Rule of the shorter term

58:: signatory countries agree to grant copyright to foreign works under their local laws and by the same rules they grant copyright to domestic works. Whether a work is eligible to copyright, and if so, for how long that copyright exists, is governed by the laws of the country where copyright on the work is claimed. The Berne Convention and also the UCC define only the minimum requirements for copyrights that all signatory countries must meet, but any country is free to go beyond this minimal common denominator in its legislation. This is most noticeable in the duration for which copyrights are upheld. The Berne Convention lays down a minimal general copyright term of 50 years beyond the death of an author (50 years 81:, the copyright rules of each country apply within its jurisdiction, regardless of the work's country of origin). Its copyright may have expired already in countries with a minimum term, but at the same time, it may still be copyrighted in other countries that have longer copyright terms. National treatment may thus lead to an imbalance: works originating from countries with minimal copyright terms are copyrighted longer in other countries that have longer copyright terms. In that situation, works from a country that goes beyond the minimum requirements of a treaty may already have entered the 1805: 1017:, the court ruled that a U.S. work that had fallen in the public domain in the U.S. was still copyrighted in Germany. The court considered the rule of the shorter term inapplicable because of the bilateral copyright treaty between Germany and the United States, which had become effective on January 15, 1892 and which was still in effect. That treaty did not contain a rule of the shorter term, but just stated that works of either country were copyrighted in the other country by the other country's laws. 1059:, and in particular the right to prohibit the distribution of recordings made without their consent, regardless of the place the performance had occurred. At the same time, German law granted the same right to foreign performers only for their performances that had occurred in Germany. The ECJ decided on October 20, 1993 that this was a violation of the non-discrimination clause of article 7 of the EC treaty. It also clarified that the non-discrimination clause was indeed applicable to copyright. 2735: 202:... shall be independent of the existence of protection in the country of origin of the work. Consequently, apart from the provisions of this Convention, the extent of protection, as well as the means of redress afforded to the author to protect his rights, shall be governed exclusively by the laws of the country where protection is claimed. — Berne Convention, article 5(2). 2010: 2324: 1412: 1388: 786:, section 2 (BCIA, Pub. L. 100–568). The BCIA made clear that within the U.S., only U.S. copyright law applied, and that U.S. copyright law, as amended by the BCIA, implemented the requirements of the Berne Convention (although it did not implement §18(1) of the Berne Convention, a deviation that was corrected by the 1110:

in Germany since the end of 1980, when its 56-year Italian copyright term had run out. (Puccini had died on November 29, 1924.) Domestic works at the same time enjoyed a copyright term of 70 years after the authors death in Germany. A publisher of musical works claimed to hold the rights to Puccini's

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Article 7 is not concerned with any disparities in treatment or the distortions which may result, for the persons and undertakings subject to the jurisdiction of the Community, from divergences existing between the laws of the various Member States, so long as those laws affect all persons subject to

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has opined that the judge mistakenly concluded that the U.S. was required to grant copyright on these toys. Patry also concedes that under the Berne Convention, the U.S. would indeed be required to grant copyright to foreign works, even if such works were not copyrighted in their country of origin as

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Addressing concerns of the Japanese delegation, the conference chair clarified that this subsumed the case of classes of works that were not copyrightable at all in their country of origin (as specified), as these would have a copyright term equal to zero. Thus other countries would not be obliged to

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had doubts about whether the non-discrimination clause could be applied to authors deceased before the EU existed and referred the question to the ECJ, who fully confirmed the plaintiff's reading. The court flatly rejected the interpretation brought forth by the state of Hesse that the comparison of

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It also includes in its article 7 a mandatory rule of the shorter term for works from non-EU countries. Within the EU, no comparison of terms is applied, and—as in the Berne Convention or in the UCC—existing international obligations (such as bilateral treaties) may override this rule of the shorter

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No right or interest in a work eligible for protection under this title may be claimed by virtue of, or in reliance upon; the provisions of the Berne Convention, or the adherence of the United States thereto. Any rights in a work eligible for protection under this title that derive from this title,

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was distributing Japanese action figures in the U.S. under an exclusive license and claimed copyright on these toys. Sparkle Toys, which distributed exact copies of the toy figures, contested Hasbro's copyright claims. The court concluded that Hasbro was entitled to copyright despite the fact that

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No Contracting State shall be obliged to grant protection to a work for a period longer than that fixed for the class of works to which the work in question belongs, in the case of unpublished works by the law of the Contracting State of which the author is a national, and in the case of published

