Russo-Circassian War

1510: 5099: 4490: 5228: 4401: 4280: 325: 1358: 4229: 5239:. Around the same time, a final battle took place in Qbaada in 1864 between the Circassian army of 20,000 men and women, consisting of local villagers and militia as well as tribal horsemen, and a Russian army of 100,000 men, consisting of Cossack and Russian horsemen, infantry and artillery. The Russian forces advanced from four sides. Circassian forces tried to break the line, but many were hit by Russian artillery and infantry before they managed to reach the front. The remaining fighters continued to fight as militants and were soon defeated. The Russian army began celebrating victory on the corpses, and a military-religious parade was held, as 100 Circassian warriors were publicly mutilated in a public execution in order to establish authority. 609: 672: 5098: 3613: 2278: 521: 2465: 459: 3993: 1458: 1233: 7349:Точная дата этого события неизвестна. Х.Х.Хапсироков в статье о Сефер-бее считает, что это произошло после 1807 г., когда мальчику было 10–12 лет (Сефер-бей Зан // Хапсироков Х.Х. Жизнь и литература. Сб. статей. М., 2002. С. 236). В этом случае дата рождения Сефер-бея должна приходиться на 1795 или 1797 год, тогда как принятой датой его рождения считается 1789 год: Хаджебиекова Ф.М. Деятельность Мухаммеда-Амина и Сефер-бей Зана как военно-политических лидеров кубанских горцев в период Кавказской войны. Автореферат дисс. к.и.н. Краснодар, 2012. С. 19. ↑ 236: 688: 5076:, British representative Earl of Clarendon insisted that Circassia remain an independent state, but French and Russian representatives wanted to give Circassian lands to Russia. When Clarendon then tried to make the treaty state that Russia could not build forts in Circassia, he was again thwarted by the French representative. The final treaty also extended amnesty to nationals that had fought for enemy powers, but since Circassia had never previously been under Russian control, Circassians were exempt, and thus Circassians were now placed under 1345: 4355: 986: 972: 655: 3782:, pillaging villages. During this single invasion in Circassia, the Russians killed 43,247 Circassian men and women, and drove away 39,200 horses, 190,000 cattle and 227,000 sheep from Circassia. Russia kept waging this type of warfare against Circassia during the period from 1711 to 1763, but this type of operations were not in order to annex Circassia, but rather raid it. Although Peter I was unable to annex Circassia in his lifetime, he laid the political and ideological foundation for the occupation to take place. 1257: 423: 4658: 4791: 1844: 4510:, to move along the Georgian Military Road to cut off the route of the Circassians toward Kabarda. The 40th Eger battalion marched from Kabarda toward Jembulat. Yet, Jembulat suddenly changed his direction and headed toward the town of Georgievsk, the Russian administrative center in the Caucasus. The Circassian army stopped on a high hill at a distance from the Marinskaya fortress. Jembulat menaced the Volzhskiy regiment's left flank with all his forces, and won the battle. 1422: 1207: 881: 496: 1471: 4860: 1484: 583: 1201: 1054: 699: 1606: 1583: 1570: 1438: 1411: 1400: 1389: 1214: 1187: 1175: 1156: 1137: 1125: 1101: 1081: 1061: 1042: 1028: 1014: 1000: 477: 134: 4544:, arrived at the Russian camp, where he took an oath of allegiance to the Russian Empire, changed his name to Aytek Konokov, converted to Christianity, took promise that his village would not be destroyed like the other Circassian villages, and accepted Russian citizenship. However, after seeing the failure of the Russian forces to quickly annex Circassia, he changed sides and turned to Islam again and started to fight for Circassia. 546: 1333: 1321: 1309: 1296: 1283: 954: 942: 930: 918: 906: 888: 867: 855: 843: 831: 819: 801: 789: 775: 761: 747: 733: 447: 409: 1497: 5025: 1523: 1245: 5131: 1559: 3571: 38: 4819: 596: 5004: 719: 1370: 622: 5209:

famine; and if neither of these two requests are taken into consideration, and if in our helpless condition we are utterly annihilated notwithstanding our appeals to the mercy and grace of the Governments, then we shall not cease to invoke our right in the presence of the Lord of the Universe, of Him who has confided to Your Majesty sovereignty, strength, and power for the purpose of protecting the weak.

4708:... with the soldiers lined up ready to fight, the cleansing continued with artillery shells, and I sent there two infantry brigades, but they could only capture 11 more people, and since the fire was in flames in many places, the rest were either killed or burned after attempting to escape by hiding on the roofs of their homes or by the manure. So like this, we destroyed and destructed the neighborhood. 435: 79: 4808:

strongholds. At Tuapse, the Russian landing had begun at 10:00 in the morning, and the Circassians were not beaten back from their positions until 5:00 in the afternoon, with the Russians suffering heavy casualties. On the following day, May 13, when arriving to request permission to remove their dead from the battlefield, a few Circassians leaders were killed.

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remove Amin from power. Naib's army, the Murtaziqs, tried to gain power, but were defeated by the Abdzakh opposition. The Russian military, making use of the turmoil, quickly annexed the Abdzakh region, but did not keep any of the promises given to the Abdzakh opposition leaders. After the annexation of the region, most Abdzakh Circassians were forced to a

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straight and ordered his men to kill every living thing, he then set the forest on fire to make sure no survivors are left. Drozdov reported to have overheard Circassian men taking vows to sacrifice themselves to the cannons to allow their family and rest of their villages to escape, and later more reports of groups of Circassians doing so were received.

3810:, who lived in anticipation. Detachments of Nogai Murzas come to his aid. The Russian Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible, married to Temryuk's daughter Maria, sent 1,000 Cossacks under the command of Grigory Pleshcheev to help him. As a result of this unification of the Kabardino-Nogai-Cossack campaign for discovery, 164 settlements were defeated, judging by the 3928:'s 20,000 cavalrymen, and were victorious as they destroyed the whole Kabardian army. Another major battle took place in the Nartsane area in June 1769, when a large Russian army entered Kabardia and took up positions near the Pashtu mountains. Circassian forces under the leadership of Misost Bematiqwa retreated as both sides suffered losses. 4569:

Circassia. After confirming that it is in fact the real treaty, the Circassians considered it invalid, arguing that because their territory had been independent of the Ottomans, Istanbul had no right to cede it. Circassian ambassadors were sent to England, France and Ottoman lands announcing that they deny this treaty under all conditions.

4757:). At the time of detention, 8 guns, 800 pounds of gunpowder, and a significant number of weapons had already been unloaded from its side. Bell was allowed to leave as he falsely introduced himself as a diplomat, but the ship and the cargo were confiscated in favor of the Russian government and included in the Russian Black Sea fleet. 5127:

if we destroy half of them completely, the other half will lay down their weapons". In May 1859, elders from the Bjedugh negotiated a peace with Russia and submitted to the Tsar. Other tribes soon submitted to the Russians, including the Abadzekhs on November 20, 1859. By 1860 the Russians had seventy thousand soldiers in Circassia.

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leaves us alone and we are cornered to the last point of our country, it will be seen what the Circassians can do. If necessary, we will have to mercifully take the lives of our women and children with our own hands, so that they do not fall into the hands of the enemy and suffer more. And then, to avenge them, we too must perish.

5216:) to be the medium of making known to the great British Government and to the glorious British nation our condition of helplessness and misery, and we have therefore ventured to present to Your Excellency our most humble petition. A copy of it has been submitted to the Sultan’s Government and to the Embassies of other Powers. 3686:, instead seeing Circassia as part of Russia, which was under rebel occupation, despite the fact that the polity was not and had never been under Russian control. Russian generals did not refer to the Circassians by their ethnic name. Instead, they called the Circassians "mountaineers", "bandits", and "mountain scum". 5196:

It is now more than eighty years since the Russian Government is unlawfully striving to subdue and annex to its dominions Circassia, which since the creation of the world has been our home and our country. It slaughters like sheep the children, helpless women, and old men that fall into its hands. It

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According to Ivan Drozdov, for the most part, the Russian army preferred to indiscriminately destroy areas where Circassians resided. In September 1862, after attacking a Circassian village and seeing some of its inhabitants flee into the forest, General Yevdokimov bombarded that forest for six hours

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In March 1842, the Russians attacked the villages on the plains. Thereupon, Circassians from Abdzakh, Shapsug, Ubykh, Hatuqway, Yegeruqway, Chemguy, and Besleney living in the mountains came down from the mountains to help the Circassians who were exposed to Russian attacks on the plains. In front of

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fortress. Colonel Zass received wide authority to act as he saw fit. He was a racist who considered Circassians to be an inferior race than Russians and other Europeans. The only way to deal with the Circassians, in his opinion, was to scare them away "just like wild animals." Zass advocated ruthless

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General Yermolov accelerated his efforts in Kabardia, with the month of March 1822 alone seeing fourteen villages being displaced as Yermolov led expeditions. The construction of new defensive lines in Kabardia led to renewed uprisings, which were eventually crushed and the rebellious lords had their

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Understanding that the resistance was reliant on being fed by sympathetic villages, the Russian military also systematically destroyed crops and livestock. These tactics further enraged natives and intensified resistance to Russian rule. The Russians began to counter this by modifying the terrain, in

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In 1805, a plague struck Kabardia. Using this as an excuse, General Glazenap ordered his forces to burn down 80 villages to terrorize the people into submission and to wreak revenge upon the Kabardians. In 1810 about 200 villages were burned. In 1817 the frontier was pushed to the Sunzha River and in

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took place, and the Anapa castle was taken by the Russians. Once the Russian army entered the fortress, as per Gudovich's orders, the Anapa fort was razed to the ground, wells were poisoned and houses were burned. The entire fort was destroyed. On July 10, Russian troops left Anapa. Sheikh Mansur was

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In 1790, a large Russian army led by General Yury Bogdanovich Bibikov crossed the Kuban River and entered the territory of Western Circassia. Bibikov managed to reach Anapa, but failed to capture the castle. He also suffered heavy losses during his retreat. After this defeat, Bibikov was removed from

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In the same year, 1772, the Kabardian princes sent another embassy to the Crimean Khan Devlet-Girey, calling him to assist them in the inevitable war against tsarist Russia. However, in June 1774, despite nominally being allies, the Crimean Khanate attacked Circassia. A large Crimean army led by Khan

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Karl Freidrick Neuman, a German orientalist, cites Ottoman correspondence claiming that 1.5 million Circassians attempted to sail to Turkey, with 500,000 dying in route. An additional 500,000 Circassians died of disease in the camps on Turkish shores, and 200,000 people fled voluntarily to Turkey in

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The Russian army began raiding and burning Circassian villages, destroying fields to prevent return, cutting down trees, and driving the people to the Black Sea coast, the soldiers used many methods to kill or terrorize the Circassian people. After 101 years of resistance, all of Circassia fell into

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After being convinced by his generals, the Russian Tsar declared that not only would Circassia be annexed by Russia unconditionally, but that the Circassians would also be forced to migrate to Turkey and other foreign lands; Russian generals would be tasked with killing any remaining Circassians. He

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published the document in which he argued that the Circassian people should be exterminated. According to Milyutin, the issue was not to take over the Circassian lands, but to put an end to the Circassians. Rostislav Fadeyev supported the proposal, saying "It is not possible to tame the Circassians,

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Amin believed that the Ottomans were actually his enemies attempting to weaken his influence rather than assist him in any way. He went to Varna to declare his worries and went to Istanbul to talk with the Sultan himself. The Sultan, on the condition that he becomes an Ottoman vassal, declared him a

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The Russians, worried about Amin's rise strengthening Circassia, supported the opposition via arms supplies and financial support, as well as promises of high ranks as long as they topple Amin and submit Circassia to Russia. Despite the ongoing Russo-Circassian War, the opposition, mostly made up of

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The second naib was Suleiman Effendi (1845) who arrived among the Abadzeks in February 1845. His main goal was to raise a Circassian force and to lead it back to Chechnya, but the Circassians did not want to lose their best fighters. After twice failing to lead his recruits through the Russian lines

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Even if we lose many of our brave warriors, we have men and young boys to replace them! Worst case, we will not be able to use our rifles because we don't have gunpowder and ammo. We will still fight with swords and daggers in our hands! We will never ever bow to the enemies! Even if the whole world

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In August 1833, Zass led his first expedition into Circassian territory, destroying as many villages and towns as possible. This was followed by a series of other expeditions. He attacked the Besleney region between November and December, destroying most villages, including the village of the double

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commander of Anapa, had decided to surrender the fort, and Seferbiy himself led the negotiations to avoid potential bloodshed but was taken prisoner by the Russians. General Emanuel, a Russian general, then razed 6 Natukhay villages and many Shapsugh villages. He then passed the Kuban and burned 210

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Meanwhile, Circassian commander, Jembulat Boletoqo, was leading his cavalry force into Russian territory. Only one Cossack regiment decided to fight the rising Circassian army on 23 October at the village of Sabl on the Barsukly River. Jembulat's forces surrounded the Cossacks and killed all of them

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In response to persistent Circassian resistance and the failure of their previous policy of building forts, the Russian military began using a strategy of disproportionate retribution for raids. With the goal of imposing stability and authority beyond their current line of control and over the whole

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The position of the Kabardians became even more precarious when Russia occupied the Kuban in 1781 and annexed the Crimea in 1783. Many Tatars, the erstwhile enemies, took refuge in Circassia. Sensing the threat posed by Russia, the Circassians and Nogais launched joint attacks on the Russians in the

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was unacceptable, the region has been a land of Circassians, the situation would create hostility and conflict". She refused diplomacy and the envoys were sent back. On 21 August 1765, the citizens of Circassia were instructed by Russian General De-Medem to accept Russian control or face the Russian

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To facilitate the fall of Persia, Russia would require shipyards on the Black Sea, which made Circassia, with its coastline, a target. The Circassian territories were particularly attractive to the Russians due to their fertile valleys, and by 1853 the Black Sea had become very important for Russian

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This, in turn, demanded ... above all the stomach to carry the war to the highlanders themselves, including putting aside any scruples about destroying, forests, and any other place where raiding parties might seek refuge. ... Targeted assassinations, kidnappings, the killing of entire families and

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This, in turn, demanded...above all the stomach to carry the war to the highlanders themselves, including putting aside any scruples about destroying, forests, and any other place where raiding parties might seek refuge... Targeted assassinations, kidnappings, the killing of entire families and the

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We have not, from father to son, at the cost of our lives and properties, refrained from opposing the tyrannical acts of that Government in defence of our country, which is dearer to us than our lives. But during the last year or two it has taken advantage of a famine caused by a drought with which

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In May 1857, Muhammad Amin returned to Istanbul. He was then arrested at the request of the Russian ambassador and exiled to Damascus. In September 1857, he escaped and returned to Circassia. He made some final efforts to establish authority, but failed. Russian-backed opposition leaders managed to

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regions. They asked to be given a naib to be introduced to Islam properly and unite the peoples under the banner of the Imamate. Imam Shamil agreed to send Muhammad Amin in order to lead their struggle against the expansion of Russia. After learning that a warriorlike scholar has arrived, thousands

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In 1839, Russian forces landed at Subashi and began construction of a fort, where they faced charges by Ubykh forces who were eventually driven back by shellfire from the Russian navy. Over 1000 soldiers then charged the Russian positions, however, they were outflanked and overrun as they attempted

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Prince Boletoqo came to Zass' residency. The general was not there for his first visit, but Zass told him to come at an exact date when he would certainly be in his residency. On his way to the Prochnyi Okop fortress, Great Prince Jembulat was killed by a Russian sniper who was hiding in the forest

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These brutal methods annoyed the Circassians even more, and many Circassian nobles, even those who had been in blood feuds for centuries, joined hands to resist harder, many Russian armies were defeated, some completely destroyed. In Europe, especially in England, great sympathy for the Circassians

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and it has also garnered controversy due to the fact that later Russian sources mostly ignored or belittled the conflict, and Russian state media and officials have gone as far as to claim that the conflict "never happened” and they have also claimed that Circassia "voluntarily joined Russia in the

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In a policy memorandum in 1857, Dmitri Milyutin, chief-of-staff to Bariatinskii, summarized the new thinking on dealing with the northwestern highlanders. The idea, Milyutin argued, was not to clear the highlands and coastal areas of Circassians so that these regions could be settled by productive

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This led to an even more complex situation, as the Ottomans now recognized two different rulers of Circassia. Each one boasted about his own recognition, resulting in rising tensions. In March 1855, near the river of Shebzh, the first battle between Muhammad Amin and Seferbiy Zaneqo took place. In

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again switched sides, and joined Circassia against the Russian forces. On the night of August 26, he tried to siege the fortress of Grigory Zass, ultimately seeking revenge for his destroyed village, but failed. In September 26, he was killed in a battle against the Russians. Some sources claim he

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I must say, General, your statements truly astound me. If your master, the Tsar, is so wealthy, and we are so poor and barbaric, why does your master envy us and forbid us from living in our humble mountains? Your lord appears to be greedy and lustful. I'm afraid, sir, we won't be surrendering the

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took place on the night of February 7, 1840. After a 3-hour battle, the fortification was taken by the Circassians. The fort was then destroyed by Circassians, who did not want hostile elements in their land. Hawduqo mansur and Ismail Berzeg went on to capture two more forts with an army of 11,000

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declared their allegiance for Russia and begged Zass to locate them a place to live. In 1839, Zass established an Armenian colony in the region that had previously belonged to the Circassians. To make room for the Armenians, Circassian villages and the people who lived in them were destroyed. This

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In another report, General Rosen described how, in December 1831, 381 Circassians were captured by his forces and boasted about taking them prisoner and firing at villages, leaving 100 men and 50 women dead. He goes on to detail how when setting fire to a village, a Russian soldier named Midvideiv

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In April 1823, Boletoqo and his forces along with Circassian lord Skhum's army attacked the Russian line. Lord Skhum was wounded in the cheek by a spear on each side and by a bullet around the spine. The Russians withdrew and left more than 20 prisoners to the Circassians. In May of the same year,

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In September 1820, Russian forces began to forcibly resettle inhabitants of Eastern Circassia. Throughout the conflict, Russia had employed a tactic of divide and rule, Military forces were sent into Kabardia, killing cattle and causing large numbers of inhabitants to flee into the mountains, with

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ordered the Crimeans to spread Islam among the Circassians. Islam gained much more ground later as conversion came to be used to cement defensive alliances to protect their independence against Russian expansion. Despite this, there were still Pagans and Christians among the Circassian people. The

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in the center so the war against the mountaineers was divided into eastern and western parts. With Georgia out of the question, more armies were directed to Circassia. Russian armies successfully crossed the Kuban River again in March 1814. Western Circassians used this opportunity to promote the

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In 1779, general Yakobi conducted an offensive in Kabarda, which lasted all summer. The Circassian region of Kabardia, near the Balka River, was attacked on 29 September 1779, and was occupied with the loss of the Kabardian defenders as well as 2,000 horses, 5,000 cattle and 5,000 sheep. About 50

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such nomads and semi-nomads as the Golden Horde, Timur's hordes, Kalmyks, Nogais, Kumyks and Adygs alternately replaced each other. The Ingush were partially exterminated, partially driven into the mountains. However, all these years they did not abandon their attempts to return to the plain. The

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show nearly 1 million migrants entering their land from the Caucasus by 1879, with nearly half of them dying on the shores as a result of diseases. If Ottoman archives are correct, it would make it the biggest exile of the 19th century, and indeed, in support of the Ottoman archives, the Russian

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participated in negotiations with the Russian military leaders in Sochi, but the negotiations ended in vain. The Russian leaders stated that the Circassians were "poor villagers waiting for help from the English". A Russian officer, Lorer, who witnessed Ismail Berzeg's meeting with the Russians,

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In 1838, Zass spread false rumors about his serious illness, then staged his own death, weakening the Circassians' vigilance. On the same night, when the Circassians were celebrating their oppressor's death, the suddenly "resurrected" Zass launched a raid that destroyed two villages. He left the

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In 1830, an emergency council, attended by representatives from all over Circassia, convened to discuss the treaty. Most Circassian leaders believed the treaty was a hoax, not the real one, as they believed that the Ottoman Empire would never abandon the Circassians. And it was decided to send a

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Bematiqwa's resistance was strengthened when on 18 October 1768, the Ottoman sultan, who had declared war on Russia, sent a letter to Bematiqwa stating that he, as caliph, orders that all the Muslim peoples of the Caucasus should officially rise to war with Russia, obey the Crimean Khan as their

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In June 1767, Misost Bematiqwa started a military operation against Russia, but many other Kabardian nobles did not want a war and wanted to surrender. In the middle of 1768, fifteen of these Kabardian princes who decided to surrender reported to Kizlyar that they were ready to "take an oath" of

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while chanting verses from the Quran in order to distract the enemy and increase morale. Russian cavalry, confused and unprepared, was caught off guard as 3,500 Russian soldiers were killed. The remaining Russian forces retreated into Russian ships on the shore, as well as the Scotcha fortress.

