campbell, Elena I. (2015). 11550:Sondhaus, Lawrence (2020). 11154:Fortescue, William (2017). 10991:Seton-Watson, Hugh (1952). 10739:. Indiana University Press. 10056:, BRILL, pp. 191–228, 9296:A Concise History of Russia 8618: 8582: 8489: 8353: 8136: 8039:Emancipation reform of 1861 7798: 7759: 7756: 7748: 7745: 7735: 7732: 7722: 7719: 7709: 7706: 7696: 7693: 7683: 7680: 7670: 7667: 7659: 7656: 7641: 7638: 7628: 7625: 7615: 7612: 7602: 7599: 7589: 7586: 7576: 7573: 7563: 7560: 7100: 7028: 6682:Russian famine of 1891–1892 6422:statute of 20 November 1864 6187:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 6147:, and the Polish cities of 6088:State Duma (Russian Empire) 5273:Provisional Priamurye Govt. 4652:with the island's governor 4501:Russo-Persian War (1826–28) 4497:Russo-Persian War (1804–13) 4456:, the eastern parts of the 4427:Governor-General of Finland 4423:semi-constitutional monarch 4355:Between 1742 and 1867, the 4218:were surrounded by what is 4054:Romanov family was executed 3937:raid Russian coastal cities 3704:By August 1914, Russia had 3668: 3460:Eastern Front (World War I) 3392:(inside China), during the 3008:Russo-Turkish War (1877–78) 2940:Emancipation Reform of 1861 2849:of a Russian naval base at 2720:1828–1829 Russo-Turkish War 2359:, giving orders during the 2174:. He brought Russia into a 2151:, signed with the Georgian 2100:Darya Nikolayevna Saltykova 1879:state. He replaced the old 1733:Peter the Great (1682–1725) 1420: 1417: 1399:Russian conquest of Siberia 1232:in the south, and from the 846:• Proclamation of the 277: 245: 213: 160: 137: 59: 10: 21280: 21209:Former countries in Europe 20899:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905 19049:Military history of Europe 19044:Maritime history of Europe 15452:The Empire that was Russia 15249:. Boston: Addison-Wesley. 15148:Kappeler, Andreas (2001). 14980:. New York: I. B. Tauris. 14688: 14681: 14296:Geoffrey, Hosking (2011). 14200:Imperial Russia, 1801-1905 13790:Russian Studies in History 13605:Sperber, Jonathan (2013). 13444:10.3378/1534-6617-80.3.203 12006:Wolfe, Bertram D. (2018). 11978:10.2753/RSH1061-1983480200 11966:Russian Studies in History 11709:A Companion to World War I 11631:500 Great Military Leaders 11454:. Bloomsbury. p. 61. 11409:Zabecki, David T. (2014). 11283:The Origins of World War I 11160:. Routledge. p. 109. 10853:Jelavich, Barbara (1974). 10735:Byrnes, Robert F. (1968). 10525:Borrero, Mauricio (2009). 10460:. Routledge. p. 164. 10391:Radzinsky, Edvard (2006). 10316:10.1177/026569148501500201 10304:European History Quarterly 9984:Massie, Robert K. (2011). 9666:Solovyov, Yevgeny (2006). 9539:Great Russian Encyclopedia 9469:Great Russian Encyclopedia 9293:Bushkovitch, Paul (2012). 8332:Imperial Moscow University 8251: 8140: 8032: 8028: 7946: 7942: 7906: 7902: 7808: 7802: 7754:Other Christian religions 7305: 7257: 7104: 6757: 6739:, which was introduced by 6704: 6622: 6618: 6563: 6409: 6309: 6279: 6245: 6162: 6085: 6013: 5947: 5943: 4702: 4673:Nikolay Ivanovitch Achinov 4563: 4454:Treaty of Bucharest (1812) 4167:depression, which in post- 4104: 4022: 4000:Patriarch Tikhon of Moscow 3924: 3843: 3677: 3657:had therefore devised the 3591: 3474: 3463: 3457: 3451: 3321:central black earth region 3262: 3153:Foreign policy (1864–1907) 2822: 2816: 2612: 2609:Foreign policy (1800–1864) 2366: 1963: 1873:reorganized his government 1725: 1518: 1354: 1350: 329: Spheres of influence 154:За Веру, Царя и Отечество! 29: 21058: 20922: 20835: 20720:European balance of power 20712: 20647: 20596: 20530: 20482: 19999: 19403: 19102: 19019:Genetic history of Europe 19001: 18806: 18622: 18562: 18529: 18358: 18267: 17981: 17744: 17678: 17490: 17481: 17377: 17359: 17291: 17206: 17164: 17096: 17010: 16954: 16921: 16852: 16609: 16373: 16364: 16197: 16188: 15941: 15932: 15740: 15731: 15666: 15508: 15499: 15454:: color photographs from 15281:Historiography and memory 15004:Journal of Modern History 14999:(1998); military strategy 14722:(1983), narrative history 14659:10.1007/978-1-349-25483-5 14188:Catchpole, Brian (1974). 14108:Nicholas V. Riasanovsky, 13292:10.1163/22141332-00403007 13279:Journal of Jesuit Studies 13233:10.1080/09637490120074792 13072:A History of the Caucasus 13031:A History of the Caucasus 12991:; Roberts, Penny (eds.). 12949:Richmond, Walter (2013). 12869:The Thistle and the Drone 12795:Richmond, Walter (2013). 12723:Crews, Robert D. (2006). 11634:. ABC-CLIO. p. 556. 11595:. ABC-CLIO. p. 180. 11502:World War I: Encyclopedia 11448:McNally, Michael (2022). 11415:. ABC-CLIO. p. 371. 11008:Journal of Modern History 10952:Warth, Robert D. (1997). 10332:Haynes, Margaret (2017). 9329:Millar, James R. (2004). 9257:Decades of Reconstruction 9221:. Indiana UP. p. 1. 8721: 8698: 8607: 8571: 8512: 8477: 8190:The average allotment in 7852:Suvorov Crossing the Alps 7842:by Alexander von Kotzebue 7242:), banning and declaring 7173:Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti 7115:Catholic Church in Russia 6768:100 ruble banknote (1910) 6754:Mining and heavy industry 6288:Pravitelstvuyushchi Senat 6275: 5715: 5694: 5676:Luhansk People's Republic 5673: 5655:Donetsk People's Republic 5652: 5631: 5614: 5597: 5418: 5407: 5271: 5250: 5239: 5228: 5207: 5096: 5085: 5074: 5063: 5052: 4857:Principality of Chernigov 4662:Orthodox Church in Hawaii 4627:Kwantung Leased Territory 4511:, as well as through the 4387:. Both Fort Ross and the 4381:Sonoma County, California 4379:(established in 1812) in 4031:International Women's Day 3764:. The Ninth Army, led by 3351:Socialist Revolutionaries 2736:Greek Orthodox population 2525:French invasion of Russia 2153:Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti 2065:Fortress of St. Elizabeth 1529:A painting depicting the 1209:of all 23 million serfs. 1140:to the new model city of 920: 910: 906: 896: 883: 879: 874: 866: 861: 857: 844: 831: 815: 802: 789: 772: 759: 744: 731: 721: 708: 704: 696: 679: 662: 652: 648: 636: 624:• 1810–1812 (first) 622: 618: 602: 598: 586: 576:• 1721–1725 (first) 574: 570: 560: 533: 521: 445: 410:Recognised languages 408: 398: 388: 368: 304: 270: 238: 214:Grom pobedy, razdavaysia! 207:Громъ побҍды, раздавайся! 206: 153: 147: 131: 95:Civil ensign (1696–1917); 72: 67: 53: 47: 41: 21249:Modern history of Russia 21011:Venezuela Naval Blockade 20682:Anglo-Russian Convention 17083:Self-proclaimed monarchy 16126:Prime Minister of Russia 14926:Westwood, J. N. (2002). 14839:Atlas of Russian history 14801:(Greenwood Press, 1999) 14702:Kamenskii, Aleksandr B. 14169:26 December 2022 at the 13745: 13326:Zatko, James J. (1960). 13068:"2: Rule and Resistance" 13027:"2: Rule and Resistance" 12932:Human Rights Association 12417:"The Pale of Settlement" 12183:. ABC-CLIO. p. 58. 11883:Gilbert, Martin (2007). 11064:Garver, John W. (2015). 10884:Ascher, Abraham (2004). 9946:Фортеця Святої Єлисавети 9935:Фортеця Святої Єлисавети 9829:Cracraft, James (2003). 9416:Atlas of Russian history 9371:Moss, Walter G. (2003). 9161:Swain, Geoffrey (2014). 8406: 8247: 6697:was introduced in 1916. 6456:, each having their own 6306:Administrative divisions 5282: 4952: 4876: 4794: 4784: 4774: 4458:Principality of Moldavia 4448:In the aftermath of the 4357:Russian-American Company 4314:, a significant part of 3905:On 4 June 1916, General 3850:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive 3606:, on the balcony of the 3569:Archduke Franz Ferdinand 3523:Anglo-Russian Convention 3275:First Russian Revolution 3245:Anglo-Russian Convention 3183:Anglo-Russian Convention 3135:Konstantin Pobedonostsev 3131:conquest of Central Asia 2876:Russian troops entering 2668:Eastern Georgian Kingdom 2648:1892 painting depicting 2626:'s 1893 painting of the 2579:of the medieval Russian 1451:includes part of Poland 1414: 588:• 1894–1917 (last) 333: 327: 320: 314: 21016:Alaska boundary dispute 20689:Anglo-Japanese Alliance 20672:Franco-Russian Alliance 19024:History of Christianity 17351:Vatican City (Holy See) 16564:Social entrepreneurship 16453:Forced public apologies 16388:Anti-American sentiment 15350:(1994) 46#4 pp. 563–78. 15134:5 December 2017 at the 15043:18 January 2017 at the 14844:Parker, William Henry. 14810:Geography, topical maps 14726:Longley, David (2000). 14697:Russia: A Short History 14645:Waldron, Peter (1997). 14459:Pipes, Richard (2011). 14440:Pipes, Richard (1974). 14407:McMeekin, Sean (2011). 14263:Freeze, George (2002). 14190:A Map History of Russia 12993:The Massacre in History 12951:The Circassian Genocide 12887:The Circassian Genocide 12831:The Massacre in History 12797:The Circassian Genocide 12772:The Circassian Genocide 12573:Brower, Daniel (1996). 12253:Article 62 of the 1906 12035:Plokhy, Serhii (2010). 11667:Jahn, Hubertus (1998). 11370:Goldman, Emily (2011). 11334:Equality and Revolution 11205:Yorulmaz, Naci (2014). 11103:Fromkin, David (2010). 10836:"Port Arthur Revisited" 10781:Andreev, A. I. (2003). 10729:18 January 2017 at the 10720:Alexander III of Russia 10564:Jones, Preston (2017). 10202:Economic History Review 9132:Encyclopædia Britannica 8930:10.1111/0020-8833.00053 8518:modern Russian spelling 7884:, and particularly the 7531:Imperial census of 1897 6673:was abolished in 1886. 6173:) was created, under a 5986:, and he must obey the 5984:Russian Orthodox Church 5968:changed his title from 5896:constitutional monarchy 5534:Eurasian Economic Union 5383:Parade of sovereignties 4847:Principality of Polotsk 4631:Chinese Eastern Railway 4254:Territorial development 3740:, and the newly-formed 3624:Germanophobic sentiment 3408:" occurred when Father 3127:Franco-Russian Alliance 3121:. The throne passed to 2967:Manchu-ruled Qing China 2670:(allied since the 1783 2264:in Russia (1613–1917). 2248:, anti-Jewish pogroms, 2237:between Russia and the 2212:Alexander III of Russia 2129:successfully waging war 2073:Novorossiya Governorate 2045:Targowica Confederation 1986:(painted in the 1780s). 1904:Russian Orthodox Church 1889:provinces and districts 1854:against them in 1722–23 1319:. During the resulting 1313:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 399:Official languages 322: Lost in 1856–1914 32:Russia (disambiguation) 21239:Former empires in Asia 20935:Unification of Germany 20882:Taft–Katsura agreement 18848:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 17633:Islands of Refreshment 17063:Legitimacy (political) 16312:Social security system 16295:Science and technology 15961:Classified information 15787:Central Russian Upland 15389:Golder, Frank Alfred. 15329:(2001) 3#2 pp. 109–32. 15177:(2nd ed. 1979), 552 pp 15090:De Madariaga, Isabel. 14444:. New York: Scribner. 13113:Cahiers du Monde russe 13066:King, Charles (2008). 13025:King, Charles (2008). 12008:Revolution and Reality 10395:. Simon and Schuster. 10129:Nicholas Riasanovsky, 9691:Drozdek, Adam (2021). 9643:Ageyeva, Olga (1999). 9004:Slavic Research Center 8756:Grand Duchy of Finland 8455:Committee of Ministers 8302: 8286: 8241:various strips of land 8175: 8172:Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky 8163: 8070: 8052: 7969:), clergy, merchants, 7861: 7843: 7527: 7519: 7507: 7405:Baltic German nobility 7392: 7341: 7302:Persecution of Muslims 7148: 7140: 7107:Christianity in Russia 7069:and the oil center of 7061:connected the city of 7046: 7039:Tsarskoye Selo Railway 6777: 6769: 6638: 6534: 6533:(colorized photograph) 6329: 6321: 6261: 6060: 6040: 6033:General Staff Building 5962: 5124:Provisional Government 5065:Grand Duchy of Finland 4943:Principality of Moscow 4666:Russian Fort Elizabeth 4592: 4445: 4408:Treaty of Fredrikshamn 4292:Grand Duchy of Finland 4270:. In 1905 Russia lost 4081: 4073: 4003: 3991:Problems in the empire 3967:, opened the front by 3701: 3634:for the sake of words 3611: 3489:, was a member of the 3397: 3353:(SRs) and the Marxist 3300: 3299:from the Kremlin, 1908 3281: 3190:Trans-Siberian Railway 3139:imperial secret police 3119:terrorist organization 3063: 2893: 2881: 2869: 2864:Russian troops taking 2857: 2838: 2663: 2641: 2528: 2500: 2463:. Although Napoleon's 2396:. After he became the 2375:Saint Michael's Castle 2364: 2327: 2226: 2018: 1995: 1987: 1980:enlightened absolutist 1753: 1596: 1593:Alexander von Kotzebue 1537: 1531:Battle of Narva (1700) 1464:Grand Duchy of Finland 966:Provisional Government 377:(1721–1728; 1730–1917) 285:The Prayer of Russians 105:State flag (1858–1896) 97:State flag (1896–1917) 21021:First Moroccan Crisis 20735:Spread of nationalism 20699:Eight-Nation Alliance 20507:Medieval great powers 18928:Industrial Revolution 17444:Saint Kitts and Nevis 17033:Criticism of monarchy 17023:Abolition of monarchy 16773:Russian tsars regalia 16106:Intelligence agencies 15829:Great Russian Regions 15573:Expansion (1500-1800) 15339:Sanders, Thomas, ed. 15318:Lieven, Dominic C.B. 15294:Cracraft, James. ed. 15184:; Eklof, Ben (2000), 15098:Dixon, Simon (1999). 15079:. (Blackwell, 1998). 15036:11#2 (2008): 128–51. 15009:Lieven, Dominic C.B. 15006:87#3 (2015): 668–700. 14799:The History of Russia 14710:Lieven, Dominic C. B. 14372:Lieven, Dominic C. B. 14360:Lieven, Dominic C. B. 14197:Chapman, Tim (2002). 14099:32.3 (1992): 343–360. 13964:29 April 2014 at the 13792:56.3 (2017): 172–187. 13674:www.timesofisrael.com 13126:10.4000/monderusse.39 12867:Ahmed, Akbar (2013). 12826:Shenfield, Stephen D. 12695:Allen, Frank (2021). 12180:The History of Russia 10174:. Simon and Schuster. 10133:(4th ed. 1984), p 284 10108:, Heritage Auctions, 9908:Isabel De Madariaga, 9167:. Routledge. p. 9101:reviews.history.ac.uk 8815:19 March 2022 at the 8307:Ministry of Education 8300: 8284: 8169: 8154: 8141:Further information: 8058: 8046: 7870:Imperial Russian Navy 7866:Imperial Russian Army 7849: 7838: 7537:Russian Empire census 7525: 7513: 7505: 7386: 7350:conquest of Circassia 7327: 7306:Further information: 7157:Orthodox Christianity 7151:The Russian Empire's 7146: 7135:in Moscow during his 7126: 7079:Trans-Caspian Railway 7059:Transcaucasus Railway 7036: 6775: 6767: 6632: 6522: 6466:justices of the peace 6327: 6319: 6310:Further information: 6255: 6198:Ministry of the Navy; 6094:Gosudarstvennaya Duma 6046: 6023: 5957: 5916:by removing the word 5765:Not fully controlled. 5599:Republic of Tatarstan 5492:Constitutional crisis 4577: 4439: 4187:. It then ran to the 4079: 4071: 4056:by the Bolsheviks in 3998: 3880:fortress of Premissel 3868:Austro-Hungarian Army 3695: 3688:Vistula–Bug offensive 3601: 3505:, comprising itself, 3477:Causes of World War I 3458:Further information: 3387: 3373:and the more radical 3313:Industrial Revolution 3294: 3272: 3218:Eight-Nation Alliance 3060:Battle of Shipka Pass 3057: 3016:Treaty of San Stefano 2887: 2875: 2863: 2844: 2836: 2823:Further information: 2708:Treaty of Turkmenchay 2698:to Russia, under the 2650:Imperial Russian Navy 2647: 2622: 2547:. The result was the 2518: 2510:a few were introduced 2506:Industrial Revolution 2494: 2354: 2283: 2224: 2192:Battle of the Trebbia 2001: 1993: 1984:Russian Enlightenment 1973: 1914:, which was led by a 1812:; they conducted the 1740: 1680:Zacharias Kopystensky 1584: 1528: 1495:Russian Empire census 1307:, who proclaimed the 21026:Algeciras Conference 21006:Annexation of Hawaii 20945:Great Eastern Crisis 20940:Unification of Italy 20930:Formation of Romania 20747:French–German enmity 20517:European colonialism 20502:Ancient great powers 18983:European debt crisis 18978:European integration 18918:Age of Enlightenment 18758:Republic of Florence 17276:United Arab Emirates 16840:World Heritage sites 16217:Droughts and famines 15770:Environmental issues 15518:Proto-Indo-Europeans 15426:at Wikimedia Commons 15405:full text in English 15364:28 July 2019 at the 15336:(2004) 5#1 pp. 7–26. 15245:Moon, David (1999). 15214:on 29 September 2008 15194:on 29 September 2008 14797:Ziegler; Charles E. 13980:Christine D. Worobec 13544:Sainsbury, Brendan. 12999:. pp. 149–162. 12995:. New York, NY, US: 12838:. pp. 149–162. 11706:Horne, John (2012). 10857:. pp. 161–279. 10832:Connaughton, Richard 10416:Baten, Jörg (2016). 10285:Lang, David Marshall 10205:7.2 (1954): 137–149. 8685:justice of the peace 8490:Rossiyskaya Imperiya 8271:Peterburgskii Listok 8200:increased after the 8123:Free agriculturalist 7831:Russo-Circassian War 7767:Russian Central Asia 7444:Spiritual Christians 7403:and the presence of 7369:Official Nationality 7354:diaspora communities 7283:Emperor Alexander II 7179:, the civilian Over 6737:Sobornoye Ulozheniye 6472:Local administration 6159:Council of Ministers 6096:), which formed the 5538:Annexation of Crimea 5146:Constituent Assembly 5023:Second Patriotic War 4642:Georg Anton Schäffer 4560:Imperial territories 4527:New Siberian Islands 4171:times connected the 4019:End of imperial rule 3698:Battle of Tannenberg 3655:German General Staff 3630:, which sounded too 2965:) from the weakened 2672:Treaty of Georgievsk 2655:in a scene from the 2363:(1812) while wounded 2250:Bloody Sunday (1905) 2149:Treaty of Georgievsk 2137:Partitions of Poland 2007:on December 22, 1790 1688:Theophan Prokopovich 1403:Partitions of Poland 1228:in the north to the 316: Russia in 1914 161:Bozhe Tsarya khrani! 