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case) that the non-discrimination clause was even applicable to nationals of EU member countries who had died before the EU came into existence, and it also explicitly reiterated that the comparison of terms was a violation of said non-discrimination rule. This case was about a performance of the

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does not contain any article on the rule of the shorter term. The only mention of such a rule was added in 1994 with the URAA in 17 USC 104A, which automatically restored copyrights on many foreign works, unless these works had already fallen in the public domain in their country of origin on the

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In prohibiting "any discrimination on the grounds of nationality" Article 7 requires each Member State to ensure that persons in a situation governed by Community law be placed on a completely equal footing with its own nationals and therefore precludes a Member State from making the grant of an

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Title 17 U. S. C. §104A(h)(6)(B) defines a "restored work" to exclude "an original work of authorship" that is "in the public domain in its source country through expiration of term of protection." This provision tracks Berne's denial of protection for any work that has "fallen into the public

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In any case, the term shall be governed by the legislation of the country where protection is claimed; however, unless the legislation of that country otherwise provides, the term shall not exceed the term fixed in the country of origin of the work. — Berne Convention, article

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decision. In that case, Phil Collins sued a German phonogram distributor who was marketing records of a concert Collins (a national of the United Kingdom, which was an EC member state at the time) had given in the U.S. German law of that time granted German performers full

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The terms of existing or new bilateral treaties may moreover override these conventions, as long as such bilateral treaties meet the minimum requirements of the conventions. This is defined in article 20 of the Berne Convention and in articles XVIII and XIX of the UCC.

874: 873:, pre-1972 sound recordings in the U.S. were not covered by federal law but by state law. The court concluded that as federal law did not apply, and because neither the Berne Convention (which is inapplicable to sound recordings in any event) nor the 1124:

The prohibition of discrimination ... precludes the term of protection granted by the legislation of a Member State to the works of an author who is a national of another Member State being shorter than the term granted to the works of its own

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Again, application of this rule is not mandatory. Any country may "provide otherwise" in its legislation. To do so, it is not necessary to include an explicit exception in the domestic copyright law, as the example of the United States shows.

3192: 1037:, this is article 12, paragraph 1.) Application of the rule of the shorter term is such a discrimination, as it results in granting domestic authors longer copyright terms for their works than foreign authors from other EU countries. 1020:

The EU member states implemented Directive 93/98/EEC and Directive 2006/116/EC in their national law; however, it is not guaranteed that such national implementations are either "comprehensive or in conformity" with the Directives.

2705: 1033:, which in its original version became effective in 1958, defined in article 7, paragraph 1, that within the union, any discrimination on grounds of nationality was prohibited. (Since 2002, when the treaty was amended by the 3214: 2948: 215:

A WIPO study in 2011 recommended that «The difficulty of the rule of the comparison of terms applicable to the duration for protection, as provided by Article 7(8) of the Berne Convention, should at least be assessed».

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term. Directive 93/98/EEC was repealed and replaced by Directive 2006/116/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2006 on the term of protection of copyright and certain related rights.

917:, which was signed into law on March 3, 1891 and became effective on July 1 of the same year, the United States concluded a number of bilateral copyright treaties with foreign countries. In 1891, treaties with 798:

other Federal or State statutes, or the common law, shall not be expanded or reduced by virtue of, or in reliance upon, the provisions of the Berne Convention, or the adherence of the United States thereto. –

885:. The Uruguay Round Agreements Act and U.S. statutes did not, and had never, offered protection to these works, and the fact that they were not under copyright in the UK as of 1996 was completely irrelevant. 1071:

and clarified that this non-discrimination clause was not about differences between national laws, but to ensure that in any EU country, citizens and foreigners from other EU countries were treated equally:

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URAA date, which is January 1, 1996 for most foreign countries. Because there is no general rule of the shorter term in U.S. Copyright law, U.S. courts have declined to apply that rule on several occasions.

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Even before article 7 of directive 93/98/EC explicitly prohibited the application of the rule of the shorter term amongst EU countries, the comparison of terms within the EU was not allowed. The

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This statement from public law 100-568 is repeated in the U.S. Copyright law in 17 USC 104, which assimilates foreign works to domestic works and which furthermore states in 17 USC 104(c) that

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works in Germany, and took the state of Hesse to court, based on the non-discrimination clause, which he claimed prescribed a copyright term of 70 years in Germany also for foreign works. The

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Dusollier, Severine, Scoping Study on Copyright and Related Rights and the Public Domain (March 1, 2011). World Intellectual Property Organisation Publication, March 2011. Available at SSRN:

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This country implements a reciprocity rule rather than a true "Rule of the Shorter Term". A foreign work is protected to the extent this country's work is protected in the foreign country.