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In February of the same year, Fyodor Bursak's forces entered a Circassian village near the Sop River and proceeded to kill every single inhabitant. They decided to postpone their plans to attack the next village when the river began to overflow. In December, the same methods were applied in the

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But if it is not possible to afford this help for the preservation of our country, and race, then we pray to be afforded facilities for removing to a place of safety our helpless and miserable children and women that are perishing by the brutal attacks of the enemy as well as by the effects of

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and ordered him to declare a holy war against Russia. Muhammad Amin took it upon himself to lead the Circassian part of this holy war, and started mobilising against Russia. In 1853, Muhammad Amin gathered a Circassian army consisting of different tribes and planned an attack on Russian forts.

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Zass' main strategy was to intercept and retain the initiative, terrorize the Circassians, and destroy Circassian settlements. After a victory, he would usually burn several villages and seize cattle and horses to show off, acts which he proudly admitted. He paid close attention to the enemy's

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In 1831, the Russian government considered the destruction of the Natukhaj tribe in favor of populating their land on the northern coast of the Black Sea with Cossacks. In late 1831, in retaliation for Circassian attacks against Cossack military bases, Russian General Frolov and his task force

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Seferbiy Zaneqo, Nour Mohammad Haghur, and Tram were selected as delegates. They hoped to meet with the Ottoman caliph to ask the matter and receive a blessing. When they arrived, the Russian ambassador demanded their arrest. Following this, Zaneqo hid while the other two delegates returned to

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In 1823, Under the leadership of Boletoqo, Circassian cavalry headed for Russian camps. Half of the detachment consisted of Kabardians who fled Kabardia to continue fighting. Multiple Cossack armies were defeated by this detachment. Later in 1823, 30 Circassian regional leaders gathered in the

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The date of the outbreak of the Russian-Circassian War has been a matter of debate by historians. Most scholars agree that organised warfare happened after 1763 when Russia established forts in Circassian territory, but small-scale conflicts had been going on since 1711. Another view held by a

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The first Naib was Haji-Mohammad (1842–1844) who reached Circassia in May 1842. By October he was accepted as leader by the Shapsugs and some of the Natukhajs. Next February he moved south to Ubykh country but failed because he started a civil war. In the spring of 1844 he was defeated by the

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with a naval invasion. The majority of engagements during this part of the conflict took place in the form of either amphibious landings on coastal towns in accordance with the directive laid out by the Tsar to secure possible ports, or by routing out Circassian forces entrenched in mountain

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military methods predicated on this notion, including burning people alive, cutting off heads for enjoyment, burning populated villages to the ground, spreading epidemics on purpose, and mass rape of children. He kept a box under his bed with his collection of severed Circassian body parts.

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Left without a ship, Bell remained in Circassia. He did not lose time and helped the Circassians in military affairs. By 1840, with the support of Polish deserters and Circassians trained by Bell, there were several attacks on Russian forts on the Black Sea and Gelendzhik cordon lines. The

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for help. The Khan promised to send a small detachment, however, before that happened, the Russian lieutenant general Johann de Medem sent detachments of Cossacks and Kalmyk cavalry against the Kabardians. In an unequal battle on the river Eshkokon, the superior Russian forces defeated the

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In 31 January, Jembulat burned down the fortress of Marevskoye as revenge. On 4 June 1828, Jembulat Boletoqo started his campaign into Russian lands with 2,000 cavalry under five flags of different Circassian principalities, as well as a Turkish flag as a symbol of their loyalty to Islam.

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90% of people with Circassian descent now live in other countries, primarily in Turkey, Jordan and other countries of the Middle East, with only 500,000–700,000 remaining in what is now Russia. The depopulated Circassian lands were resettled by numerous ethnic groups, including Russians,

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In January 1810, Circassians raided and plundered the Cossack settlements of Ivanovskaya and Stebliyevkaya. At the Olginsk Fortress, they killed 146 Cossacks, including the fortress commander Colonel Tikhovski. During these operations, the Circassian army suffered around 500 casualties.

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After the Mongols and Timur, the Ingush began to develop their foothill plains in the 15th–16th centuries. “In the XIII-XIV centuries. complex processes are taking place on the plain and in the foothills of the North Caucasus: long and unprecedentedly cruel wars, on the flat part of

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the Almighty visited us, as well as by its own ravages, and it has occasioned us great distress by its severe attacks by sea and land. Many are the lives which have been lost in battle, from hunger in the mountains, from destitution on the sea-coast, and from want of skill at sea.

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started and the Ottomans joined the war against the Russians, Muhammad Amin took advantage of this to re-instate his rule. He managed to re-gain control in some parts of his former lands, and strengthened his rule further. On 9 October 1853, the Ottoman Sultan sent a letter to

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1822 a line of forts was built from Vladikavkaz northwest through Nalchik to the Pyatigorsk area. After 1825 fighting subsided. Between 1805 and 1807, Bulgakov's army burned more than 280 villages. The population of Kabarda, which was 350,000 in 1763, was only 37,000 in 1817.

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Before 1830, Russia maintained a siege line along the Kuban River. There was constant raiding by both sides but no change in borders. In the late 1830s, Russia gained increasing control of the coast. This slowed down after in 1834, the Circassian army under the command of

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attacked the right bank of the Kuban Russian fort. The Russians wanted to end the war already, and wanted to try another strategy. On April 13, 1838, Russian forces engaged the Circassian army in the estuary of the Sochi River, and on May 12, 1838, the Russians landed at

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In October 1836, General Zass sent Jembulat Boletoqo word that he would like to make peace. This was a strategy, if Boletoqo came to the Russian fortress for explanation, he would be assassinated; in case he did not come, the Russians would claim that he was a warmonger.

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At this point, the anti-Russian group, which refused to cooperate with the Russian tsarist government, was headed by Bematiqwa. He and his supporters moved to the upper reaches of the Kumy river. Bematiqwa and his associates, in need of allies, turned to the Crimean Khan

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We therefore invoke the mediation and precious assistance of the British Government and people – the guardian of humanity and centre of justice – in order to repel the brutal attacks of the Russian Government on our country, and save our country and our nation together.

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On 22 February 1802, near the Karakuban island, Western Circassians captured a Russian ship in the Black Sea and burned it down. During the battle, 2 Russian admirals and 14 Cossacks soldiers were killed, the rest surrendered, were pardoned by the Circassians and left.

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Trade with Circassia could not be prevented, however, and both the Turkish and the English supplied Circassia with firearms and ammunition with which to fight the Russians. England also supplied several advisors, while Turkey attempted to persuade Circassia to start a

4619:…In this affair the Russians lost 10 soldiers and had one officer and 16 soldiers wounded. At the scene of the battle there were more than 150 bodies of Circassians killed by bayonets and up to 50 women and children killed from the action of the Russian artillery. 4486:, and killed his entire family. The village was alarmed and Circassian men and women took up arms and attacked the Russian soldiers who caused the killing. Before the Russians had time to retreat, they were completely destroyed by the attack from the Circassians. 3979:

In 1776 the Russian army built several forts in Terek to encircle the Kabardian Circassians from the north. The Circassians managed to gather a 14,000 strong army and won back several forts. From 1777 the Russians built a line of forts from Mozdok northwest to

4615:

destroyed several villages. Beginning the night of November 20, a "horror campaign" was started, in which villages were surrounded by artillery weapons and shot at. The targets were local homes, as well as mosques. The operation was described in a report:

3769:

ordered Araksin, Governor of Astrakhan, to pillage Circassia. Araksin moved with 30,000 strong Russian armed forces and, on 26 August 1711, broke into the lands of the Circassians, and captured Kopyl town (now Slavianski). From there, heading towards the

4481:

In the summer of 1825, Russian forces carried out several military operations. In 18 August, a group of Russian officers commanded by General Veliaminov burned the residency of Hajji Tlam, one of the elderly supporters of the Circassian resistance in

5110:

set out to re-capture areas and forts taken by the Russian army, and succeeded partly. In the Circassian congress convened in Abin in 1857, it was decided to "continue the war against the Russians and be killed, rather than surrender and be killed".

5435:

forces used various brutal methods to entertain themselves and scare off the native Circassians, such as tearing the bellies of pregnant women and removing the babies that were inside them, then feeding the babies to dogs. Russian generals such as

4477:

In February 1824, the Russian army led by General Vlasov attacked the Circassian villages of Jambut, Aslan, Morza, and Tsab Dadhika and completely destroyed them, along with the inhabitants, despite the villages being loyal to the Russian Empire.

3988:

in former grazing lands slowly converted traditional raiding from a kind of ritualized sport into a serious military struggle. In 1778, a battle took place between the Russian troops under the command of Colonel Kulbakov and the Circassians.

8436:

BOA, İrade Meclis-i Mahsus , 10/430, 28 Zilkâde 1273 ; NA, F.O. 195/528, Stevens to Clarendon, Trebizond, 15 May 1857, No.16 ; Ibid, Stevens to Stratford, Trebizond, 16 May 1857, No.12; Kazem-Bek, “Mukhammed Amin”, p.239; Lapinskii, Vol. 2,

4556:

was signed on 14 September 1829. According to the document, Circassia was given by the Ottoman Empire to Russia. Circassia was not a part of the Ottoman Empire, so it was not clear how this happened, and many, including German economist

3895:

commandant N. A. Potapov and unsuccessfully demanded the demolition of the Mozdok fortress built by the Russians. If the Russian government refused, the Kabardian princes threatened to seek alliance with the Crimean Khan against Russia.

4995:

Muhammad Amin disrupted the general strategy of the Circassians to stay on the defensive and directed 101 attacks against the Russian positions throughout 1849. The Russians, in turn, retaliated more severely against all Circassians.

4412:) in order to free the Black Sea from Turkish influence, and sporadic wars had also flared up with other neighbours. In western Circassia, which Russia had previously been merely foraying into, a number of tribes were dominant; the 4004:

On October 10, 1779, the principalities of Chemguy, Besleney, and Kabarda coordinated an offensive together. The leaders were Misostiqo Bat and Qownshayiqo Adildjeri. As a result, Russian armies temporarily withdrew from Circassia.

3960:

In 1772, a serious collision took place. In the fort Kizlar of the Russian army there were 10,000 soldiers. The battle occurred on Daghestan territory. Both sides suffered serious losses as finally the Russians emerged victorious.

4776:

was attacked by seven Circassian galleys. Russian captain Varnitskiy reported in his report that the Circassians fought in an organized manner, and that the Russians escaped at the last moment as a result of the fierce collision.

5142:

With the operation launched from the autumn of 1863, the Circassian villages and their supplies were to be burned, and this process was repeated until General Yevdokimov was convinced that all inhabitants of the region had died.

5000:

nobles who lost their power, accepted these proposals. A significant part of the population, especially those who submitted recently, began to ignore the Naib's orders, causing the administrative system of Circassia to collapse.

8623:, p. 79. In his memoirs Milutin, who proposed deporting Circassians from the mountains as early as 1857, recalls: "the plan of action decided upon for 1860 was to cleanse the mountain zone of its indigenous population.". 4295:

In May 1818, the village of Tram was surrounded, burnt, and its inhabitants killed by Russian forces under the command of General Ivan Petrovich Delpotso, who took orders from Yermolov and who then wrote to the rebel forces:

4291:

arrived in the Caucasus. Deciding that Circassians would not surrender, General Yermolov concluded that "terror" would be effective. Russia began to destroy Circassian fortresses, villages and towns and slaughter the people.

4572:

Zaneqo offered the Russians a white peace in which Circassia would remain independent and Russia would leave the region. The Russians wanted the Circassians to surrender unconditionally, but the Circassian stance was clear:

4236:

Russian forces commanded by General Glazenap were pushed back to Georgievsk and then put under siege, however the attacking Kabardian forces were eventually pushed back, and 80 Kabardian villages were burnt as a reprisal.

4517:

observed that the situation changed for Great-Prince Jembulat “after the field marshal Paskevich left the region”. The new commander-in-chief, Baron Rosen, did not believe in human rights of the indigenous Circassians.

4505:

The Russians concluded that he intended to go to Kabarda in the middle of the Russian-Turkish war, and open a second front on the Terek and Sunja Rivers. Earl Paskevich ordered the 2nd Ulan division, returning from the

3883:

While some Kabardian (Eastern Circassian) nobles wanted to fight the Russians, arguing they could convince the Ottomans and Crimea to help them, other nobles wanted to avoid fighting with Russia and try to make peace.

4382:

but when they entered the tsarship in 1822 they have proved their extreme loyalty to the Russian tsarist authorities by guarding all the roads connecting Kabardia and the west of the Kuban River (west of Circassia)

4310:

The Russians also constructed several more fortifications during that year. During the whole period from 1779 to 1818, 315,000 of the 350,000 Kabardian Circassians had reportedly been killed by the Russian armies.

4008:

In 1781, the Ottomans, in Circassia, built a strong fortress in order to ensure Turkish influence in Circassia and as a base for future operations against Russia in the Kuban and the Don, as well as in the Crimea.

3920:

in the upcoming campaign to Russia. In January 1769, the Kizlyar commandant, Major General N. A. Potapov, sent a letter to Bematiqwa putting pressure on him to stop listening to the Ottoman caliph and surrender.

5197:

rolls about their heads with the bayonet like melons, and there is no act of oppression or cruelty which is beyond the pale of civilisation and humanity, and which defies description, that it has not committed.

3916:

commander, and together with the Nogais, defeat Russia. In December 1768, Muhammad-aga, the personal envoy of the Crimean Khan, arrived in Kabarda. The Crimean Khan asked the Kabardian princes to help the Kuban

4122:

The Russian military tried to impose authority by building a series of forts, but these forts in turn became the new targets of raids and indeed sometimes the highlanders actually captured and held the forts.

10320: 4885:

Englishmen and Turkish pashas in our lands; we can not abandon them because they are our friends and visitors. No amount of gold or silver, I swear to God, will be able to deviate us from the path of honor.

3944:, the Ottomans had forces in Circassia. They were seen as fellow Muslim allies by the Circassians. The Cossacks defended the village of Naur against a strong Circassian-Turkish combined army of 8,000 men. 5301:. Between 95 and 97 percent of the total Circassian population were slaughtered or forcibly expelled from their homeland; and approximately 1 to 2 million Circassian natives were mass murdered during the 2684: 2623: 8464:

NA, F.O. 195/458, Misk to Stratford, Damascus, 30 September 1857, No.21; F.O. 78/1303, Stevens to Clarendon, Trebizond, 19 December 1857, No.44; F.O. 78/1276, Alison to Clarendon, 25 December 1857, No.53

5227: 7768:

Rajović, G. & Ezhevski, D.O. & Vazerova, A.G. & Trailovic, M.. (2018). The Tactics and Strategy of General G.Kh. Zass in the Caucasus. Bylye Gody. 50. 1492–1498. 10.13187/bg.2018.4.1492.

4696:

I captured three Circassians from carriages that were on their way to fetch grass, other than the thirteen we already had, who did not wish to surrender to us voluntarily, so I ordered to kill them.

2608: 4300:"This time, I am limiting myself on this. In the future, I will have no mercy for the guilty brigands; their villages will be destroyed, properties taken, wives and children will be slaughtered." 3454: 3433: 3412: 3391: 3303: 4392:

much needed peasant work forces freed by the Russian forces in order to discourage further uprisings. The area was placed under Russian military rule in 1822, as Kabardia eventually fully fell.

3287: 3648:), making it exhausting and casualty-heavy for both sides. The Russo-Circassian War was the longest war both Russia and Circassia have ever fought and the longest war in the Caucasus region. 9007: 6984: 6319: 5886: 4319:

Caucasus, Russian troops retaliated by destroying villages or any place that resistance fighters were thought to hide, as well as employing assassinations and executions of whole families.

3876:

started entering Circassian soil and Russia started building forts in an attempt to quickly annex Circassia. On 17 July (O.S.), 1763, Russian forces entered the town of Mezdeug (modern-day

4912:

was going to the Russian camp in order to change sides again but was attacked by the Russians. His body, contrary to tradition, was not removed by the Circassians from the battlefield for

4323:

both the environment and the demographics. They cleared forests by roads, destroyed native villages, and often settled new farming communities of Russians or pro-Russian Orthodox peoples.

4079:

In 1787, Circassian envoys led by Tatarkhan Kurighoqo and Sidak Jankat requested a meeting with the Russians to secure a solution, but they were denied. The Russians sent the envoys back.

8971:, p. 154: "The number who died in the Circassian catastrophe of the 1860s could hardly, therefore, be less than one million, and may well have been closer to one-and-a-half million". 4436:, portrayed by Russian propaganda as savages in a possible attempt to curry favour from the international community. Russian and Circassian forces clashed repeatedly, particularly on the 4400: 3295: 5176:

gave the Circassian representatives a month to decide. Soon after, Russian General Kolyobakin invaded Sochi and destroyed the parliament and no other government publicly opposed this.

4595:

In early January 1831, Sefebiy Zaneqo organized several general meetings with Circassian leaders. Among other things, he put forward the idea of a possible reconciliation between the

4654:

through ethnic cleansing. He operated on all areas of Circassia, but East Circassia was affected the most. It is estimated 70% of the East Circassian population died in the process.

4577:

If you decide to continue fighting this war against us, you should know that no power has ever been able to bring our mountains to their knees, and we have never submitted to anyone.

4119:

At the same time, as more Russian troops came to be stationed in the region, they started to raid native villages, further enraging the natives and producing cycles of retaliation.

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regions in 1787, successfully defeated the regional Circassian armies and burned near a hundred villages. In 1788, the Russians besieged the Bighurqal (Anapa) castle, but failed.

5052:

May 1856 another battle took place on the banks of the Sup River. In January 1857, the followers of Amin and Zaneqo fought again near Tuapse, and both sides suffered casualties.

4016:

arrived in the Soghujaq Castle in Western Circassia as a missionary and diplomat from the Ottoman Empire with the aim of Islamizing some Circassians who were still not Muslims.

6818: 5731: 5899:

The corroboration between both Turkish and Russian documents puts the number of Circassian deaths by military operations and pre-planned massacres between 1.5 – 2 million; ...

3644:

assuming authority in Circassia, followed by the Circassian refusal, and ending 100 years, 10 months and 6 days later with the last army of Circassia defeated on 21 May 1864 (

4255:

In 1808, a Russian commission decided that in order to end Circassian resistance against the Russian Empire, the Circassians would need to be eliminated from their homeland.

3536: 10679: 10674: 4330:. Nevertheless, the Circassian resistance continued. Villages that had previously accepted Russian rule were found resisting again, much to the ire of Russian commanders. 4326:

The complete destruction of villages with everyone and everything within them became a standard action by the Russian army and Cossack units, marking the beginning of the

4112:

After a large influx of Cossack settlers and the construction of a long line of pickets in 1792, which cut the Circassians off from their traditional pastures around the

7313: 4525:

officially declared the military confederation of the Circassian tribes. By the end of 1839, he managed to unite a significant part of the population under his control.

3834:. Russia set her sights on expansion along the Black Sea, and England sought to reduce Russia's ability to take advantage of the declining Ottoman Empire, known as the 10315: 4704:

The savages panicked and started fleeing from their homes, leaving their weapons behind attempting to escape to the forest but most of them were killed by the Cossacks

4279: 1393: 4899:

In October 1842, in Hamish, the Russian-Georgian cavalry of 18,000 men was attacked by the regional Circassian army consisting of 5,000 men. The Circassians applied

4130:

organized several raids against the Western Circassians, and personally ordered his men to burn Circassian villages, even those who were loyal to the Russian Empire.