60:Rossiyskaya Imperiya 21091:Philippine–American 21076:First Sino-Japanese 20909:Racconigi agreement 20855:Treaty of Frankfurt 20815:Great Rapprochement 20769:Scramble for Africa 20512:Modern great powers 18948:Revolutions of 1848 18878:Early modern France 18659:Anglo-Saxon England 18564:Classical antiquity 18472:Trinidad and Tobago 18359:Commonwealth realms 18244:United Baltic Duchy 17387:Antigua and Barbuda 17379:Commonwealth realms 17073:Order of succession 16691:Forms of addressing 16300:Academy of Sciences 16257:Financial districts 16121:President of Russia 16046:Political divisions 16006:Freedom of assembly 15888:West Siberian Plain 15634:Great Patriotic War 15595:February Revolution 15456:Library of Congress 15348:Europe‐Asia Studies 15327:National Identities 15312:5 July 2019 at the 15140:Freeze, Gregory L. 15116:Etkind, Alexander. 14995:Fuller, William C. 14967:Napoleon and Russia 14780:A History of Russia 14763:(1947) pp 221–537, 14761:A history of Russia 14718:Lincoln, W. Bruce. 14529:. Clarendon Press. 13995:Louise McReynolds, 13753:on 24 October 2012. 12979:on 25 October 2020. 11054:, pp. 160–186. 10995:. pp. 277–280. 10981:, pp. 234–268. 10754:. pp. 554–574. 10709:, pp. 445–460. 10131:A History of Russia 9921:John T. Alexander, 9034:Wesleyan University 8894:8 June 2019 at the 8708:[ˈbarɕːɪnə] 8453:As Chairman of the 8401:Russian imperialism 8202:Polish insurrection 8160: 1909 to 1915 7897:February Revolution 7635:Armenian Apostolics 7548:Count of believers 7346:Circassian genocide 7334:Circassian genocide 7216:confessionalization 7133:Dormition Cathedral 6782: 6663:Peasants' Land Bank 6566:Baltic governorates 6402:acted as governor. 6366:, and, after 1914, 6260:in Saint Petersburg 6229:Ministry of Justice 6202:Ministry of Finance 6024:This painting from 5979:February Revolution 5940:with a telegraph". 5718:Zaporizhzhia Oblast 5550:Invasion of Ukraine 5339:Great Patriotic War 5311:Cultural revolution 5252:Transcaucasian SFSR 5120:February Revolution 5007:Emancipation reform 4905:Council of Uvetichi 4755: • 4751: • 4346:Alexander Gorchakov 4312:Baltic governorates 4107:Geography of Russia 4025:February Revolution 3862:, held by Austrian 3801:Russian-held Poland 3746:Grand Duke Nicholas 3610:, on 2 August 1914. 3481:Russia, along with 3331:Peasants' Land Bank 2448:against a weakened 2176:major coalition war 2022:Catherine the Great 1976:Catherine the Great 1916:government official 1858:temporarily annexed 1700:Alexander Menshikov 1684:Kiev Pechersk Lavra 1553:November [ 1285:February Revolution 1254:famine in 1891–1892 1205:, most notably the 1146:Catherine the Great 1119:, and the reign of 1117:conquest of Siberia 835:February Revolution 798:Jan 1905 – Jul 1907 763:Emancipation reform 638:• 1917 (last) 359:Show all controlled 335: Protectorates 198:Other used anthems: 20950:Congress of Berlin 20867:Reinsurance Treaty 20845:Congress of Vienna 20825:Industrial warfare 20791:Scramble for China 19054:Crusading movement 18958:Russian Revolution 18793:Hundred Years' War 18689:Maritime republics 18592:Early Christianity 18582:Hellenistic period 18539:Paleolithic Europe 16741:Russian given name 16327:Telecommunications 16277:Petroleum industry 16141:State of emergency 15986:Far-right politics 15951:Capital punishment 15797:Meshchera Lowlands 15651:Russian Federation 15607:October Revolution 15305:4.1 (1977): 1–22. 15170:(1977) pp. 365–425 15071:Christian, David. 13182:10.1093/ehr/cew383 12938:on 22 August 2023. 11954:, p. 728–730. 11795:, p. 111–112. 11771:, p. 125–126. 10172:Napoleon in Russia 8910:(September 1997). 8666:Holy Roman Emperor 8513:Российская Империя 8478:Россійская Имперія 8466:As Prime Minister. 8419:Principalities of 8303: 8287: 8261:Fyodor Dostoyevsky 8176: 8164: 8114:Exceptional status 8071: 8059:The 1916 painting 8053: 7936:standard of living 7913:Russian literature 7862: 7844: 7827:Russo-Japanese War 7819:Russo-Persian Wars 7815:Russo-Turkish Wars 7811:Russo-Swedish Wars 7703:Armenian Catholics 7528: 7520: 7508: 7417:Polish nationalism 7409:Jesuit suppression 7393: 7342: 7314:forced conversions 7274:Emperor Nicholas I 7270:Pale of Settlement 7220:confessional state 7149: 7141: 7047: 6800:Kingdom of Poland 6780: 6778: 6770: 6678:Ivan Vyshnegradsky 6639: 6588:Great Northern War 6535: 6360:Emirate of Bukhara 6330: 6322: 6296:court of cassation 6262: 6210:(created in 1905); 6175:minister president 6061: 6041: 5963: 5634:Republic of Crimea 5585:Russian Federation 5528:Presidential terms 5420:Karelo-Finnish SSR 5373:Chernobyl disaster 5113:Russian Revolution 5011:Russo-Japanese War 4999:1812 Patriotic War 4913:Battle of Kulikovo 4901:Council of Liubech 4679:, situated on the 4620:Russian Federation 4593: 4542:Kaliningrad Oblast 4470:Congress of Vienna 4452:, and the ensuing 4446: 4260:Kaliningrad Oblast 4220:ethnically Finnish 4082: 4074: 4050:Grand Duke Michael 4004: 3854:Brusilov offensive 3702: 3612: 3588:Declaration of War 3577:Austrian ultimatum 3423:Revolution of 1905 3402:Russo-Japanese War 3398: 3394:Russo-Japanese War 3301: 3282: 3259:Early 20th century 3230:Russo-Japanese War 3064: 3021:Congress of Berlin 2894: 2882: 2870: 2858: 2839: 2714:, Azerbaijan, and 2700:Treaty of Gulistan 2664: 2642: 2529: 2501: 2478:Congress of Vienna 2457:invasion of Russia 2422:Continental System 2414:Treaties of Tilsit 2394:Napoleon Bonaparte 2381:. Russia was in a 2365: 2361:Battle of Borodino 2328: 2258:Battle of Tsushima 2254:Russo-Japanese War 2227: 2019: 2005:Storming of Izmail 1996: 1988: 1856:. Peter the Great 1814:Great Northern War 1754: 1597: 1550:Great Northern War 1538: 1535:Great Northern War 1369:, the khanates of 1301:October Revolution 1180:Russo-Turkish Wars 1105:tsar of all Russia 1022:, behind only the 723:• Proclaimed 630:Nikolai Rumyantsev 361:territories (1866) 349:Show map of Europe 168:God Save the Tsar! 54:Российская Империя 48:Россійская Имперія 21199:Former monarchies 21161: 21160: 21130:Albanian Revolts 20987:German Naval Laws 20971:Naval arms races 20955:Berlin Conference 20887:Hague Conventions 20556: 20555: 20478: 20477: 20443:Polish–Lithuanian 19618:Gurjara-Pratihara 19062: 19061: 18988:COVID-19 pandemic 18933:French Revolution 18908:Habsburg monarchy 18888:Cossack Hetmanate 18868:Portuguese Empire 18858:Absolute monarchy 18853:Thirty Years' War 18748:Holy Roman Empire 18673:Bulgarian Empire 18632:Early Middle Ages 18549:Bronze Age Europe 18523:History of Europe 18489: 18488: 18485: 18484: 18174:Piedmont-Sardinia 17926:Sip Song Chau Tai 17736:Thirteen Colonies 17477: 17476: 16881: 16880: 16848: 16847: 16428:Domestic violence 16360: 16359: 16282:Russian oligarchs 16207:Aircraft industry 16184: 16183: 16161:Mass surveillance 16151:Search and rescue 16116:Political parties 15996:Foreign relations 15928: 15927: 15727: 15726: 15719:Historical cities 15578:Tsardom of Russia 15422:Media related to 15343:(ME Sharpe, 1999) 15256:978-0-5820-9508-3 15182:Mironov, Boris N. 15159:978-0-5822-3415-4 15109:978-0-5213-7100-1 15025:LeDonne, John P. 14987:978-1-8606-4847-2 14941:978-0-1992-4617-5 14837:Gilbert, Martin. 14737:978-0-5823-1990-5 14695:Ascher, Abraham. 14668:978-0-333-60168-6 14625:978-1-4408-6369-1 14592:978-1-8510-9965-8 14505:978-0-1996-4205-2 14472:978-0-3077-8858-0 14451:978-0-6841-4041-4 14420:978-0-6740-6210-8 14387:978-0-1431-0955-6 14343:978-0-3000-8266-1 14309:978-0-6740-6195-8 14276:978-0-1986-0511-9 14266:Russia: A History 14243:978-1-5988-4948-6 14210:978-1-1345-7970-9 14159:, 9781317118442. 14112:(2005) pp 112–18. 13715:978-0-3077-5462-2 13618:978-1-3158-3501-3 13582:. 30 April 2019. 13081:978-0-1951-7775-6 13040:978-0-1951-7775-6 12960:978-0-8135-6068-7 12896:978-0-8135-6068-7 12878:978-0-8157-2378-3 12806:978-0-8135-6068-7 12781:978-0-8135-6068-7 12706:978-9-0044-9232-5 12656:978-0-2530-1454-2 12341:978-3-6473-1028-2 12291:978-0-1992-8051-3 12190:978-0-3133-6307-8 12067:on 31 March 2017. 12046:978-0-5211-5511-3 12021:978-1-4696-5020-3 11922:978-0-6716-5991-2 11719:978-1-1199-6870-2 11680:978-0-8014-8571-8 11641:978-1-5988-4758-1 11602:978-1-4408-5093-6 11563:978-1-1084-9619-3 11512:978-1-8510-9420-2 11461:978-1-4728-5020-1 11422:978-1-5988-4981-3 11383:978-0-8047-7433-8 11344:978-0-8229-7375-1 11293:978-0-5218-1735-6 11218:978-0-8577-2518-9 11167:978-1-3515-4000-1 11116:978-1-4299-8852-0 11077:978-0-1908-8435-2 10899:978-0-8047-5028-8 10769:Seton-Watson 1967 10707:Seton-Watson 1967 10610:10.4000/ejas.7805 10577:978-1-6022-3206-8 10538:978-0-8160-7475-4 10506:978-0-3001-4497-0 10467:978-1-3174-6049-7 10427:978-1-1075-0718-0 10402:978-0-7432-8426-4 10345:978-0-1984-2144-3 10216:Lincoln, W. Bruce 10071:978-9-0474-2915-9 10054:Empire Speaks Out 10034:978-5-907411-75-3 9995:978-1-5883-6044-1 9859:iranicaonline.org 9840:978-0-6740-1196-0 9704:978-1-7936-4184-7 9655:on 16 March 2022. 9618:978-1-317-88190-2 9586:on 29 August 2018 9549:978-5-8527-0366-8 9476:on 4 January 2022 9382:978-0-8572-8752-6 9342:978-0-0286-5693-9 9306:978-0-5215-4323-1 9267:978-1-1071-6574-8 9228:978-0-2532-2042-4 9178:978-1-3178-1278-4 8840:978-0-2530-1318-7 8616: 8580: 8487: 8232:Peasant Land Bank 8075:abolished in 1861 8035:Serfdom in Russia 7909:Culture of Russia 7823:Russo-Polish Wars 7764: 7763: 7516:Heinrich Berghaus 7413:Roman Catholicism 7373:Orenburg Assembly 7266:Polish Partitions 7248:Roman Catholicism 7021: 7020: 6667:Nobles' Land Bank 6580:Duchy of Courland 5950:Emperor of Russia 5892:Almanach de Gotha 5880: 5879: 5846:Russia portal 5774: 5773: 5468:Belavezha Accords 5450: 5449: 5361:Era of Stagnation 5327:Industrialization 5293: 5292: 5170:Soviet-Polish War 5106: 5105: 5087:Russian Manchuria 5033:Tsardom of Russia 5019:October Manifesto 5003:Decembrist Revolt 4995:Petrovian reforms 4963: 4962: 4923:Novgorod Republic 4887: 4886: 4803: 4802: 4705:Tsarist autocracy 4656:, vassal of King 4520:Russian Turkestan 4482:November Uprising 4308:Russian Turkestan 4272:southern Sakhalin 4029:On 3 March 1917, 3927:Caucasus campaign 3846:Battle of Galicia 3734:German Ninth Army 3493:in antecedent to 3471:Origins of causes 3434:October Manifesto 3349:On the left, the 3292: 3273:A scene from the 3241:military alliance 3214:invaded Manchuria 3145:—and a policy of 2981:ceded the modern 2971:Taiping Rebellion 2963:Russian Manchuria 2914:Crimean peninsula 2845:The eleven-month 2747:November Uprising 2688:Caucasian Imamate 2549:Decembrist revolt 2545:autocratic Russia 2262:Romanov (dynasty) 2168:Enlightenment era 2147:. As part of the 2053:Yemelyan Pugachev 2043:, supporting the 2011:Alexander Suvorov 1950:Moscow University 1750:Jean-Marc Nattier 1605:autocratic nature 1512: 1511: 1395:left-bank Ukraine 1357:History of Russia 1333:after World War I 1321:Russian Civil War 1258:absolute monarchy 1207:1861 emancipation 1030:empires. It also 1000: 999: 996: 995: 992: 991: 958: 957: 853:14 September 1917 806:October Manifesto 748:Decembrist revolt 717:10 September 1721 541:absolute monarchy 294: 262: 230: 190: 143:(God is with us!) 16:(Redirected from 21271: 21204:Former countries 21184:Christian states 21081:Spanish–American 21001:Fashoda Incident 20877:Treaty of Björkö 20862:Treaty of Berlin 20796:Open Door Policy 20730:Eastern question 20677:Entente Cordiale 20583: 20576: 20569: 20560: 20559: 20359: 20358: 20024:Austro-Hungarian 19724:Chagatai Khanate 19089: 19082: 19075: 19066: 19065: 18923:Great Divergence 18838:Age of Discovery 18783:Late Middle Ages 18753:High Middle Ages 18664:Byzantine Empire 18647:Christianization 18637:Migration Period 18572:Classical Greece 18544:Neolithic Europe 18516: 18509: 18502: 18493: 18492: 18413:Irish Free State 18179:Poland–Lithuania 17488: 17487: 17439:Papua New Guinea 17169: 17168: 16908: 16901: 16894: 16885: 16884: 16861: 16808:Russian language 16751:National symbols 16371: 16370: 16290: 16247:Fishing industry 16237:Economic regions 16232:Defence industry 16195: 16194: 15939: 15938: 15893:Russian Far East 15792:Northwest Russia 15750:Cities and towns 15738: 15737: 15600:Russian Republic 15506: 15505: 15485: 15478: 15471: 15462: 15461: 15443: 15433: 15421: 15376: 15375:, pp. 23–66 15260: 15230: 15222: 15221: 15219: 15202: 15201: 15199: 15163: 15113: 15049:Saul, Norman E. 15021: 14991: 14965:Adams, Michael. 14953: 14922: 14884: 14794: 14775: 14759:Pares, Bernard. 14741: 14672: 14641: 14639: 14637: 14608: 14606: 14604: 14575: 14573: 14548: 14521: 14519: 14517: 14488: 14486: 14484: 14455: 14436: 14434: 14432: 14403: 14401: 14399: 14367: 14355: 14325: 14323: 14321: 14292: 14290: 14288: 14259: 14257: 14255: 14226: 14224: 14222: 14193: 14174: 14145: 14139: 14132: 14126: 14119: 14113: 14106: 14100: 14093: 14087: 14085: 14049: 14043: 14042: 14006: 14000: 13993: 13987: 13977: 13968: 13951: 13945: 13944: 13942: 13940: 13911: 13905: 13899: 13893: 13886: 13877: 13872:Steven L. Hoch, 13870: 13864: 13852: 13843: 13836: 13830: 13829: 13802:Boris N. Mironov 13799: 13793: 13786: 13780: 13770: 13764: 13761: 13755: 13754: 13741: 13735: 13734: 13729: 13727: 13699: 13690: 13689: 13687: 13685: 13665: 13663: 13661: 13642: 13640: 13638: 13602: 13596: 13595: 13593: 13591: 13580:The Moscow Times 13572: 13566: 13565: 13563: 13561: 13541: 13535: 13534: 13532: 13530: 13490: 13484: 13483: 13481: 13479: 13423: 13417: 13416: 13398: 13374: 13368: 13367: 13365: 13363: 13323: 13317: 13316: 13314: 13312: 13294: 13271: 13265: 13264: 13262: 13260: 13212: 13206: 13205: 13203: 13201: 13176:(554): 175–177. 13161: 13155: 13154: 13128: 13104: 13098: 13097: 13095: 13093: 13063: 13057: 13056: 13054: 13052: 13022: 13020: 13018: 12980: 12975:. Archived from 12964: 12946: 12940: 12939: 12924: 12922: 12920: 12900: 12882: 12864: 12859: 12857: 12817: 12811: 12810: 12792: 12786: 12785: 12767: 12761: 12760: 12758: 12756: 12720: 12711: 12710: 12692: 12681: 12680: 12678: 12676: 12640: 12631: 12630: 12628: 12626: 12570: 12564: 12563: 12561: 12559: 12540: 12534: 12533: 12531: 12529: 12510: 12504: 12503: 12501: 12499: 12480: 12474: 12473: 12471: 12469: 12450: 12437: 12436: 12434: 12432: 12413: 12396: 12395: 12393: 12391: 12372: 12366: 12365: 12363: 12361: 12325: 12316: 12315: 12313: 12311: 12275: 12258: 12255:Fundamental Laws 12251: 12245: 12238: 12232: 12225: 12219: 12218:, p. 55–56. 12213: 12207: 12206: 12204: 12202: 12174: 12168: 12162: 12156: 12150: 12141: 12135: 12129: 12123: 12117: 12111: 12105: 12099: 12093: 12087: 12081: 12075: 12069: 12068: 12057: 12051: 12050: 12032: 12026: 12025: 12003: 11997: 11996: 11988: 11982: 11981: 11961: 11955: 11949: 11943: 11942: 11909:Kissinger, Henry 11905: 11899: 11898: 11877:Martin Gilbert, 11875: 11869: 11868:, p. 90–91. 11863: 11857: 11851: 11845: 11844:, p. 77–78. 11839: 11833: 11826: 11820: 11814: 11808: 11802: 11796: 11790: 11784: 11778: 11772: 11766: 11760: 11754: 11748: 11742: 11736: 11735: 11733: 11731: 11703: 11697: 11696: 11694: 11692: 11664: 11658: 11657: 11655: 11653: 11625: 11619: 11618: 11616: 11614: 11586: 11580: 11579: 11577: 11575: 11547: 11541: 11535: 11529: 11528: 11526: 11524: 11496: 11490: 11484: 11478: 11477: 11475: 11473: 11445: 11439: 11438: 11436: 11434: 11406: 11400: 11399: 11397: 11395: 11367: 11361: 11360: 11358: 11356: 11328: 11322: 11316: 11310: 11309: 11307: 11305: 11277: 11271: 11265: 11259: 11253: 11247: 11241: 11235: 11234: 11232: 11230: 11202: 11196: 11190: 11184: 11183: 11181: 11179: 11151: 11145: 11139: 11133: 11132: 11130: 11128: 11100: 11094: 11093: 11091: 11089: 11061: 11055: 11049: 11043: 11042: 11030: 11024: 11023: 11003: 10997: 10996: 10988: 10982: 10976: 10970: 10964: 10958: 10957: 10949: 10943: 10942: 10918: 10916: 10914: 10881: 10875: 10874: 10850: 10844: 10843: 10840:HistoryToday.com 10834:(January 2002). 10828: 10822: 10821: 10816: 10814: 10778: 10772: 10766: 10760: 10755: 10747: 10741: 10740: 10716: 10710: 10704: 10698: 10692: 10686: 10680: 10674: 10668: 10662: 10656: 10647: 10641: 10635: 10634: 10632: 10630: 10612: 10588: 10582: 10581: 10561: 10555: 10554: 10552: 10550: 10522: 10520: 10518: 10490: 10484: 10483: 10481: 10479: 10451: 10445: 10438: 10432: 10431: 10413: 10407: 10406: 10388: 10382: 10381: 10368: 10362: 10361: 10359: 10357: 10329: 10320: 10319: 10299: 10293: 10292: 10281: 10275: 10269: 10263: 10257: 10251: 10245: 10239: 10238: 10230: 10224: 10223: 10212: 10206: 10197: 10191: 10190: 10182: 10176: 10175: 10164: 10158: 10152: 10146: 10140: 10134: 10127: 10121: 10120: 10119: 10117: 10100: 10094: 10088: 10082: 10081: 10080: 10078: 10045: 10039: 10038: 10026: 10024:10.31483/r-99727 10006: 10000: 9999: 9988:. Random House. 9981: 9975: 9972: 9966: 9963: 9957: 9954: 9948: 9943: 9937: 9932: 9926: 9919: 9913: 9906: 9900: 9893: 9887: 9881: 9875: 9874: 9872: 9870: 9851: 9845: 9844: 9826: 9820: 9810: 9804: 9803: 9801: 9799: 9777: 9771: 9770: 9768: 9766: 9748: 9742: 9741: 9739: 9737: 9715: 9709: 9708: 9688: 9682: 9681: 9663: 9657: 9656: 9640: 9634: 9633: 9602: 9596: 9595: 9593: 9591: 9582:. Archived from 9572: 9566: 9565: 9563: 9561: 9556:on 17 April 2021 9552:. Archived from 9527: 9521: 9520: 9518: 9516: 9497: 9486: 9485: 9483: 9481: 9459: 9453: 9452: 9450: 9448: 9437:Demoscope Weekly 9425: 9419: 9418:(1993) pp 33–74. 9409: 9403: 9397: 9391: 9390: 9368: 9362: 9361: 9356: 9354: 9326: 9320: 9318: 9290: 9284: 9283: 9281: 9279: 9251: 9245: 9244: 9242: 9240: 9212: 9206: 9205: 9200: 9198: 9158: 9149: 9148: 9146: 9144: 9127:"Russian Empire" 9123: 9117: 9116: 9114: 9112: 9093: 9087: 9081: 9075: 9074: 9072: 9070: 9056: 9050: 9049: 9047: 9045: 9026: 9020: 9019: 9017: 9015: 8996: 8990: 8989: 8987: 8985: 8953: 8951: 8949: 8904: 8898: 8885:Fundamental Laws 8881: 8875: 8874: 8854: 8848: 8847: 8826: 8820: 8805: 8799: 8798: 8796: 8794: 8775: 8758: 8748:Baltic Provinces 8740: 8734: 8733: 8731:[ɐˈbrok] 8728: 8724: 8723: 8717: 8711: 8710: 8705: 8701: 8700: 8694: 8688: 8675: 8669: 8628: 8622: 8621: 8611: 8609: 8601: 8595: 8594: 8589: 8585: 8583:Otets otechestva 8575: 8573: 8565: 8559: 8556: 8550: 8527: 8521: 8515: 8514: 8509: 8508: 8507: 8501: 8496: 8492: 8482: 8480: 8479: 8473: 8467: 8464: 8458: 8451: 8445: 8434: 8428: 8417: 8395:Panjdeh incident 8384: 8379: 8378: 8377: 8370: 8365: 8364: 8363: 8344:Nersisian School 8210:German landlords 8206:Baltic provinces 8185:Black Earth Area 8161: 8158: 7557:Russian Orthodox 7542: 7541: 7468:Edward Radzinsky 7459:toleration edict 7438:and sectarians. 