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in exception to the normal national treatment. Countries with a long copyright term may apply only the shorter foreign term to works from countries that have such a shorter term.

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This specifies national treatment, and also makes the existence of copyright on a work in one country independent from the existence of copyright on the work in other countries (

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Any requirements from the Berne Convention thus needed to be spelled out explicitly in the U.S. Copyright law to make them effective in the United States. But Title 17 of the

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of a work, not on the nationality of an author, and thus was an objective criterion and not discrimination of the grounds of nationality. The court concluded that

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in the seasons 1993/94 and 1994/95. Under the German laws of the time, the rule of the shorter term applied to foreign works and the opera was thus in the

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Directive 2006/116/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2006 on the term of protection of copyright and certain related rights

2566: 1308: 1173: 1151: 2693: 1745: 2120: 1963: 1762: 869:, which distributed restored versions of the recordings, challenged the copyright claim. Sound recordings fall under special rules because before 2421:

Phil Collins v Imtrat Handelsgesellschaft mbH and Patricia Im- und Export Verwaltungsgesellschaft mbH and Leif Emanuel Kraul v EMI Electrola GmbH

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unless "terminated, suspended, or revised by the President". The treaty from 1892 with Germany was applied in a court case in Germany in 2003.

989:. This binding directive, which became effective on July 1, 1995, has raised the duration of copyrights throughout the union to 70 years 783: 2669: 2247:"In short, for any act of the Berne Union to be effectively implemented in the United States will depend upon Congress so legislating." 2212: 2514: 185:, a similar rule exists, but not for "classes of works" but considering individual works. Article 7(8) of the Berne Convention reads: 1221: 1030: 1994: 3236: 2594: 1493: 2559: 2229: 2147: 1881:

Lei n.º 9/2022 de 29 de junho 2022 dos Direitos do Autor e Direitos Conexos e revoga a Lei n.º 4/2001 de 27 de fevereiro 2001

89: 1828: 2681: 1880: 173:

The application of article IV(4)(a) is not mandatory: "not being obliged to" is not equivalent to "being obliged not to".

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case considered a special case of the applicability of rule of the shorter term in the context of the UCC, the case of

34:. The provision allows that signatory countries can limit the duration of copyright they grant to foreign works under 3301: 3231: 2552: 2196: 1266: 372:

Yes for foreign works of joint authorship, except for countries party to the Canada–United States–Mexico Agreement,

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domain in the country of origin through the expiry of the term of protection." Art. 18(1), 828 U. N. T. S., at 251.

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In the Universal Copyright Convention, the comparison of terms is spelled out in article IV(4)(a), which reads:

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Ordinance No. 03-05 OF 19 Joumada el Oula 1424 Corresponding to July 19, 2003, on Copyright and Related Rights

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works by the law of the Contracting State in which the work has been first published. — UCC, article IV(4)(a).

2980: 2724: 2105: 1904: 1005:. It also does not apply the comparison of terms to U.S. works. In a case decided on October 7, 2003 by the 3288: 3248: 2921: 2916: 2796: 986: 787: 3204: 3127: 2995: 2911: 2859: 2854: 1305: 1244: 1170: 1148: 1742: 727:

No, unless public domain in the country of origin on the date the amendment to article 88 entered force

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No, unless public domain in the country of origin on the date the transitional provision entered force.

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No, unless public domain in the country of origin on the date of commencement of the Act (15 Dec 1994)

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Footnote 1: This would not be the case if Jamaican law followed the "rule of the shorter term", ......

3000: 2970: 2938: 2801: 2649: 2424:, joined cases C-92/92 and C-326/92; judgment of the court of October 20, 1993. Retrieved 2007-05-26. 2415: 1045: 554: 75:

One and the same work may thus be copyrighted for different times in different countries (since, per

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Royal Decree No. 37/2000 promulgating the Law on the Protection of Copyrights and Neighboring Rights

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Regulations concerning the Application of the Copyright Act to Works connected with Other Countries

640: 311: 2283:, 4 N.Y.3d 540, United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, 2005. Retrieved 2007-05-20. 3322: 3253: 3243: 3226: 3154: 3139: 3083: 3073: 2906: 2806: 2769: 2764: 1067:

exclusive right subject to the requirement that the person concerned be a national of that State.