4083:

his post and Circassian attacks on Russian forts increased significantly. At the same year, Russian armies entered the Bzhedugh region and burnt several villages.

3742:

and built a defense against possible enemies. Circassians were Christians during this period and Islam had not begun to spread. In 1561, Ivan the Terrible married

5044:

in a letter and asked the Ottomans to recognize him. Muhammad Amin's complaint was rejected, and Seferbiy was declared as a pasha, and the leader of Circassians.

9677: 4965:

Calling himself "Naib", Muhammad Amin assumed full control over Circassia. His absolute rule was accepted by almost all Circassians. By the spring of 1849, the

4474:

village of Boletoqo behind the Belaya River. A plan was made to re-take Kabardia from the Russians. In 1832, Boletoqo tried to implement this plan, but failed.

4953:

In 1848, an event took place that significantly influenced the history of the Caucasus and the general course of the Russo-Circassian War. Ambassadors came to

4787:

had reformed his army and organized a campaign, but failed. After this failure, he saw little hope left for Circassia and switched to the Russian side again.

10369: 7899: 4815:, arguing that no more blood should be shed. In response to this offer, the Russian army under the command of General Yermolov burnt 36 Circassian villages. 5566:Çirg, Ashad (1993). "Adıgelerin XIX. yüzyıldaki politik tarihinin incelenmesi gerekir" [Adyghe XIX. century political history needs to be studied]. 5308:

After the war, Russian General Yevdokimov was tasked with forcing the surviving Circassian inhabitants to relocate outside of the region, primarily in the

8695: 10418: 4053:, Sheikh Mansur moved to Circassia, and started Western Circassian resistance against Russia. He led the Circassians in assaults against Russian forces. 3703: 1658: 7782: 5183:" was signed by the Circassians. The document requests British military aid, or at the worst case, humanitarian aid, to the Circassian people. It reads: 4841:) as their new capital and Hawduqo Mansur was declared the leader of the Circassian Confederation. Thus, all tribes of Circassia were nominally united. 8927:

Ninety-five to 97 percent of the entire Circassian population had been killed or deported in what contemporary Russian field reports referred to as an

8277: 6440:

Ninety-five to 97 percent of the entire Circassian population had been killed or deported in what contemporary Russian field reports referred to as an

4992:

units, previously used in Dagestan, to Circassia with a strategy of releasing prisoners of war in exchange for their conversion to Islam and loyalty.

9340: 3933: 1623:, approximately 1.5 to 2 million Circassian natives were slaughtered; and about 1,500,000 indigenous highland Caucasians were mainly expelled to the 4985:

along the Ubin River also promised support him with an alliance. The remaining small tribes had to power to resist him, and had to obey his orders.

10384: 9714: 6511: 5305:. Most sources report that as many as 1 to 1.5 million Circassians were forced to flee in total, but less than half of them could make it to land. 1033: 9015: 8759:

The First 'Circassian Exodus' to the Ottoman Empire (1858–1867), and the Ottoman Response, Based on the Accounts of Contemporary British Observers

8714:

The First 'Circassian Exodus' to the Ottoman Empire (1858–1867), and the Ottoman Response, Based on the Accounts of Contemporary British Observers

8610:

formally approved the resettlement plan...Milyutin, who would eventually become minister of war, was to see his plans realized in the early 1860s.

6988: 6792:

The First 'Circassian Exodus' to the Ottoman Empire (1858–1867), and the Ottoman Response, Based on the Accounts of Contemporary British Observers

6327: 5894: 4366:

will not accept the presence of any Kabardian rebels among them They will give information about the Circassian forces passing through their lands

10503: 8166:Майкл Ходарковский. Горький выбор: Верность и предательство в эпоху российского завоевания Северного Кавказа. Новое Литературное Обозрение, 2016. 4749:

arrived in Circassia by 1836, in order to provide military aid and medical relief to the Circassians. In November 1836 the Russian military brig

3283: 10581: 10248: 9940: 8409:

Askhad Iosufovich Chirg, Razvitie obshchestvenno-politicheskogo storia adygov Severo-Zapadnogo Kavkaza, konets XVIII – 60-e gg. XIX v. , p.155.

6767: 5678: 5537: 3370: 3267: 10357: 3880:) in Eastern Circassia, turning it into a Russian fortress. Thus began the first hostilities between the Circassians and the Russian Empire. 3762:

Circassian-Russian alliance was damaged and eventually broken when the Circassians converted to Islam and adopted a more pro-Ottoman policy.

3275: 3257: 2283: 7012:Кабарда на этапах политической истории (середина XVI — первая четверть XIX века). — Москва: «Поматур», 2002. — С. 316. — ISBN 5-86208-106-2. 6932:Кабарда на этапах политической истории (середина XVI — первая четверть XIX века). — Москва: «Поматур», 2002. — С. 307. — ISBN 5-86208-106-2. 6906:Кабарда на этапах политической истории (середина XVI — первая четверть XIX века). — Москва: «Поматур», 2002. — С. 305. — ISBN 5-86208-106-2. 6894:Кабарда на этапах политической истории (середина XVI — первая четверть XIX века). — Москва: «Поматур», 2002. — С. 302. — ISBN 5-86208-106-2. 6879:Кабарда на этапах политической истории (середина XVI — первая четверть XIX века). — Москва: «Поматур», 2002. — С. 301. — ISBN 5-86208-106-2. 6867:Кабарда на этапах политической истории (середина XVI — первая четверть XIX века). — Москва: «Поматур», 2002. — С. 299. — ISBN 5-86208-106-2. 6855:Кабарда на этапах политической истории (середина XVI — первая четверть XIX века). — Москва: «Поматур», 2002. — С. 293. — ISBN 5-86208-106-2. 5158:

was appointed as the head of the parliament. This parliament asked for help from Europe, arguing that they would be forced into exile soon.

10598: 8959:, p. 357 "In the 1860s Russia killed 1.5 million Circassians, half of their population, and expelled the other half from their lands." 7840: 3671:. While the war was initially an isolated conflict, Russian expansion through the entire region soon drew a number of other nations in the 4263:

Shapsug region, and several villages were burnt. After some civilians deserted to the forests, the forests in the region were burnt down.

3976:. Following these events, Russian presence in the region got stronger, and the Circassians requested help and alliance from the Ottomans. 10310: 10305: 9565: 3599: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 9246: 3803:

that left the mountains after the departure of Timur the Lame and mastered their foothill plane from the beginning of the 15th century.

3651:

During and after the war, the Russian Empire employed a genocidal strategy of systematically massacring civilians which resulted in the

10704: 10226: 9626: 5213: 5080:

Russian sovereignty by the treaty, with Russia under no compulsion to grant Circassians the same rights as Russian citizens elsewhere.

2879: 17: 9238: 4528:

The Russians besieged Anapa in 1828. The Ottomans sought help from Circassians and the war lasted for two months and Osman Pasha, the

9526: 6822: 5735: 5350: 3447: 1678: 347:

21 May] 1864 (100 years, 10 months, 6 days) (Disorganized Circassian resistance continued in the mountains until the 1880's)

9516: 9093: 8583: 7600: 3714:

publicly declared the imperial policy as the expulsion of all Circassians; followed by the state implementation of settler-colonial

9852: 958: 198: 9543: 255:

Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed.

10719: 10709: 9707: 9692: 6404:... between 95 percent and 97 percent of all Circassians were killed outright, died during Evdokimov's campaign, or were deported 3229: 3040: 2288: 1651: 170: 5319:

census of 1897 records only 150,000 Circassians, one tenth of the original number, still remaining in the now conquered region.

4826:

In February 1838, there was a fierce collision between 4 Circassian galleys and a Russian ship. The Russian ship was destroyed.

10458: 10389: 9682: 9616: 8483: 5626:] (in Russian). Russian empire: printing house of nubannago regional administration (published May 1880). pp. 559–562. 4266:

In 1811, petitions were sent to St. Petersburg in Russia, appealing for the basic rights of Circassians in the occupied areas.

3757:

Although there had previously been a small Muslim presence in Circassia, significant conversions came after 1717, when Sultan

9986: 9256: 9206: 9183: 9161: 8912: 8824: 8355:

NA, F.O. 195/144, Longworth to Clarendon, “Cyclops” off Anapa, 21 June 1855, No.3, see the same in Ibid., F.O. 188/1441, No.8

7562: 7525: 7458: 7228: 6622: 6560: 6425: 6397: 6356: 6274: 6241: 6195: 6118: 6031: 5992: 5929: 3056: 2426: 1636: 1300: 151: 97: 51: 9533: 4713:

morale. In his reports, he frequently boasted about the destruction of villages and glorified the mass murder of civilians.

4175:

united in a military movement. They aimed to destroy the Kislovodsk Russian fort. Despite threats of bloodshed from General

177: 10337: 10327: 9621: 4761:

Circassians employed military tactics taught to them by Bell, such as taking fortifications by storm, and using artillery.

4038:

against Russia. Angered, the Russian troops plundered and burned his village to the ground. Soon, Chechen fighters won the

3556: 3426: 3233: 3186: 2724: 324: 7289: 4937:, the leader of Chechnya and Dagestan, wanted to unite Circassia under Islam, and sent three Sufi naibs for this mission. 4228: 4139:, Russia annexed eastern Georgia and by 1806 held Transcaucasia from the Black Sea to the Caspian. Russia had to hold the 3730:

Circassians, Christianised through Byzantine influence between the 5th and 6th centuries, were generally in alliance with

10689: 10684: 10362: 9537: 8012: 7931: 5423:

Between 95 and 97 percent of the total Circassian population were killed or expelled from the Caucasus region during the

9194: 9151: 7814: 4451:

In only one year, 1830, arrived up to 200 Turkish and British ships delivering military aid to the shores of Circassia.

10576: 10408: 10295: 9774: 9311: 6158: 3221: 3211: 1644: 8878: 8446:

BOA, İrade Dahiliye , 25156, 9 Zilkâde 1273 ; NA, F.O. 195/458, Misk to Stratford, Damascus, 30 September 1857, No.21.

184: 10518: 10137: 10083: 10078: 10026: 10021: 10011: 9976: 9971: 9961: 9951: 9929: 9924: 9901: 9896: 9871: 9847: 9842: 9827: 9687: 9478: 9361: 9293: 9057: 8990: 8606:

farmers... Rather, eliminating the Circassians was to be an end in itself – to cleanse the land of hostile elements.

8526: 5869: 5809: 4507: 4409: 3941: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 2638: 288: 270: 217: 115: 65: 8676: 5032:

Meanwhile, the Ottoman Empire, who did not recognize Muhammad Amin as the ruler of Circassia, was preparing to send

10699: 10120: 10056: 9881: 9794: 6638:внутренняя и внешняя политика Ивана Грозного. Запустение Новагорода. Спасение Пскова. Казни в Москве. Царские шуты. 4769:

In May 1834, the Circassians launched a naval landing near Bombory, thus the fighting was carried over to the sea.

4136: 3468: 3014: 3002: 2903: 7891: 7244: 6577: 6486: 5837: 5427:. Most of the Circassian refugees fled to Ottoman territories. Different smaller numbers ended up in neighbouring 3973: 3969:

took place. The Crimean horde entered Mozdok and hit the nearby villages, which were occupied and ruined by them.

3822:

Circassia was a key strategic location amidst the power struggle between the emerging Russian Empire, established

10714: 10669: 10664: 10513: 10273: 10258: 10199: 9558: 6754:

Articles on the history of Ingushetia. Based on the analysis of data from the Nikon Chronicle and Ingush folklore

4050: 3698:

have recorded the expulsion and extermination campaign against Circassians by Russian military during the 1860s.

3592: 3207: 166: 10413: 9414: 9981: 9945: 8692: 4097:

crossed the Kuban and entered Circassia to capture the Anapa castle. The Russian camp was established in June.

2938: 2853: 2307: 155: 9446:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Series: Indiana-Michigan series in Russian and East European studies. 6059: 5464: 10396: 10147: 9876: 9702: 9697: 9652: 8747:

Enclosed in Despatch No.3 From Sir Henry Bulwer to Earl Russell, Constantinople, April 12, 1864 (FO 881/1259)

5193:

Our most humble Petition to Her Magnificent Majesty the Queen and Emperor of England is to the effect that –

5041: 3645: 3637: 3161: 2991: 2706: 344: 340: 9351: 8783: 7868:[ZASS Grigory Khristoforovich von (1797–1883), baron, cavalry general, hero of the Caucasian War.]. 5036:, a former Circassian commander in the Russo-Circassian War who had declared loyalty to the sultan, to lead 10724: 10473: 10443: 10438: 10379: 10268: 10263: 10231: 10172: 10093: 10051: 9934: 8943: 6456: 4934: 3957:

A battle took near the Malka River on 29 September 1771. The Russians under General Yakobi won the battle.

3924:

In the same year, a Russian army fought a battle against the Kabardian Circassians with the support of the

3405: 3384: 2875: 2317: 2220: 1843: 10608: 10591: 10463: 10332: 10300: 10236: 10125: 10016: 10001: 9837: 9237:. London: C Hurst & Co, 266 pp. (Also New York: St. Martin's Press, 252 pp.) Part of it can be found 4553: 3516: 3363: 3279: 3029: 2752: 2736: 2230: 1907: 1739: 89: 10508: 10046: 10036: 10006: 9996: 9611: 9551: 4288: 4109:

and imprisoned for life in harsh conditions. In April 1794, he died, reportedly due to poor treatment.

3852: 3585: 3171: 3106: 2744: 2444: 2399: 1962: 835: 249: 3912:

allegiance to Russia. Misost Bematiqwa, not wanting to surrender or convert to Christianity, refused.

10347: 10241: 10041: 4338:. The entirety of Kabardia (Eastern Circassia) was then declared property of the Russian government. 3711: 3299: 3291: 2816: 2586: 2419: 1692: 847: 439: 57: 9501: 9116: 3954:

In 1771, Circassians under the command of Soqur Qaramirza burned many Cossack and Russian barracks.

10488: 10194: 9769: 9573: 9470: 7220: 6552: 6389: 5984: 5921: 4929: 4670:. He continued to exterminate the Circassian population between 1834 and 1835, particularly in the 2948: 1756: 1047: 691: 244: 9050:

Genocide in the Age of the Nation-State Volume II: The Rise of the West and the Coming of Genocide

8391:

Adolphus Slade , Turkey and the Crimean War: A Narrative of Historical Events , p.203; Budak, p.77

8205:

AKAK, Vol. X, p.590, document No. 544, Vorontsov to Chernyshev (secret), 8 November 1847, No. 117

7958:"ЗАСС Григорий Христофорович фон (1797–1883), барон, генерал от кавалерии, герой Кавказской войны" 7866:"ЗАСС Григорий Христофорович фон (1797–1883), барон, генерал от кавалерии, герой Кавказской войны" 3814:

chronicles. The Ingush went to the mountains again. Kabardians settled on their former territory.

191: 10401: 10130: 9749: 7664:

Golitsyn N. B. Zhizneopisanie Generala Ot Kavalerii Emmanuelya (Moscow: «Sobranie», 2004), p. 240

7554: 7517: 7450: 6266: 6187: 6110: 4746: 3899:

Also in 1764, Kabardian Circassian knights Keysin Keytiqo and Kundeyt Shebez-Giray also met with

3263: 3245: 3225: 3112: 3084: 2576: 1932: 463: 144: 5172:

in September 1861 to establish peace, expressing their readiness to accept Russian citizenship.

2478: 10694: 10603: 10278: 9799: 9734: 9373: 7691:В. А. Потто Кавказская война. Том 5. Время Паскевича, или Бунт Чечни. Глава XXVIII. Репрессалии 5169: 5073: 4812: 4206:

reported that the fight lasted from 11 a.m. to 6 p.m. at the same time in the evening, noting:

4140: 3690: 2794: 2672: 2482: 2369: 2249: 1948: 1897: 1751: 1237: 1005: 780: 9991: 8095:Ф. А. Щербина История Кубанского казачьего войска. Глава XIX. Борьба с горцами на Старой линии 1666: 10533: 10493: 10253: 10182: 9631: 9262: 9137:

Unrepresented Nations and People Organisation (UNPO) (2004-12-14). Retrieved on April 4, 2007

8427:

AKAK, Vol. XII, p.719, document No.614, Bariatinskii to Sukhozanet, 22 February 1857, No.22.

5162: 5147: 4541: 4408:

While Eastern Circassia was being occupied, Russia was also engaged in a war with the Turks (

4203: 4101: 4023:

Between 1783 and 1785, Russian forces led by General Potyomkin attacked the Kabardia region.

3948: 3873: 3806:

In 1562, the Kabardian prince Temryuk Idarovich undertook an aggressive campaign against the

3734:

and both Georgians and Circassians wanted to keep good relations with the Russians. In 1557,

3664: 3612: 3094: 2259: 2109: 2099: 1940: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1709: 1287: 1261: 934: 752: 450: 9510: 9739: 9636: 9606: 8278:"Muhammad Amin: Imam Shamil's Naib to the Circassians in the Northwest Caucasus (Part One)" 5355: 4202:

came to the rescue, Lieutenant General Glazenap himself in a report to the Russian emperor

4183: 3068: 2871: 2412: 2137: 1927: 1912: 1902: 1892: 1792: 766: 9153:

The Thistle and the Drone: How America's War on Terror Became a Global War on Tribal Islam

8177:История Кубанского казачьего войска. Глава XXII. Борьба с горцами на Старой и Новой линиях 4116:, the Circassians began systematically raiding Russian encampments and then disappearing. 2277: 8: 10641: 10571: 10428: 9956: 9891: 9662: 9090: 8816: 8575: 5424: 5416: 5345: 5302: 5262: 5256: 5061: 4868: 4651: 4327: 4148:

and sent a delegation to the Ottoman Empire, who complained against the Russian actions.

4039: 3992: 3966: 3900: 3869: 3668: 3652: 3036: 2981: 2849: 2634: 2464: 2312: 2271: 2126: 1922: 1917: 1864: 1854: 1848: 1733: 1697: 1620: 724: 376: 316: 9381: 9233:

Henze, Paul B. 1992. "Circassian resistance to Russia." In Marie Bennigsen Broxup, ed.,

4780:

In 1835 and 1836, Circassian armies led by Ismail Berzeg engaged on several operations.

10631: 10613: 10566: 10548: 10528: 10167: 9919: 9817: 9789: 9672: 9657: 8937: 8868:, Niko Javakhishvili, Tbilisi State University, 20 December 2012, retrieved 1 June 2015 8507:

A. Fonwill, The War of Independence of Circassia (1863–1864), Istanbul, 1996, p. 44-47.

7543: 7506: 7439: 6761: 6450: 6259: 6176: 6099: 6024:

The tragedy of the Caucasus from past to present: international conference, 21 May 2005

5672: 5531: 5437: 4831: 4799: 4589: 3695: 3350: 3314: 3253: 3241: 3149: 3102: 2842: 2740: 2728: 2642: 2630: 2550: 2389: 2302: 2156: 1745: 1703: 1404: 1179: 859: 235: 9454: 7986:История Армавира и черкесо-горцев. — Екатеринодар: Электро-тип. т-во «Печатник», 1916. 5312:. This policy was enforced by mobile columns of Russian riflemen and Cossack cavalry. 4657: 4642:

was appointed commander of a part of the Kuban Military Line with headquarters in the

4354: 10538: 10478: 10285: 10211: 10189: 10088: 9966: 9779: 9759: 9754: 9744: 9579: 9474: 9357: 9315: 9289: 9252: 9218: 9202: 9179: 9157: 9053: 8986: 8918: 8908: 8820: 8607: 8522: 7558: 7550: 7521: 7513: 7454: 7446: 7224: 6618: 6556: 6505: 6431: 6421: 6393: 6352: 6270: 6237: 6191: 6183: 6154: 6114: 6106: 6027: 5988: 5925: 5865: 5805: 5328: 5093: 4988:

In a short time, Naib succeeded in carrying out reforms in Circassia. He brought the

4900: 4692:

He talks about how he killed three Circassian civilians on their way to fetch grass:

4514: 4460: 4145: 4057: 3743: 3739: 3731: 3237: 3201: 3197: 3090: 2917: 2899: 2887: 2762: 2748: 2732: 2699: 2652: 2505: 2453: 2379: 2332: 2264: 1727: 1721: 1442: 1160: 1141: 1091: 896: 703: 8865: 8176: 7743: 6714:История Кабардино-Балкарской АССР с древнейших времен до наших дней, т. 1, М., 1967; 6526: 5247:, who lived in the mountainous regions, continued their resistance until the 1870s. 4896:

the Ferz river, the army of the Russian commander Zass retreated with heavy losses.