7421:January Uprising 7389:Białystok pogrom 7246:(in the case of 7206:Religious policy 7161:Fundamental Laws 6791:Southern Region 6783: 6779: 6592:Treaty of Nystad 6560:Baltic provinces 6532: 6529: 6525:Moscow City Duma 6458:courts of appeal 6364:Khanate of Khiva 6282:Governing Senate 6171:Sovyet Ministrov 6129:Saint Petersburg 6049:Catherine Palace 6030: 6027: 6010:Imperial Council 5934:Alexander Herzen 5926:limited monarchy 5872: 5865: 5858: 5844: 5843: 5842: 5830: 5768: 5767: 5754: 5753: 5730: 5709: 5688: 5667: 5646: 5626: 5616:Chechen Republic 5609: 5592: 5581: 5580: 5478:USSR dissolution 5394: 5393: 5323:Collectivization 5241:Byelorussian SSR 5198:Russian Republic 5194: 5193: 5029: 5028: 4991:Treaty of Nystad 4919: 4918: 4833: 4832: 4761: 4760: 4759: 4737: 4727: 4709: 4708: 4681:Gulf of Tadjoura 4531:Severnaya Zemlya 4377:Fort Ross Colony 4350:Manifest destiny 4336:Erzurum Province 4212:Gulfs of Bothnia 4205:Austrian Galicia 4191:in the southern 4013:Grigori Rasputin 3981:Nikolai Yudenich 3907:Aleksei Brusilov 3898:line and losing 3840:Austrian theatre 3828:, and partly of 3792:on 17 November. 3628:Saint Petersburg 3546:Eastern question 3418:Saint Petersburg 3365:In 1903, at the 3355:Social Democrats 3293: 3251:alliance in the 2979:Treaty of Peking 2786: 2751:January Uprising 2749:in 1830 and the 2595:Alexander Herzen 2325: 2324: 2320: 2317: 2311: 2310: 2306: 2303: 2297: 2296: 2292: 2289: 2246:Khodynka Tragedy 2208:Alexander Palace 2115:their revolution 2030:Russian nobility 1954:Seven Years' War 1846:Safavid Persians 1825:Saint Petersburg 1762: 1761: 1682–1725 1760: 1746:sweeping reforms 1708:Mikhail Golitsyn 1696:Boris Sheremetev 1692:François Le Fort 1657:Saint Petersburg 1619:and equated the 1601:absolute monarch 1559:Governing Senate 1412: 1411: 1293:Russian Republic 1214:House of Romanov 1203:numerous reforms 1200: 1199: 1855–1881 1198: 1169: 1168: 1801–1825 1167: 1154: 1153: 1762–1796 1152: 1142:Saint Petersburg 1129: 1128: 1682–1725 1127: 1102: 1101: 1533–1584 1100: 1092:. His grandson, 1083: 1082: 1462–1505 1081: 988: 987: 980:Russian Republic 974: 973: 962: 961: 951: 945: 944: 938: 937: 922: 921: 823: 755: 754:26 December 1825 712:Treaty of Nystad 657:Governing Senate 643:Nikolai Golitsyn 632: 470:Eastern Orthodox 423:Baltic provinces 411: 393:Saint Petersburg 378: 373:Saint Petersburg 362: 357: 350: 347: 340: 336: 334: 330: 328: 323: 321: 317: 315: 311: 296: 295: 280: 278:Molitva russkikh 273: 272: 271:Молитва русскихъ 264: 263: 248: 241: 240: 232: 231: 223:") (unofficial) 216: 209: 208: 199: 192: 191: 163: 156: 155: 140: 122: 115: 87: 80: 62: 56: 55: 50: 49: 39: 38: 21: 21279: 21278: 21274: 21273: 21272: 21270: 21269: 21268: 21164: 21163: 21162: 21157: 21096:Boxer Rebellion 21054: 20918: 20872:Treaty of Paris 20837: 20831: 20764:New Imperialism 20725:Ottoman decline 20708: 20655:Triple Alliance 20643: 20604:Austria-Hungary 20592: 20587: 20557: 20552: 20541:American Empire 20526: 20522:African empires 20474: 20357: 20049:Central African 19995: 19813:Romano-Germanic 19399: 19133:Middle Assyrian 19106: 19098: 19093: 19063: 19058: 18997: 18963:Interwar period 18938:Napoleonic Wars 18802: 18773:Mongol invasion 18726:Crown of Aragon 18618: 18558: 18554:Iron Age Europe 18525: 18520: 18490: 18481: 18406:princely states 18354: 18290:Kingdom of Fiji 18263: 18009:Austria-Hungary 17977: 17740: 17674: 17473: 17459:Solomon Islands 17373: 17355: 17287: 17202: 17160: 17092: 17038:Democratization 17006: 16950: 16917: 16912: 16882: 16877: 16864: 16857: 16844: 16803:Public holidays 16798:Political jokes 16783:Personification 16736:Names of Russia 16605: 16524:Life expectancy 16356: 16288: 16180: 16031:Law enforcement 15924: 15910:Protected areas 15807:Smolensk Upland 15802:Oka–Don Lowland 15782:European Russia 15723: 15662: 15548:Mongol invasion 15495: 15489: 15441: 15414: 15409: 15403:(London, 1912) 15385: 15383:Primary sources 15380: 15366:Wayback Machine 15314:Wayback Machine 15303:Russian History 15283: 15278: 15268:27#3 pp. 243–67 15257: 15217: 15215: 15204: 15197: 15195: 15160: 15136:Wayback Machine 15110: 15067: 15062: 15045:Wayback Machine 14988: 14961: 14956: 14942: 14903: 14873: 14856: 14851: 14848:(Aldine, 1968). 14830:Chew, Allen F. 14812: 14807: 14738: 14691: 14686: 14680: 14678:Further reading 14675: 14669: 14635: 14633: 14626: 14602: 14600: 14593: 14537: 14515: 14513: 14506: 14482: 14480: 14473: 14452: 14430: 14428: 14421: 14397: 14395: 14388: 14344: 14330:Hughes, Lindsey 14319: 14317: 14310: 14286: 14284: 14277: 14253: 14251: 14244: 14220: 14218: 14211: 14183: 14178: 14177: 14171:Wayback Machine 14146: 14142: 14133: 14129: 14120: 14116: 14107: 14103: 14094: 14090: 14050: 14046: 14023:10.2307/3185576 14007: 14003: 13994: 13990: 13978: 13971: 13966:Wayback Machine 13952: 13948: 13938: 13936: 13929: 13912: 13908: 13900: 13896: 13887: 13880: 13871: 13867: 13853: 13846: 13837: 13833: 13826: 13800: 13796: 13787: 13783: 13771: 13767: 13762: 13758: 13747: 13743: 13742: 13738: 13725: 13723: 13716: 13700: 13693: 13683: 13681: 13659: 13657: 13644: 13636: 13634: 13619: 13603: 13599: 13589: 13587: 13574: 13573: 13569: 13559: 13557: 13542: 13538: 13528: 13526: 13491: 13487: 13477: 13475: 13424: 13420: 13375: 13371: 13361: 13359: 13338:(91): 476–492. 13324: 13320: 13310: 13308: 13272: 13268: 13258: 13256: 13213: 13209: 13199: 13197: 13162: 13158: 13105: 13101: 13091: 13089: 13082: 13064: 13060: 13050: 13048: 13041: 13016: 13014: 13007: 12961: 12947: 12943: 12926: 12918: 12916: 12897: 12879: 12855: 12853: 12846: 12818: 12814: 12807: 12793: 12789: 12782: 12768: 12764: 12754: 12752: 12737: 12721: 12714: 12707: 12693: 12684: 12674: 12672: 12657: 12641: 12634: 12624: 12622: 12591:10.2307/2502001 12571: 12567: 12557: 12555: 12542: 12541: 12537: 12527: 12525: 12512: 12511: 12507: 12497: 12495: 12482: 12481: 12477: 12467: 12465: 12452: 12451: 12440: 12430: 12428: 12415: 12414: 12399: 12389: 12387: 12374: 12373: 12369: 12359: 12357: 12342: 12326: 12319: 12309: 12307: 12292: 12276: 12261: 12252: 12248: 12239: 12235: 12226: 12222: 12214: 12210: 12200: 12198: 12191: 12175: 12171: 12163: 12159: 12151: 12144: 12136: 12132: 12124: 12120: 12112: 12108: 12100: 12096: 12088: 12084: 12076: 12072: 12059: 12058: 12054: 12047: 12033: 12029: 12022: 12004: 12000: 11989: 11985: 11962: 11958: 11950: 11946: 11923: 11906: 11902: 11895: 11881:(4th ed. 2007) 11876: 11872: 11864: 11860: 11852: 11848: 11840: 11836: 11827: 11823: 11815: 11811: 11803: 11799: 11791: 11787: 11779: 11775: 11767: 11763: 11755: 11751: 11743: 11739: 11729: 11727: 11720: 11704: 11700: 11690: 11688: 11681: 11665: 11661: 11651: 11649: 11642: 11626: 11622: 11612: 11610: 11603: 11587: 11583: 11573: 11571: 11564: 11548: 11544: 11536: 11532: 11522: 11520: 11513: 11497: 11493: 11489:, p. 1048. 11485: 11481: 11471: 11469: 11462: 11446: 11442: 11432: 11430: 11423: 11407: 11403: 11393: 11391: 11384: 11368: 11364: 11354: 11352: 11345: 11329: 11325: 11317: 11313: 11303: 11301: 11294: 11278: 11274: 11266: 11262: 11254: 11250: 11242: 11238: 11228: 11226: 11219: 11203: 11199: 11191: 11187: 11177: 11175: 11168: 11152: 11148: 11140: 11136: 11126: 11124: 11117: 11101: 11097: 11087: 11085: 11078: 11062: 11058: 11050: 11046: 11031: 11027: 11004: 11000: 10989: 10985: 10977: 10973: 10965: 10961: 10950: 10946: 10912: 10910: 10900: 10882: 10878: 10851: 10847: 10829: 10825: 10812: 10810: 10795: 10779: 10775: 10767: 10763: 10748: 10744: 10731:Wayback Machine 10717: 10713: 10705: 10701: 10693: 10689: 10681: 10677: 10669: 10665: 10657: 10650: 10642: 10638: 10628: 10626: 10589: 10585: 10578: 10562: 10558: 10548: 10546: 10539: 10516: 10514: 10507: 10491: 10487: 10477: 10475: 10468: 10452: 10448: 10444:(Longman, 2001) 10439: 10435: 10428: 10414: 10410: 10403: 10389: 10385: 10369: 10365: 10355: 10353: 10346: 10330: 10323: 10300: 10296: 10282: 10278: 10270: 10266: 10258: 10254: 10246: 10242: 10231: 10227: 10213: 10209: 10198: 10194: 10183: 10179: 10165: 10161: 10153: 10149: 10141: 10137: 10128: 10124: 10115: 10113: 10102: 10101: 10097: 10089: 10085: 10076: 10074: 10072: 10046: 10042: 10035: 10007: 10003: 9996: 9982: 9978: 9973: 9969: 9964: 9960: 9955: 9951: 9944: 9940: 9933: 9929: 9920: 9916: 9907: 9903: 9894: 9890: 9882: 9878: 9868: 9866: 9853: 9852: 9848: 9841: 9827: 9823: 9811: 9807: 9797: 9795: 9778: 9774: 9764: 9762: 9749: 9745: 9735: 9733: 9716: 9712: 9705: 9689: 9685: 9664: 9660: 9641: 9637: 9619: 9603: 9599: 9589: 9587: 9574: 9573: 9569: 9559: 9557: 9550: 9528: 9524: 9514: 9512: 9507:. 26 May 2017. 9505:Washington Post 9499: 9498: 9489: 9479: 9477: 9460: 9456: 9446: 9444: 9431: 9426: 9422: 9410: 9406: 9398: 9394: 9383: 9369: 9365: 9352: 9350: 9343: 9316: 9314: 9307: 9291: 9287: 9277: 9275: 9268: 9252: 9248: 9238: 9236: 9229: 9213: 9209: 9196: 9194: 9179: 9159: 9152: 9142: 9140: 9125: 9124: 9120: 9110: 9108: 9095: 9094: 9090: 9082: 9078: 9068: 9066: 9058: 9057: 9053: 9043: 9041: 9028: 9027: 9023: 9013: 9011: 8998: 8997: 8993: 8983: 8981: 8947: 8945: 8908:Taagepera, Rein 8905: 8901: 8896:Wayback Machine 8882: 8878: 8855: 8851: 8841: 8827: 8823: 8817:Wayback Machine 8806: 8802: 8792: 8790: 8777: 8776: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8761: 8744:Lutheran Church 8741: 8737: 8726: 8718: 8714: 8703: 8695: 8691: 8676: 8672: 8629: 8625: 8602: 8598: 8587: 8566: 8562: 8557: 8553: 8531:Imperial Russia 8528: 8524: 8503: 8502: 8494: 8474: 8470: 8465: 8461: 8452: 8448: 8435: 8431: 8418: 8414: 8409: 8380: 8375: 8373: 8366: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8279: 8256: 8250: 8218: 8159: 8149: 8139: 8067:Boris Kustodiev 8041: 8033:Main articles: 8031: 7951: 7945: 7927: 7905: 7833: 7807: 7801: 7769: 7583:Roman Catholics 7533: 7500: 7381: 7310: 7304: 7262: 7256: 7208: 7177:Most Holy Synod 7121: 7111:Islam in Russia 7105:Main articles: 7103: 7031: 7026: 6942:Iron and Steel 6762: 6756: 6723:(also known as 6709: 6703: 6627: 6621: 6568: 6562: 6530: 6517: 6515:Municipal dumas 6507:municipal dumas 6474: 6447:1905 Revolution 6418:judicial system 6414: 6408: 6406:Judicial system 6400:chief of police 6314: 6308: 6284: 6278: 6250: 6248:Most Holy Synod 6244: 6242:Most Holy Synod 6193:Ministry of War 6167: 6161: 6090: 6084: 6028: 6018: 6012: 5966:Peter the Great 5952: 5946: 5900:autocratic Tsar 5884:1905 Revolution 5876: 5840: 5838: 5833: 5832: 5828: 5821: 5809: 5797: 5784: 5776: 5775: 5756: 5755: 5742: 5728: 5707: 5686: 5665: 5644: 5624: 5607: 5590: 5579: 5574:2022 annexation 5558:Mass emigration 5546:2020 amendments 5529: 5487: 5473: 5460: 5459: 5451: 5392: 5378: 5356: 5303: 5302: 5294: 5192: 5175: 5138:Kornilov affair 5116: 5115: 5107: 5076:Congress Poland 5054:Russian America 5027: 5015:1905 Revolution 4982: 4973: 4972: 4964: 4933:Vladimir-Suzdal 4917: 4909:Mongol conquest 4897: 4896: 4888: 4831: 4826:Russkaya Pravda 4821:Baptism of Rus' 4813: 4812: 4804: 4769:pre-9th century 4747: 4745: 4725: 4718: 4707: 4701: 4683:in present-day 4604:Russian America 4572: 4562: 4554:Russian victory 4474:Congress Poland 4342:Henry Kissinger 4280:Dnieper Ukraine 4256: 4207:, and Romania. 4189:Curonian Lagoon 4185:Gulf of Bothnia 4129:Vaygach Islands 4113:European Russia 4109: 4103: 4066: 4036:In the city of 4027: 4021: 3993: 3965:Georgy Bergmann 3929: 3923: 3921:Turkish theatre 3909:carried out an 3856: 3844:Main articles: 3842: 3690: 3678:Main articles: 3676: 3671: 3659:Schlieffen Plan 3614:As a result of 3596: 3590: 3550:Austria-Hungary 3507:Austria-Hungary 3503:Triple Alliance 3479: 3473: 3468: 3462: 3456: 3450: 3284: 3267: 3261: 3253:First World War 3222:Boxer Rebellion 3216:as part of the 3155: 3112:Narodnaya Volya 3108: 3096:Caucasus Greeks 3037:Austria-Hungary 3029:Eastern Rumelia 2991:Russian America 2975:Treaty of Aigun 2973:. In 1858, the 2890:Siege of Plevna 2831: 2821: 2815: 2810: 2809: 2808: 2807: 2804:Spasskaya Tower 2792: 2787: 2661:Ivan Aivazovsky 2628:Erivan Fortress 2617: 2611: 2603:Peter Kropotkin 2599:Mikhail Bakunin 2537:Napoleonic Wars 2482:Congress Poland 2426:Eastern Galicia 2420:and joined the 2371: 2357:Pyotr Bagration 2349: 2322: 2318: 2315: 2313: 2308: 2304: 2301: 2299: 2294: 2290: 2287: 2285: 2278: 2180:French Republic 2161:eastern Georgia 1968: 1962: 1935:Crimean Khanate 1912:Most Holy Synod 1866:Treaty of Ganja 1862:Treaty of Resht 1821:Gulf of Finland 1757: 1742:Peter the Great 1735: 1730: 1724: 1672:Little Russians 1523: 1517: 1478:Congress Poland 1383: 1359: 1353: 1341:Austria–Hungary 1266:1905 revolution 1236:in the west to 1195: 1164: 1149: 1124: 1121:Peter the Great 1115:dynasties, the 1097: 1078: 985: 971: 952: 949: 942: 899: 889: 850: 840:8–16 March 1917 837: 824: 818: 811:30 October 1905 808: 795: 793:1905 Revolution 785:18 October 1867 782: 765: 753: 750: 740:4 February 1722 737: 727:2 November 1721 724: 714: 691: 685: 674: 668: 639: 628: 625: 611: 589: 581:Peter the Great 577: 555: 545: 543: 517: 493: 453: 409: 383: 379: 376: 375: 364: 363: 360: 358: 351: 348: 341: 337: 332: 331: 326: 325: 324: 319: 318: 313: 312: 300: 297: 290: 282: 275: 265: 258: 255:") (unofficial) 250: 243: 233: 226: 218: 211: 201: 200: 197: 193: 173: 165: 158: 142: 127: 126: 125: 123: 118: 116: 108: 107: 104: 99: 96: 94: 88: 81: 63: 57: 51: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 21277: 21267: 21266: 21261: 21256: 21254:Russian Empire 21251: 21246: 21241: 21236: 21231: 21226: 21221: 21216: 21211: 21206: 21201: 21196: 21194:Former empires 21191: 21186: 21181: 21176: 21159: 21158: 21156: 21155: 21150: 21149: 21148: 21147: 21146: 21141: 21136: 21128: 21123: 21113: 21108: 21106:Russo-Japanese 21103: 21098: 21093: 21088: 21083: 21078: 21073: 21071:Anglo-Egyptian 21068: 21062: 21060: 21056: 21055: 21053: 21052: 21047: 21045:Bosnian Crisis 21042: 21041: 21040: 21030: 21029: 21028: 21018: 21013: 21008: 21003: 20998: 20997: 20996: 20994:Austro-Italian 20991: 20990: 20989: 20984: 20969: 20962: 20957: 20952: 20947: 20942: 20937: 20932: 20926: 20924: 20920: 20919: 20917: 20916: 20911: 20906: 20901: 20896: 20895: 20894: 20892:Martens Clause 20884: 20879: 20874: 20869: 20864: 20859: 20858: 20857: 20847: 20841: 20839: 20833: 20832: 20830: 20829: 20828: 20827: 20817: 20812: 20807: 20806: 20805: 20804: 20803: 20798: 20793: 20788: 20778: 20777: 20776: 20774:Egyptian Lever 20761: 20759:Pax Britannica 20756: 20755: 20754: 20744: 20743: 20742: 20740:Sovereign debt 20737: 20732: 20722: 20716: 20714: 20710: 20709: 20707: 20706: 20701: 20696: 20691: 20686: 20685: 20684: 20679: 20674: 20667:Triple Entente 20664: 20663: 20662: 20651: 20649: 20645: 20644: 20642: 20641: 20636: 20634:United Kingdom 20631: 20626: 20621: 20616: 20611: 20606: 20600: 20598: 20594: 20593: 20586: 20585: 20578: 20571: 20563: 20554: 20553: 20551: 20550: 20549: 20548: 20543: 20534: 20532: 20528: 20527: 20525: 20524: 20519: 20514: 20509: 20504: 20499: 20498: 20497: 20486: 20484: 20480: 20479: 20476: 20475: 20473: 20472: 20467: 20462: 20457: 20452: 20451: 20450: 20440: 20435: 20430: 20425: 20420: 20415: 20410: 20405: 20400: 20395: 20394: 20393: 20388: 20378: 20373: 20367: 20365: 20356: 20355: 20354: 20353: 20348: 20343: 20338: 20333: 20323: 20318: 20317: 20316: 20306: 20301: 20300: 20299: 20294: 20289: 20279: 20274: 20273: 20272: 20267: 20257: 20256: 20255: 20250: 20245: 20240: 20235: 20225: 20224: 20223: 20218: 20208: 20203: 20198: 20193: 20192: 20191: 20186: 20181: 20176: 20171: 20161: 20160: 20159: 20154: 20144: 20139: 20138: 20137: 20132: 20122: 20121: 20120: 20115: 20105: 20104: 20103: 20098: 20088: 20083: 20082: 20081: 20076: 20071: 20066: 20061: 20051: 20046: 20045: 20044: 20039: 20031: 20026: 20021: 20016: 20011: 20005: 20003: 19997: 19996: 19994: 19993: 19988: 19983: 19978: 19977: 19976: 19971: 19966: 19961: 19956: 19951: 19946: 19936: 19931: 19930: 19929: 19924: 19919: 19914: 19909: 19904: 19894: 19893: 19892: 19887: 19882: 19877: 19867: 19862: 19857: 19852: 19847: 19842: 19837: 19832: 19827: 19826: 19825: 19820: 19810: 19809: 19808: 19803: 19798: 19793: 19788: 19783: 19770: 19765: 19760: 19755: 19754: 19753: 19748: 19743: 19733: 19732: 19731: 19726: 19721: 19716: 19706: 19701: 19696: 19691: 19686: 19681: 19680: 19679: 19674: 19669: 19664: 19654: 19653: 19652: 19647: 19642: 19637: 19627: 19626: 19625: 19620: 19615: 19605: 19600: 19595: 19590: 19585: 19584: 19583: 19578: 19573: 19563: 19558: 19557: 19556: 19551: 19546: 19541: 19536: 19531: 19521: 19520: 19519: 19514: 19504: 19503: 19502: 19497: 19492: 19487: 19477: 19472: 19471: 19470: 19460: 19459: 19458: 19453: 19445: 19440: 19435: 19430: 19425: 19420: 19415: 19409: 19407: 19405:Post-classical 19401: 19400: 19398: 19397: 19396: 19395: 19385: 19380: 19379: 19378: 19373: 19363: 19362: 19361: 19351: 19350: 19349: 19344: 19339: 19334: 19329: 19324: 19314: 19309: 19304: 19303: 19302: 19297: 19292: 19287: 19277: 19276: 19275: 19270: 19260: 19255: 19254: 19253: 19248: 19243: 19238: 19233: 19223: 19218: 19213: 19212: 19211: 19206: 19204:Middle Kingdom 19201: 19191: 19186: 19185: 19184: 19179: 19174: 19164: 19163: 19162: 19160:Neo-Babylonian 19157: 19152: 19150:Old Babylonian 19142: 19141: 19140: 19135: 19125: 19120: 19114: 19112: 19100: 19099: 19092: 19091: 19084: 19077: 19069: 19060: 19059: 19057: 19056: 19051: 19046: 19041: 19036: 19031: 19026: 19021: 19016: 19011: 19005: 19003: 18999: 18998: 18996: 18995: 18990: 18985: 18980: 18975: 