4830:

to retreat. This pattern of attack by the Russian forces went on for several years.

3851:

smaller number of scholars is that proper warfare began in 1817 with the arrival of

3750:, and named her Mariya. Because of his alliance with Russia, in several narratives, 10523: 10468: 10374: 10115: 9886: 9856: 9822: 9667: 9353:

Life of Schamyl: and narrative of the Circassian War of independence against Russia

8907:(3rd ed.). 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA: Routledge. p. 110. 8301:

Istanbul, Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi , İrade Dahiliye , 281/17605, 5 Muharrem 1270

6420:(3rd ed.). 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA: Routledge. p. 110. 5396: 5315: 5278: 5274: 5155: 5107: 5089: 5040:

instead. Muhammad Amin strictly disagreed with this decision and complained to the

4176: 4106: 4086:

The Russians introduced courts in Kabarda in the early 1790s and declared that the

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Hatajuqua, Ali. "Hadji-Ismail Dagomuqua Berzeg, Circassian Warrior and Diplomat".

7296:, Unrepresented Nations and People Organisation (UNPO) (1994-04-16). Retrieved on 1200: 1053: 687: 10543: 10290: 10142: 10110: 9784: 9764: 9465: 9299: 9171: 9097: 8810: 8699: 8680: 8038: 7841:"Bianet :: Çerkeslerden Rusya'ya: Kolonyalist politikalarınız nefret ekiyor" 7293: 7214: 6676: 6546: 6346: 6231: 6017: 5978: 5915: 5379: 5123: 5119: 5033: 4925: 4913: 4722: 4494: 4249: 4013: 3766: 3707: 3702:

portrayed the expulsion of Circassians as essential for "Russian security" while

3682:

During the war, the Russian Empire did not recognize Circassia as an independent

3655:

where up to 3,500,000 Circassians were either killed or forcibly expelled to the

3333: 2867: 2805: 2783: 2662: 2555: 2374: 2150: 1761: 1715: 1374: 1249: 1109: 946: 823: 4733:

on the Russian bank of the Kuban River at the intersection with the Urup River.

3675:

into the conflict. As such, the war is often considered the western half of the

10626: 10453: 10216: 10206: 9583: 7286: 6348:

Geçmişten günümüze Kafkasların trajedisi: uluslararası konferans, 21 Mayıs 2005

6019:

Geçmişten günümüze Kafkasların trajedisi: uluslararası konferans, 21 Mayıs 2005

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allowed their soldiers to rape Circassian girls who were more than 7 years old.

5428: 5412: 5360: 5309: 5294: 5266: 5235:

In March 1864, a surrounded Circassian army refused to surrender and committed

4834:

played a big role in reforming and leading the Circassian armies at this time.

4529: 4335: 4187: 4186:

and Efendi Ishak Abukov in Kabarda on 9 May 1804 a battle took place near the

4034:

in Chechnya who wanted to unite all Caucasian peoples against Russia, declared

3925: 3831: 3656: 3641: 3633: 2891: 2883: 2827: 2772: 2539: 2525: 2494: 2196: 1624: 1332: 1320: 1308: 1295: 1282: 1256: 953: 941: 929: 917: 905: 887: 866: 854: 842: 830: 818: 800: 788: 774: 760: 746: 732: 676: 671: 426: 414: 408: 9488: 9370:. Princeton, New Jersey: Darwin. Chapter 2: Eastern Anatolia and the Caucasus. 9119:

University of Pennsylvania, School of Arts and Sciences] (1996). Retrieved on

8252:

Muhammad Amin: Imam Shamil's Naib to the Circassians in the Northwest Caucasus

8196:Казиев Ш.М. Имам Шамиль / Изд. 2-е испр. — М.: Молодая гвардия, 2003. — 378 с. 7673:

Sherbina F. A. Istoriya Armavira I Cherkeso-gayev (Ekaterinodar, 1916), p. 11.

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Berge A. P. Brief overview of mountain tribes in the Caucasus. – Tiflis, 1858.

5646:

Berge A. P. Brief overview of mountain tribes in the Caucasus. – Tiflis, 1858.

4090:, the Circassian law, has been removed. This greatly angered the Circassians. 3972:

The Ottoman Empire lost its protection over the Crimean Khanate with the 1774

10658: 10586: 10423: 10061: 9408: 9319: 9008:"The Circassian Genocide: The Forgotten Tragedy of the First Modern Genocide" 6320:"The Circassian Genocide: The Forgotten Tragedy of the First Modern Genocide" 5887:"The Circassian Genocide: The Forgotten Tragedy of the First Modern Genocide" 5340: 5115: 4908: 4876: 4784: 4667: 4537: 4522: 4127: 4113: 4094: 4035: 4027: 3807: 3715: 3575: 3271: 2959: 2909: 2596: 2566: 2168: 1668: 1631:. An unknown number of those who were expelled died during their deportation. 1527: 1475: 1362: 1206: 1191: 1105: 1019: 922: 880: 871: 805: 422: 312: 9394:. Oxford and New York: Berghahn Books. Series: War and Genocide; 1. 149–162. 4945:

he surrendered and gave the Russians key information in exchange for money.

4689:

In 1834, Zass sent a report to Rosen detailing his campaign into Circassia:

4248:

in Western Circassia was captured by Russian troops and Circassian nobleman

4209:"...fought in the gorges for the most part with 11,000 desperately fighting 10342: 9866: 9832: 9587: 9489:

Imam Shamil. "Molodaya Gvardiya" publishers. Moscow, 2001, 2003, 2006, 2010

9484: 9303: 7135: 5441: 5236: 4754: 4639: 4633: 4421: 4087: 3751: 3747: 3735: 3676: 3138: 3127: 3044: 2716: 2364: 2121: 2022: 1831: 1628: 1349: 977: 910: 892: 626: 10103: 9398: 9134: 7957: 7865: 5584:Василий Потто — Кавказская война. Том 1. От древнейших времен до Ермолова. 5122:

arrived in the Caucasus to fight for Circassia. In the same year in 1857,

10448: 10177: 10098: 10031: 9861: 9416:

Journal of a residence in Circassia during the years 1837, 1838, and 1839

9045: 8670: 7493:

the disproportionate use of force became central to Russian operations...

5420: 5286: 5282: 5270: 5057: 5017: 5012: 4958: 4954: 4717: 4596: 4437: 4046: 3785: 3779: 3699: 3215: 3116: 3098: 3076: 3064: 2486: 1836: 1804: 9235:

The North Caucasus Barrier: The Russian Advance Towards The Muslim World

7783:"Kafkasya'nın istenmeyen Rus anıtları: Kolonyal geçmişi hatırlatıyorlar" 7579:

The North Caucasus Barrier: The Russian Advance Towards The Muslim World

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The Insurgency in Chechnya and the North Caucasus: From Gazavat to Jihad

6617:. New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA: Rutgers University Press. p. 96. 4859: 4790: 4049:, and did not occupy it again until 1803. From 1787 to 1791, during the 3908:

army. In 1765, Kabardian Circassians occupied the fortress of Kizlyar.

10483: 10433: 10352: 10221: 9527:

The Place of the Ottoman Empire in the Russo-Circassian War (1830–1864)

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Coverage of The tragedy public Thought (later half of the 19th century)

7998:

Colonel Grigory Zass. Letter to Baron Rosen. 25 Feb. 1834. P. Boutkov,

5003: 4978: 4974: 4844:

In 1840, Hawduqo Mansur gave a speech addressing the Circassian nation:

4683: 4210: 4069: 3792: 2857: 2083: 2048: 2007: 1997: 1470: 1462: 632: 5415:

accepted to harbour the Muslim Circassians who were exiled during the

4624:

killed a Circassian who tried to stop him from burning down a mosque.

4565:

delegation to the Ottoman sultan to examine the accuracy of the news.

3903:

in Saint Petersburg. They informed her that "the military build-up in

10071: 9328:

Ottoman Population, 1830–1914: Demographic and Social Characteristics

7609:] (in Russian). Russia: Office of the Cveal Kavk. pp. 35–36. 7423:

disproportionate use of force became central to Russian operations...

5648:] (in Russian). Russia: Office of the Cveal Kavk. pp. 35–36. 5298: 5290: 5037: 4989: 4643: 4558: 4433: 4371: 4359: 4343: 4222: 4218: 4195: 4191: 4168: 4164: 3771: 3629: 3328: 3048: 2863: 2394: 2244: 2201: 2012: 1826: 1426: 1313: 1195: 875: 481: 356: 9444:

Russia's Steppe Frontier: The Making of a Colonial Empire, 1500–1800

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Ottoman population 1830–1914: Demographic and social characteristics

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Acts collected by the Caucasian Archaeographic Commission: Volume II

5231:

Announcement of the end of the war by Grand Duke Mikhail Nikolaevich

5130: 4334:

the land these inhabitants had once lived on being acquired for the

133: 10636: 10498: 9368:

Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821–1922

9120: 9101: 7116: 6487:"Soykırım mı; işte Çerkes soykırımı – Yazarlar – Aziz ÜSTEL | STAR" 5432: 5244: 4982: 4679: 4675: 4604: 4429: 4425: 4413: 4379: 4172: 4073: 4065: 3985: 3917: 3758: 3719: 3672: 3345: 3249: 3072: 2895: 2515: 2078: 2058: 2017: 2002: 1987: 1488: 1337: 659: 613: 600: 587: 574: 550: 537: 512: 9439:, London: RoutledgeCurzon; New York; Routledge and Palgrave, 2001. 8922: 7432: 7430: 7177:. Stavropol: Kavkazskiy Krai 1993–1994. Second Volume: p. 204 6435: 5024: 4470:

the Circassians burned a large Russian fortress in Kruglolesskoe.

446: 8484:"Muhammad Amin: Imam Shamil's Naib to the Circassians (Part Two)" 7700: 7297: 5624:

G. Petrov. The upper reaches of the Kuban-Karachay. Ekaterinodar.

5324: 5220: 5187: 4970: 4966: 4818: 4671: 4483: 4417: 4375: 4363: 4347: 4214: 4199: 4160: 4156: 4061: 3892: 3823: 3080: 2351: 2073: 2068: 2043: 1992: 1982: 1514: 1357: 1325: 568: 562: 531: 525: 500: 9532:

A collection of cited reports on the conflict, collected by the

8840: 8346:

Mustafa Budak, “1853–1856 Kırım Savaşı’nda Kafkas Cephesi”, p.77

5181:

A Petition from Circassian leaders to Her Majesty Queen Victoria

9575: 7467: 7427: 7321:. Main Directorate of the Viceroy of the Caucasus. p. 940. 5102:

Delegation of Circassian tribes to Emperor Alexander II in 1861

4804: 4600: 3904: 3877: 3827: 3811: 3683: 3660: 2225: 2088: 2063: 2038: 1558: 1522: 1244: 681: 638: 556: 506: 9529:. Unpublished M.A. Thesis, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey. 9409:

Circassia: Adygs Ask European Parliament to Recognize Genocide

8187:Адыгские песни времён Кавказской войны. Нальчик: Эль-Фа. 2005. 4772:

In October 1836, a naval battle was fought as Russian warship

9312:

Circassians demand Russian apology for 19th century genocide.

9176:

Imperial policies and perspectives towards Georgia, 1760–1819

8319:

BOA, Hariciye Nezâreti Siyasî Kısım , 1345/94, 22 Safer 1270

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Rosen, Baron. Letter to Chionchev. 12 Dec. 1831. P. Boutkov,

7021:

Gen. İsmail Berkok, Tarihte Kafkasya, İstanbul, 1958, s. 371.

5188:

In the name of God, the Most Compassionate, the Most Merciful

5151: 4941:

Russians, withdrew into the mountains and died there in May.

4838: 4608: 4445: 4245: 3965:

Devlet-Girey and Kalga Shabaz-Girey attacked Kabarda and the

3775: 3060: 2546: 2206: 2116: 2053: 1415: 9397:

Unrepresented Nations and People Organisation (UNPO). 2004.

8556: 8554: 8086:Каноков Айтек. Адыги (черкесы) на российской военной службе. 4962:

of families moved to the Abdzakh region to accept his rule.

3778:

and looted and pillaged them. Then, he marched up along the

9123: 9104: 7370: 7368: 7300: 7150:

Materials for the New History of the Caucasus – Part I, 228

5166: 4031: 3981: 9052:. 175 Fifth Avenue, New York NY 10010. pp. 300, 301. 8237:

NA, F.O. 195/443, “Report of Mehmed Emin…”, 15 August 1854

8225:Гл. управ. намес. кавказского, 1860. — С. 77—102 (отд. 4). 3706:

described the campaign as “one of the most vital tasks in

8551: 8400:

BOA, Hariciye Tercüme Odası , 424/37, 20 Rebîulâhir 1272

8364:

NA, F.O. 195/443, Lloyd to Clarendon, Varna, 24 July 1854

5599: 5483: 4378:

where under the domination and control of the princes of

3754:

was described as a tyrant who only cared about his rule.

8691:

Prof.Dr. ĞIŞ Nuh (yazan), HAPİ Cevdet Yıldız (çeviren).

8013:"General Zass'ın Kızının Adigeler Tarafından Kaçırılışı" 7932:"General Zass'ın Kızının Adigeler Tarafından Kaçırılışı" 7365: 7358:

Hatk, Isam. “Russian-Circassian War 1763- 21 May 1864.”

4863:

Circassians besiege the Russian fortress, March 22, 1840

4811:

In 1837, some Circassian leaders offered the Russians a

4440:, where cavalry from both sides could manoeuvre freely. 3796:

Ingush got this opportunity in the 15th–16th centuries.

27:

Russian invasion and annexation of Circassia (1763–1864)

8217:Магомет-Амин II // Кавказский календарь на 1861 год. — 8039:"JEMBULAT BOLOTOKO: PRENSLERİN PRENSİ (PŞIXEM 'ARİPŞ*)" 6677:"JEMBULAT BOLOTOKO: PRENSLERİN PRENSİ (PŞIXEM 'ARİPŞ*)" 4020:

Western Caucasus in 1784, but no success was achieved.

8156:

Osmanlı devri İstanbul ve İngiliz Gazeteleri: Belgeler

8000:

Materials for the New History of the Caucasus – Part I

7732:

Materials for the New History of the Caucasus – Part I

5600:"4f898ab8-4276-4f31-9bf2-a4e56aaf30ed hosted at ImgBB" 3786:

The confrontation of Prince Temryuk against the Ingush

10370:

Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

9026: 9012:

American University: Journal of International Service

8743: 8741: 8455:

BOA, İrade Meclis-i Mahsus , 10/430, 28 Zilkâde 1273

8328:

Sadâret Divan-I Hümayun Kalemi , 94/2, 25 Safer 1270

8065:

The Adventures of James Stanislaus Bell in Circassia.

7892:"Jembulat Bolotoko: The Prince of Princes (Part One)" 7245:"Jembulat Bolotoko: The Prince of Princes (Part One)" 6324:

American University: Journal of International Service

5891:

American University: Journal of International Service

5838:"Jembulat Bolotoko: The Prince of Princes (Part One)" 4700:

He then talks about how he destroyed a neighborhood:

3842:

trade, being responsible for a third of its exports.

1627:, and a much smaller number of them were expelled to 9271:

Atlas of the Ethno-Political History of the Caucasus

7815:"Velyaminov, Zass ve insan kafası biriktirme hobisi" 6379: 6377: 5390: 4179:, the forces began threatening the Kislovodsk fort. 4155:

In 1804, the Kabardian Circassians and neighbouring

3887:

In January 1764, several Kabardian nobles including

10680:

19th-century military history of the Russian Empire

10675:

18th-century military history of the Russian Empire

9430:

Materials for New History of the Caucasus 1722–1803

8595: 8593: 7602:Берже А. П. Краткий обзор горских племен на Кавказе 5642:Берже А. П. Краткий обзор горских племен на Кавказе 5635: 5633: 5544: 4056:The Russian army entered Circassia again after the 158:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 8738: 7542: 7505: 7438: 7160:Shcherbina, Fyodor and Felitsyn, Yevgeniy (2007). 6925: 6923: 6921: 6887: 6885: 6294:Pereselenskoye dvizhenie na severo-zapagni Kavakaz 6258: 6175: 6098: 6026:] (in Turkish). Kafkas Vakfı Yayınları. 2006. 5293:, which roughly encompassed the major part of the 4837:Later in 1839, the Circassians declared Bighuqal ( 4753:detained his ship, in the port of Sujuk-Qale (now 4045:In 1786, Russian forces abandoned the new fort of 3738:of Eastern Circassia allied with the Russian Tsar 9283: 9156:. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. 8879:"The Circassian exile: 9 facts about the tragedy" 8337:Ibid, İrade Dahiliye , 303/19234, 28 Şevval 1270 6695: 6471: 6469: 6467: 6374: 5561: 5559: 4880:later wrote in his memoirs that Berzeg answered: 4540:, a Circassian prince who lost his status in the 10656: 10385:Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944) 9715:List of battles involving the Russian Federation 9245:Richmond, Walter (2008). "Chapter 4 (excerpt)". 8725: 8723: 8590: 8373:BOA, İrade Dahiliye , 305/19355, 5 Zilkâde 1270 6213: 6211: 6209: 6207: 6078: 5630: 5106:In 1854, Circassian forces under the command of 4395: 4315:who resisted the Russians was starting to form. 3466: 3159: 10504:Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts 10419:Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953) 9345:The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus 9330:. Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press. 9085:Leitzinger, Antero. "The Circassian Genocide". 8883:The Circassian exile: 9 facts about the tragedy 8614: 8601:The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus 8264:Jineps Gazetesi, September 2006-Add 1, p.10-11. 7718:The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus 7545:The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus 7508:The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus 7441:The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus 7003: 6918: 6897: 6882: 6870: 6858: 6299: 6261:The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus 6178:The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus 6101:The Ghost of Freedom: A History of the Caucasus 5620:Петров Г. Верховья Кубани-Карачая. Екатеринодар 4448:, which would draw support from other nations. 3817: 92:for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling 9201:. New York: Berghahn Books. pp. 149–162. 8640: 8638: 8540: 8538: 8233: 8231: 7618: 7616: 6464: 5765:J. F. B., The Russian Conquest of the Caucasus 5556: 4274: 4093:On 29 May (O.S.), 1791, Russian troops led by 10358:Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940) 9559: 9248:The Northwest Caucasus: Past, Present, Future 8784:"We Will Not Forget the Circassian Genocide!" 8720: 8672:Soçi Meclisi ve Çar II. Aleksandr ile Buluşma 8651: 8310:Sadâret Amedi Kalemi , 49/77, 5 Muharrem 1270 7808: 7806: 7804: 7682:Bell, James. Journal of a residence…, p. 422. 7497: 7376:"Blood on the Shore: The Circassian Genocide" 6780:Charles King, The Black Sea: A History, p.167 6595: 6593: 6591: 6578:"Blood on the Shore: The Circassian Genocide" 6204: 6132: 6130: 5949: 5947: 5945: 5943: 5941: 5860: 5858: 5725: 5723: 5694:Historical Dictionary of the Chechen Conflict 5667:] (in Turkish). Ankara. pp. 281–285. 4650:Colonel Grigory Zass was a key figure in the 4627: 3593: 2420: 2284:Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus 1652: 7744:"Son Haber | 21 Mayıs 1864 Çerkes Soykırımı" 6510:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 6365: 6351:(in Turkish). Kafkas Vakfı Yayınları. 2006. 6288: 6286: 6167: 5880: 5878: 5721: 5719: 5717: 5715: 5713: 5711: 5709: 5707: 5705: 5703: 4454: 10311:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930) 10306:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929) 9517:Russian–Circassian War, 1763 – 21 May 1864. 9390:. In Levene, Mark and Penny Roberts, eds., 9128: 8756: 8711: 8635: 8535: 8228: 7975: 7613: 7571: 7106: 7104: 6915:V. A. Potto, Kafkas Savaşı–Cilt 1, Sayfa 60 6789: 5864:Richmond, Walter. The Circassian Genocide. 5789: 4981:declared their allegiance to the Naib; the 3891:met with the representative of the Russian 3855:, and prior to that it was merely clashes. 3845: 66:Learn how and when to remove these messages 9627:Military history of the Russian Federation 9566: 9552: 9536:, translated by Nejan Huvaj, and found on 9197:. In Levene, Mark; Roberts, Penny (eds.). 7801: 7701:John Emerich Edward Dalberg Acton (1907). 7645:Eurasia Daily Monitor Volume: 8 Issue: 206 6766:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6588: 6575: 6127: 5938: 5855: 5677:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5658: 5536:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5146:The remaining Circassians established the 4764: 3616:Presidents of the Circassian Confederation 3600: 3586: 2427: 2413: 1659: 1645: 343:17 July] 1763 – 2 June [ 9877:Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689) 9511:Course syllabus with useful reading list. 9215: 9192: 9005: 8968: 8657: 6963: 6961: 6959: 6957: 6955: 6953: 6951: 6949: 6524: 6317: 6283: 6250: 6217: 5884: 5875: 5700: 5351:Russian conquest of Chechnya and Dagestan 5250: 4592:defeated the Russian army of 12,000 men. 1680:Russian conquest of Chechnya and Dagestan 1092: 897: 289:Learn how and when to remove this message 271:Learn how and when to remove this message 218:Learn how and when to remove this message 116:Learn how and when to remove this message 9244: 9195:"The Circassians: A Forgotten Genocide?" 8620: 7812: 7212: 7129: 7110: 7101: 7041:Kabarda’nın Rusya’ya "Gönüllü" Katılımı. 6612: 6544: 6383: 6305: 6229: 6148: 5976: 5913: 5759: 5617: 5594: 5592: 5590: 5550: 5226: 5129: 5097: 5023: 5002: 4858: 4817: 4789: 4656: 4488: 4399: 4353: 4278: 4227: 3991: 3611: 9838:Russian Conquest of Siberia (1580–1747) 9708:List of wars involving the Soviet Union 9380:. Stuttgart und Tübingen: J. G. Cotta. 9335:Genocide in the Age of the Nation State 9170: 8729: 8516: 8473:Kazem-Bek, “Mukhammed Amin”, pp.239–240 8272: 8270: 8245: 8243: 7776: 7774: 7400: 7398: 7396: 7394: 7392: 7280: 7088: 7086: 7084: 7082: 7080: 6739:The work "History of the Ingush people" 6631: 6576:Capobianco, Michael (13 October 2012). 6092: 6090: 5832: 5830: 5828: 5826: 5824: 5691: 5489: 5243:Russian hands. The only exception, the 5067: 4740: 4611:, however, this proposal was rejected. 4547: 3799:This campaign was directed against the 2289:Circassian Union and Mutual Aid Society 1110: 14: 10657: 10459:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 10390:Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944 10249:Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920) 10227:Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919 9941:Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739) 9617:Military history of the Russian Empire 9388:The Circassians: a forgotten genocide? 9044: 8985:. USA: University of Wisconsin Press. 8980: 8905:Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction 8812:Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction 8010: 7994: 7992: 7929: 7694: 7635:Potto V. Kavkazskaya Voina, v.2, p. 45 7311: 7060:] (in Turkish). İstanbul Matbaası. 6946: 6671: 6669: 6540: 6538: 6418:Genocide: A Comprehensive Introduction 6341: 6339: 6337: 6053: 6051: 6049: 6047: 6045: 6043: 6012: 6010: 6008: 6006: 6004: 5972: 5970: 5968: 5966: 5964: 5962: 5909: 5907: 5795: 5696:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 3. 5521: 5451: 5431:. During the process, the Russian and 5219:Signed by the People of Circassia. 29 4721:year is regarded the official year of 1116: 1072: 810: 10609:Deployment in Nagorno-Karabakh (2020) 9987:Russian colonization of North America 9547: 9149: 9032: 8956: 8902: 8808: 8510: 8249: 8135: 8076:A.Y.Chirg- Krasnodar Kültür Enstitüsü 7884: 7813:Richmond, Walter (2 September 2013). 7780: 7598: 6985:"Russian-Circassian War of 1763–1864" 6976: 6967: 6942:Çerkeslerin 1000 yıllık askerî tarihi 6812: 6810: 6656: 6654: 6415: 6144: 6142: 5953: 5802:Chechens in the Russian-Caucasian war 5729: 5639: 5587: 5508:). In: ქართული საბჭოთა ენციკლოპედია ( 4283:Russian military camp in the Caucasus 4001:tribal elites died in this conflict. 3718:and Christianization programs across 1640: 9622:Military history of the Soviet Union 9286:The Russian conquest of the Caucasus 9227: 8567: 8267: 8240: 8031: 8004: 7950: 7914: 7902:from the original on 25 October 2020 7771: 7736: 7540: 7503: 7436: 7389: 7386:Vestnik Vladikavazkoyjeleznoy dorogi 7162:Kubanskoye Kazachestvo i ego Atamany 7132:The Russian Conquest of the Caucasus 7077: 6982: 6751: 6613:Richmond, Walter (2013). "4: 1864". 6525:Эльмесова, А. М. (4 December 2014). 6484: 6256: 6173: 6149:Bashqawi, Adel (15 September 2017). 6096: 6087: 5821: 5613: 5611: 5609: 5565: 5405: 4948: 4105:captured in the fort and brought to 229: 156:adding citations to reliable sources 127: 72: 31: 10363:Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940 9006:Messenger, Evan (6 December 2023). 8685: 8663: 7989: 7858: 7781:Duvar, Gazete (14 September 2020). 7762: 7406:The History of Cossack Kuban Forces 7206: 6666: 6535: 6334: 6318:Messenger, Evan (6 December 2023). 6223: 6040: 6001: 5959: 5904: 5885:Messenger, Evan (6 December 2023). 5512:). Vol. 3: p. 314-5. Tbilisi, 1978. 4269: 24: 10409:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 9775:1993 Russian constitutional crisis 9418:– Bell, James Stanislaus (English) 9288:. London: Longmans, Green and Co. 9277: 9216:Vedeneyev, D. (1994). "77 тысяч". 8586:from the original on 31 July 2019. 8382:Kazem-Bek, “Mokhammed Amin”, p.238 7705:. Macmillan & Co. p. 202. 7092: 7051: 6807: 6651: 6528:ИЗ ИСТОРИИ РУССКО-КАВКАЗСКОЙ ВОЙНЫ 6478: 6139: 6057: 4919: 3863: 3473: 1578:43,000–90,000 in combat (Estimate) 25: 10736: 10705:Wars involving the Russian Empire 10274:Red Army intervention in Mongolia 9494: 7213:Richmond, Walter (9 April 2013). 7164:. Moscow: Veche, 2007. p. 77 7130:Baddeley, John Frederick (1999). 6816: 6545:Richmond, Walter (9 April 2013). 6230:Richmond, Walter (9 April 2013). 5977:Richmond, Walter (9 April 2013). 5798:Чеченцы в русско-кавказской войне 5606: 5083: 4287:In 1817, Russian veteran general 3725: 3487: 679:(1787–1792; 1806–1812; 1828–1829) 47:This article has multiple issues. 10328:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 10121:Russian conquest of Central Asia 10057:Russian conquest of the Caucasus 9853:Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618) 9795:Insurgency in the North Caucasus 9337:. London; New York: I.B. Tauris. 9109: 9091:Available at circassianworld.com 9079: 9066: 9038: 8999: 8974: 8962: 8950: 8896: 8871: 8859: 8833: 8809:Jones, Adam (16 December 2016). 8802: 8776: 8765: 8750: 8705: 8626: 8573: 8501: 8476: 8467: 8458: 8449: 8440: 8430: 8421: 8412: 8403: 8394: 8385: 8376: 8367: 8358: 8349: 8340: 8331: 8322: 8313: 8304: 8295: 8258: 8208: 8199: 8190: 8181: 8169: 8160: 8148: 8129: 8116: 8107: 8098: 8089: 8080: 8069: 8057: 7923: 7833: 7724: 7715: 7709: 7685: 7676: 7667: 7658: 7649: 7638: 7629: 7592: 7583: 7534: 7480: 7410: 7380: 6736: 6725:Journal "Al-Waha"-"Oasis", Amman 5118:volunteers under the command of 4404:Cossack patrol on the Kuban line 4137:Russian conquest of the Caucasus 3569: 2463: 2276: 1842: 1604: 1581: 1568: 1557: 1521: 1508: 1495: 1482: 1469: 1456: 1436: 1420: 1409: 1398: 1387: 1368: 1356: 1343: 1331: 1319: 1307: 1294: 1281: 1255: 1243: 1231: 1212: 1205: 1199: 1185: 1173: 1154: 1135: 1123: 1099: 1079: 1059: 1052: 1040: 1026: 1012: 998: 984: 970: 952: 940: 928: 916: 904: 886: 879: 865: 853: 841: 829: 817: 799: 787: 773: 759: 745: 731: 717: 697: 686: 670: 653: 620: 607: 594: 581: 544: 519: 494: 475: 457: 445: 433: 421: 407: 323: 234: 132: 77: 36: 10614:Deployment in Kazakhstan (2022) 10259:Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan 10200:1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine 9382:In PDF through Internet Archive 9048:(2005). "6: Declining Powers". 8841:"UNPO: The Circassian Genocide" 8772:Kafkasya Bülteni, 19 Mayıs 1864 8732:On Horseback Through Asia Minor 7352: 7343: 7334: 7325: 7305: 7271: 7262: 7237: 7193: 7180: 7167: 7154: 7142: 7123: 7064: 7045: 7033: 7024: 7015: 6935: 6909: 6846: 6837: 6798: 6783: 6774: 6745: 6730: 6717: 6708: 6642: 6606: 6569: 6518: 6409: 6311: 6062:[Caucasus in History]. 5777: 5768: 5750: 5685: 5652: 5373: 5297:and the northeast shore of the 3858: 3481:Not internationally recognized. 2313:Republic of Karachay-Cherkessia 1443:Circassian Confederational Army 391:Russian annexation of Circassia 143:needs additional citations for 55:or discuss these issues on the 10710:Wars involving the Circassians 10296:Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926) 9946:War of the Austrian Succession 9193:Shenfield, Stephen D. (1999). 8011:Dönmez, Yılmaz (31 May 2018). 7930:Dönmez, Yılmaz (31 May 2018). 5578: 5515: 5495: 5457: 4875:In 1841, Circassian commander 4603:, on the stipulation that the 4410:Russo-Turkish War of 1806–1812 4225:, knocked out of 12 dug auls.“ 3689:The war has been subjected to 3475: 2939:General Secretariat of Ukraine 2308:Republic of Kabardino-Balkaria 13: 1: 10519:South Ossetia war (1991–1992) 10397:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 10148:Russian invasion of Manchuria 10138:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) 10084:Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829) 10079:Russo-Persian War (1826–1828) 10022:Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812) 10012:Russo-Persian War (1804–1813) 9977:Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) 9972:Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) 9962:Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) 9952:Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743) 9930:Russo-Persian War (1722–1723) 9925:Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711) 9902:Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700) 9897:Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681) 9872:Russo-Persian War (1651–1653) 9848:Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595) 9843:Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570) 9828:Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557) 9703:List of wars involving Russia 9698:Sino-Russian border conflicts 9442:Khodarkovsky, Michael. 2002. 9378:Russland und die Tscherkessen 9074:Russland und die Tscherkessen 9021:1858 before the deportations. 8702:. Адыгэ макъ,12/13 Şubat 2009 8693:Adigece'nin temel sorunları-1 8669:Ruslan, Yemij (August 2011). 5522:Berkok, Ismail Hakkı (1958). 5060:in the winter as part of the 4957:from the Abdzakh, one of the 4822:Russian army lands in Subashi 4396:Invasion of Western Circassia 4358:This document indicates that 3942:Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) 3626:Russian invasion of Circassia 3489: 2707:Great Stand on the Ugra River 10474:Eritrean War of Independence 10444:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 10439:East German uprising of 1953 10380:Eastern Front (World War II) 10269:Red Army invasion of Georgia 10264:Red Army invasion of Armenia 10232:Estonian War of Independence 10173:Russian occupation of Tabriz 10094:Hungarian Revolution of 1848 10052:War of the Seventh Coalition 9935:War of the Polish Succession 9882:Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) 9458:, 2000 October 2000, Issue 2 9386:Shenfield, Stephen D. 1999. 7703:The Cambridge Modern History 7624:Ottoman population 1830–1914 7490:, pp. 47–49. Quote on p. 48: 7374:Capobianco, Michael (2012). 7175:Kavkazskaya Voina v 5i Tomax 7111:Schaefer, Robert W. (2010). 6485:Gazetesi, Aziz ÜSTEL, Star. 6236:. Rutgers University Press. 5391: 5165:negotiated with the Russian 3818:Political reasons of the war 2318:Shapsugsky National District 2221:Mongol invasion of Circassia 2031:Destroyed or barely existing 7: 10514:War in Abkhazia (1992–1993) 10464:Sino-Soviet border conflict 10333:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang 10301:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929) 10237:Latvian War of Independence 10126:Russian conquest of Bukhara 10017:War of the Fourth Coalition 10002:War of the Second Coalition 9437:The Circassians: A Handbook 8757:Rosser-Owen, Sarah (2007). 8730:Burnaby, Frederick (2007). 8712:Rosser-Owen, Sarah (2007). 8519:Çerkesya Bağımsızlık Savaşı 6970:A Brief History of Kabarda 6790:Rosser-Owen, Sarah (2007). 6662:Circassian prince Temroqwa. 6442:ochishchenie' ("cleansing") 5334: 4350:in the russo circassian war 4275:Russian conquest of Kabarda 3696:Russian imperial historians 3003:Provisional Priamurye Govt. 1849:List of notable Circassians 1740:Battle of the Valerik River 10: 10741: 10720:Christian–Islamic violence 10690:1864 in the Russian Empire 10685:1763 in the Russian Empire 10509:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 10047:War of the Sixth Coalition 10037:War of the Fifth Coalition 10007:War of the Third Coalition 9612:Military history of Russia 9574:Armed conflicts involving 9449:Leitzinger, Antero. 