18970: 18965: 18960: 18955: 18950: 18945: 18940: 18935: 18930: 18925: 18920: 18915: 18913:Russian Empire 18910: 18905: 18903:British Empire 18900: 18898:Dutch Republic 18895: 18893:Swedish Empire 18890: 18885: 18880: 18875: 18873:Spanish Empire 18870: 18865: 18863:Ottoman Empire 18860: 18855: 18850: 18845: 18840: 18835: 18834: 18833: 18823: 18818: 18812: 18810: 18804: 18803: 18801: 18800: 18795: 18790: 18785: 18780: 18778:Serbian Empire 18775: 18770: 18765: 18760: 18755: 18750: 18745: 18723: 18718: 18713: 18712: 18711: 18706: 18701: 18696: 18686: 18685: 18684: 18679: 18671: 18666: 18661: 18656: 18651: 18650: 18649: 18639: 18634: 18628: 18626: 18620: 18619: 18617: 18616: 18614:Late antiquity 18611: 18606: 18601: 18600: 18599: 18589: 18584: 18579: 18577:Roman Republic 18574: 18568: 18566: 18560: 18559: 18557: 18556: 18551: 18546: 18541: 18535: 18533: 18527: 18526: 18519: 18518: 18511: 18504: 18496: 18487: 18486: 18483: 18482: 18480: 18479: 18474: 18469: 18464: 18459: 18454: 18449: 18444: 18439: 18434: 18429: 18424: 18419: 18410: 18394: 18389: 18384: 18379: 18374: 18368: 18362: 18360: 18356: 18355: 18353: 18352: 18347: 18342: 18337: 18332: 18327: 18322: 18317: 18312: 18307: 18302: 18297: 18292: 18287: 18282: 18277: 18271: 18269: 18265: 18264: 18262: 18261: 18256: 18251: 18246: 18241: 18236: 18231: 18226: 18221: 18216: 18211: 18206: 18201: 18196: 18191: 18186: 18181: 18176: 18171: 18166: 18164:Ottoman Empire 18161: 18156: 18151: 18146: 18141: 18136: 18131: 18126: 18124:Kartli-Kakheti 18121: 18116: 18111: 18106: 18101: 18096: 18091: 18086: 18081: 18076: 18071: 18066: 18061: 18056: 18051: 18046: 18041: 18036: 18031: 18026: 18021: 18016: 18011: 18006: 18001: 17996: 17991: 17985: 17983: 17979: 17978: 17976: 17975: 17963: 17958: 17953: 17948: 17943: 17938: 17933: 17928: 17923: 17918: 17913: 17906: 17901: 17896: 17891: 17886: 17881: 17876: 17871: 17866: 17861: 17856: 17851: 17846: 17841: 17836: 17831: 17826: 17821: 17816: 17806: 17799: 17794: 17789: 17784: 17779: 17774: 17769: 17764: 17759: 17754: 17748: 17746: 17742: 17741: 17739: 17738: 17733: 17728: 17723: 17718: 17713: 17708: 17703: 17698: 17693: 17688: 17682: 17680: 17676: 17675: 17673: 17672: 17665: 17660: 17655: 17650: 17645: 17640: 17635: 17630: 17625: 17620: 17615: 17610: 17605: 17600: 17595: 17590: 17585: 17580: 17575: 17570: 17565: 17560: 17555: 17550: 17545: 17540: 17535: 17533:Central Africa 17530: 17525: 17520: 17515: 17510: 17505: 17500: 17494: 17492: 17485: 17479: 17478: 17475: 17474: 17472: 17471: 17469:United Kingdom 17466: 17461: 17456: 17451: 17446: 17441: 17436: 17435: 17434: 17429: 17419: 17414: 17409: 17404: 17399: 17394: 17389: 17383: 17381: 17375: 17374: 17372: 17371: 17365: 17363: 17357: 17356: 17354: 17353: 17348: 17343: 17338: 17333: 17328: 17323: 17318: 17313: 17308: 17303: 17297: 17295: 17289: 17288: 17286: 17285: 17278: 17273: 17268: 17263: 17258: 17253: 17248: 17243: 17238: 17233: 17228: 17223: 17218: 17212: 17210: 17204: 17203: 17201: 17200: 17193: 17188: 17183: 17177: 17175: 17166: 17162: 17161: 17159: 17158: 17153: 17148: 17143: 17138: 17133: 17128: 17126:Prince regnant 17123: 17122: 17121: 17111: 17106: 17100: 17098: 17094: 17093: 17091: 17090: 17085: 17080: 17075: 17070: 17065: 17060: 17055: 17050: 17045: 17043:Decolonization 17040: 17035: 17030: 17025: 17020: 17014: 17012: 17008: 17007: 17005: 17004: 16999: 16997:Personal union 16994: 16989: 16984: 16979: 16974: 16969: 16967:Constitutional 16964: 16958: 16956: 16952: 16951: 16949: 16948: 16943: 16938: 16933: 16928: 16922: 16919: 16918: 16911: 16910: 16903: 16896: 16888: 16879: 16878: 16876: 16875: 16870: 16863: 16862: 16854: 16853: 16850: 16849: 16846: 16845: 16843: 16842: 16837: 16836: 16835: 16825: 16820: 16815: 16810: 16805: 16800: 16795: 16790: 16785: 16780: 16775: 16770: 16769: 16768: 16763: 16758: 16748: 16743: 16738: 16733: 16728: 16723: 16718: 16713: 16708: 16703: 16698: 16693: 16688: 16683: 16678: 16673: 16668: 16663: 16658: 16657: 16656: 16646: 16641: 16636: 16631: 16626: 16621: 16615: 16613: 16607: 16606: 16604: 16603: 16602: 16601: 16591: 16586: 16581: 16576: 16571: 16566: 16561: 16556: 16551: 16546: 16541: 16536: 16531: 16526: 16521: 16516: 16515: 16514: 16509: 16499: 16498: 16497: 16487: 16486: 16485: 16480: 16475: 16465: 16460: 16455: 16450: 16445: 16440: 16435: 16430: 16425: 16420: 16415: 16410: 16405: 16400: 16395: 16390: 16385: 16380: 16374: 16368: 16362: 16361: 16358: 16357: 16355: 16354: 16349: 16344: 16339: 16334: 16329: 16324: 16319: 16317:Space industry 16314: 16309: 16304: 16303: 16302: 16292: 16284: 16279: 16274: 16269: 16264: 16259: 16254: 16249: 16244: 16239: 16234: 16229: 16224: 16219: 16214: 16209: 16204: 16198: 16192: 16186: 16185: 16182: 16181: 16179: 16178: 16173: 16168: 16163: 16158: 16156:Urban planning 16153: 16148: 16143: 16138: 16133: 16128: 16123: 16118: 16113: 16108: 16103: 16098: 16093: 16088: 16083: 16078: 16073: 16068: 16063: 16058: 16053: 16048: 16043: 16038: 16028: 16023: 16018: 16008: 16003: 15993: 15991:Federal budget 15988: 15983: 15978: 15973: 15968: 15963: 15958: 15953: 15948: 15942: 15936: 15930: 15929: 15926: 15925: 15923: 15922: 15917: 15912: 15907: 15902: 15900:North Caucasus 15897: 15896: 15895: 15890: 15885: 15875: 15874: 15873: 15868: 15863: 15853: 15852: 15851: 15841: 15836: 15834:Highest points 15831: 15826: 15821: 15816: 15811: 15810: 15809: 15804: 15799: 15794: 15789: 15779: 15777:Extreme points 15774: 15773: 15772: 15762: 15757: 15752: 15747: 15741: 15735: 15729: 15728: 15725: 15724: 15722: 15721: 15716: 15711: 15706: 15701: 15696: 15691: 15686: 15681: 15676: 15670: 15668: 15664: 15663: 15661: 15660: 15659: 15658: 15648: 15647: 15646: 15641: 15636: 15626: 15625: 15624: 15619: 15609: 15604: 15603: 15602: 15592: 15590:Russian Empire 15587: 15586: 15585: 15575: 15570: 15569: 15568: 15563: 15558: 15550: 15545: 15540: 15535: 15530: 15525: 15520: 15514: 15512: 15503: 15497: 15496: 15494: articles 15488: 15487: 15480: 15473: 15465: 15459: 15458: 15449: 15438: 15435:Russian Empire 15427: 15424:Russian Empire 15413: 15412:External links 15410: 15408: 15407: 15397: 15393:(1927), 680pp 15386: 15384: 15381: 15379: 15378: 15368: 15351: 15344: 15337: 15330: 15323: 15316: 15299: 15292: 15284: 15282: 15279: 15277: 15276: 15269: 15262: 15255: 15242: 15236:Russian Review 15232: 15223: 15178: 15171: 15164: 15158: 15145: 15138: 15121: 15114: 15108: 15095: 15088: 15068: 15066: 15063: 15061: 15060: 15056:Stone, David. 15054: 15047: 15030: 15023: 15014: 15007: 15000: 14993: 14986: 14974:Englund, Peter 14970: 14962: 14960: 14957: 14955: 14954: 14940: 14923: 14901: 14889:Pares, Bernard 14885: 14871: 14857: 14855: 14852: 14850: 14849: 14842: 14835: 14828: 14821: 14813: 14811: 14808: 14806: 14805: 14803:online edition 14795: 14786: 14776: 14767: 14757: 14742: 14736: 14723: 14716: 14707: 14700: 14692: 14690: 14687: 14682:Main article: 14679: 14676: 14674: 14673: 14667: 14642: 14624: 14609: 14591: 14576: 14564:(4): 403–438. 14549: 14535: 14522: 14504: 14489: 14471: 14456: 14450: 14437: 14419: 14404: 14386: 14368: 14362:, ed. (2006). 14356: 14342: 14326: 14308: 14293: 14275: 14260: 14242: 14227: 14209: 14194: 14184: 14182: 14179: 14176: 14175: 14140: 14127: 14114: 14101: 14088: 14066:10.2307/368437 14060:(2): 229–252. 14044: 14017:(2): 237–257. 14001: 13988: 13969: 13946: 13927: 13906: 13894: 13878: 13865: 13844: 13831: 13825:978-0415608541 13824: 13794: 13781: 13773:David R. Stone 13765: 13756: 13736: 13714: 13691: 13668:Masis, Julie. 13617: 13597: 13567: 13536: 13485: 13438:(3): 203–237. 13418: 13369: 13318: 13285:(3): 489–491. 13266: 13227:(2): 101–113. 13207: 13156: 13099: 13080: 13058: 13039: 13005: 12997:Berghahn Books 12959: 12941: 12895: 12877: 12844: 12836:Berghahn Books 12812: 12805: 12787: 12780: 12762: 12735: 12712: 12705: 12682: 12655: 12632: 12585:(3): 567–584. 12565: 12535: 12505: 12475: 12438: 12397: 12367: 12340: 12317: 12290: 12259: 12246: 12233: 12220: 12208: 12189: 12169: 12157: 12142: 12140:, p. 131. 12130: 12128:, p. 130. 12118: 12116:, p. 129. 12106: 12094: 12082: 12070: 12052: 12045: 12027: 12020: 11998: 11983: 11956: 11944: 11921: 11900: 11894:978-0415394840 11893: 11870: 11858: 11846: 11834: 11821: 11819:, p. 524. 11809: 11807:, p. 114. 11797: 11785: 11783:, p. 514. 11773: 11761: 11749: 11737: 11718: 11698: 11679: 11659: 11640: 11620: 11601: 11581: 11562: 11542: 11540:, p. 468. 11530: 11511: 11491: 11479: 11460: 11440: 11421: 11401: 11382: 11362: 11343: 11323: 11321:, p. 338. 11311: 11292: 11272: 11260: 11248: 11246:, p. 241. 11236: 11217: 11197: 11195:, p. 132. 11185: 11166: 11146: 11134: 11115: 11095: 11076: 11056: 11044: 11025: 11020:10.1086/237562 10998: 10983: 10971: 10969:, p. 391. 10959: 10944: 10898: 10876: 10845: 10823: 10793: 10773: 10761: 10742: 10718:Charles Lowe, 10711: 10699: 10697:, p. 121. 10687: 10685:, p. 316. 10675: 10673:, p. 315. 10663: 10661:, p. 114. 10648: 10646:, p. 113. 10636: 10583: 10576: 10556: 10537: 10505: 10485: 10466: 10446: 10433: 10426: 10408: 10401: 10383: 10372:Davies, Norman 10363: 10344: 10321: 10310:(2): 131–156. 10294: 10276: 10274:, p. 729. 10264: 10262:, p. 728. 10252: 10240: 10225: 10207: 10192: 10177: 10159: 10157:, p. 801. 10147: 10135: 10122: 10095: 10083: 10070: 10040: 10033: 10001: 9994: 9976: 9967: 9958: 9949: 9938: 9927: 9914: 9901: 9888: 9876: 9846: 9839: 9821: 9805: 9772: 9743: 9710: 9703: 9683: 9658: 9635: 9617: 9597: 9567: 9548: 9522: 9487: 9454: 9439:(in Russian). 9430:, p. 25; 9428:Catchpole 1974 9420: 9412:Catchpole 1974 9404: 9402:, p. 131. 9392: 9381: 9363: 9341: 9305: 9285: 9266: 9246: 9227: 9207: 9177: 9150: 9118: 9088: 9076: 9051: 9021: 8991: 8924:(3): 475–504. 8899: 8876: 8865:(2): 149–158. 8849: 8839: 8821: 8800: 8769: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8760: 8759: 8735: 8712: 8689: 8670: 8623: 8596: 8572:Отец отечества 8560: 8551: 8535:Tsarist Russia 8522: 8468: 8459: 8446: 8429: 8411: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8404: 8403: 8398: 8392: 8386: 8385: 8371: 8368:History portal 8355: 8352: 8320:St. Petersburg 8278: 8275: 8252:Main article: 8249: 8246: 8217: 8214: 8138: 8135: 8134: 8133: 8126: 8118: 8117: 8115: 8030: 8027: 8026: 8025: 8018: 8011: 8008:Intelligentsia 8003: 8002: 8000: 7947:Main article: 7944: 7941: 7904: 7901: 7858:Vasily Surikov 7803:Main article: 7800: 7797: 7787:(61,900), and 7768: 7765: 7762: 7761: 7758: 7755: 7751: 7750: 7747: 7744: 7738: 7737: 7734: 7731: 7725: 7724: 7721: 7718: 7712: 7711: 7708: 7705: 7699: 7698: 7695: 7692: 7686: 7685: 7682: 7679: 7673: 7672: 7669: 7666: 7662: 7661: 7658: 7655: 7644: 7643: 7640: 7637: 7631: 7630: 7627: 7624: 7618: 7617: 7614: 7611: 7605: 7604: 7601: 7598: 7592: 7591: 7588: 7585: 7579: 7578: 7575: 7572: 7566: 7565: 7562: 7559: 7553: 7552: 7549: 7546: 7532: 7529: 7499: 7496: 7380: 7377: 7361:Crimean Tatars 7303: 7300: 7258:Main article: 7255: 7252: 7207: 7204: 7169:Russian Church 7153:state religion 7102: 7099: 7043:Tsarskoye Selo 7030: 7027: 7025: 7024:Infrastructure 7022: 7019: 7018: 7015: 7012: 7009: 7006: 7003: 6999: 6998: 6995: 6992: 6989: 6986: 6983: 6979: 6978: 6975: 6972: 6969: 6966: 6963: 6959: 6958: 6955: 6952: 6949: 6946: 6943: 6939: 6938: 6935: 6932: 6929: 6926: 6923: 6919: 6918: 6915: 6912: 6909: 6906: 6903: 6899: 6898: 6895: 6892: 6889: 6886: 6883: 6879: 6878: 6875: 6872: 6869: 6866: 6863: 6859: 6858: 6855: 6852: 6849: 6846: 6843: 6839: 6838: 6835: 6832: 6829: 6826: 6823: 6819: 6818: 6815: 6812: 6809: 6806: 6802: 6801: 6798: 6795: 6792: 6789: 6786: 6758:Main article: 6755: 6752: 6705:Main article: 6702: 6699: 6623:Main article: 6620: 6617: 6582:, a vassal of 6564:Main article: 6561: 6558: 6516: 6513: 6512: 6511: 6502: 6493: 6473: 6470: 6410:Main article: 6407: 6404: 6307: 6304: 6280:Main article: 6277: 6274: 6246:Main article: 6243: 6240: 6239: 6238: 6232: 6226: 6223: 6217: 6211: 6205: 6199: 6196: 6190: 6184: 6163:Main article: 6160: 6157: 6086:Main article: 6083: 6080: 6014:Main article: 6011: 6008: 5948:Main article: 5945: 5942: 5878: 5877: 5875: 5874: 5867: 5860: 5852: 5849: 5848: 5835: 5834: 5785: 5782: 5781: 5778: 5777: 5772: 5771: 5769: 5733: 5732: 5721: 5712: 5711: 5700: 5697:Kherson Oblast 5691: 5690: 5679: 5670: 5669: 5658: 5649: 5648: 5637: 5628: 5627: 5618: 5611: 5610: 5601: 5594: 5593: 5587: 5578: 5577: 5454: 5453: 5452: 5448: 5447: 5444: 5438: 5437: 5435: 5426: 5425: 5422: 5415: 5414: 5411: 5404: 5403: 5400: 5391: 5390: 5297: 5296: 5295: 5291: 5290: 5288: 5279: 5278: 5275: 5268: 5267: 5264: 5258: 5257: 5254: 5247: 5246: 5243: 5236: 5235: 5232: 5225: 5224: 5221: 5215: 5214: 5211: 5204: 5203: 5200: 5191: 5190: 5154:Bolshevik Coup 5110: 5109: 5108: 5104: 5103: 5100: 5098:Uryankhay Krai 5093: 5092: 5089: 5082: 5081: 5078: 5071: 5070: 5067: 5060: 5059: 5056: 5049: 5048: 5045: 5043:Russian Empire 5039: 5038: 5035: 5026: 5025: 4970:Tsarist Russia 4967: 4966: 4965: 4961: 4960: 4958: 4949: 4948: 4945: 4939: 4938: 4935: 4929: 4928: 4925: 4916: 4915: 4891: 4890: 4889: 4885: 4884: 4882: 4873: 4872: 4869: 4863: 4862: 4859: 4853: 4852: 4849: 4843: 4842: 4839: 4830: 4829: 4807: 4806: 4805: 4801: 4800: 4798: 4791: 4790: 4788: 4781: 4780: 4778: 4776:Rus' Khaganate 4771: 4770: 4767: 4746: 4743: 4742: 4739: 4738: 4730: 4729: 4720: 4719: 4712: 4700: 4697: 4561: 4558: 4478:personal union 4383:just north of 4373:Fort Elizabeth 4310:, most of the 4255: 4252: 4232:Finnic peoples 4177:Kola Peninsula 4145:Ural Mountains 4105:Main article: 4102: 4099: 4087:British Empire 4065: 4062: 4023:Main article: 4020: 4017: 3992: 3989: 3925:Main article: 3922: 3919: 3888:broken through 3841: 3838: 3780:. The advance 3675: 3674:German theatre 3672: 3670: 3667: 3592:Main article: 3589: 3586: 3554:Bosnian Crisis 3475:Main article: 3472: 3469: 3452:Main article: 3449: 3446: 3400:Defeat in the 3379:Vladimir Lenin 3263:Main article: 3260: 3257: 3249:Triple Entente 3175:Outer Mongolia 3154: 3151: 3107: 3104: 3012:Constantinople 2983:Primorsky Krai 2906:Ottoman Empire 2817:Main article: 2814: 2811: 2793: 2789: 2788: 2781: 2780: 2779: 2716:Iğdır Province 2635:Ivan Paskevich 2613:Main article: 2610: 2607: 2497:Fire of Moscow 2469:scorched earth 2461:Russian winter 2438:Ottoman Empire 2367:Main article: 2348: 2345: 2277: 2274: 2239:British Empire 2231:Pyotr Stolypin 2157:against Persia 1961: 1958: 1942:Baltic Germans 1893:Table of Ranks 1806:Denmark-Norway 1782:Ottoman Empire 1756:Peter I ( 1734: 1731: 1726:Main article: 1723: 1720: 1712:Anikita Repnin 1676:White Russians 1668:Great Russians 1617:Table of Ranks 1519:Main article: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1499: 1498: 1492: 1489: 1485: 1484: 1474: 1471: 1467: 1466: 1460: 1457: 1453: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1442: 1441: 1430: 1427: 1423: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1382: 1379: 1355:Main article: 1352: 1349: 1345:Ottoman Empire 1250:Northeast Asia 1086:national state 1059:Ottoman Empire 1047:Swedish Empire 1004:Russian Empire 998: 997: 994: 993: 990: 989: 982: 976: 975: 968: 959: 956: 955: 946: 934: 933: 928: 918: 917: 912: 908: 907: 904: 903: 900: 897: 894: 893: 890: 884: 881: 880: 877: 876: 872: 871: 868: 864: 863: 859: 858: 855: 854: 851: 845: 842: 841: 838: 832: 829: 828: 825: 816: 813: 812: 809: 803: 800: 799: 796: 790: 787: 786: 783: 773: 770: 769: 766: 760: 757: 756: 751: 745: 742: 741: 738: 735:Table of Ranks 732: 729: 728: 725: 722: 719: 718: 715: 709: 706: 705: 702: 701: 698: 694: 693: 686: 680: 677: 676: 669: 663: 660: 659: 654: 650: 649: 646: 645: 640: 637: 634: 633: 626: 623: 620: 619: 616: 615: 612: 609:Prime Minister 603: 600: 599: 596: 595: 590: 587: 584: 583: 578: 575: 572: 571: 568: 567: 564: 558: 557: 535: 531: 530: 525: 519: 518: 516: 515: 512: 506: 500: 494: 492: 491: 490: 489: 483: 477: 459: 456: 454: 447: 443: 442: 412: 406: 405: 400: 396: 395: 390: 386: 385: 370: 366: 365: 352: 342: 306: 305: 302: 301: 299: 298: 288: 266: 256: 234: 224: 196: 195: 194: 171: 145: 144: 129: 128: 117: 110: 109: 89: 82: 75: 74: 73: 70: 69: 65: 64: 45: 43:Russian Empire 42: 26: 18:Russian empire 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 21276: 21265: 21262: 21260: 21257: 21255: 21252: 21250: 21247: 21245: 21242: 21240: 21237: 21235: 21232: 21230: 21227: 21225: 21222: 21220: 21217: 21215: 21212: 21210: 21207: 21205: 21202: 21200: 21197: 21195: 21192: 21190: 21187: 21185: 21182: 21180: 21177: 21175: 21172: 21171: 21169: 21154: 21151: 21145: 21142: 21140: 21137: 21135: 21132: 21131: 21129: 21127: 21124: 21122: 21119: 21118: 21117: 21114: 21112: 21111:Italo-Turkish 21109: 21107: 21104: 21102: 21099: 21097: 21094: 21092: 21089: 21087: 21084: 21082: 21079: 21077: 21074: 21072: 21069: 21067: 21066:Russo-Turkish 21064: 21063: 21061: 21057: 21051: 21048: 21046: 21043: 21039: 21038:Treaty of Fes 21036: 21035: 21034: 21033:Agadir Crisis 21031: 21027: 21024: 21023: 21022: 21019: 21017: 21014: 21012: 21009: 21007: 21004: 21002: 20999: 20995: 20992: 20988: 20985: 20983: 20982: 20978: 20977: 20976: 20973: 20972: 20970: 20968: 20967: 20963: 20961: 20958: 20956: 20953: 20951: 20948: 20946: 20943: 20941: 20938: 20936: 20933: 20931: 20928: 20927: 20925: 20921: 20915: 20912: 20910: 20907: 20905: 20902: 20900: 20897: 20893: 20890: 20889: 20888: 20885: 20883: 20880: 20878: 20875: 20873: 20870: 20868: 20865: 20863: 20860: 20856: 20853: 20852: 20851: 20848: 20846: 20843: 20842: 20840: 20834: 20826: 20823: 20822: 20821: 20818: 20816: 20813: 20811: 20808: 20802: 20799: 20797: 20794: 20792: 20789: 20787: 20784: 20783: 20782: 20779: 20775: 20772: 20771: 20770: 20767: 20766: 20765: 20762: 20760: 20757: 20753: 20750: 20749: 20748: 20745: 20741: 