2000. 9284:Baddeley, John F. (1908). 9241:. Retrieved 11 March 2007. 9143: 9089:, Issue 2 (October 2000), 7070:Ali Kasumov-Hasan Kasmov, 6819:"The Russo-Circassian War" 6151:Circassia: Born to Be Free 5732:"The Russo-Circassian War" 5383: 5254: 5087: 4923: 4916:and went to the Russians. 4631: 4628:General Zass takes control 4458: 3659:(especially to modern-day 2400:Circassian Day of Mourning 489:Circassian tribal regions: 10622: 10557: 10348:Soviet invasion of Poland 10158: 10042:French invasion of Russia 9910: 9808: 9727: 9653:Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars 9645: 9602: 9595: 9540:. Retrieved 11 March 2007 9525:Köremezli İbrahim. 2004. 8981:Karpat, Kemal H. (1985). 7750:(in Turkish). 20 May 2020 6384:Richmond, Walter (2013). 5914:Richmond, Walter (2013). 5618:Velitsyn, Eugene (1880). 5400: 5154:(Sochi) on 25 June 1861. 4561:, criticised this event. 4455:Rise of Jembulat Boletoqo 4244:In 1807, the fortress of 4126:In 1799, Russian general 3774:, he seized ports on the 3712:Russian Tsar Alexander II 3445: 3424: 3406:Luhansk People's Republic 3403: 3385:Donetsk People's Republic 3382: 3361: 3344: 3327: 3148: 3137: 3001: 2980: 2969: 2958: 2937: 2826: 2815: 2804: 2793: 2782: 2587:Principality of Chernigov 1693:Battle of Khankala (1807) 1688: 1618: 1550: 1537: 1273: 848:Maxim Grigorievich Vlasov 710: 660:Kabardia (East Circassia) 440:Principality of Mingrelia 399: 331: 322: 310: 305: 10489:South African Border War 10414:Guerrilla war in Ukraine 10316:Chechen uprising of 1932 9997:Russo-Persian War (1796) 9522:, 1992, 51:10–15. Amman. 9471:Rutgers University Press 9366:McCarthy, Justin. 1995. 9350:Mackie, J Milton. 1856. 9135:The Circassian Genocide. 9072:Neumann, Karl Friedrich 8942:: CS1 maint: location ( 8517:Fonvill, Arthur (1863). 7221:Rutgers University Press 6553:Rutgers University Press 6455:: CS1 maint: location ( 6390:Rutgers University Press 6084:McCarthy 1995:53, fn. 45 5985:Rutgers University Press 5922:Rutgers University Press 5568:Kafkasya Gerçeği dergisi 5366: 5212:We beg Your Excellency ( 4930:Muhammad Amin (Caucasus) 4716:In the end of 1836, the 4135:In 1800, as part of the 3974:Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca 3846:Starting date of the war 3012: 2682: 2606: 2524: 2514: 2504: 1757:Battle of Gordali (1852) 1543:150,000–300,000 regulars 1394:Circassian Cavalry Units 1301:Separate Caucasian corps 692:Principality of Abkhazia 482:Circassian Confederation 10700:Wars involving Chechnya 10131:Khivan campaign of 1873 9982:Russo-Polish War (1792) 9466:The Circassian Genocide 9456:The Eurasian Politician 9451:The Circassian Genocide 9399:The Circassian Genocide 9392:The massacre in history 9374:Neumann, Karl Friedrich 9326:Karpat, Kemal H. 1985. 9199:The Massacre in History 9087:The Eurasian Politician 7555:Oxford University Press 7518:Oxford University Press 7451:Oxford University Press 7420:, p47-49. Quote on p48: 7216:The Circassian Genocide 7173:Potto, Vasiliy (1993). 6752:B.D., Gazikov. (2002). 6615:The Circassian Genocide 6601:The Circassian Genocide 6548:The Circassian Genocide 6386:The Circassian Genocide 6267:Oxford University Press 6233:The Circassian Genocide 6188:Oxford University Press 6111:Oxford University Press 5980:The Circassian Genocide 5917:The Circassian Genocide 5796:Hozhay, Dalhan (1998). 5510:Encyclopaedia Georgiana 5401:Русско-черкесская война 5150:in the capital city of 4765:Naval and shore battles 4493:Circassian warrior, by 4305:Ivan Petrovich Delpotso 4182:During the uprising of 3889:Atajuq Misost Bematiqwa 3694:16th century". Several 3264:Eurasian Economic Union 3113:Parade of sovereignties 2577:Principality of Polotsk 1530:volunteers (after 1857) 1314:Russian artillery units 684:adventurers (1818–1856) 464:Principality of Svaneti 243:Some of this article's 10715:Alexander II of Russia 10670:19th-century conflicts 10665:18th-century conflicts 10604:Western Libya campaign 10279:East Karelian uprising 9800:Wagner Group rebellion 9735:Uprising of Bolotnikov 9509:Adanır, Fikret. 2007. 9425:. 1836. United Kingdom 9323:, 15 July 2005, 8(23). 9178:. New York: Palgrave. 8679:12 August 2020 at the 8564:. pages 203, 215– 217. 8562:Britain and the Crimea 7541:King, Charles (2008). 7504:King, Charles (2008). 7437:King, Charles (2008). 7312:Berger, Adolf (1868). 7292:2 January 2008 at the 7268:6. AKAK, v. 5, p. 872. 7074:, Ankara, 1995, s. 90. 6257:King, Charles (2008). 6174:King, Charles (2008). 6097:King, Charles (2008). 5251:Expulsion and genocide 5232: 5225: 5223:, 1280 (April 7, 1864) 5135: 5103: 5029: 5008: 4893: 4864: 4857: 4823: 4795: 4718:Armenians of Circassia 4710: 4698: 4662: 4621: 4585: 4498: 4405: 4367: 4308: 4284: 4252:was taken as hostage. 4233: 4141:Georgian Military Road 3997: 3691:historical revisionism 3628:, was the invasion of 3617: 2854:Provisional Government 2795:Grand Duchy of Finland 2673:Principality of Moscow 2370:Circassian nationalism 2250:Circassian slave trade 2139:Languages and dialects 1752:Battle of Dargo (1845) 1546:20,000–60,000 regulars 1338:Russian infantry units 1238:Aslan-Bey Sharvashidze 1048:Muhammad-Amin Asiyalav 1006:Shuwpagwe Qalawebateqo 711:Commanders and leaders 167:"Russo-Circassian War" 18:Russian–Circassian War 10599:Intervention in Syria 10534:Tajikistani Civil War 10242:Lithuanian–Soviet War 10183:Battle of Robat Karim 9632:Post-Soviet conflicts 9500:Abzakh, Edris. 1996. 9347:. Oxford Univ. Press. 9265:on 27 September 2007. 9150:Ahmed, Akbar (2013). 9018:on 23 February 2024. 8698:20 April 2013 at the 8250:Khoon, Yahya (2010). 8138:Eurasia Daily Monitor 7599:Berge, Adolf (1858). 5897:on 23 February 2024. 5730:Natho, Kadir (2005). 5692:Askerov, Ali (2015). 5665:Circassia Heart Wound 5640:Berge, Adolf (1858). 5506:Principality of Guria 5230: 5185: 5163:Circassian Parliament 5148:Circassian Parliament 5133: 5101: 5027: 5006: 4882: 4862: 4846: 4821: 4793: 4747:James Stanislaus Bell 4702: 4694: 4660: 4617: 4607:retreated behind the 4575: 4542:Circassian Revolution 4492: 4403: 4357: 4298: 4282: 4231: 3995: 3949:Circassian Revolution 3874:Imperial Russian Army 3765:On 13 May 1711, Tsar 3665:Circassians in Turkey 3615: 3495:Not fully controlled. 3329:Republic of Tatarstan 3222:Constitutional crisis 2260:Circassian Revolution 2110:Religion in Circassia 1710:Assault on Germenchuk 1614:1,615,000+ (Estimate) 1551:Casualties and losses 1326:Russian cavalry units 1288:Russian Imperial Army 1262:James Stanislaus Bell 935:Aleksandr Baryatinsky 503:(until November 1859) 451:Principality of Guria 10582:Annexation of Crimea 10286:Central Asian Revolt 10195:Ukrainian–Soviet War 10067:Russo-Circassian War 9750:Pugachev's Rebellion 9693:Russo-Ukrainian Wars 9637:Russian Armed Forces 9607:Early modern warfare 9333:Levene, Mark. 2005. 9096:9 April 2014 at the 8903:Jones, Adam (2017). 8817:Taylor & Francis 7362:. 51. (1992): 10–15. 7097:. İstanbul Matbaası. 6416:Jones, Adam (2017). 6330:on 23 February 2024. 6296:. Reference in King. 5661:Çerkesya Gönül Yaram 5419:, 800,000–1,500,000 5356:Mission of the Vixen 5289:from their homeland 5074:Paris Treaty of 1856 5068:Paris Treaty of 1856 5042:Ottoman Grand Vizier 4741:Mission of the Vixen 4554:Treaty of Adrianople 4548:Treaty of Adrianople 4387:The fall of Kabardia 4232:Circassian guerillas 4100:Following this, the 3868:During the reign of 3636:, starting in 1763 ( 3624:, also known as the 3622:Russo-Circassian War 3268:Annexation of Crimea 2876:Constituent Assembly 2753:Second Patriotic War 2395:Circassian mythology 2255:Russo-Circassian War 1674:Russo-Circassian War 1588:Civilian casualties: 1575:Military casualties: 306:Russo-Circassian War 152:improve this article 10725:Circassian genocide 10642:Sphere of influence 10572:Russo-Ukrainian War 10429:First Indochina War 10402:Soviet–Japanese War 10338:Xinjiang War (1937) 10207:Kazakhstan Campaign 9992:Kościuszko Uprising 9892:Second Northern War 9770:Coup attempt (1991) 9663:Soviet-Finnish wars 9428:Butkov, P.G. 1869. 9423:The Annual Register 9310:Goble, Paul. 2005. 9172:Gvosdev, Nikolas K. 9117:Circassian History. 8646:Circassian Genocide 7058:Caucasus in History 6983:Hatk, Isam (2009). 5659:Polvinkina (2007). 5504:"გურიის სამთავრო" ( 5492:, pp. 111–112. 5465:"Kafkas Rus Savaşı" 5452:Citations and notes 5425:Circassian genocide 5417:Circassian genocide 5346:Circassian genocide 5303:Circassian genocide 5263:Circassian genocide 5257:Circassian genocide 5179:On April 9, 1864, " 5062:Circassian genocide 4869:siege of Lazarevsky 4745:British adventurer 4652:Circassian genocide 4466:in a saber attack. 4328:Circassian genocide 4184:Adil-Giray Atajukin 4051:Russian-Turkish War 4040:Battle of the Sunja 3967:Battle of Beshtamak 3940:As a result of the 3669:Circassian diaspora 3653:Circassian genocide 3448:Zaporizhzhia Oblast 3280:Invasion of Ukraine 3069:Great Patriotic War 3041:Cultural revolution 2982:Transcaucasian SFSR 2850:February Revolution 2737:Emancipation reform 2635:Council of Uvetichi 2485: • 2481: • 2272:Circassian genocide 2127:Circassian paganism 1866:Circassian diaspora 1855:Circassian genocide 1734:Siege of Lazarevsky 1698:Battle of Dadi-yurt 1621:Circassian Genocide 959:Michael Nikolaevich 377:Circassian genocide 317:Russian imperialism 10632:Russian Revolution 10567:Russo-Georgian War 10549:Second Chechen War 10529:Georgian Civil War 10168:Russo-Japanese War 9920:Great Northern War 9818:Russo-Crimean Wars 9790:Second Chechen War 9688:Russo-Turkish wars 9683:Russo-Swedish wars 9673:Russo-Persian Wars 9658:Russo-Crimean Wars 9515:Hatk, Isam. 1992. 9503:Circassian History 9463:Richmond, Walter. 9269:Tsutsiev, Arthur, 8644:Richmond, Walter. 8576:"Giranduko Berzeg" 8124:Circassian History 7557:. pp. 93–94. 7520:. pp. 74–75. 7030:İ. İ. Dmitriyenko. 6968:Jaimoukha, Amjad. 6705:. pp. 123–124 6703:Circassian History 6648:Shenfield 1999:150 6599:Richmond, Walter. 6060:"Tarihte Kafkasya" 5438:Nikolai Yevdokimov 5233: 5136: 5114:In February 1857, 5104: 5030: 5009: 4865: 4832:Qerzech Shirikhuqo 4824: 4800:Kizbech Tughuzhuqo 4796: 4737:Caucasus in 1842. 4725:'s establishment. 4663: 4590:Kizbech Tughuzhuqo 4513:Political analyst 4499: 4406: 4368: 4285: 4234: 3998: 3984:. The presence of 3830:, and the failing 3618: 3364:Republic of Crimea 3315:Russian Federation 3258:Presidential terms 3150:Karelo-Finnish SSR 3103:Chernobyl disaster 2843:Russian Revolution 2741:Russo-Japanese War 2729:1812 Patriotic War 2643:Battle of Kulikovo 2631:Council of Liubech 2390:Circassian cuisine 2303:Republic of Adygea 1746:Battle of Ichkeria 1704:Battle of Khunzakh 1449:Foreign volunteers 1405:Irregular military 1180:Qerzech Shirikhuqo 1142:Kizbech Tughuzhuqo 1090:(1820–1864) ( 1070:(1807–1860) ( 895:(1830–1848) ( 860:Nikolay Yevdokimov 808:(1799–1827) ( 379:and mass expulsion 339:28 July [ 96:You can assist by 10650: 10649: 10539:First Chechen War 10494:Soviet–Afghan War 10479:Angolan Civil War 10254:Polish–Soviet War 10212:Finnish Civil War 10190:Russian Civil War 10089:November Uprising 10027:Anglo-Russian War 9967:Bar Confederation 9780:First Chechen War 9760:Russian Civil War 9755:Decembrist revolt 9745:Bulavin Rebellion 9740:Razin's Rebellion 9723: 9722: 9678:Russo-Polish Wars 9646:Lists by opponent 9316:Radio Free Europe 9258:978-0-415-77615-8 9228:Even more sources 9208:978-1-57181-935-2 9185:978-0-312-22990-0 9163:978-0-8157-2379-0 8914:978-1-138-78043-9 8847:. 2 November 2009 8826:978-1-317-53386-3 8608:Tsar Alexander II 8521:. Civi Yazilari. 8063:Shtybin, Vitaliy. 7962:enc.rusdeutsch.ru 7870:enc.rusdeutsch.ru 7720:. pp. 92–93. 7622:Karpat, Kemal H. 7564:978-0-19-517775-6 7551:New York City, NY 7527:978-0-19-517775-6 7514:New York City, NY 7460:978-0-19-517775-6 7447:New York City, NY 7340:Richmond, page 56 7230:978-0-8135-6069-4 6991:on 16 August 2022 6843:Baddeley, preface 6624:978-0-8135-6068-7 6562:978-0-8135-6069-4 6427:978-1-138-78043-9 6399:978-0-8135-6068-7 6358:978-975-00909-0-5 6276:978-0-19-517775-6 6265:. New York City: 6243:978-0-8135-6069-4 6197:978-0-19-517775-6 6184:New York City, NY 6120:978-0-19-517775-6 6107:New York City, NY 6033:978-975-00909-0-5 5994:978-0-8135-6069-4 5931:978-0-8135-6069-4 5785:Rus Çerkez Savaşı 5389: 5094:Circassian Majlis 4949:Muhammad Amin era 4901:guerrilla warfare 4794:Kizbech Tuguzhuqo 4638:In 1833, Colonel 4461:Jembulat Boletoqo 4146:Jembulat Bolotoqo 4058:Battle of Jilehoy 3996:Circassian patrol 3740:Ivan the Terrible 3704:Rostislav Fadeyev 3610: 3609: 3576:Russia portal 3504: 3503: 3198:Belavezha Accords 3180: 3179: 3091:Era of Stagnation 3057:Industrialization 3023: 3022: 2900:Soviet-Polish War 2836: 2835: 2817:Russian Manchuria 2763:Tsardom of Russia 2749:October Manifesto 2733:Decembrist Revolt 2725:Petrovian reforms 2693: 2692: 2653:Novgorod Republic 2617: 2616: 2533: 2532: 2437: 2436: 2380:Circassian beauty 2333:Battle of Kanzhal 2265:Circassian Majlis 1964:Circassian tribes 1953: 1945: 1937: 1818: 1783: 1782: 1728:Siege of Akhoulgo 1722:Battle of Argvani 1635: 1634: 1163:(1814–1836) 1161:Jembulat Boletoqo 1144:(1810–1840) 1051:(1848–1859) 704:Caucasian Imamate 395: 394: 299: 298: 291: 281: 280: 273: 228: 227: 220: 202: 126: 125: 118: 70: 16:(Redirected from 10732: 10524:Transnistria War 10469:War of Attrition 10375:Continuation War 10324: 10116:January Uprising 9957:Seven Years' War 9857:Time of Troubles 9823:Russo-Kazan Wars 9668:Russo-Kazan Wars 9600: 9599: 9568: 9561: 9554: 9545: 9544: 9534:Circassian World 9307: 9266: 9261:. 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1087:Gerandiqo Berzeg 1084: 1083: 1082: 1074: 1064: 1063: 1062: 1056: 1045: 1044: 1043: 1031: 1030: 1029: 1017: 1016: 1015: 1003: 1002: 1001: 992:Misost Bematiqwa 989: 988: 987: 975: 974: 973: 957: 956: 945: 944: 933: 932: 921: 920: 909: 908: 899: 891: 890: 883: 870: 869: 858: 857: 846: 845: 836:Aleksey Yermolov 834: 833: 822: 821: 812: 804: 803: 794:Pavel Tsitsianov 792: 791: 778: 777: 764: 763: 750: 749: 736: 735: 722: 721: 720: 702: 701: 700: 690: 675: 674: 658: 657: 656: 625: 624: 623: 612: 611: 610: 599: 598: 597: 586: 585: 584: 549: 548: 547: 528:(until May 1859) 524: 523: 522: 499: 498: 497: 480: 479: 478: 462: 461: 460: 449: 438: 437: 436: 425: 412: 411: 333: 332: 327: 303: 302: 294: 287: 276: 269: 265: 262: 256: 238: 230: 223: 216: 212: 209: 203: 201: 160: 136: 128: 121: 114: 110: 107: 101: 81: 80: 73: 62: 40: 39: 32: 21: 10740: 10739: 10735: 10734: 10733: 10731: 10730: 10729: 10655: 10654: 10651: 10646: 10618: 10559: 10553: 10544:War of Dagestan 10318: 10291:August Uprising 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7528: 7502: 7498: 7485: 7481: 7472: 7468: 7461: 7435: 7428: 7415: 7411: 7403: 7390: 7385: 7381: 7373: 7366: 7360:Al Waha – Oasis 7357: 7353: 7348: 7344: 7339: 7335: 7330: 7326: 7318: 7310: 7306: 7294:Wayback Machine 7285: 7281: 7276: 7272: 7267: 7263: 7253: 7251: 7243: 7242: 7238: 7231: 7211: 7207: 7198: 7194: 7185: 7181: 7172: 7168: 7159: 7155: 7147: 7143: 7128: 7124: 7109: 7102: 7091: 7078: 7069: 7065: 7050: 7046: 7038: 7034: 7029: 7025: 7020: 7016: 7010:Мальбахов Б. К. 7008: 7004: 6994: 6992: 6981: 6977: 6966: 6947: 6940: 6936: 6930:Мальбахов Б. К. 6928: 6919: 6914: 6910: 6904:Мальбахов Б. К. 6902: 6898: 6892:Мальбахов Б. К. 6890: 6883: 6877:Мальбахов Б. К. 6875: 6871: 6865:Мальбахов Б. К. 6863: 6859: 6853:Мальбахов Б. К. 6851: 6847: 6842: 6838: 6828: 6826: 6815: 6808: 6803: 6799: 6788: 6784: 6779: 6775: 6759: 6758: 6750: 6746: 6737:N.D., Kodzoev. 6735: 6731: 6722: 6718: 6713: 6709: 6700: 6696: 6686: 6684: 6675: 6674: 6667: 6659: 6652: 6647: 6643: 6636: 6632: 6625: 6611: 6607: 6598: 6589: 6574: 6570: 6563: 6543: 6536: 6523: 6519: 6503: 6502: 6495: 6493: 6483: 6479: 6474: 6465: 6448: 6447: 6428: 6414: 6410: 6400: 6392:. p. 132. 6382: 6375: 6370: 6366: 6359: 6345: 6344: 6335: 6316: 6312: 6304: 6300: 6291: 6284: 6277: 6255: 6251: 6244: 6228: 6224: 6216: 6205: 6198: 6172: 6168: 6161: 6147: 6140: 6135: 6128: 6121: 6095: 6088: 6083: 6079: 6069: 6067: 6056: 6041: 6034: 6016: 6015: 6002: 5995: 5975: 5960: 5952: 5939: 5932: 5912: 5905: 5883: 5876: 5863: 5856: 5846: 5844: 5836: 5835: 5822: 5816: 5812: 5794: 5790: 5782: 5778: 5774:Mackie 1856:292 5773: 5769: 5764: 5760: 5756:Mackie 1856:291 5755: 5751: 5741: 5739: 5728: 5701: 5690: 5686: 5670: 5669: 5657: 5653: 5638: 5631: 5616: 5607: 5598: 5597: 5588: 5583: 5579: 5564: 5557: 5549: 5545: 5529: 5528: 5520: 5516: 5501: 5500: 5496: 5488: 5484: 5474: 5472: 5463: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5449: 5448: 5410: 5406: 5392:Urys-adyge zaue 5384:Урыс-адыгэ зауэ 5378: 5374: 5369: 5337: 5259: 5253: 5124:Dmitry Milyutin 5120:Teofil Lapinski 5096: 5088:Main articles: 5086: 5070: 5048:pasha as well. 5034:Seferbiy Zaneqo 5028:Seferbiy Zaneqo 4951: 4932: 4926:Seferbiy Zaneqo 4922: 4920:First two naibs 4892: 4889: 4856: 4853: 4767: 4743: 4705: 4636: 4630: 4584: 4582:Seferbiy Zaneqo 4581: 4550: 4533:more villages. 