20738: 20736: 20733: 20731: 20728: 20727: 20726: 20723: 20721: 20718: 20717: 20715: 20711: 20705: 20704:Balkan League 20702: 20700: 20697: 20695: 20692: 20690: 20687: 20683: 20680: 20678: 20675: 20673: 20670: 20669: 20668: 20665: 20661: 20660:Dual Alliance 20658: 20657: 20656: 20653: 20652: 20650: 20646: 20640: 20639:United States 20637: 20635: 20632: 20630: 20627: 20625: 20622: 20620: 20617: 20615: 20612: 20610: 20607: 20605: 20602: 20601: 20599: 20595: 20591: 20584: 20579: 20577: 20572: 20570: 20565: 20564: 20561: 20547: 20546:Soviet empire 20544: 20542: 20539: 20538: 20536: 20535: 20533: 20531:Miscellaneous 20529: 20523: 20520: 20518: 20515: 20513: 20510: 20508: 20505: 20503: 20500: 20496: 20493: 20492: 20491: 20488: 20487: 20485: 20481: 20471: 20468: 20466: 20463: 20461: 20458: 20456: 20453: 20449: 20446: 20445: 20444: 20441: 20439: 20436: 20434: 20431: 20429: 20426: 20424: 20421: 20419: 20416: 20414: 20411: 20409: 20406: 20404: 20401: 20399: 20396: 20392: 20389: 20387: 20384: 20383: 20382: 20379: 20377: 20374: 20372: 20369: 20368: 20366: 20364: 20360: 20352: 20349: 20347: 20344: 20342: 20339: 20337: 20334: 20332: 20329: 20328: 20327: 20324: 20322: 20319: 20315: 20312: 20311: 20310: 20307: 20305: 20302: 20298: 20295: 20293: 20290: 20288: 20285: 20284: 20283: 20280: 20278: 20275: 20271: 20268: 20266: 20263: 20262: 20261: 20258: 20254: 20251: 20249: 20246: 20244: 20241: 20239: 20236: 20234: 20231: 20230: 20229: 20226: 20222: 20219: 20217: 20214: 20213: 20212: 20209: 20207: 20204: 20202: 20199: 20197: 20194: 20190: 20187: 20185: 20182: 20180: 20177: 20175: 20172: 20170: 20167: 20166: 20165: 20162: 20158: 20155: 20153: 20150: 20149: 20148: 20145: 20143: 20140: 20136: 20133: 20131: 20130:German Empire 20128: 20127: 20126: 20123: 20119: 20116: 20114: 20111: 20110: 20109: 20106: 20102: 20099: 20097: 20094: 20093: 20092: 20089: 20087: 20084: 20080: 20077: 20075: 20072: 20070: 20067: 20065: 20062: 20060: 20057: 20056: 20055: 20052: 20050: 20047: 20043: 20040: 20038: 20035: 20034: 20032: 20030: 20027: 20025: 20022: 20020: 20017: 20015: 20012: 20010: 20007: 20006: 20004: 20002: 19998: 19992: 19989: 19987: 19984: 19982: 19979: 19975: 19972: 19970: 19967: 19965: 19962: 19960: 19957: 19955: 19952: 19950: 19947: 19945: 19942: 19941: 19940: 19937: 19935: 19932: 19928: 19925: 19923: 19920: 19918: 19915: 19913: 19910: 19908: 19905: 19903: 19900: 19899: 19898: 19895: 19891: 19888: 19886: 19883: 19881: 19878: 19876: 19873: 19872: 19871: 19870:Turco-Persian 19868: 19866: 19863: 19861: 19858: 19856: 19853: 19851: 19848: 19846: 19843: 19841: 19838: 19836: 19833: 19831: 19828: 19824: 19821: 19819: 19816: 19815: 19814: 19811: 19807: 19804: 19802: 19799: 19797: 19794: 19792: 19789: 19787: 19784: 19782: 19779: 19778: 19777: 19774: 19771: 19769: 19766: 19764: 19761: 19759: 19756: 19752: 19749: 19747: 19744: 19742: 19739: 19738: 19737: 19734: 19730: 19727: 19725: 19722: 19720: 19717: 19715: 19712: 19711: 19710: 19707: 19705: 19702: 19700: 19697: 19695: 19692: 19690: 19687: 19685: 19682: 19678: 19675: 19673: 19670: 19668: 19665: 19663: 19660: 19659: 19658: 19655: 19651: 19648: 19646: 19643: 19641: 19638: 19636: 19633: 19632: 19631: 19628: 19624: 19621: 19619: 19616: 19614: 19611: 19610: 19609: 19606: 19604: 19601: 19599: 19596: 19594: 19591: 19589: 19586: 19582: 19579: 19577: 19574: 19572: 19569: 19568: 19567: 19564: 19562: 19559: 19555: 19552: 19550: 19547: 19545: 19542: 19540: 19537: 19535: 19532: 19530: 19527: 19526: 19525: 19522: 19518: 19515: 19513: 19510: 19509: 19508: 19505: 19501: 19498: 19496: 19493: 19491: 19488: 19486: 19483: 19482: 19481: 19478: 19476: 19473: 19469: 19466: 19465: 19464: 19461: 19457: 19454: 19452: 19449: 19448: 19446: 19444: 19441: 19439: 19436: 19434: 19431: 19429: 19426: 19424: 19421: 19419: 19416: 19414: 19411: 19410: 19408: 19406: 19402: 19394: 19391: 19390: 19389: 19386: 19384: 19381: 19377: 19374: 19372: 19369: 19368: 19367: 19364: 19360: 19357: 19356: 19355: 19352: 19348: 19345: 19343: 19340: 19338: 19335: 19333: 19330: 19328: 19325: 19323: 19320: 19319: 19318: 19315: 19313: 19310: 19308: 19305: 19301: 19298: 19296: 19293: 19291: 19288: 19286: 19283: 19282: 19281: 19278: 19274: 19271: 19269: 19266: 19265: 19264: 19261: 19259: 19256: 19252: 19249: 19247: 19244: 19242: 19239: 19237: 19234: 19232: 19229: 19228: 19227: 19224: 19222: 19219: 19217: 19214: 19210: 19207: 19205: 19202: 19200: 19197: 19196: 19195: 19192: 19190: 19187: 19183: 19180: 19178: 19175: 19173: 19170: 19169: 19168: 19165: 19161: 19158: 19156: 19153: 19151: 19148: 19147: 19146: 19143: 19139: 19136: 19134: 19131: 19130: 19129: 19126: 19124: 19121: 19119: 19116: 19115: 19113: 19110: 19105: 19101: 19097: 19090: 19085: 19083: 19078: 19076: 19071: 19070: 19067: 19055: 19052: 19050: 19047: 19045: 19042: 19040: 19037: 19035: 19032: 19030: 19027: 19025: 19022: 19020: 19017: 19015: 19012: 19010: 19009:Art of Europe 19007: 19006: 19004: 19000: 18994: 18991: 18989: 18986: 18984: 18981: 18979: 18976: 18974: 18971: 18969: 18966: 18964: 18961: 18959: 18956: 18954: 18951: 18949: 18946: 18944: 18941: 18939: 18936: 18934: 18931: 18929: 18926: 18924: 18921: 18919: 18916: 18914: 18911: 18909: 18906: 18904: 18901: 18899: 18896: 18894: 18891: 18889: 18886: 18884: 18881: 18879: 18876: 18874: 18871: 18869: 18866: 18864: 18861: 18859: 18856: 18854: 18851: 18849: 18846: 18844: 18841: 18839: 18836: 18832: 18829: 18828: 18827: 18824: 18822: 18819: 18817: 18814: 18813: 18811: 18809: 18808:Modern period 18805: 18799: 18796: 18794: 18791: 18789: 18786: 18784: 18781: 18779: 18776: 18774: 18771: 18769: 18766: 18764: 18761: 18759: 18756: 18754: 18751: 18749: 18746: 18743: 18739: 18735: 18731: 18727: 18724: 18722: 18719: 18717: 18714: 18710: 18707: 18705: 18702: 18700: 18697: 18695: 18692: 18691: 18690: 18687: 18683: 18680: 18678: 18675: 18674: 18672: 18670: 18667: 18665: 18662: 18660: 18657: 18655: 18652: 18648: 18645: 18644: 18643: 18640: 18638: 18635: 18633: 18630: 18629: 18627: 18625: 18621: 18615: 18612: 18610: 18607: 18605: 18602: 18598: 18595: 18594: 18593: 18590: 18588: 18585: 18583: 18580: 18578: 18575: 18573: 18570: 18569: 18567: 18565: 18561: 18555: 18552: 18550: 18547: 18545: 18542: 18540: 18537: 18536: 18534: 18532: 18528: 18524: 18517: 18512: 18510: 18505: 18503: 18498: 18497: 18494: 18478: 18475: 18473: 18470: 18468: 18465: 18463: 18460: 18458: 18455: 18453: 18450: 18448: 18445: 18443: 18440: 18438: 18435: 18433: 18430: 18428: 18425: 18423: 18420: 18418: 18414: 18411: 18408: 18407: 18402: 18398: 18395: 18393: 18390: 18388: 18385: 18383: 18380: 18378: 18375: 18372: 18369: 18367: 18364: 18363: 18361: 18357: 18351: 18348: 18346: 18343: 18341: 18338: 18336: 18333: 18331: 18328: 18326: 18323: 18321: 18318: 18316: 18313: 18311: 18308: 18306: 18303: 18301: 18298: 18296: 18293: 18291: 18288: 18286: 18285:Easter Island 18283: 18281: 18278: 18276: 18273: 18272: 18270: 18266: 18260: 18257: 18255: 18252: 18250: 18247: 18245: 18242: 18240: 18237: 18235: 18232: 18230: 18227: 18225: 18222: 18220: 18217: 18215: 18212: 18210: 18207: 18205: 18202: 18200: 18197: 18195: 18192: 18190: 18187: 18185: 18182: 18180: 18177: 18175: 18172: 18170: 18167: 18165: 18162: 18160: 18157: 18155: 18152: 18150: 18147: 18145: 18142: 18140: 18137: 18135: 18132: 18130: 18127: 18125: 18122: 18120: 18117: 18115: 18112: 18110: 18107: 18105: 18102: 18100: 18097: 18095: 18092: 18090: 18087: 18085: 18082: 18080: 18077: 18075: 18072: 18070: 18067: 18065: 18062: 18060: 18057: 18055: 18052: 18050: 18047: 18045: 18042: 18040: 18037: 18035: 18032: 18030: 18027: 18025: 18022: 18020: 18017: 18015: 18012: 18010: 18007: 18005: 18002: 18000: 17997: 17995: 17992: 17990: 17987: 17986: 17984: 17980: 17973: 17972: 17967: 17964: 17962: 17959: 17957: 17954: 17952: 17949: 17947: 17944: 17942: 17939: 17937: 17934: 17932: 17929: 17927: 17924: 17922: 17919: 17917: 17914: 17912: 17911: 17907: 17905: 17902: 17900: 17897: 17895: 17892: 17890: 17887: 17885: 17882: 17880: 17877: 17875: 17872: 17870: 17867: 17865: 17862: 17860: 17857: 17855: 17852: 17850: 17847: 17845: 17842: 17840: 17837: 17835: 17832: 17830: 17827: 17825: 17824:Jabal Shammar 17822: 17820: 17817: 17814: 17810: 17807: 17805: 17804: 17800: 17798: 17795: 17793: 17790: 17788: 17785: 17783: 17780: 17778: 17775: 17773: 17770: 17768: 17765: 17763: 17760: 17758: 17755: 17753: 17750: 17749: 17747: 17743: 17737: 17734: 17732: 17729: 17727: 17724: 17722: 17719: 17717: 17714: 17712: 17709: 17707: 17704: 17702: 17699: 17697: 17694: 17692: 17689: 17687: 17684: 17683: 17681: 17677: 17671: 17670: 17666: 17664: 17661: 17659: 17656: 17654: 17651: 17649: 17646: 17644: 17641: 17639: 17636: 17634: 17631: 17629: 17626: 17624: 17621: 17619: 17616: 17614: 17611: 17609: 17606: 17604: 17601: 17599: 17596: 17594: 17591: 17589: 17586: 17584: 17581: 17579: 17576: 17574: 17571: 17569: 17566: 17564: 17561: 17559: 17556: 17554: 17551: 17549: 17546: 17544: 17541: 17539: 17536: 17534: 17531: 17529: 17526: 17524: 17521: 17519: 17516: 17514: 17511: 17509: 17506: 17504: 17501: 17499: 17496: 17495: 17493: 17489: 17486: 17484: 17480: 17470: 17467: 17465: 17462: 17460: 17457: 17455: 17452: 17450: 17447: 17445: 17442: 17440: 17437: 17433: 17430: 17428: 17425: 17424: 17423: 17420: 17418: 17415: 17413: 17410: 17408: 17405: 17403: 17400: 17398: 17395: 17393: 17390: 17388: 17385: 17384: 17382: 17380: 17376: 17370: 17367: 17366: 17364: 17362: 17358: 17352: 17349: 17347: 17344: 17342: 17339: 17337: 17334: 17332: 17329: 17327: 17324: 17322: 17319: 17317: 17316:Liechtenstein 17314: 17312: 17309: 17307: 17304: 17302: 17299: 17298: 17296: 17294: 17290: 17284: 17283: 17279: 17277: 17274: 17272: 17269: 17267: 17264: 17262: 17259: 17257: 17254: 17252: 17249: 17247: 17244: 17242: 17239: 17237: 17234: 17232: 17229: 17227: 17224: 17222: 17219: 17217: 17214: 17213: 17211: 17209: 17205: 17199: 17198: 17194: 17192: 17189: 17187: 17184: 17182: 17179: 17178: 17176: 17174: 17170: 17167: 17163: 17157: 17154: 17152: 17149: 17147: 17144: 17142: 17139: 17137: 17134: 17132: 17129: 17127: 17124: 17120: 17119:Queen regnant 17117: 17116: 17115: 17112: 17110: 17107: 17105: 17102: 17101: 17099: 17095: 17089: 17086: 17084: 17081: 17079: 17078:Republicanism 17076: 17074: 17071: 17069: 17066: 17064: 17061: 17059: 17058:Head of state 17056: 17054: 17051: 17049: 17046: 17044: 17041: 17039: 17036: 17034: 17031: 17029: 17026: 17024: 17021: 17019: 17016: 17015: 17013: 17009: 17003: 17000: 16998: 16995: 16993: 16992:Non-sovereign 16990: 16988: 16985: 16983: 16980: 16978: 16975: 16973: 16970: 16968: 16965: 16963: 16960: 16959: 16957: 16953: 16947: 16944: 16942: 16939: 16937: 16934: 16932: 16929: 16927: 16924: 16923: 16920: 16916: 16909: 16904: 16902: 16897: 16895: 16890: 16889: 16886: 16874: 16871: 16869: 16866: 16865: 16860: 16856: 16855: 16851: 16841: 16838: 16834: 16831: 16830: 16829: 16826: 16824: 16823:Seven Wonders 16821: 16819: 16816: 16814: 16811: 16809: 16806: 16804: 16801: 16799: 16796: 16794: 16791: 16789: 16788:Playing cards 16786: 16784: 16781: 16779: 16776: 16774: 16771: 16767: 16764: 16762: 16759: 16757: 16754: 16753: 16752: 16749: 16747: 16744: 16742: 16739: 16737: 16734: 16732: 16729: 16727: 16724: 16722: 16719: 16717: 16714: 16712: 16709: 16707: 16704: 16702: 16699: 16697: 16694: 16692: 16689: 16687: 16684: 16682: 16679: 16677: 16674: 16672: 16669: 16667: 16664: 16662: 16659: 16655: 16652: 16651: 16650: 16647: 16645: 16642: 16640: 16637: 16635: 16632: 16630: 16627: 16625: 16622: 16620: 16617: 16616: 16614: 16612: 16608: 16600: 16597: 16596: 16595: 16592: 16590: 16587: 16585: 16582: 16580: 16577: 16575: 16572: 16570: 16567: 16565: 16562: 16560: 16557: 16555: 16552: 16550: 16547: 16545: 16542: 16540: 16537: 16535: 16532: 16530: 16527: 16525: 16522: 16520: 16517: 16513: 16510: 16508: 16505: 16504: 16503: 16500: 16496: 16493: 16492: 16491: 16488: 16484: 16483:Mental health 16481: 16479: 16476: 16474: 16471: 16470: 16469: 16466: 16464: 16461: 16459: 16456: 16454: 16451: 16449: 16446: 16444: 16443:Ethnic groups 16441: 16439: 16436: 16434: 16431: 16429: 16426: 16424: 16421: 16419: 16416: 16414: 16411: 16409: 16406: 16404: 16401: 16399: 16396: 16394: 16391: 16389: 16386: 16384: 16381: 16379: 16376: 16375: 16372: 16369: 16367: 16363: 16353: 16350: 16348: 16345: 16343: 16340: 16338: 16335: 16333: 16330: 16328: 16325: 16323: 16320: 16318: 16315: 16313: 16310: 16308: 16305: 16301: 16298: 16297: 16296: 16293: 16291: 16285: 16283: 16280: 16278: 16275: 16273: 16270: 16268: 16265: 16263: 16260: 16258: 16255: 16253: 16250: 16248: 16245: 16243: 16240: 16238: 16235: 16233: 16230: 16228: 16225: 16223: 16220: 16218: 16215: 16213: 16210: 16208: 16205: 16203: 16200: 16199: 16196: 16193: 16191: 16187: 16177: 16174: 16172: 16169: 16167: 16164: 16162: 16159: 16157: 16154: 16152: 16149: 16147: 16146:Civil defense 16144: 16142: 16139: 16137: 16134: 16132: 16129: 16127: 16124: 16122: 16119: 16117: 16114: 16112: 16109: 16107: 16104: 16102: 16099: 16097: 16094: 16092: 16091:Media freedom 16089: 16087: 16084: 16082: 16079: 16077: 16074: 16072: 16069: 16067: 16064: 16062: 16059: 16057: 16054: 16052: 16049: 16047: 16044: 16042: 16039: 16036: 16032: 16029: 16027: 16024: 16022: 16019: 16016: 16012: 16009: 16007: 16004: 16001: 15997: 15994: 15992: 15989: 15987: 15984: 15982: 15979: 15977: 15976:Criminal code 15974: 15972: 15969: 15967: 15964: 15962: 15959: 15957: 15956:Civil Service 15954: 15952: 15949: 15947: 15944: 15943: 15940: 15937: 15935: 15931: 15921: 15918: 15916: 15913: 15911: 15908: 15906: 15903: 15901: 15898: 15894: 15891: 15889: 15886: 15884: 15881: 15880: 15879: 15876: 15872: 15869: 15867: 15864: 15862: 15859: 15858: 15857: 15854: 15850: 15847: 15846: 15845: 15842: 15840: 15837: 15835: 15832: 15830: 15827: 15825: 15822: 15820: 15817: 15815: 15812: 15808: 15805: 15803: 15800: 15798: 15795: 15793: 15790: 15788: 15785: 15784: 15783: 15780: 15778: 15775: 15771: 15768: 15767: 15766: 15763: 15761: 15758: 15756: 15753: 15751: 15748: 15746: 15743: 15742: 15739: 15736: 15734: 15730: 15720: 15717: 15715: 15712: 15710: 15707: 15705: 15702: 15700: 15697: 15695: 15692: 15690: 15687: 15685: 15682: 15680: 15677: 15675: 15672: 15671: 15669: 15665: 15657: 15654: 15653: 15652: 15649: 15645: 15642: 15640: 15637: 15635: 15632: 15631: 15630: 15627: 15623: 15620: 15618: 15617:Russian state 15615: 15614: 15613: 15610: 15608: 15605: 15601: 15598: 15597: 15596: 15593: 15591: 15588: 15584: 15581: 15580: 15579: 15576: 15574: 15571: 15567: 15564: 15562: 15559: 15557: 15554: 15553: 15551: 15549: 15546: 15544: 15541: 15539: 15536: 15534: 15531: 15529: 15526: 15524: 15521: 15519: 15516: 15515: 15513: 15511: 15507: 15504: 15502: 15498: 15493: 15486: 15481: 15479: 15474: 15472: 15467: 15466: 15463: 15457: 15453: 15450: 15448: 15444: 15439: 15436: 15432: 15428: 15425: 15420: 15416: 15415: 15406: 15402: 15398: 15396: 15392: 15388: 15387: 15374: 15369: 15367: 15363: 15360: 15356: 15352: 15349: 15345: 15342: 15338: 15335: 15331: 15328: 15324: 15321: 15317: 15315: 15311: 15308: 15304: 15300: 15297: 15293: 15290: 15286: 15285: 15274: 15270: 15267: 15263: 15258: 15252: 15248: 15243: 15241: 15237: 15233: 15229: 15224: 15213: 15209: 15208: 15193: 15189: 15188: 15183: 15179: 15176: 15172: 15169: 15165: 15161: 15155: 15151: 15146: 15143: 15139: 15137: 15133: 15130: 15126: 15122: 15119: 15115: 15111: 15105: 15101: 15096: 15093: 15089: 15086: 15085:0-6312-0814-3 15082: 15078: 15074: 15070: 15069: 15059: 15055: 15052: 15048: 15046: 15042: 15039: 15035: 15031: 15028: 15024: 15020: 15015: 15012: 15008: 15005: 15001: 14998: 14994: 14989: 14983: 14979: 14975: 14971: 14968: 14964: 14963: 14951: 14947: 14943: 14937: 14933: 14929: 14924: 14920: 14916: 14912: 14908: 14904: 14902:1-8421-2114-6 14898: 14894: 14890: 14886: 14882: 14878: 14874: 14872:0-6910-5349-9 14868: 14864: 14859: 14858: 14847: 14843: 14840: 14836: 14833: 14829: 14826: 14822: 14819: 14816:Barnes, Ian. 14815: 14814: 14804: 14800: 14796: 14792: 14787: 14785: 14781: 14777: 14773: 14768: 14766: 14762: 14758: 14755: 14754:0-5345-8698-8 14751: 14747: 14743: 14739: 14733: 14729: 14724: 14721: 14717: 14714: 14711: 14708: 14705: 14701: 14698: 14694: 14693: 14685: 14670: 14664: 14660: 14656: 14652: 14648: 14643: 14631: 14627: 14621: 14617: 14616: 14610: 14598: 14594: 14588: 14584: 14583: 14577: 14572: 14567: 14563: 14559: 14555: 14550: 14546: 14542: 14538: 14536:0-1982-2103-7 14532: 14528: 14523: 14511: 14507: 14501: 14497: 14496: 14490: 14478: 14474: 14468: 14464: 14463: 14457: 14453: 14447: 14443: 14438: 14426: 14422: 14416: 14412: 14411: 14405: 14393: 14389: 14383: 14379: 14378: 14373: 14369: 14365: 14361: 14357: 14353: 14349: 14345: 14339: 14335: 14331: 14327: 14315: 14311: 14305: 14301: 14300: 14294: 14282: 14278: 14272: 14268: 14267: 14261: 14249: 14245: 14239: 14235: 14234: 14228: 14216: 14212: 14206: 14203:. Routledge. 14202: 14201: 14195: 14191: 14186: 14185: 14172: 14168: 14165: 14162: 14158: 14157:1-3171-1844-8 14154: 14150: 14144: 14138:(1983) p 126. 14137: 14134:Hans Rogger, 14131: 14124: 14118: 14111: 14105: 14098: 14092: 14083: 14079: 14075: 14071: 14067: 14063: 14059: 14055: 14048: 14040: 14036: 14032: 14028: 14024: 14020: 14016: 14012: 14011:Slavic Review 14005: 13998: 13992: 13985: 13981: 13976: 13974: 13967: 13963: 13960: 13956: 13955:Slavic Review 13950: 13934: 13930: 13928:0-2533-3333-4 13924: 13920: 13919: 13910: 13903: 13898: 13891: 13885: 13883: 13875: 13869: 13862: 13861: 13856: 13851: 13849: 13841: 13835: 13827: 13821: 13818:. Routledge. 