4508:Russia-Iran war 4495:Alfred Kowalski 4463: 4457: 4398: 4307: 4304: 4277: 4272: 4250:Seferbiy Zaneqo 4060:and raided the 4014:Ferah Ali Pasha 3951:began in 1770. 3866: 3864:Pre-1817 period 3861: 3848: 3820: 3788: 3728: 3708:Russian history 3606: 3570: 3568: 3563: 3562: 3558: 3551: 3539: 3527: 3514: 3506: 3505: 3486: 3485: 3472: 3458: 3437: 3416: 3395: 3374: 3354: 3337: 3320: 3309: 3304:2022 annexation 3288:Mass emigration 3276:2020 amendments 3259: 3217: 3203: 3190: 3189: 3181: 3122: 3108: 3086: 3033: 3032: 3024: 2922: 2905: 2868:Kornilov affair 2846: 2845: 2837: 2806:Congress Poland 2784:Russian America 2757: 2745:1905 Revolution 2712: 2703: 2702: 2694: 2663:Vladimir-Suzdal 2647: 2639:Mongol conquest 2627: 2626: 2618: 2561: 2556:Russkaya Pravda 2551:Baptism of Rus' 2543: 2542: 2534: 2499:pre-9th century 2477: 2475: 2455: 2448: 2433: 2404: 2375:Circassian flag 2356: 2352: 2345: 2342: 2328: 2323: 2298: 2293: 2240: 2235: 2216: 2211: 2192: 2185: 2184: 2183: 2173: 2169: 2162: 2157:East Circassian 2151:West Circassian 2142: 2138: 2131: 2112: 2104: 2100: 2093: 2033: 2027: 1977: 1967: 1963: 1956: 1869: 1865: 1851: 1847: 1841: 1814: 1813: 1811: 1810: 1805: 1793: 1786: 1785: 1784: 1779: 1762:Nazran uprising 1716:Battle of Gimry 1684: 1679: 1677: 1673: 1671: 1667: 1665: 1613: 1605: 1603: 1602: 1600: 1594: 1590: 1582: 1580: 1579: 1577: 1569: 1567: 1556: 1533: 1520: 1509: 1507: 1496: 1494: 1483: 1481: 1468: 1457: 1455: 1446: 1437: 1435: 1434: 1430: 1421: 1419: 1418: 1410: 1408: 1407: 1399: 1397: 1396: 1388: 1386: 1385: 1369: 1367: 1355: 1344: 1342: 1330: 1318: 1306: 1293: 1280: 1265: 1254: 1253: 1250:Teofil Lapinski 1242: 1241: 1232: 1230: 1229: 1223: 1213: 1211: 1210: 1186: 1184: 1183: 1174: 1172: 1171: 1165: 1155: 1153: 1152: 1146: 1136: 1134: 1133: 1124: 1122: 1121: 1100: 1098: 1097: 1080: 1078: 1077: 1067:Seferbiy Zanuqo 1060: 1058: 1057: 1041: 1039: 1038: 1027: 1025: 1024: 1013: 1011: 1010: 999: 997: 996: 985: 983: 982: 971: 969: 962: 951: 950: 947:Dmitry Milyutin 939: 938: 927: 926: 915: 914: 903: 902: 885: 884: 864: 863: 852: 851: 840: 839: 828: 827: 824:Georgi Emmanuel 816: 815: 798: 797: 786: 785: 772: 771: 758: 757: 744: 743: 730: 729: 718: 716: 698: 696: 695: 685: 680: 669: 668: 663: 654: 652: 651: 642: 621: 619: 608: 606: 595: 593: 582: 580: 545: 543: 520: 518: 495: 493: 485: 484: 476: 474: 458: 456: 434: 432: 406: 387: 373: 370:Russian victory 359: 295: 284: 283: 282: 277: 266: 260: 257: 254: 239: 224: 213: 207: 204: 161: 159: 149: 137: 122: 111: 105: 102: 95: 82: 78: 41: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10738: 10728: 10727: 10722: 10717: 10712: 10707: 10702: 10697: 10692: 10687: 10682: 10677: 10672: 10667: 10648: 10647: 10645: 10644: 10639: 10634: 10629: 10627:Russian Winter 10623: 10620: 10619: 10617: 10616: 10611: 10606: 10601: 10596: 10595: 10594: 10589: 10584: 10579: 10569: 10563: 10561: 10555: 10554: 10552: 10551: 10546: 10541: 10536: 10531: 10526: 10521: 10516: 10511: 10506: 10501: 10496: 10491: 10486: 10481: 10476: 10471: 10466: 10461: 10456: 10454:Vlora incident 10451: 10446: 10441: 10436: 10431: 10426: 10421: 10416: 10411: 10406: 10405: 10404: 10399: 10394: 10393: 10392: 10382: 10377: 10372: 10367: 10366: 10365: 10355: 10350: 10340: 10335: 10330: 10325: 10313: 10308: 10303: 10298: 10293: 10288: 10283: 10282: 10281: 10276: 10271: 10266: 10261: 10256: 10251: 10246: 10245: 10244: 10239: 10234: 10224: 10219: 10217:Sochi conflict 10214: 10209: 10204: 10203: 10202: 10187: 10186: 10185: 10175: 10170: 10164: 10162: 10156: 10155: 10153: 10152: 10151: 10150: 10140: 10135: 10134: 10133: 10128: 10118: 10113: 10108: 10107: 10106: 10096: 10091: 10086: 10081: 10076: 10075: 10074: 10069: 10059: 10054: 10049: 10044: 10039: 10034: 10029: 10024: 10019: 10014: 10009: 10004: 9999: 9994: 9989: 9984: 9979: 9974: 9969: 9964: 9959: 9954: 9949: 9943: 9938: 9932: 9927: 9922: 9916: 9914: 9908: 9907: 9905: 9904: 9899: 9894: 9889: 9884: 9879: 9874: 9869: 9864: 9859: 9850: 9845: 9840: 9835: 9830: 9825: 9820: 9814: 9812: 9806: 9805: 9803: 9802: 9797: 9792: 9787: 9782: 9777: 9772: 9767: 9762: 9757: 9752: 9747: 9742: 9737: 9731: 9729: 9725: 9724: 9721: 9720: 9718: 9717: 9712: 9711: 9710: 9700: 9695: 9690: 9685: 9680: 9675: 9670: 9665: 9660: 9655: 9649: 9647: 9643: 9642: 9640: 9639: 9634: 9629: 9624: 9619: 9614: 9609: 9603: 9597: 9593: 9592: 9571: 9570: 9563: 9556: 9548: 9542: 9541: 9530: 9523: 9513: 9507: 9496: 9495:External links 9493: 9492: 9491: 9483:Shapi Kaziev. 9481: 9461: 9447: 9440: 9433: 9426: 9420: 9412: 9402: 9395: 9384: 9371: 9364: 9348: 9338: 9331: 9324: 9308: 9294: 9279: 9276: 9275: 9274: 9267: 9257: 9242: 9229: 9226: 9225: 9224: 9222:(3–4). Moscow. 9213: 9207: 9190: 9184: 9168: 9162: 9145: 9142: 9140: 9139: 9127: 9108: 9078: 9065: 9058: 9037: 9035:, p. 357. 9025: 8998: 8991: 8973: 8969:Shenfield 1999 8961: 8949: 8913: 8895: 8870: 8858: 8832: 8825: 8801: 8788:www.hdp.org.tr 8775: 8764: 8749: 8737: 8719: 8704: 8684: 8662: 8660:, p. 151. 8658:Shenfield 1999 8650: 8634: 8625: 8613: 8589: 8566: 8550: 8546:Peace of Paris 8534: 8527: 8509: 8500: 8475: 8466: 8457: 8448: 8439: 8429: 8420: 8411: 8402: 8393: 8384: 8375: 8366: 8357: 8348: 8339: 8330: 8321: 8312: 8303: 8294: 8266: 8257: 8239: 8227: 8207: 8198: 8189: 8180: 8175:Ф. А. Щербина 8168: 8159: 8147: 8128: 8115: 8113:Baddeley p.313 8106: 8097: 8088: 8079: 8068: 8056: 8043:cherkessia.net 8030: 8003: 7988: 7974: 7949: 7922: 7920:Ibid., p. 420. 7913: 7883: 7857: 7832: 7800: 7770: 7761: 7735: 7723: 7708: 7693: 7684: 7675: 7666: 7657: 7648: 7637: 7628: 7612: 7591: 7589:Baddeley p.135 7582: 7570: 7563: 7533: 7526: 7496: 7479: 7466: 7459: 7453:. p. 74. 7426: 7409: 7404:F.A. Cherbin, 7388: 7379: 7364: 7351: 7342: 7333: 7324: 7304: 7279: 7277:Ibid., p. 873. 7270: 7261: 7236: 7229: 7205: 7192: 7179: 7166: 7153: 7141: 7122: 7100: 7076: 7063: 7044: 7032: 7023: 7014: 7002: 6975: 6945: 6934: 6917: 6908: 6896: 6881: 6869: 6857: 6845: 6836: 6825:on 12 May 2022 6817:Natho, Kadir. 6806: 6797: 6782: 6773: 6744: 6729: 6716: 6707: 6694: 6681:cherkessia.net 6665: 6650: 6641: 6630: 6623: 6605: 6587: 6582:Caucasus Forum 6568: 6561: 6534: 6517: 6477: 6475:Shenfield 1999 6463: 6426: 6408: 6398: 6373: 6364: 6357: 6333: 6310: 6298: 6292:L.V.Burykina. 6282: 6275: 6249: 6242: 6222: 6220:, p. 150. 6218:Shenfield 1999 6203: 6196: 6166: 6160:978-1543447644 6159: 6138: 6126: 6119: 6086: 6077: 6039: 6032: 6000: 5993: 5958: 5956:, p. 161. 5937: 5930: 5924:. back cover. 5903: 5874: 5854: 5820: 5810: 5788: 5776: 5767: 5758: 5749: 5738:on 12 May 2022 5699: 5684: 5651: 5629: 5605: 5586: 5577: 5570:(in Turkish). 5555: 5543: 5514: 5494: 5482: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5447: 5446: 5413:Ottoman Empire 5404: 5371: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5364: 5363: 5361:David Urquhart 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5336: 5333: 5310:Ottoman Empire 5295:North Caucasus 5269:'s systematic 5267:Russian Empire 5255:Main article: 5252: 5249: 5085: 5084:End of the war 5082: 5069: 5066: 4950: 4947: 4921: 4918: 4887: 4854:Hawduqo Mansur 4851: 4783:By this time, 4766: 4763: 4742: 4739: 4632:Main article: 4629: 4626: 4579: 4549: 4546: 4459:Main article: 4456: 4453: 4397: 4394: 4336:Kuban Cossacks 4302: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4213:, Chegemians, 4102:siege of Anapa 3865: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3847: 3844: 3832:Ottoman Empire 3819: 3816: 3787: 3784: 3746:, daughter of 3727: 3726:Before the war 3724: 3657:Ottoman Empire 3642:Russian Empire 3608: 3607: 3605: 3604: 3597: 3590: 3582: 3579: 3578: 3565: 3564: 3515: 3512: 3511: 3508: 3507: 3502: 3501: 3499: 3463: 3462: 3451: 3442: 3441: 3430: 3427:Kherson Oblast 3421: 3420: 3409: 3400: 3399: 3388: 3379: 3378: 3367: 3358: 3357: 3348: 3341: 3340: 3331: 3324: 3323: 3317: 3308: 3307: 3184: 3183: 3182: 3178: 3177: 3174: 3168: 3167: 3165: 3156: 3155: 3152: 3145: 3144: 3141: 3134: 3133: 3130: 3121: 3120: 3027: 3026: 3025: 3021: 3020: 3018: 3009: 3008: 3005: 2998: 2997: 2994: 2988: 2987: 2984: 2977: 2976: 2973: 2966: 2965: 2962: 2955: 2954: 2951: 2945: 2944: 2941: 2934: 2933: 2930: 2921: 2920: 2884:Bolshevik Coup 2840: 2839: 2838: 2834: 2833: 2830: 2828:Uryankhay Krai 2823: 2822: 2819: 2812: 2811: 2808: 2801: 2800: 2797: 2790: 2789: 2786: 2779: 2778: 2775: 2773:Russian Empire 2769: 2768: 2765: 2756: 2755: 2700:Tsarist Russia 2697: 2696: 2695: 2691: 2690: 2688: 2679: 2678: 2675: 2669: 2668: 2665: 2659: 2658: 2655: 2646: 2645: 2621: 2620: 2619: 2615: 2614: 2612: 2603: 2602: 2599: 2593: 2592: 2589: 2583: 2582: 2579: 2573: 2572: 2569: 2560: 2559: 2537: 2536: 2535: 2531: 2530: 2528: 2521: 2520: 2518: 2511: 2510: 2508: 2506:Rus' Khaganate 2501: 2500: 2497: 2476: 2473: 2472: 2469: 2468: 2460: 2459: 2450: 2449: 2442: 2435: 2434: 2432: 2431: 2424: 2417: 2409: 2406: 2405: 2403: 2402: 2397: 2392: 2387: 2382: 2377: 2372: 2367: 2361: 2358: 2357: 2350: 2347: 2346: 2344: 2343: 2341: 2340: 2335: 2329: 2324: 2322: 2321: 2315: 2310: 2305: 2299: 2294: 2292: 2291: 2286: 2281: 2267: 2262: 2257: 2252: 2247: 2241: 2236: 2234: 2233: 2231:Inal the Great 2228: 2223: 2217: 2212: 2210: 2209: 2204: 2199: 2197:Maykop culture 2193: 2188: 2181: 2180: 2179: 2178: 2175: 2174: 2167: 2164: 2163: 2161: 2160: 2154: 2147: 2144: 2143: 2136: 2133: 2132: 2130: 2129: 2124: 2119: 2113: 2106: 2105: 2098: 2095: 2094: 2092: 2091: 2086: 2081: 2076: 2071: 2066: 2061: 2056: 2051: 2046: 2041: 2035: 2029: 2026: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1979: 1973: 1969: 1968: 1961: 1958: 1957: 1955: 1954: 1946: 1938: 1930: 1925: 1920: 1915: 1910: 1905: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1885: 1880: 1874: 1871: 1870: 1863: 1860: 1859: 1840: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1823: 1820: 1819: 1802: 1799: 1798: 1781: 1780: 1778: 1777: 1771: 1765: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1743: 1737: 1731: 1725: 1719: 1713: 1707: 1701: 1695: 1689: 1686: 1685: 1664: 1663: 1656: 1649: 1641: 1633: 1632: 1625:Ottoman Empire 1616: 1615: 1564: 1553: 1552: 1548: 1547: 1544: 1540: 1539: 1535: 1534: 1532: 1531: 1518: 1505: 1492: 1479: 1466: 1452: 1379: 1378: 1377: 1365: 1353: 1340: 1328: 1316: 1304: 1276: 1275: 1274:Units involved 1271: 1270: 1106:Mansur Ushurma 1034:Hawduqo Mansur 967: 713: 712: 708: 707: 677:Ottoman Empire 650: 649: 648: 647: 636: 630: 617: 604: 591: 578: 572: 566: 560: 554: 541: 535: 529: 516: 510: 504: 473: 472: 471: 469: 468: 467: 454: 443: 430: 427:Kalmyk Khanate 415:Russian Empire 402: 401: 397: 396: 393: 392: 389: 383: 382: 381: 380: 372: 371: 367: 365: 361: 360: 355: 353: 349: 348: 337: 329: 328: 320: 319: 308: 307: 301: 300: 297: 296: 279: 278: 245:listed sources 242: 240: 233: 226: 225: 140: 138: 131: 124: 123: 85: 83: 76: 71: 45: 44: 42: 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10737: 10726: 10723: 10721: 10718: 10716: 10713: 10711: 10708: 10706: 10703: 10701: 10698: 10696: 10695:Caucasian War 10693: 10691: 10688: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10678: 10676: 10673: 10671: 10668: 10666: 10663: 10662: 10660: 10653: 10643: 10640: 10638: 10635: 10633: 10630: 10628: 10625: 10624: 10621: 10615: 10612: 10610: 10607: 10605: 10602: 10600: 10597: 10593: 10592:2022 invasion 10590: 10588: 10587:War in Donbas 10585: 10583: 10580: 10578: 10575: 10574: 10573: 10570: 10568: 10565: 10564: 10562: 10556: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10540: 10537: 10535: 10532: 10530: 10527: 10525: 10522: 10520: 10517: 10515: 10512: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10502: 10500: 10497: 10495: 10492: 10490: 10487: 10485: 10482: 10480: 10477: 10475: 10472: 10470: 10467: 10465: 10462: 10460: 10457: 10455: 10452: 10450: 10447: 10445: 10442: 10440: 10437: 10435: 10432: 10430: 10427: 10425: 10424:Ili Rebellion 10422: 10420: 10417: 10415: 10412: 10410: 10407: 10403: 10400: 10398: 10395: 10391: 10388: 10387: 10386: 10383: 10381: 10378: 10376: 10373: 10371: 10368: 10364: 10361: 10360: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10345: 10344: 10341: 10339: 10336: 10334: 10331: 10329: 10326: 10322: 10317: 10314: 10312: 10309: 10307: 10304: 10302: 10299: 10297: 10294: 10292: 10289: 10287: 10284: 10280: 10277: 10275: 10272: 10270: 10267: 10265: 10262: 10260: 10257: 10255: 10252: 10250: 10247: 10243: 10240: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10230: 10229: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10208: 10205: 10201: 10198: 10197: 10196: 10193: 10192: 10191: 10188: 10184: 10181: 10180: 10179: 10176: 10174: 10171: 10169: 10166: 10165: 10163: 10157: 10149: 10146: 10145: 10144: 10141: 10139: 10136: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10124: 10123: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10105: 10102: 10101: 10100: 10097: 10095: 10092: 10090: 10087: 10085: 10082: 10080: 10077: 10073: 10070: 10068: 10065: 10064: 10063: 10062:Caucasian War 10060: 10058: 10055: 10053: 10050: 10048: 10045: 10043: 10040: 10038: 10035: 10033: 10030: 10028: 10025: 10023: 10020: 10018: 10015: 10013: 10010: 10008: 10005: 10003: 10000: 9998: 9995: 9993: 9990: 9988: 9985: 9983: 9980: 9978: 9975: 9973: 9970: 9968: 9965: 9963: 9960: 9958: 9955: 9953: 9950: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9939: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9926: 9923: 9921: 9918: 9917: 9915: 9909: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9868: 9865: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9836: 9834: 9831: 9829: 9826: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9816: 9815: 9813: 9807: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9793: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9783: 9781: 9778: 9776: 9773: 9771: 9768: 9766: 9763: 9761: 9758: 9756: 9753: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9732: 9730: 9726: 9716: 9713: 9709: 9706: 9705: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9696: 9694: 9691: 9689: 9686: 9684: 9681: 9679: 9676: 9674: 9671: 9669: 9666: 9664: 9661: 9659: 9656: 9654: 9651: 9650: 9648: 9644: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9630: 9628: 9625: 9623: 9620: 9618: 9615: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9605: 9604: 9601: 9598: 9594: 9589: 9585: 9581: 9577: 9569: 9564: 9562: 9557: 9555: 9550: 9549: 9546: 9539: 9535: 9531: 9528: 9524: 9521: 9520:Al-Waha-Oasis 9518: 9514: 9512: 9508: 9506: 9504: 9499: 9498: 9490: 9486: 9485:Kaziev, Shapi 9482: 9480: 9479:9780813560694 9476: 9472: 9468: 9467: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9452: 9448: 9445: 9441: 9438: 9434: 9431: 9427: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9417: 9413: 9411:, 2006-10-16. 9410: 9406: 9403: 9401:, 2004-12-14. 9400: 9396: 9393: 9389: 9385: 9383: 9379: 9375: 9372: 9369: 9365: 9363: 9362:1-4255-2996-8 9359: 9356: 9354: 9349: 9346: 9342: 9341:King, Charles 9339: 9336: 9332: 9329: 9325: 9322: 9321: 9320:Radio Liberty 9317: 9313: 9309: 9305: 9301: 9297: 9295:0-7007-0634-8 9291: 9287: 9282: 9281: 9272: 9268: 9264: 9260: 9254: 9251:. Routledge. 9250: 9249: 9243: 9240: 9236: 9232: 9231: 9221: 9220: 9214: 9210: 9204: 9200: 9196: 9191: 9187: 9181: 9177: 9173: 9169: 9165: 9159: 9155: 9154: 9148: 9147: 9136: 9131: 9125: 9122: 9118: 9112: 9106: 9103: 9099: 9095: 9092: 9088: 9082: 9075: 9069: 9061: 9059:1-84511-057-9 9055: 9051: 9047: 9041: 9034: 9029: 9022: 9017: 9013: 9009: 9002: 8994: 8992:0-299-09160-0 8988: 8984: 8977: 8970: 8965: 8958: 8953: 8945: 8939: 8932: 8931:("cleansing") 8930: 8924: 8920: 8916: 8910: 8906: 8899: 8884: 8880: 8874: 8867: 8862: 8846: 8842: 8836: 8828: 8822: 8818: 8814: 8813: 8805: 8789: 8785: 8779: 8773: 8768: 8760: 8753: 8744: 8742: 8733: 8726: 8724: 8715: 8708: 8701: 8697: 8694: 8688: 8682: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8666: 8659: 8654: 8647: 8641: 8639: 8629: 8622: 8621:Richmond 2008 8617: 8611: 8609: 8602: 8596: 8594: 8585: 8581: 8577: 8570: 8563: 8557: 8555: 8547: 8541: 8539: 8530: 8528:9786055708337 8524: 8520: 8513: 8504: 8489: 8485: 8479: 8470: 8461: 8452: 8443: 8433: 8424: 8418:Chirg, p.158. 8415: 8406: 8397: 8388: 8379: 8370: 8361: 8352: 8343: 8334: 8325: 8316: 8307: 8298: 8283: 8279: 8273: 8271: 8261: 8253: 8246: 8244: 8234: 8232: 8216: 8211: 8202: 8193: 8184: 8178: 8172: 8163: 8157: 8151: 8143: 8139: 8132: 8125: 8119: 8110: 8101: 8092: 8083: 8077: 8072: 8066: 8060: 8044: 8040: 8034: 8018: 8014: 8007: 8001: 7995: 7993: 7985: 7984: 7983:Щербина Ф. А. 7978: 7963: 7959: 7953: 7937: 7933: 7926: 7917: 7901: 7897: 7893: 7887: 7871: 7867: 7861: 7846: 7842: 7836: 7820: 7816: 7809: 7807: 7805: 7788: 7784: 7777: 7775: 7765: 7749: 7745: 7739: 7733: 7727: 7719: 7712: 7704: 7697: 7688: 7679: 7670: 7661: 7655:Ibid., p. 59. 7652: 7646: 7641: 7632: 7625: 7619: 7617: 7608: 7604: 7603: 7595: 7586: 7580: 7574: 7566: 7560: 7556: 7552: 7547: 7546: 7537: 7529: 7523: 7519: 7515: 7510: 7509: 7500: 7494: 7489: 7483: 7476: 7470: 7462: 7456: 7452: 7448: 7443: 7442: 7433: 7431: 7424: 7419: 7413: 7407: 7401: 7399: 7397: 7395: 7393: 7383: 7377: 7371: 7369: 7361: 7355: 7346: 7337: 7331:Baddeley p.73 7328: 7317: 7316: 7308: 7302: 7299: 7295: 7291: 7288: 7283: 7274: 7265: 7250: 7246: 7240: 7232: 7226: 7222: 7218: 7217: 7209: 7202: 7196: 7189: 7183: 7176: 7170: 7163: 7157: 7151: 7145: 7138:. p. 49. 7137: 7133: 7126: 7118: 7114: 7107: 7105: 7096: 7089: 7087: 7085: 7083: 7081: 7073: 7067: 7059: 7055: 7048: 7042: 7036: 7027: 7018: 7011: 7006: 6990: 6986: 6979: 6972:. p. 19. 6971: 6964: 6962: 6960: 6958: 6956: 6954: 6952: 6950: 6943: 6938: 6931: 6926: 6924: 6922: 6912: 6905: 6900: 6893: 6888: 6886: 6878: 6873: 6866: 6861: 6854: 6849: 6840: 6824: 6820: 6813: 6811: 6801: 6793: 6786: 6777: 6769: 6763: 6755: 6748: 6740: 6733: 6726: 6720: 6711: 6704: 6698: 6682: 6678: 6672: 6670: 6663: 6660:Khasht, Ali. 6657: 6655: 6645: 6639: 6634: 6626: 6620: 6616: 6609: 6602: 6596: 6594: 6592: 6583: 6579: 6572: 6564: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6549: 6541: 6539: 6530: 6529: 6521: 6513: 6507: 6492: 6488: 6481: 6472: 6470: 6468: 6461: 6458: 6452: 6444: 6443: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6423: 6419: 6412: 6405: 6401: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6380: 6378: 6368: 6360: 6354: 6350: 6349: 6342: 6340: 6338: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6314: 6308:, p. 79. 6307: 6306:Richmond 2008 6302: 6295: 6289: 6287: 6278: 6272: 6268: 6263: 6262: 6253: 6245: 6239: 6235: 6234: 6226: 6219: 6214: 6212: 6210: 6208: 6199: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6180: 6179: 6170: 6162: 6156: 6152: 6145: 6143: 6133: 6131: 6122: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6103: 6102: 6093: 6091: 6081: 6065: 6061: 6054: 6052: 6050: 6048: 6046: 6044: 6035: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6020: 6013: 6011: 6009: 6007: 6005: 5996: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5981: 5973: 5971: 5969: 5967: 5965: 5963: 5955: 5950: 5948: 5946: 5944: 5942: 5933: 5927: 5923: 5919: 5918: 5910: 5908: 5900: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5881: 5879: 5871: 5870:9780813560694 5867: 5861: 5859: 5843: 5839: 5833: 5831: 5829: 5827: 5825: 5813: 5811:5-85973-012-8 5807: 5804:]. SEDA. 5803: 5799: 5792: 5786: 5780: 5771: 5762: 5753: 5737: 5733: 5726: 5724: 5722: 5720: 5718: 5716: 5714: 5712: 5710: 5708: 5706: 5704: 5695: 5688: 5680: 5674: 5666: 5662: 5655: 5647: 5643: 5636: 5634: 5625: 5621: 5614: 5612: 5610: 5601: 5595: 5593: 5591: 5581: 5573: 5569: 5562: 5560: 5552: 5551:Richmond 2008 5547: 5539: 5533: 5525: 5518: 5511: 5507: 5502:(in Georgian) 5498: 5491: 5486: 5470: 5466: 5460: 5456: 5443: 5439: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5408: 5398: 5393: 5381: 5376: 5372: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5341:Caucasian War 5339: 5338: 5332: 5330: 5326: 5320: 5317: 5313: 5311: 5306: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5258: 5248: 5246: 5240: 5238: 5229: 5224: 5222: 5217: 5215: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5184: 5182: 5177: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5164: 5159: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5144: 5140: 5132: 5128: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5112: 5109: 5100: 5095: 5091: 5081: 5079: 5075: 5065: 5063: 5059: 5053: 5049: 5045: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5026: 5022: 5019: 5014: 5007:Muhammad Amin 5005: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4991: 4986: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4963: 4960: 4956: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4936: 4931: 4927: 4917: 4915: 4910: 4909:Aytech Qanoqo 4905: 4902: 4897: 4890:Ismail Berzeg 4886: 4881: 4878: 4877:Ismail Berzeg 4873: 4870: 4861: 4850: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4835: 4833: 4827: 4820: 4816: 4814: 4809: 4806: 4801: 4792: 4788: 4786: 4785:Aytech Qanoqo 4781: 4778: 4775: 4770: 4762: 4758: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4668:Aytech Qanoqo 4659: 4655: 4653: 4648: 4645: 4644:Batalpashinsk 4641: 4635: 4625: 4620: 4616: 4612: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4593: 4591: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4560: 4555: 4545: 4543: 4539: 4538:Aytech Qanoqo 4534: 4531: 4526: 4524: 4523:Ismail Berzeg 4519: 4516: 4511: 4509: 4503: 4496: 4491: 4487: 4485: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4462: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4441: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4402: 4393: 4389: 4388: 4384: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4365: 4361: 4356: 4352: 4351: 4349: 4345: 4339: 4337: 4331: 4329: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4290: 4281: 4267: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4247: 4242: 4238: 4230: 4226: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4207: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4180: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4153: 4149: 4147: 4144:young prince 4142: 4138: 4133: 4132: 4129: 4128:Fyodor Bursak 4124: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4110: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4096: 4095:Ivan Gudovich 4091: 4089: 4084: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4054: 4052: 4048: 4043: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4028:Sheikh Mansur 4024: 4021: 4017: 4015: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3994: 3990: 3987: 3983: 3977: 3975: 3970: 3968: 3962: 3958: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3945: 3943: 3938: 3935: 3929: 3927: 3922: 3919: 3913: 3909: 3906: 3902: 3897: 3894: 3890: 3885: 3881: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3856: 3854: 3843: 3839: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3815: 3813: 3809: 3804: 3802: 3797: 3794: 3783: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3760: 3755: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3723: 3721: 3717: 3716:Russification 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3685: 3680: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3649: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3614: 3603: 3598: 3596: 3591: 3589: 3584: 3583: 3581: 3580: 3577: 3567: 3566: 3561: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3510: 3509: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3491: 3482: 3478: 3477: 3471: 3470: 3465: 3464: 3461: 3456: 3452: 3450: 3449: 3444: 3443: 3440: 3435: 3431: 3429: 3428: 3423: 3422: 3419: 3414: 3410: 3408: 3407: 3402: 3401: 3398: 3393: 3389: 3387: 3386: 3381: 3380: 3377: 3372: 3368: 3366: 3365: 3360: 3359: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3343: 3342: 3335: 3332: 3330: 3326: 3325: 3318: 3316: 3313: 3312: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3272:War in Donbas 3269: 3265: 3261: 3255: 3254:Five-Days War 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3226:Privatization 3223: 3219: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3199: 3195: 3192: 3191: 3188: 3187:Modern Russia 3175: 3173: 3170: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3163: 3158: 3157: 3153: 3151: 3147: 3146: 3142: 3140: 3136: 3135: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3125: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3035: 3034: 3031: 3019: 3017: 3016: 3011: 3010: 3006: 3004: 3000: 2999: 2995: 2993: 2992:Russian State 2990: 2989: 2985: 2983: 2979: 2978: 2974: 2972: 2968: 2967: 2963: 2961: 2960:Ukrainian SSR 2957: 2956: 2952: 2950: 2947: 2946: 2942: 2940: 2936: 2935: 2931: 2929: 2926: 2925: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2910:War Communism 2907: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2860: 2859:Dvoyevlastiye 2855: 2851: 2848: 2847: 2844: 2831: 2829: 2825: 2824: 2820: 2818: 2814: 2813: 2809: 2807: 2803: 2802: 2798: 2796: 2792: 2791: 2787: 2785: 2781: 2780: 2776: 2774: 2771: 2770: 2766: 2764: 2761: 2760: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2708: 2705: 2704: 2701: 2689: 2687: 2686: 2681: 2680: 2676: 2674: 2671: 2670: 2666: 2664: 2661: 2660: 2656: 2654: 2651: 2650: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2629: 2628: 2625: 2613: 2611: 2610: 2605: 2604: 2600: 2598: 2597:Rostov-Suzdal 2595: 2594: 2590: 2588: 2585: 2584: 2580: 2578: 2575: 2574: 2570: 2568: 2567:Novgorod Land 2565: 2564: 2558: 2557: 2552: 2548: 2545: 2544: 2541: 2529: 2527: 2523: 2522: 2519: 2517: 2513: 2512: 2509: 2507: 2503: 2502: 2498: 2496: 2493: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2471: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2461: 2458: 2452: 2451: 2446: 2441: 2440: 2430: 2425: 2423: 2418: 2416: 2411: 2410: 2408: 2407: 2401: 2398: 2396: 2393: 2391: 2388: 2386: 2383: 2381: 2378: 2376: 2373: 2371: 2368: 2366: 2363: 2362: 2360: 2359: 2355: 2349: 2348: 2339: 2336: 2334: 2331: 2330: 2327: 2319: 2316: 2314: 2311: 2309: 2306: 2304: 2301: 2300: 2297: 2290: 2287: 2285: 2282: 2279: 2275: 2274: 2273: 2268: 2266: 2263: 2261: 2258: 2256: 2253: 2251: 2248: 2246: 2243: 2242: 2239: 2232: 2229: 2227: 2224: 2222: 2219: 2218: 2215: 2208: 2205: 2203: 2200: 2198: 2195: 2194: 2191: 2187: 2186: 2177: 2176: 2172: 2166: 2165: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2148: 2146: 2145: 2141: 2135: 2134: 2128: 2125: 2123: 2120: 2118: 2115: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2107: 2103: 2097: 2096: 2090: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2080: 2077: 2075: 2072: 2070: 2067: 2065: 2062: 2060: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2047: 2045: 2042: 2040: 2037: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2024: 2021: 2019: 2016: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2004: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1971: 1970: 1966: 1960: 1959: 1950: 1947: 1942: 1939: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1919: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1903:United States 1901: 1899: 1896: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1884: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1875: 1873: 1872: 1868: 1862: 1861: 1858: 1857: 1856: 1850: 1845: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1824: 1822: 1821: 1809: 1808: 1801: 1800: 1796: 1790: 1789: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1723: 1720: 1717: 1714: 1711: 1708: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1694: 1691: 1690: 1687: 1682: 1676: 1670: 1669:Caucasian War 1662: 1657: 1655: 1650: 1648: 1643: 1642: 1639: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1589: 1576: 1565: 1560: 1555: 1554: 1549: 1545: 1542: 1541: 1536: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1516: 1506: 1503: 1493: 1490: 1480: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1464: 1454: 1453: 1451: 1450: 1445: 1444: 1433: 1428: 1417: 1406: 1395: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1366: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1351: 1341: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1302: 1297: 1292: 1291: 1290: 1289: 1284: 1278: 1277: 1272: 1269: 1263: 1258: 1251: 1246: 1239: 1228: 1226: 1221:(1830s) 1220: 1208: 1202: 1197: 1193: 1192:Aytech Qanoqo 1181: 1170: 1168: 1162: 1151: 1149: 1143: 1131: 1119: 1113: 1108:(1791) ( 1107: 1095: 1089: 1088: 1075: 1069: 1068: 1055: 1050: 1049: 1036: 1035: 1022: 1021: 1020:Ismail Berzeg 1008: 1007: 994: 993: 980: 979: 968: 966: 960: 955: 948: 943: 936: 931: 924: 923:David Dadiani 919: 912: 907: 900: 894: 889: 882: 877: 873: 872:Aytech Qanoqo 868: 861: 856: 849: 844: 837: 832: 825: 820: 813: 807: 806:Fyodor Bursak 802: 795: 790: 783: 782: 776: 769: 768: 762: 755: 754: 748: 741: 740: 734: 727: 726: 715: 714: 709: 705: 693: 689: 683: 678: 673: 666: 662:(until 1822) 661: 646: 641:(until 1780s) 640: 637: 634: 631: 628: 618: 615: 605: 602: 592: 589: 579: 576: 573: 570: 567: 565:(until 1830s) 564: 561: 559:(until 1780s) 558: 555: 552: 542: 539: 536: 534:(until 1780s) 533: 530: 527: 517: 514: 511: 509:(until 1780s) 508: 505: 502: 492: 491: 490: 487: 486: 483: 470: 465: 455: 452: 448: 444: 441: 431: 428: 424: 420: 419: 418: 417: 416: 410: 404: 403: 398: 390: 385: 384: 378: 375: 374: 369: 368: 366: 363: 362: 358: 354: 351: 350: 346: 342: 338: 335: 334: 330: 326: 321: 318: 314: 313:Caucasian War 309: 304: 293: 290: 275: 272: 264: 252: 251: 246: 241: 237: 232: 231: 222: 219: 211: 208:December 2021 200: 197: 193: 190: 186: 183: 179: 176: 172: 169: – 168: 164: 163:Find sources: 157: 153: 147: 146: 141:This article 139: 135: 130: 129: 120: 117: 109: 99: 93: 91: 86:This article 84: 75: 74: 69: 67: 60: 59: 54: 53: 48: 43: 34: 33: 30: 19: 10652: 10343:World War II 10066: 9867:Smolensk War 9833:Livonian War 9519: 9502: 9464: 9455: 9450: 9443: 9436: 9429: 9422: 9415: 9404: 9391: 9387: 9377: 9367: 9352: 9344: 9334: 9327: 9314: 9285: 9270: 9263:the original 9247: 9234: 9217: 9198: 9175: 9152: 9130: 9111: 9086: 9081: 9073: 9068: 9049: 9046:Levene, Mark 9040: 9028: 9019: 9016:the original 9011: 9001: 8982: 8976: 8964: 8952: 8929:ochishchenie 8928: 8926: 8904: 8898: 8888:26 September 8886:. 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In 9405:Ibid. 8144:(38). 7605:[ 7319:(PDF) 7056:[ 6022:[ 5800:[ 5663:[ 5644:[ 5622:[ 5367:Notes 5152:Ş̂açə 4872:men. 4839:Anapa 4609:Kuban 4246:Anapa 4062:Abaza 4030:, an 3776:Kuban 3557:1991– 3493: 3479: 3319:1991– 3061:GULAG 2906:Govt. 2547:Rurik 2207:Zygii 2117:Islam 2054:Guaye 2023:Ubykh 1928:Egypt 1913:Libya 1893:Syria 627:Ubykh 199:JSTOR 185:books 10558:21st 10159:20th 9586:and 9475:ISBN 9358:ISBN 9290:ISBN 9253:ISBN 9239:here 9203:ISBN 9180:ISBN 9158:ISBN 9124:2007 9105:2007 9054:ISBN 8987:ISBN 8944:link 8919:LCCN 8909:ISBN 8890:2020 8853:2020 8821:ISBN 8796:2020 8523:ISBN 8495:2022 8289:2022 8223:Тип. 8051:2021 8025:2021 7969:2021 7944:2021 7908:2021 7878:2021 7852:2021 7827:2020 7795:2021 7756:2021 7559:ISBN 7522:ISBN 7455:ISBN 7301:2007 7256:2021 7225:ISBN 7203:, 47 7190:, 43 6997:2021 6831:2021 6768:link 6727:1992 6689:2021 6619:ISBN 6557:ISBN 6512:link 6498:2020 6457:link 6432:LCCN 6422:ISBN 6394:ISBN 6353:ISBN 6271:ISBN 6238:ISBN 6192:ISBN 6155:ISBN 6115:ISBN 6072:2020 6028:ISBN 5989:ISBN 5926:ISBN 5866:ISBN 5849:2021 5806:ISBN 5744:2021 5679:link 5538:link 5477:2021 5440:and 5411:The 5327:and 5261:The 5167:Tsar 5161:The 5092:and 4928:and 4867:The 4751:Ajax 4599:and 4552:The 4374:and 4370:The 4362:and 4346:and 4221:and 4198:and 4171:and 4072:and 4032:imam 3982:Azov 3947:The 3826:and 3620:The 3455:2022 3434:2022 3413:2022 3392:2022 3371:2014 3351:2000 3334:1994 3244:) • 3230:CSTO 3220:" • 3216:Near 2914:USSR 2882:) • 2182:Show 1923:Iran 1918:Iraq 1502:Avar 345:O.S. 341:O.S. 336:Date 315:and 171:news 8219:Тф. 5285:of 3646:O.S 3638:O.S 3632:by 3242:2nd 3238:1st 3214:• " 3212:CIS 3109:War 3037:NEP 1196:(D) 1117:DOW 1111:POW 1093:WIA 1073:DOW 898:WIA 876:(D) 811:DOW 154:by 10661:: 10321:ru 9582:, 9487:. 9469:, 9318:/ 9300:OL 9298:. 9010:. 8940:}} 8936:{{ 8925:. 8917:. 8881:. 8843:. 8815:. 8786:. 8740:^ 8722:^ 8637:^ 8592:^ 8582:. 8578:. 8553:^ 8537:^ 8486:. 8280:. 8269:^ 8242:^ 8230:^ 8221:: 8140:. 8041:. 8015:. 7991:^ 7960:. 7934:. 7898:. 7894:. 7843:. 7803:^ 7785:. 7773:^ 7746:. 7615:^ 7553:: 7549:. 7516:: 7512:. 7449:: 7445:. 7429:^ 7391:^ 7367:^ 7247:. 7223:. 7219:. 7134:. 7115:. 7103:^ 7079:^ 6948:^ 6920:^ 6884:^ 6809:^ 6764:}} 6760:{{ 6679:. 6668:^ 6653:^ 6590:^ 6580:. 6555:. 6551:. 6537:^ 6508:}} 6504:{{ 6489:. 6466:^ 6453:}} 6449:{{ 6438:. 6430:. 6402:. 6388:. 6376:^ 6336:^ 6322:. 6285:^ 6269:. 6206:^ 6190:. 6186:: 6182:. 6141:^ 6129:^ 6113:. 6109:: 6105:. 6089:^ 6042:^ 6003:^ 5987:. 5983:. 5961:^ 5940:^ 5920:. 5906:^ 5889:. 5877:^ 5857:^ 5840:. 5823:^ 5702:^ 5675:}} 5671:{{ 5632:^ 5608:^ 5589:^ 5572:11 5558:^ 5534:}} 5530:{{ 5467:. 5399:: 5395:; 5386:, 5382:: 5331:. 5277:, 5273:, 5190:. 5064:. 4973:, 4969:, 4678:, 4674:, 4428:, 4424:, 4420:, 4416:, 4217:, 4194:, 4163:, 4159:, 4068:, 4064:, 4042:. 3838:. 3722:. 3679:. 3555:• 3547:• 3543:• 3535:• 3531:• 3523:• 3519:• 3490:^B 3476:^A 3302:• 3298:• 3294:• 3290:• 3286:• 3278:• 3274:• 3270:• 3266:• 3262:• 3256:• 3252:• 3248:• 3240:• 3232:• 3228:• 3224:• 3210:• 3206:• 3200:• 3196:• 3111:• 3105:• 3101:• 3097:• 3093:• 3089:• 3083:• 3079:• 3075:• 3071:• 3067:• 3063:• 3059:• 3055:• 3051:• 3047:• 3043:• 3039:• 2916:• 2912:• 2908:• 2902:• 2898:• 2894:• 2890:• 2886:• 2874:• 2870:• 2866:• 2862:• 2856:• 2852:• 2751:• 2747:• 2743:• 2739:• 2735:• 2731:• 2727:• 2723:• 2719:• 2715:• 2709:• 2641:• 2637:• 2633:• 2553:• 2549:• 667:: 61:. 9567:e 9560:t 9553:v 9505:. 9460:. 9432:. 9355:. 9306:. 9211:. 9188:. 9166:. 9062:. 8995:. 8946:) 8892:. 8855:. 8829:. 8798:. 8761:. 8734:. 8716:. 8674:. 8531:. 8497:. 8291:. 8254:. 8142:7 8053:. 8027:. 7971:. 7946:. 7910:. 7880:. 7854:. 7829:. 7797:. 7758:. 7567:. 7530:. 7463:. 7258:. 7233:. 7119:. 6999:. 6833:. 6794:. 6770:) 6691:. 6627:. 6584:. 6565:. 6531:. 6514:) 6500:. 6459:) 6361:. 6279:. 6246:. 6200:. 6163:. 6123:. 6074:. 6036:. 5997:. 5934:. 5872:. 5851:. 5814:. 5746:. 5681:) 5602:. 5553:. 5540:) 5479:. 4167:, 3601:e 3594:t 3587:v 3457:– 3436:– 3415:– 3394:– 3373:– 3353:– 3336:– 3306:) 3282:( 3236:( 3119:) 3115:( 2878:( 2428:e 2421:t 2414:v 1660:e 1653:t 1646:v 1266:… 1120:) 1096:) 1076:) 963:… 901:) 814:) 643:… 292:) 286:( 274:) 268:( 263:) 259:( 253:. 221:) 215:( 210:) 206:( 196:· 189:· 182:· 175:· 148:. 119:) 113:( 108:) 104:( 100:. 94:. 68:) 64:( 20:)

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