13817: 13811: 13807: 13803: 13798: 13791: 13785: 13778: 13774: 13769: 13760: 13752: 13748: 13740: 13733: 13721: 13717: 13711: 13707: 13706: 13698: 13696: 13679: 13675: 13671: 13655: 13651: 13647: 13632: 13628: 13624: 13620: 13614: 13610: 13609: 13601: 13585: 13581: 13577: 13571: 13555: 13551: 13547: 13540: 13524: 13520: 13516: 13512: 13508: 13504: 13500: 13496: 13489: 13473: 13469: 13465: 13461: 13457: 13453: 13449: 13445: 13441: 13437: 13433: 13432:Human Biology 13429: 13422: 13414: 13410: 13406: 13402: 13397: 13392: 13388: 13384: 13380: 13373: 13357: 13353: 13349: 13345: 13341: 13337: 13333: 13329: 13322: 13306: 13302: 13298: 13293: 13288: 13284: 13280: 13277: 13270: 13254: 13250: 13246: 13242: 13238: 13234: 13230: 13226: 13222: 13218: 13211: 13195: 13191: 13187: 13183: 13179: 13175: 13171: 13167: 13160: 13152: 13148: 13144: 13140: 13136: 13132: 13127: 13122: 13119:(1): 79–108. 13118: 13114: 13110: 13103: 13087: 13083: 13077: 13073: 13069: 13062: 13046: 13042: 13036: 13032: 13028: 13012: 13008: 13006:1-5718-1935-5 13002: 12998: 12994: 12990: 12986: 12978: 12974: 12970: 12962: 12956: 12952: 12945: 12937: 12933: 12929: 12914: 12910: 12906: 12898: 12892: 12888: 12880: 12874: 12870: 12863: 12851: 12847: 12845:1-5718-1935-5 12841: 12837: 12833: 12832: 12827: 12823: 12816: 12808: 12802: 12798: 12791: 12783: 12777: 12773: 12766: 12750: 12746: 12742: 12738: 12736:0-6740-2164-9 12732: 12728: 12727: 12719: 12717: 12708: 12702: 12698: 12691: 12689: 12687: 12670: 12666: 12662: 12658: 12652: 12648: 12647: 12639: 12637: 12620: 12616: 12612: 12608: 12604: 12600: 12596: 12592: 12588: 12584: 12580: 12579:Slavic Review 12576: 12569: 12553: 12549: 12545: 12539: 12523: 12519: 12515: 12509: 12493: 12489: 12485: 12479: 12463: 12459: 12455: 12449: 12447: 12445: 12443: 12426: 12422: 12418: 12412: 12410: 12408: 12406: 12404: 12402: 12385: 12381: 12377: 12371: 12355: 12351: 12347: 12343: 12337: 12333: 12332: 12324: 12322: 12305: 12301: 12297: 12293: 12287: 12283: 12282: 12274: 12272: 12270: 12268: 12266: 12264: 12256: 12250: 12243: 12242:Asian Affairs 12237: 12230: 12224: 12217: 12212: 12196: 12192: 12186: 12182: 12181: 12173: 12167:, p. 27. 12166: 12161: 12154: 12149: 12147: 12139: 12134: 12127: 12122: 12115: 12110: 12104:, p. 49. 12103: 12098: 12091: 12086: 12079: 12074: 12066: 12062: 12056: 12048: 12042: 12038: 12031: 12023: 12017: 12013: 12009: 12002: 11994: 11987: 11979: 11975: 11971: 11967: 11960: 11953: 11948: 11940: 11936: 11932: 11928: 11924: 11918: 11914: 11910: 11904: 11896: 11890: 11887:. Routledge. 11886: 11880: 11874: 11867: 11862: 11856:, p. 79. 11855: 11850: 11843: 11838: 11831: 11828:Andrew Cook, 11825: 11818: 11813: 11806: 11805:McMeekin 2011 11801: 11794: 11793:McMeekin 2011 11789: 11782: 11777: 11770: 11765: 11759:, p. 66. 11758: 11753: 11747:, p. 30. 11746: 11741: 11725: 11721: 11715: 11711: 11710: 11702: 11686: 11682: 11676: 11672: 11671: 11663: 11647: 11643: 11637: 11633: 11632: 11624: 11608: 11604: 11598: 11594: 11593: 11585: 11569: 11565: 11559: 11555: 11554: 11553:World War One 11546: 11539: 11534: 11518: 11514: 11508: 11504: 11503: 11495: 11488: 11483: 11467: 11463: 11457: 11453: 11452: 11444: 11428: 11424: 11418: 11414: 11413: 11405: 11389: 11385: 11379: 11375: 11374: 11366: 11350: 11346: 11340: 11336: 11335: 11327: 11320: 11315: 11299: 11295: 11289: 11285: 11284: 11276: 11270:, p. 88. 11269: 11268:McMeekin 2011 11264: 11257: 11252: 11245: 11240: 11224: 11220: 11214: 11210: 11209: 11201: 11194: 11189: 11173: 11169: 11163: 11159: 11158: 11150: 11144:, p. 82. 11143: 11138: 11122: 11118: 11112: 11108: 11107: 11099: 11083: 11079: 11073: 11069: 11068: 11060: 11053: 11048: 11040: 11036: 11035:History Today 11029: 11021: 11017: 11013: 11009: 11002: 10994: 10987: 10980: 10975: 10968: 10963: 10955: 10948: 10940: 10936: 10932: 10928: 10925:. Macmillan. 10924: 10909: 10905: 10901: 10895: 10891: 10887: 10886:"Coup d'État" 10880: 10872: 10868: 10864: 10860: 10856: 10849: 10841: 10837: 10833: 10827: 10820: 10808: 10804: 10800: 10796: 10794:9-0041-2952-9 10790: 10786: 10785: 10777: 10770: 10765: 10759: 10753: 10746: 10738: 10732: 10728: 10725: 10721: 10715: 10708: 10703: 10696: 10691: 10684: 10683:Geoffrey 2011 10679: 10672: 10671:Geoffrey 2011 10667: 10660: 10655: 10653: 10645: 10640: 10624: 10620: 10616: 10611: 10606: 10602: 10598: 10594: 10587: 10579: 10573: 10569: 10568: 10560: 10544: 10540: 10534: 10530: 10529: 10512: 10508: 10502: 10498: 10497: 10489: 10473: 10469: 10463: 10459: 10458: 10450: 10443: 10437: 10429: 10423: 10419: 10412: 10404: 10398: 10394: 10387: 10379: 10378: 10373: 10367: 10351: 10347: 10341: 10337: 10336: 10328: 10326: 10317: 10313: 10309: 10305: 10298: 10290: 10286: 10280: 10273: 10268: 10261: 10256: 10249: 10244: 10236: 10229: 10221: 10217: 10211: 10204: 10203: 10196: 10188: 10181: 10173: 10169: 10163: 10156: 10151: 10145:, p. 24. 10144: 10139: 10132: 10126: 10111: 10107: 10106: 10099: 10092: 10087: 10073: 10067: 10063: 10059: 10055: 10051: 10044: 10036: 10030: 10025: 10020: 10016: 10012: 10005: 9997: 9991: 9987: 9980: 9971: 9962: 9953: 9947: 9942: 9936: 9931: 9924: 9918: 9911: 9905: 9898: 9892: 9885: 9880: 9864: 9860: 9856: 9850: 9842: 9836: 9832: 9825: 9818: 9814: 9809: 9793: 9789: 9785: 9784: 9776: 9760: 9756: 9755: 9747: 9731: 9727: 9723: 9722: 9714: 9706: 9700: 9696: 9695: 9687: 9679: 9675: 9671: 9670: 9662: 9654: 9650: 9646: 9639: 9632: 9630: 9626: 9620: 9614: 9610: 9609: 9601: 9585: 9581: 9577: 9571: 9555: 9551: 9545: 9541: 9540: 9535: 9534: 9526: 9510: 9506: 9502: 9496: 9494: 9492: 9475: 9471: 9470: 9465: 9458: 9442: 9438: 9434: 9429: 9424: 9417: 9413: 9408: 9401: 9396: 9389: 9384: 9378: 9374: 9367: 9360: 9348: 9344: 9338: 9334: 9333: 9325: 9312: 9308: 9302: 9298: 9297: 9289: 9273: 9269: 9263: 9259: 9258: 9250: 9234: 9230: 9224: 9220: 9219: 9211: 9204: 9192: 9188: 9184: 9180: 9174: 9170: 9166: 9165: 9157: 9155: 9138: 9134: 9133: 9128: 9122: 9106: 9102: 9098: 9092: 9086:, p. 83. 9085: 9080: 9065: 9064:Research Gate 9061: 9055: 9039: 9035: 9031: 9025: 9009: 9005: 9001: 8995: 8979: 8975: 8971: 8967: 8963: 8959: 8943: 8939: 8935: 8931: 8927: 8923: 8919: 8918: 8913: 8909: 8903: 8897: 8893: 8890: 8886: 8880: 8872: 8868: 8864: 8860: 8853: 8846: 8842: 8836: 8832: 8825: 8818: 8814: 8811:", Rusmania. 8810: 8804: 8788: 8784: 8780: 8774: 8770: 8757: 8754:, and of the 8753: 8749: 8745: 8739: 8732: 8719:Russian: 8716: 8709: 8696:Russian: 8693: 8686: 8682: 8681: 8674: 8667: 8663: 8659: 8658: 8653: 8649: 8645: 8641: 8640: 8635: 8634: 8627: 8620: 8614: 8605: 8600: 8593: 8584: 8578: 8569: 8564: 8555: 8548: 8544: 8542: 8541:revolutionary 8536: 8532: 8526: 8519: 8506: 8500: 8491: 8485: 8475:Russian: 8472: 8463: 8456: 8450: 8443: 8439: 8433: 8427:in 1829–1856. 8426: 8422: 8416: 8412: 8402: 8399: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8387: 8383: 8382:Russia portal 8372: 8369: 8358: 8351: 8349: 8345: 8341: 8340:Sergey Uvarov 8336: 8333: 8329: 8325: 8321: 8317: 8313: 8308: 8299: 8295: 8291: 8283: 8274: 8272: 8268: 8267: 8262: 8255: 8245: 8242: 8236: 8233: 8227: 8224: 8213: 8211: 8207: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8186: 8180: 8179:connections. 8173: 8168: 8153: 8148: 8144: 8132: 8131: 8127: 8125: 8124: 8120: 8119: 8116: 8113: 8112: 8111: 8109: 8105: 8101: 8097: 8093: 8088: 8086: 8085: 8078: 8076: 8068: 8064: 8063: 8057: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8036: 8024: 8023: 8022:Zemlyachestvo 8019: 8017: 8016: 8012: 8010: 8009: 8005: 8004: 8001: 7998: 7997: 7996: 7992: 7990: 7989: 7984: 7983:Bashkortostan 7980: 7976: 7972: 7968: 7967: 7962: 7958: 7957: 7950: 7940: 7937: 7933: 7926: 7922: 7918: 7917:Russian opera 7914: 7910: 7900: 7898: 7894: 7889: 7887: 7883: 7879: 7875: 7871: 7867: 7859: 7855: 7853: 7848: 7841: 7837: 7832: 7828: 7824: 7820: 7816: 7812: 7806: 7796: 7794: 7790: 7786: 7782: 7778: 7774: 7753: 7752: 7743: 7740: 7739: 7730: 7727: 7726: 7717: 7714: 7713: 7704: 7701: 7700: 7691: 7688: 7687: 7678: 7675: 7674: 7664: 7663: 7653: 7649: 7646: 7645: 7636: 7633: 7632: 7623: 7622:Old Believers 7620: 7619: 7610: 7607: 7606: 7597: 7596:Rabbinic Jews 7594: 7593: 7584: 7581: 7580: 7571: 7568: 7567: 7558: 7555: 7554: 7550: 7547: 7544: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7524: 7517: 7512: 7504: 7495: 7493: 7489: 7485: 7481: 7477: 7476:secret police 7473: 7469: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7453: 7449: 7445: 7441: 7440:Old Believers 7437: 7432: 7430: 7426: 7425:Russification 7423:. After this 7422: 7418: 7414: 7410: 7406: 7402: 7401:Volga Germans 7398: 7390: 7385: 7376: 7374: 7370: 7366: 7362: 7357: 7355: 7351: 7347: 7339: 7335: 7331: 7326: 7322: 7320: 7315: 7309: 7299: 7297: 7293: 7289: 7288:Alexander III 7284: 7279: 7275: 7271: 7267: 7261: 7254:Anti-semitism 7251: 7249: 7245: 7241: 7237: 7233: 7229: 7225: 7221: 7217: 7213: 7212:proselytizing 7203: 7201: 7197: 7193: 7192:metropolitans 7188: 7186: 7182: 7178: 7174: 7170: 7166: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7145: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7116: 7112: 7108: 7098: 7096: 7092: 7088: 7084: 7080: 7076: 7072: 7068: 7064: 7060: 7056: 7051: 7044: 7040: 7035: 7016: 7013: 7010: 7007: 7004: 7001: 7000: 6996: 6993: 6990: 6987: 6984: 6981: 6980: 6976: 6973: 6970: 6967: 6964: 6961: 6960: 6956: 6953: 6950: 6947: 6944: 6941: 6940: 6936: 6933: 6930: 6927: 6924: 6921: 6920: 6916: 6913: 6910: 6907: 6904: 6901: 6900: 6896: 6893: 6890: 6887: 6884: 6881: 6880: 6876: 6873: 6870: 6867: 6864: 6861: 6860: 6856: 6853: 6850: 6847: 6844: 6841: 6840: 6836: 6833: 6830: 6827: 6824: 6821: 6820: 6816: 6813: 6810: 6807: 6804: 6803: 6799: 6796: 6793: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6784: 6774: 6766: 6761: 6751: 6749: 6744: 6742: 6738: 6734: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6708: 6698: 6696: 6692: 6687: 6683: 6679: 6674: 6672: 6668: 6664: 6660: 6659:Alexander III 6656: 6652: 6648: 6644: 6636: 6631: 6626: 6616: 6614: 6610: 6606: 6605:Russification 6602: 6597: 6596:Baltic German 6594:of 1721, the 6593: 6589: 6585: 6581: 6577: 6573: 6567: 6557: 6554: 6550: 6549:Alexander III 6546: 6545: 6540: 6526: 6521: 6509: 6508: 6503: 6500: 6499: 6494: 6491: 6490: 6485: 6484: 6479: 6478: 6477: 6469: 6467: 6463: 6462:supreme court 6459: 6455: 6450: 6448: 6444: 6440: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6413: 6403: 6401: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6356:protectorates 6353: 6349: 6348: 6343: 6342: 6337: 6336: 6326: 6318: 6313: 6303: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6283: 6273: 6271: 6267: 6259: 6258:Senate Square 6254: 6249: 6236: 6233: 6230: 6227: 6224: 6221: 6218: 6215: 6212: 6209: 6206: 6203: 6200: 6197: 6194: 6191: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6179: 6178: 6176: 6172: 6166: 6156: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6105: 6104: 6099: 6095: 6089: 6079: 6077: 6072: 6071: 6066: 6058: 6054: 6053:Tsarskoe Selo 6051:, located at 6050: 6045: 6038: 6037:Winter Palace 6035:opposite the 6034: 6022: 6017: 6007: 6004: 6000: 5999:Imperial Duma 5995: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5960: 5956: 5951: 5941: 5939: 5935: 5929: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5906: 5901: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5873: 5868: 5866: 5861: 5859: 5854: 5853: 5851: 5850: 5847: 5837: 5836: 5831: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5800: 5796: 5792: 5788: 5780: 5779: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5761: 5752: 5748: 5747: 5741: 5740: 5735: 5734: 5731: 5726: 5722: 5720: 5719: 5714: 5713: 5710: 5705: 5701: 5699: 5698: 5693: 5692: 5689: 5684: 5680: 5678: 5677: 5672: 5671: 5668: 5663: 5659: 5657: 5656: 5651: 5650: 5647: 5642: 5638: 5636: 5635: 5630: 5629: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5613: 5612: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5596: 5595: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5582: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5542:War in Donbas 5539: 5535: 5531: 5525: 5524:Five-Days War 5521: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5496:Privatization 5493: 5489: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5469: 5465: 5462: 5461: 5458: 5457:Modern Russia 5445: 5443: 5440: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5433: 5428: 5427: 5423: 5421: 5417: 5416: 5412: 5410: 5406: 5405: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5395: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5374: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5305: 5304: 5301: 5289: 5287: 5286: 5281: 5280: 5276: 5274: 5270: 5269: 5265: 5263: 5262:Russian State 5260: 5259: 5255: 5253: 5249: 5248: 5244: 5242: 5238: 5237: 5233: 5231: 5230:Ukrainian SSR 5227: 5226: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5216: 5212: 5210: 5206: 5205: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5195: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5180:War Communism 5177: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5130: 5129:Dvoyevlastiye 5125: 5121: 5118: 5117: 5114: 5101: 5099: 5095: 5094: 5090: 5088: 5084: 5083: 5079: 5077: 5073: 5072: 5068: 5066: 5062: 5061: 5057: 5055: 5051: 5050: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5040: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5030: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4978: 4975: 4974: 4971: 4959: 4957: 4956: 4951: 4950: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4940: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4930: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4920: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4899: 4898: 4895: 4883: 4881: 4880: 4875: 4874: 4870: 4868: 4867:Rostov-Suzdal 4865: 4864: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4854: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4844: 4840: 4838: 4837:Novgorod Land 4835: 4834: 4828: 4827: 4822: 4818: 4815: 4814: 4811: 4799: 4797: 4793: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4783: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4773: 4772: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4741: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4731: 4728: 4722: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4710: 4706: 4696: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4669: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4638: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4623: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4605: 4600: 4598: 4591: 4590:Kodiak Island 4587: 4583: 4582: 4576: 4571: 4567: 4557: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4534: 4532: 4528: 4523: 4521: 4516: 4515:(1817–1864). 4514: 4513:Caucasian War 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4485: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4460:, an Ottoman 4459: 4455: 4451: 4443: 4438: 4434: 4432: 4429:and a native 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4400: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4389:Russian River 4386: 4385:San Francisco 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4359:administered 4358: 4353: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4264:Kuril Islands 4261: 4251: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4240:Transcaucasia 4237: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4208: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4181:Varangerfjord 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4121:Novaya Zemlya 4118: 4114: 4108: 4098: 4096: 4092: 4091:ethnic groups 4088: 4078: 4070: 4061: 4059: 4058:Yekaterinburg 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4034: 4032: 4026: 4016: 4014: 4010: 4001: 3997: 3988: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3933:Turkish fleet 3928: 3918: 3916: 3913:by targeting 3912: 3908: 3903: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3837: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3822:Baltic states 3819: 3815: 3811: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3793: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3685: 3684:Great Retreat 3681: 3666: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3647: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3609: 3608:Winter Palace 3605: 3600: 3595: 3585: 3583: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3565:assassination 3561: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3534: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3478: 3467: 3461: 3455: 3445: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3430: 3428: 3424: 3419: 3415: 3414:Winter Palace 3411: 3407: 3406:Bloody Sunday 3403: 3395: 3391: 3386: 3382: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3363: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3347: 3345: 3341: 3336: 3332: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3316: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3298: 3280: 3276: 3271: 3266: 3256: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3233: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3186: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3150: 3148: 3147:Russification 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3123:Alexander III 3120: 3117: 3113: 3106:Alexander III 3103: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3080:Transcaucasia 3077: 3073: 3069: 3061: 3056: 3052: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 2999: 2996: 2995:United States 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2955: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2936: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2923:When Emperor 2921: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2891: 2886: 2879: 2874: 2868:(8 June 1868) 2867: 2862: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2843: 2835: 2830: 2826: 2820: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2791: 2785: 2778: 2776: 2775:Russification 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2743: 2741: 2740:Pontic Greeks 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2684:Caucasian War 2681: 2677: 2676:Qajar dynasty 2673: 2669: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2651: 2646: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2631:siege in 1827 2629: 2625: 2624:Franz Roubaud 2621: 2616: 2606: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2591:individualism 2588: 2584: 2583: 2578: 2574: 2568: 2566: 2560: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2526: 2522: 2517: 2513: 2511: 2507: 2498: 2493: 2489: 2487: 2486:Holy Alliance 2483: 2479: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2453: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2370: 2362: 2358: 2353: 2344: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2282: 2273: 2271: 2265: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2242: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2223: 2219: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2200: 2199: 2195: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2164: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2125: 2118: 2116: 2112: 2109: 2105: 2104:Enlightenment 2101: 2096: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2081:Yelisavetgrad 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2057: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2037: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2006: 2000: 1992: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1957: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1938: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1919: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1900:church reform 1896: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1869: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1817: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1778: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1767: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1729: 1719: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1645: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1623: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1594: 1591:, painted by 1590: 1589: 1583: 1579: 1577: 1575: 1570: 1569: 1568:Pater Patriae 1564: 1560: 1556: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1536: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1500: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1486: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1468: 1465: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1454: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1432:includes new 1431: 1428: 1425: 1424: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1363:Ivan III 1358: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1335:, along with 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1277: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1248:and parts of 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1220:descent, the 1219: 1215: 1210: 1208: 1204: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1176:Holy Alliance 1173: 1162: 1158: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1043: 1041: 1037: 1036:North America 1033: 1032:held colonies 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 983: 981: 978: 977: 969: 967: 964: 963: 960: 954: 947: 940: 939: 936: 935: 932: 929: 927: 924: 923: 919: 916: 915:Russian ruble 913: 909: 905: 901: 895: 891: 888: 882: 878: 873: 869: 865: 860: 856: 852: 849: 843: 839: 836: 830: 826: 821: 814: 810: 807: 801: 797: 794: 788: 784: 781: 777: 771: 767: 764: 758: 752: 749: 743: 739: 736: 730: 726: 720: 716: 713: 707: 703: 699: 695: 690: 687: 684: 678: 673: 672:State Council 670: 667: 661: 658: 655: 651: 647: 644: 641: 635: 631: 627: 621: 617: 613: 610: 606: 601: 597: 594: 591: 585: 582: 579: 573: 569: 565: 563: 559: 554: 551: 550:parliamentary 548: 542: 539: 536: 532: 529: 526: 524: 520: 513: 511: 507: 505: 501: 499: 495: 488: 484: 482: 478: 475: 471: 467: 466: 465: 461: 460: 458: 457: 455: 451: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 413: 407: 404: 401: 397: 394: 391: 387: 382: 374: 371: 367: 356: 346: 310: 303: 286: 279: 267: 254: 247: 235: 222: 215: 203: 202: 169: 162: 150: 146: 139: 134: 130: 121: 114: 106: 103: 98: 93: 86: 79: 71: 66: 61: 40: 37: 33: 19: 20979: 20975:Anglo-German 20964: 20836:Treaties and 20628: 20597:Great powers 20459: 20297:Contemporary 20291: 20147:Indo-Persian 20135:Nazi Germany 20079:Contemporary 19981:Vijayanagara 19880:Great Seljuk 19791:Thessalonica 19719:Golden Horde 19359:Carthaginian 19138:Neo-Assyrian 19123:Neo-Sumerian 18968:World War II 18912: 18821:Early modern 18798:Kalmar Union 18669:Papal States 18587:Roman Empire 18462:South Africa 18457:Sierra Leone 18404: 18234:Two Sicilies 18198: 18169:Papal States 17969: 17908: 17801: 17667: 17427:Cook Islands 17280: 17266:Saudi Arabia 17195: 16761:Coat of arms 16721:Martial arts 16629:Army culture 16619:Architecture 16589:Witch trials 16544:Prostitution 16490:Human rights 16423:Demographics 16337:Trade unions 16307:Shipbuilding 16267:Homelessness 16227:Central Bank 16222:Car industry 16061:Conservatism 15971:Constitution 15966:Conscription 15639:Eastern Bloc 15629:Soviet Union 15622:Russian SFSR 15589: 15552:Feudal Rus' 15400: 15390: 15372: 15354: 15347: 15340: 15333: 15326: 15319: 15302: 15295: 15288: 15272: 15265: 15246: 15235: 15227: 15216:, retrieved 15212:the original 15206: 15196:, retrieved 15192:the original 15186: 15174: 15167: 15149: 15141: 15124: 15117: 15099: 15091: 15076: 15072: 15057: 15050: 15033: 15026: 15018: 15010: 15003: 14996: 14977: 14966: 14927: 14892: 14862: 14845: 14838: 14831: 14824: 14817: 14798: 14790: 14779: 14771: 14760: 14745: 14727: 14719: 14712: 14703: 14696: 14650: 14634:. Retrieved 14618:. ABC-CLIO. 14614: 14601:. Retrieved 14585:. ABC-CLIO. 14581: 14561: 14557: 14526: 14514:. Retrieved 14494: 14481:. Retrieved 14461: 14441: 14429:. Retrieved 14409: 14396:. Retrieved 14376: 14363: 14333: 14318:. Retrieved 14298: 14287:11 September 14285:. Retrieved 14265: 14252:. Retrieved 14236:. ABC-CLIO. 14232: 14219:. Retrieved 14199: 14189: 14161:Google Books 14148: 14143: 14135: 14130: 14122: 14117: 14109: 14104: 14096: 14091: 14057: 14053: 14047: 14014: 14010: 14004: 13996: 13991: 13983: 13954: 13949: 13937:. Retrieved 13917: 13909: 13904:, p. 9. 13902:Chapman 2002 13897: 13889: 13888:David Moon, 13873: 13868: 13858: 13839: 13834: 13815: 13809: 13805: 13797: 13789: 13784: 13776: 13768: 13759: 13751:the original 13739: 13731: 13724:. Retrieved 13704: 13682:. Retrieved 13673: 13658:. Retrieved 13649: 13635:. Retrieved 13607: 13600: 13588:. Retrieved 13579: 13570: 13558:. Retrieved 13549: 13539: 13527:. Retrieved 13502: 13498: 13488: 13476:. 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Retrieved 12179: 12172: 12165:Waldron 1997 12160: 12155:, p. 4. 12153:Chapman 2002 12138:Chapman 2002 12133: 12126:Chapman 2002 12121: 12114:Chapman 2002 12109: 12102:Chapman 2002 12097: 12092:, p. 5. 12090:Chapman 2002 12085: 12080:, p. 3. 12078:Chapman 2002 12073: 12065:the original 12055: 12036: 12030: 12007: 12001: 11992: 11986: 11969: 11965: 11959: 11952:Dowling 2014 11947: 11912: 11903: 11884: 11878: 11873: 11861: 11849: 11837: 11829: 11824: 11812: 11800: 11788: 11776: 11769:Sanborn 2014 11764: 11757:Sanborn 2014 11752: 11745:Sanborn 2014 11740: 11728:. Retrieved 11708: 11701: 11689:. Retrieved 11669: 11662: 11650:. Retrieved 11630: 11623: 11611:. Retrieved 11591: 11584: 11572:. Retrieved 11552: 11545: 11533: 11521:. Retrieved 11501: 11494: 11482: 11470:. Retrieved 11450: 11443: 11431:. Retrieved 11411: 11404: 11392:. Retrieved 11372: 11365: 11353:. Retrieved 11333: 11326: 11314: 11302:. Retrieved 11282: 11275: 11263: 11258:, p. 2. 11251: 11239: 11227:. Retrieved 11207: 11200: 11193:Waldron 1997 11188: 11176:. Retrieved 11156: 11149: 11137: 11125:. Retrieved 11105: 11098: 11086:. Retrieved 11066: 11059: 11047: 11038: 11034: 11028: 11014:(1): 25–39. 11011: 11007: 11001: 10992: 10986: 10974: 10962: 10953: 10947: 10922: 10911:. Retrieved 10889: 10879: 10854: 10848: 10839: 10826: 10818: 10811:. Retrieved 10783: 10776: 10764: 10751: 10745: 10736: 10719: 10714: 10702: 10695:Waldron 1997 10690: 10678: 10666: 10659:Chapman 2002 10644:Chapman 2002 10639: 10627:. Retrieved 10600: 10596: 10586: 10566: 10559: 10547:. Retrieved 10527: 10515:. Retrieved 10495: 10488: 10476:. Retrieved 10456: 10449: 10441: 10440:David Moon, 10436: 10417: 10411: 10392: 10386: 10375: 10366: 10354:. Retrieved 10334: 10307: 10303: 10297: 10288: 10279: 10272:Dowling 2014 10267: 10260:Dowling 2014 10255: 10243: 10234: 10228: 10219: 10210: 10200: 10195: 10186: 10180: 10171: 10168:Palmer, Alan 10162: 10155:Dowling 2014 10150: 10143:Dowling 2014 10138: 10130: 10125: 10114:, retrieved 10104: 10098: 10091:Waldron 1997 10086: 10075:, retrieved 10053: 10043: 10014: 10004: 9985: 9979: 9970: 9961: 9952: 9941: 9930: 9922: 9917: 9909: 9904: 9896: 9891: 9879: 9867:. Retrieved 9858: 9849: 9830: 9824: 9808: 9796:. Retrieved 9787: 9782: 9775: 9763:. Retrieved 9753: 9746: 9734:. Retrieved 9725: 9720: 9713: 9693: 9686: 9673: 9668: 9661: 9653:the original 9648: 9638: 9628: 9624: 9622: 9607: 9600: 9588:. Retrieved 9584:the original 9579: 9570: 9558:. Retrieved 9554:the original 9537: 9532: 9525: 9513:. Retrieved 9504: 9478:. Retrieved 9474:the original 9467: 9457: 9445:. Retrieved 9436: 9423: 9415: 9407: 9395: 9386: 9372: 9366: 9358: 9351:. Retrieved 9331: 9324:apparatus... 9322: 9315:. Retrieved 9295: 9288: 9276:. Retrieved 9256: 9249: 9237:. Retrieved 9217: 9210: 9202: 9195:. Retrieved 9163: 9141:. Retrieved 9130: 9121: 9109:. Retrieved 9100: 9091: 9079: 9067:. Retrieved 9063: 9054: 9042:. Retrieved 9033: 9024: 9012:. Retrieved 9003: 8994: 8984:11 September 8982:. Retrieved 8965: 8961: 8946:. Retrieved 8921: 8915: 8902: 8879: 8862: 8858: 8852: 8844: 8830: 8824: 8803: 8791:. Retrieved 8782: 8773: 8738: 8715: 8692: 8678: 8673: 8661: 8655: 8651: 8643: 8637: 8631: 8626: 8599: 8563: 8554: 8546: 8545:, or simply 8538: 8534: 8530: 8525: 8471: 8462: 8449: 8432: 8415: 8337: 8304: 8292: 8288: 8270: 8264: 8257: 8237: 8228: 8219: 8189: 8181: 8177: 8128: 8121: 8100:Alexander II 8089: 8082: 8079: 8072: 8060: 8049:Alexander II 8020: 8015:Raznochintsy 8013: 8006: 7999:Other status 7993: 7986: 7964: 7954: 7952: 7928: 7890: 7888:militaries. 7863: 7850: 7770: 7729:Karaite Jews 7650:(Minor) and 7534: 7487: 7484:Sergei Witte 7456: 7433: 7394: 7358: 7343: 7311: 7263: 7209: 7189: 7184: 7164: 7150: 7129:Alexander II 7055:Central Asia 7052: 7048: 6788:Ural Region 6748:Volga region 6745: 6732: 6710: 6686:Sergei Witte 6675: 6640: 6590:. Under the 6569: 6542: 6536: 6505: 6496: 6487: 6481: 6475: 6451: 6426:Alexander II 6415: 6345: 6339: 6333: 6331: 6287: 6286:The Senate ( 6285: 6263: 6174: 6170: 6168: 6121: 6109:governorates 6101: 6093: 6091: 6068: 6062: 6031:depicts the 5996: 5988:Pauline Laws 5964: 5938:Genghis Khan 5930: 5917: 5903: 5887: 5881: 5764: 5758: 5750: 5744: 5739:full list... 5737: 5723: 5716: 5702: 5695: 5681: 5674: 5660: 5653: 5639: 5632: 5570:Mobilization 5562:Debt default 5504:Chechen wars 5455:since 1991: 5432:full list... 5430: 5409:Russian SFSR 5398:Soviet Union 5315:Korenization 5285:full list... 5283: 5219:Russian SFSR 5128: 5042: 4987:Zemsky Sobor 4955:full list... 4953: 4879:full list... 4877: 4824: 4810:Ancient Rus' 4670: 4658:Kamehameha I 4639: 4624: 4616:Soviet Union 4601: 4594: 4579: 4549: 4538:East Prussia 4535: 4524: 4517: 4495:through the 4486: 4462:vassal state 4447: 4442:governorates 4425:through the 4401: 4371:, including 4354: 4340: 4257: 4228:Gulf of Riga 4209: 4165:Manych River 4135:was part of 4117:Arctic Ocean 4110: 4083: 4035: 4028: 4005: 3949:Novorossiysk 3930: 3904: 3878:. While the 3864:Cisleithania 3857: 3794: 3762:Ninth armies 3710:East Prussia 3703: 3648: 3613: 3575:rejected an 3562: 3535: 3480: 3431: 3410:Georgy Gapon 3399: 3364: 3348: 3343: 3328: 3325: 3317: 3302: 3297:Moscow River 3234: 3187: 3156: 3109: 3084:Batum Oblast 3065: 3033:Pan-Slavists 3000: 2956: 2948:wage slavery 2943: 2937: 2925:Alexander II 2922: 2895: 2744: 2686:against the 2665: 2586: 2580: 2577:collectivism 2569: 2561: 2530: 2502: 2465:Grande Armée 2454: 2391:First Consul 2383:state of war 2372: 2329: 2276:State budget 2266: 2243: 2228: 2201: 2197: 2196: 2165: 2139:, alongside 2122: 2119: 2097: 2077:Katerynoslav 2058: 2038: 2020: 2002: 1939: 1920: 1908:patriarchate 1897: 1870: 1818: 1779: 1764: 1755: 1722:18th century 1718:domination. 1665: 1661:Baltic coast 1642: 1631:modern fleet 1620: 1598: 1586:The Victory 1585: 1576:of all Rusia 1573: 1566: 1542:Peter I 1539: 1440:territories 1384: 1367:Ivan IV 1360: 1329:Soviet Union 1278: 1264:. After the 1246:Central Asia 1242:the Caucasus 1226:Arctic Ocean 1211: 1201:) initiated 1192:Alexander II 1157:colonization 1132: 1044: 1003: 1001: 931:Succeeded by 930: 925: 898:• 1910 820:Constitution 768:3 March 1861 464:Christianity 389:Largest city 148: 138:S' nami Bog! 133:Motto: 132: 120:Coat of arms 101: 91: 36: 21153:World War I 21116:Balkan Wars 21101:Second Boer 21086:Banana Wars 21050:July Crisis 20981:Dreadnought 20966:Weltpolitik 20810:Pan-Slavism 19885:Khwarezmian 19818:Carolingian 19623:Rashtrakuta 19327:Shaishunaga 19226:Hellenistic 19209:New Kingdom 19199:Old Kingdom 18953:World War I 18943:Nationalism 18831:Reformation 18816:Renaissance 18788:Black Death 18721:Kievan Rus' 18624:Middle Ages 18401:British Raj 18373:(Sri Lanka) 18259:Württemberg 17971:South Yemen 17859:Maguindanao 17752:Afghanistan 17513:Barotseland 17449:Saint Lucia 17422:New Zealand 17331:Netherlands 17104:Chhatrapati 17088:Sovereignty 17028:Aristocracy 16813:tea culture 16666:Fairy tales 16529:Open access 16502:Immigration 16463:Gun control 16202:Agriculture 16171:Term limits 16081:Martial law 16076:Nationalism 16071:Irredentism 16066:Imperialism 15849:Caspian Sea 15765:Environment 15760:Earthquakes 15656:Union State 15644:Dissolution 15543:Kievan Rus' 15533:Early Slavs 14636:30 December 14603:30 December 14380:. Penguin. 14181:Works cited 14086:esp p. 234. 13855:Jerome Blum 13550:www.bbc.com 13505:: 127–141. 11817:Tucker 2019 11781:Tucker 2014 11730:30 December 11691:30 December 11652:30 December 11613:30 December 11574:30 December 11538:Tucker 2019 11523:30 December 11487:Tucker 2014 11472:30 December 11394:30 December 11355:30 December 11319:Lieven 2015 11304:30 December 11256:Lieven 2015 11244:Lieven 2015 11142:Lieven 2015 11052:Ascher 2004 11041:(11): 64ff. 10979:Freeze 2002 10967:Lieven 2006 10758:Lieven 2006 10116:1 September 10093:, p. . 9884:Hughes 1998 9815:, pp. 9765:20 November 9560:20 November 9480:20 November 9353:30 December 9317:30 December 8642:. However, 8442:World War I 8147:Repartition 7966:dvoryanstvo 7893:World War I 7874:Crimean War 7779:(156,400), 7587:11,467,994 7574:13,906,972 7561:87,123,604 7365:Crimean War 7338:Circassians 7240:Lutheranism 7196:archbishops 7083:Krasnovodsk 7075:Caspian Sea 6713:agriculture 6701:Agriculture 6641:Before the 6599:police and 6551:, however, 6531: 1900 6443:bureaucracy 6439:jury system 6098:lower house 6065:Upper House 6057:Catherine I 6029: 1847 6003:Organic Law 5959:Nicholas II 5922:controversy 5905:sui generis 5464:August Coup 5387:War of Laws 5369:Perestroika 5347:Warsaw Pact 5335:Great Purge 5298:1923–1991: 5162:White Guard 5142:Directorate 5111:1917–1923: 4968:1480–1917: 4894:Feudal Rus' 4892:1240–1480: 4765:Rus' people 4757:Early Slavs 4724:History of 4597:Organic Law 4586:Kodiak town 4509:Turkmenchay 4415:grand duchy 4404:Finnish War 4248:Caspian Sea 4226:river. The 4173:Sea of Azov 4153:Caspian Sea 4044:; Nicholas 3985:Enver Pasha 3722:second army 3646:Petrograd. 3644:Russianised 3582:Nicholas II 3558:Balkan Wars 3552:. The 1908 3515:Crimean War 3495:World War I 3396:(1904–1905) 3305:Nicholas II 3235:Meanwhile, 3210:Port Arthur 3163:Afghanistan 3088:Kars Oblast 2987:Vladivostok 2961:Priamurye ( 2952:bourgeoisie 2910:Crimean War 2855:Crimean War 2853:during the 2674:) from the 2637:during the 2573:Slavophiles 2553:Constantine 2198:Nicholas II 1923:Catherine I 1842:Caspian Sea 1786:Arkhangelsk 1704:Jacob Bruce 1629:. Russia's 1270:Nicholas II 1184:Crimean War 1161:Alexander I 1006:was a vast 926:Preceded by 902:161,000,000 892:125,640,021 692:(1905–1917) 683:Lower house 675:(1810–1917) 666:Upper house 653:Legislature 593:Nicholas II 556:(1906–1917) 544:(1721–1906) 514:0.2% Others 485:5.7% Other 384:(1728–1730) 281:(1816–1833) 249:(1794–1816) 217:(1791–1816) 164:(1833–1917) 124:(1882–1917) 21168:Categories 20838:agreements 20786:Great Game 20752:Revanchism 20455:Portuguese 20336:Revival Le 20326:Vietnamese 19969:Later Tran 19939:Vietnamese 19835:Singhasari 19823:Holy Roman 19447:Bulgarian 19383:Satavahana 19354:Phoenician 19290:Achaemenid 19251:Indo-Greek 19231:Macedonian 19145:Babylonian 18716:Viking Age 18531:Prehistory 18467:Tanganyika 18382:The Gambia 18310:Niuē-Fekai 18249:Yugoslavia 18149:Montenegro 17956:Upper Yafa 17951:Upper Asir 17588:Madagascar 17321:Luxembourg 17053:Government 17018:Abdication 16987:Hereditary 16915:Monarchies 16818:Television 16793:Philosophy 16726:Mass media 16716:Literature 16711:Inventions 16473:Healthcare 16408:Corruption 16398:Censorship 16289:(currency) 16166:Separatism 16111:Opposition 16096:Neo-Nazism 16086:Monarchism 16056:Liberalism 16051:Propaganda 16011:Government 15878:North Asia 15679:Journalism 15538:East Slavs 15528:Sarmatians 15218:8 February 15198:8 February 15075:. Vol. 1: 14516:11 January 14483:13 January 14431:10 January 14398:10 January 14221:13 January 14125:pp 423–31. 13660:2 February 13646:"Nicholas" 13590:15 October 13560:17 October 13529:17 October 13478:15 October 13362:17 October 13311:17 October 13259:15 October 13200:15 October 13092:25 January 13051:25 January 13017:25 January 12625:15 October 12558:15 October 12528:2 February 12514:"Nicholas" 12498:2 February 12468:2 February 12431:15 October 12390:17 October 12360:17 October 12310:17 October 12229:Ab Imperio 12201:16 January 11972:(2): 3–7. 11866:Pipes 2011 11854:Pipes 2011 11842:Pipes 2011 11229:10 January 11178:10 January 11127:10 January 11088:10 January 10629:2 February 10549:21 January 10517:21 January 10478:21 January 10248:Stein 1976 9869:15 October 9813:Pipes 1974 9515:15 October 9084:Pipes 1974 8968:(2): 223. 8765:References 8223:rack-rents 8216:Landowners 8130:State serf 8062:Maslenitsa 7956:sosloviyes 7907:See also: 7809:See also: 7783:(82,100), 7690:Mennonites 7639:1,179,241 7626:2,204,596 7613:3,572,653 7600:5,215,805 7498:Demography 7452:Doukhobors 7278:Cantonists 7244:bishoprics 7232:Protestant 7230:, and the 7181:Procurator 7137:coronation 7002:Petroleum 6962:Manganese 6729:barshchina 6695:income tax 6655:Nicholas I 6643:liberation 6578:and later 6384:Sevastopol 6335:guberniyas 6266:Procurator 6124:landowners 6082:State Duma 6070:ex officio 5530:amendments 5442:Tannu Tuva 5365:Afghan War 5300:Soviet Era 4808:879–1240: 4749:Prehistory 4703:See also: 4564:See also: 4466:Bessarabia 4412:autonomous 4393:California 4300:Azerbaijan 4288:Bessarabia 4193:Baltic Sea 4151:, and the 4149:Ural River 3977:Sarikamish 3945:Sevastopol 3782:took place 3742:Tenth Army 3714:Tannenberg 3519:Great Game 3464:See also: 3375:Bolsheviks 3371:Mensheviks 3309:revolution 3279:Ilya Repin 3171:Great Game 3049:Montenegro 2851:Sevastopol 2767:propaganda 2696:Azerbaijan 2541:liberalism 2533:Nicholas I 2434:Bessarabia 2402:Austerlitz 2337:Versailles 2326: oz). 2235:Great Game 2204:Grand duke 1964:See also: 1881:Boyar Duma 1877:absolutist 1848:. He made 1834:Italianate 1794:Baltic Sea 1674:, and the 1588:at Poltava 1515:Background 1482:Bessarabia 1397:, and the 1381:Population 1343:, and the 1325:Red Terror 1311:and whose 1305:Bolsheviks 1274:State Duma 1244:, most of 1234:Baltic Sea 1063:Qing China 1055:Qajar Iran 950:Tsardom of 875:Population 827:6 May 1906 689:State Duma 605:Chancellor 534:Government 523:Demonym(s) 339:Show globe 20801:Meiji era 20648:Alliances 20448:Couronian 20086:Ethiopian 20074:Manchukuo 20029:Brazilian 19875:Ghaznavid 19845:Srivijaya 19796:Trebizond 19781:Byzantine 19763:North Sea 19758:Norwegian 19746:Almoravid 19729:Ilkhanate 19699:Majapahit 19672:Muromachi 19581:Solomonic 19566:Ethiopian 19480:Caliphate 19413:Aragonese 19241:Ptolemaic 18763:Feudalism 18734:Catalonia 18437:Mauritius 18330:Rarotonga 18315:Nuku Hiva 18305:Mangareva 18280:Bora Bora 18159:Neuchâtel 18129:Lithuania 18034:Catalonia 17921:Sri Lanka 17874:Manchukuo 17849:Kurdistan 17803:Indonesia 17726:Talamanca 17686:Araucanía 17669:and other 17648:Wassoulou 17392:Australia 17068:Oligarchy 16676:Festivals 16569:Sociology 16519:Languages 16438:Education 16342:Transport 16176:Terrorism 16021:Judiciary 16015:Apparatus 15981:Elections 15946:Anarchism 15920:Far North 15871:Volcanoes 15856:Mountains 15733:Geography 15612:Civil war 15523:Scythians 14992:, 288 pp. 14854:1801–1917 14545:18540198M 14320:5 January 14082:144460404 14039:163868977 13627:874151263 13511:0066-9628 13452:0018-7143 13413:145315419 13405:1879-3665 13344:0037-6795 13301:2214-1324 13249:145405540 13241:0963-7494 13190:0013-8266 13135:1252-6576 12919:22 August 12909:Study.com 12856:22 August 12665:902954232 12615:163469315 12599:0037-6779 12350:930490047 12300:969962873 11913:Diplomacy 11433:5 January 10619:1991-9336 9625:Imperator 9464:"Peter I" 9400:Moss 2003 9278:5 January 9187:37192398M 9143:14 August 9111:8 October 8974:1076-156X 8662:imperator 8639:imperator 8613:romanized 8577:romanized 8484:romanized 8438:Petrograd 8425:Wallachia 8277:Education 8143:Obshchina 8104:liberated 8096:education 8051:that year 7988:inorodtsy 7979:Tatarstan 7793:Semireche 7789:Samarkand 7773:Turkestan 7742:Anglicans 7648:Buddhists 7609:Lutherans 7545:Religion 7397:Lutherans 7200:parochial 7175:—was the 7091:Samarkand 7081:began at 7067:Black Sea 7041:train at 6922:Pig Iron 6822:Platinum 6794:Caucasus 6743:in 1649. 6715:on large 6454:tribunals 6392:Nikolayev 5918:unlimited 5910:unlimited 5898:under an 5823:1982–1991 5819:1964–1982 5815:1953–1964 5811:1927–1953 5807:1917–1927 5803:1894–1917 5799:1855–1894 5795:1796–1855 5791:1721–1796 5566:Sanctions 5516:Oligarchy 5446:1921–1944 5424:1940–1956 5413:1922–1991 5402:1922–1991 5319:Stalinism 5277:1921–1923 5266:1918–1920 5256:1922–1922 5245:1920–1922 5234:1919–1922 5223:1917–1922 5213:1917–1918 5202:1917–1918 5188:Emigrants 5174:Priamurye 5158:Civil War 5134:July Days 5102:1914–1921 5091:1900–1905 5080:1867–1915 5069:1809–1917 5058:1799–1867 5047:1721–1917 5037:1547–1721 4947:1263–1547 4937:1157–1331 4927:1136–1478 4871:1093–1157 4796:Garðaríki 4753:Antiquity 4654:Kaumualii 4640:In 1815, 4550:Gumbinnen 4397:New Spain 4244:Bosphorus 4234:, and by 4179:from the 4157:Black Sea 4101:Geography 4064:Territory 4042:Tsarevich 4009:Alexandra 3911:offensive 3900:Premissel 3766:Mackensen 3752:with his 3736:was near 3501:'s rival 3390:at Mukden 3335:Octobrist 3198:Manchuria 3194:East Asia 3185:of 1907. 3159:Turkestan 3100:Armenians 3092:Georgians 2918:Åland War 2866:Samarkand 2802:from the 2796:panoramic 2732:Gümüşhane 2718:. In the 2589:over the 2582:obshchina 2473:guerrilla 2444:from the 2436:from the 2418:Coalition 2410:Friedland 2404:in 1805, 2379:Alexander 2333:Amsterdam 2270:Bolshevik 2194:in 1799. 2133:Black Sea 2034:Beard tax 2026:Peter III 1946:Elizabeth 1864:and 1735 1850:Astrakhan 1827:, on the 1790:White Sea 1649:geography 1644:Vedomosti 1574:Imperator 1476:includes 1462:includes 1375:Astrakhan 1262:communism 1230:Black Sea 487:Christian 446:Religion 68:1721–1917 20428:Japanese 20391:Scottish 20371:American 20363:Colonial 20292:Imperial 20260:Moroccan 20196:Japanese 20174:Afsharid 20033:Burmese 20019:Austrian 19974:Later Le 19949:Early Le 19934:Venetian 19860:Tiwanaku 19773:Hellenic 19736:Moroccan 19667:Kamakura 19657:Japanese 19640:Saffarid 19593:Georgian 19507:Chalukya 19485:Rashidun 19475:Calakmul 19443:Bruneian 19322:Haryanka 19300:Sasanian 19295:Parthian 19246:Bactrian 19236:Seleucid 19216:Goguryeo 19194:Egyptian 19128:Assyrian 19118:Akkadian 19109:Colonies 19002:See also 18973:Cold War 18768:Crusades 18738:Valencia 18452:Rhodesia 18447:Pakistan 18366:Barbados 18335:Rimatara 18325:Rapa Iti 18254:Valencia 18229:Tavolara 18219:Scotland 18184:Portugal 18144:Moldavia 18029:Bulgaria 18024:Brittany 17999:Asturias 17879:Mongolia 17869:Maldives 17731:Trinidad 17721:Suriname 17679:Americas 17663:Zimbabwe 17658:Zanzibar 17643:Wituland 17618:Ngazidja 17613:Ndzuwani 17548:Ethiopia 17271:Thailand 17251:Malaysia 17231:Cambodia 17181:Eswatini 16977:Elective 16962:Absolute 16868:Category 16746:Nobility 16706:Internet 16701:Heraldry 16696:Graffiti 16681:Folklore 16624:Armorial 16554:Religion 16539:Polygamy 16478:HIV/AIDS 16458:Funerals 16448:Feminism 16418:Deafness 16403:Citizens 16393:Cannabis 16378:Abortion 16322:Taxation 16262:Gambling 16252:Forestry 16101:Military 15934:Politics 15915:Wildlife 15861:Caucasus 15824:Glaciers 15704:Military 15689:Internet 15667:By topic 15561:Vladimir 15556:Novgorod 15510:Timeline 15362:Archived 15310:Archived 15132:Archived 15041:Archived 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11607:Archived 11568:Archived 11517:Archived 11466:Archived 11427:Archived 11388:Archived 11349:Archived 11298:Archived 11223:Archived 11172:Archived 11121:Archived 11082:Archived 10939:5918954M 10913:19 March 10908:3681754M 10871:5911156M 10813:22 March 10807:Archived 10803:51330174 10727:Archived 10623:Archived 10543:Archived 10511:Archived 10472:Archived 10374:(1981). 10356:11 March 10350:Archived 10287:(1957). 10218:(1978). 10170:(1967). 10110:archived 9863:Archived 9792:Archived 9759:Archived 9730:Archived 9678:Archived 9509:Archived 9447:26 March 9441:Archived 9347:Archived 9311:Archived 9272:Archived 9233:Archived 9191:Archived 9137:Archived 9105:Archived 9038:Archived 9008:Archived 8978:Archived 8942:Archived 8892:Archived 8813:Archived 8793:6 August 8787:Archived 8421:Moldavia 8354:See also 8174:in 1909) 8137:Peasants 7975:peasants 7971:cossacks 7961:nobility 7868:and the 7799:Military 7785:Namangan 7777:Tashkent 7716:Baptists 7677:Reformed 7668:285,321 7657:433,863 7654:(Minor) 7652:Lamaists 7474:Russian 7292:May Laws 7228:Buddhism 7185:de facto 7165:ex supra 7101:Religion 7095:Tashkent 7029:Railways 6797:Siberia 6741:Alexis I 6721:peasants 6671:poll tax 6601:manorial 6539:zemstvos 6498:zemstvos 6486:and the 6372:Sakhalin 6344:, and 1 6113:peasants 6076:zemstvos 5787:860–1721 5783:Timeline 5520:Putinism 5474:Protocol 5472:Alma-Ata 5377:Karabakh 5357:transfer 5343:Cold War 5166:Red Army 5150:election 4983:Troubles 4861:988–1402 4851:987–1397 4841:882–1136 4786:Arthania 4715:a series 4713:Part of 4689:gunboats 4685:Djibouti 4629:and the 4505:Gulistan 4489:Caucasus 4169:Pliocene 4161:Caucasus 4159:and the 4133:Kara Sea 4125:Kolguyev 4123:and the 4095:Russians 4046:accepted 3973:Köprüköy 3969:crossing 3953:Feodosia 3884:besieged 3830:Volhynia 3818:Tarnopol 3797:withdraw 3669:Theatres 3531:railways 3359:Narodnik 3295:View of 3116:Nihilist 3025:Bulgaria 2959:obtained 2904:and the 2798:view of 2724:Anatolia 2692:Dagestan 2186:led the 2089:Mykolaiv 1974:Empress 1840:and the 1838:Caucasus 1808:against 1625:with an 1622:votchina 1613:nobility 1172:Napoleon 1075:Ivan III 911:Currency 848:Republic 510:Buddhism 481:Catholic 474:official 20781:In Asia 20614:Germany 20495:largest 20490:Empires 20470:Swedish 20465:Spanish 20460:Russian 20423:Italian 20398:Chinese 20386:English 20381:British 20376:Belgian 20351:Vietnam 20341:Tay son 20287:Tsarist 20282:Russian 20277:Ottoman 20243:Dzungar 20238:Khoshut 20211:Mexican 20206:Maratha 20189:Pahlavi 20169:Safavid 20164:Iranian 20091:Haitian 20054:Chinese 20014:Ashanti 19986:Wagadou 19912:Eastern 19907:Western 19890:Timurid 19850:Tibetan 19840:Songhai 19830:Serbian 19751:Almohad 19741:Idrisid 19645:Samanid 19635:Tahirid 19630:Iranian 19608:Kannauj 19588:Genoese 19524:Chinese 19517:Eastern 19512:Western 19500:Fatimid 19495:Abbasid 19490:Umayyad 19463:Burmese 19423:Ayyubid 19418:Angevin 19388:Xianbei 19376:Eastern 19371:Western 19317:Magadha 19280:Iranian 19273:Xiongnu 19258:Hittite 19167:Chinese 19155:Kassite 19104:Ancient 19096:Empires 18843:Baroque 18742:Majorca 18654:Francia 18442:Nigeria 18417:Ireland 18345:Tahuata 18320:Raiatea 18300:Huahine 18275:Abemama 18268:Oceania 18239:Tuscany 18194:Romania 18189:Prussia 18154:Navarre 18134:Majorca 18114:Ireland 18109:Imereti 18104:Iceland 18099:Hungary 18094:Hanover 18089:Granada 18079:Germany 18074:Georgia 18069:Galicia 18059:Finland 18049:Corsica 18044:Cilicia 18014:Bavaria 18004:Austria 17989:Albania 17961:Vietnam 17904:Sarawak 17894:Qu'aiti 17829:Kathiri 17792:Dapitan 17767:Bukhara 17716:Miskito 17638:Tunisia 17628:Shilluk 17538:Dahomey 17528:Burundi 17518:Bagirmi 17498:Adamawa 17417:Jamaica 17412:Grenada 17397:Bahamas 17361:Oceania 17311:Denmark 17306:Belgium 17301:Andorra 17216:Bahrain 17191:Morocco 17186:Lesotho 17165:Current 17156:Pharaoh 17109:Emperor 17048:Dynasty 17002:Regency 16982:Federal 16972:Diarchy 16926:Monarch 16859:Outline 16671:Fashion 16661:Fashion 16649:Cuisine 16611:Culture 16599:in army 16584:Wedding 16579:Suicide 16574:Smoking 16559:Slavery 16534:Orphans 16507:Illegal 16383:Alcohol 16366:Society 16332:Tourism 16212:Banking 16190:Economy 16035:Prisons 15883:Siberia 15839:Islands 15819:Geology 15755:Climate 15745:Borders 15709:Outline 15684:Judaism 15674:Economy 15501:History 15447:YouTube 15275:(2008). 15261:396 pp. 15029:(1997). 15013:(1983). 14969:(2006). 14689:Surveys 14352:358704M 14031:3185576 13999:(1991). 13986:(1991). 13812:(2012) 13779:(2006). 13468:9520618 13352:4205179 12828:(ed.). 12607:2502001 12548:Haaretz 12380:Haaretz 11832:(2011). 10722:(1895) 9925:(1969). 9899:(1972). 9798:5 April 9736:4 April 9388:lands'. 9239:20 June 9197:20 June 9069:20 July 9044:20 July 9014:20 July 8948:28 June 8938:2600793 8699:барщина 8648:emperor 8615:: 8604:Russian 8579:: 8568:Russian 8316:Kharkov 8192:Kherson 8108:zemstvo 8092:Siberia 8029:Serfdom 7943:Estates 7932:Mironov 7903:Society 7886:British 7854:in 1799 7733:12,894 7720:38,139 7707:38,840 7694:66,564 7681:85,400 7570:Muslims 7488:Memoirs 7480:Okhrana 7472:Tsarist 7464:pogroms 7448:Molokan 7436:uniates 7236:Judaism 7139:in 1856 7087:Bukhara 7073:on the 7065:on the 6902:Copper 6842:Silver 6717:estates 6645:of the 6619:Economy 6576:Estonia 6572:Livonia 6553:by-laws 6489:volosts 6430:English 6352:Vassals 6341:oblasts 6270:Georgia 6117:volosts 5974:emperor 5944:Emperor 5829:present 5729:present 5708:present 5687:present 5666:present 5645:present 5625:present 5608:present 5591:present 5554:Prelude 5351:Comecon 4981:Time of 4744:Periods 4677:Sagallo 4440:Map of 4419:Finland 4320:Ardahan 4304:Georgia 4296:Armenia 4284:Belarus 4236:Germans 4216:Finland 4201:Prussia 4183:to the 4137:Siberia 4002:in 1917 3983:routed 3892:Gorlice 3876:Galicia 3872:Lemberg 3860:Galicia 3834:Podolia 3810:pushing 3770:Galicia 3750:Silesia 3706:invaded 3663:Belgium 3620:Germany 3604:Germany 3499:Germany 3491:Entente 3487:Britain 3427:Soviets 3143:Siberia 3072:Ardahan 3045:Romania 3041:Germany 2993:to the 2933:serfdom 2929:serfdom 2908:in the 2898:Britain 2880:in 1873 2763:Britain 2728:Erzurum 2712:Armenia 2565:katorga 2484:. The " 2442:Finland 2430:Austria 2398:emperor 2387:Corsica 2321:⁄ 2307:⁄ 2293:⁄ 2216:Denmark 2184:Suvorov 2145:Prussia 2141:Austria 2093:Kherson 2049:Cossack 1788:on the 1766:kholops 1752:, 1717. 1716:British 1653:geology 1595:in 1862 1546:reforms 1533:in the 1351:History 1337:Germany 1303:by the 1113:Romanov 1111:to the 1094:Ivan IV 1024:British 1012:Eurasia 885:• 833:• 822:adopted 817:• 804:• 791:• 776:Selling 774:• 761:• 746:• 733:• 710:• 697:History 681:• 664:• 562:Emperor 547:Unitary 538:Unitary 528:Russian 504:Judaism 435:Chinese 431:Swedish 427:Finnish 403:Russian 369:Capital 151: " 149:Anthem: 102:Bottom: 21139:Second 21126:Second 20923:Events 20713:Trends 20629:Russia 20609:France 20433:Mongol 20418:German 20413:French 20403:Danish 20346:Dainam 20321:Tongan 20309:Somali 20304:Sokoto 20270:'Alawi 20248:Kalmyk 20228:Mongol 20221:Second 20201:Korean 20152:Mughal 20142:Indian 20125:German 20118:Second 20108:French 20101:Second 20037:Second 20009:Afghan 20001:Modern 19927:Kyrgyz 19922:Uighur 19917:Second 19897:Turkic 19865:Toltec 19801:Epirus 19786:Nicaea 19709:Mongol 19662:Yamato 19598:Huetar 19456:Second 19393:Rouran 19342:Shunga 19337:Maurya 19312:Kushan 19285:Median 19263:Hunnic 19221:Harsha 18730:Aragon 18709:Amalfi 18694:Venice 18682:Second 18477:Uganda 18427:Malawi 18392:Guyana 18371:Ceylon 18350:Tahiti 18340:Rurutu 18295:Hawaii 18224:Serbia 18209:Saxony 18199:Russia 18084:Greece 18064:France 18054:Cyprus 18039:Crimea 18019:Bosnia 17994:Aragon 17982:Europe 17946:Taiwan 17916:Sikkim 17899:Ryukyu 17884:Najran 17782:Chehab 17762:Bengal 17711:Mexico 17696:Brazil 17623:Rwanda 17603:Maravi 17503:Ankole 17491:Africa 17483:Former 17464:Tuvalu 17407:Canada 17402:Belize 17346:Sweden 17336:Norway 17326:Monaco 17293:Europe 17246:Kuwait 17241:Jordan 17226:Brunei 17221:Bhutan 17173:Africa 17146:Sultan 17097:Titles 17011:Topics 16873:Portal 16828:Sports 16756:Anthem 16644:Cinema 16639:Ballet 16549:Racism 16512:Labour 16468:Health 16433:Doping 16287:Ruble 16272:Mining 16242:Energy 15905:Rivers 15814:Fjords 15714:Postal 15566:Moscow 15492:Russia 15395:online 15359:online 15307:Online 15298:(1993) 15253: 15240:online 15156: 15144:(1988) 15129:online 15106: 15083: 15053:(2014) 15038:online 14984: 14948: 14938: 14917: 14909: 14899: 14879: 14869: 14784:online 14765:online 14752: 14734: 14699:(2011) 14665: 14622: 14589: 14543: 14533: 14502: 14469: 14448: 14417: 14384: 14350: 14340: 14306: 14273: 14254:12 May 14240: 14207: 14155: 14080: 14074:368437 14072: 14037: 14029: 13959:online 13939:5 July 13925: 13892:(1999) 13876:(1989) 13863:(1961) 13842:(2008) 13822: 13712: 13625: 13615: 13517: 13509: 13466: 13458: 13450: 13411: 13403: 13350: 13342: 13299: 13247: 13239: 13188: 13149: 13141: 13133: 13078: 13037: 13003: 12957: 12893: 12875: 12842: 12803: 12778: 12743: 12733: 12703: 12663: 12653: 12613: 12605: 12597: 12348: 12338: 12298: 12288: 12187: 12043: 12018: 11937: 11929: 11919: 11891: 11716: 11677: 11638: 11599: 11560: 11509: 11458: 11419: 11380: 11341: 11290: 11215: 11164: 11113: 11074: 10937: 10931:405923 10929: 10906: 10896: 10869: 10863:299007 10861: 10801: 10791: 10724:online 10617: 10574: 10535: 10503: 10464: 10424: 10399: 10342: 10077:22 May 10068: 10031: 9992: 9837: 9701: 9615: 9590:9 July 9546: 9379: 9339: 9303: 9264: 9225: 9185: 9175: 8972: 8936: 8837: 8752:Ingria 8547:Russia 8543:Russia 8348:Tiflis 8328:Dorpat 8197:steppe 7973:, and 7923:, and 7882:French 7878:German 7829:, and 7781:Kokand 7757:3,952 7746:4,183 7577:11.1% 7564:69.3% 7492:Police 7478:, the 7391:(1906) 7238:, and 7117:, and 7093:, and 7077:. 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