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claimed copyright on old British sound recordings from the 1930s for which the copyright in the

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Ordinance-Law No. 86-033 of April 5, 1986 on the Protection of Copyright and Neighboring Rights

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The Berne Convention also states in article 5(2) that the enjoyment and exercise of copyright

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grant copyright on such foreign works, even if similar domestic works were granted copyright.

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case and the UCC, see section III.B.1 and footnote 73. Archived URL last accessed 2007-05-20.

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Germany extends the non-applicability of the rule of the shorter term to all members of the

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No, unless public domain in the country of origin on the date of commencement of the Act

2396:"National provisions communicated by the member states concerning directive 2006/116/EC" 2137: 1991: 1353:

Law Supporting the Rights of Authors, Composers, Artists and Researchers (Copyright Law)

85:

in foreign countries with shorter copyright term while still being copyrighted at home.

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Records of the Intellectual property Conference of Stockholm, June 11 to July 14, 1967,

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explicitly declared that the treaty was not self-executing in the United States in the

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No, unless public domain in the country of origin on the date article 45 entered force

55: 35: 2526: 2375:"National provisions communicated by the member states concerning directive 93/98/EEC" 1920: 2884: 2184: 2093: 2034: 1979: 1956: 1944: 1932: 1916: 1868: 1864: 1817: 1262: 1117: 1730: 1541: 1505: 1077:

them, in accordance with objective criteria and without regard to their nationality.

2306: 878: 836: 832: 742: 732: 333: 2172: 2527:

Zombie and Once-Dead Works: Copyright Retroactivity After the E.C. Term Directive

2518: 2295:, 10-545, US Supreme Court, Term OY-2011, January 18, 2012. Page 10, footnote 12. 2241: 2216: 2164: 2124: 2069: 1998: 1967: 1840: 1749: 1615:"Do most US authors still only enjoy a copyright term of life plus 50 in the EU?" 1610: 1339: 1312: 1204: 1177: 1155: 1083: 890: 858: 38:

to no more than the copyright term granted in the country of origin of the work.

2185:

Ley sobre el Dercho de Autor as modified by the Decreto del 14 de agosto de 1993

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Article 44 of Decreto 4 99 E: Ley del derecho de autor y de los derechos conexos

2265: 982: 930: 862: 854: 420: 2360: 1376: 3316: 2468:, case C-360/00, judgment of the court of June 6, 2002. Retrieved 2007-05-26. 1107: 866: 823: 818:

A notable pre-Berne American case involving the rule of the shorter term was

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and whether or not they do apply the rule of the shorter term for movies.

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Law No. 11.723 of September 28, 1933 - Legal Intellectual Property Regime

966: 926: 2245:, Congressional Record (Daily Ed.), October 12, 1988, pp. H10095f: 1706:

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No, if it was published in a foreign country that protects Libyan works

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1449:

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The House Statement on the Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988

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EU directive 93/98/EEC on harmonising the term of copyright protection

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the figures were not copyrighted at all in Japan and did not bear a

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Law No. 50/2005/QH11 of November 29, 2005, on Intellectual Property

1917:

1292: 985:, copyrights have been harmonized amongst the member states by the 946: 183:

Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works

942: 934: 918: 1763:"Anatomy of a Copyright Coup: Jamaica's Public Domain Plundered" 1473:

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In such cases, the rule of the shorter term makes allowance for

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Land Hessen v G. Ricordi & Co. Bühnen- und Musikverlag GmbH

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1044:, two years before directive 93/98/EC became effective) by the 958: 922: 827: 31: 1103: 1010: 954: 950: 938: 737:

Yes, unless simultaneously published in the United Kingdom.

64:). But many countries have a longer term, such as 70 years 2138:"Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988: Section 15A" 645:

No, though "Reverse Reciprocity" of section 231 may apply

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Article 1256 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation

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in the "source country" on the "date of restoration"

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Hypothetical case where rule of shorter term applies

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When the United States joined the Berne Convention,

413: 2486:, decision of March 30, 2000. Retrieved 2007-05-26. 969:. These treaties remained effective even after the 748: 1961:International Copyright Order, 1968 (18 June 2000) 1646:Copyright Code (approved by Decree-Law No. 46.980) 976: 627:Yes for countries designated in official schedule 475:Yes for countries designated in official schedule 1261:, 2nd ed, p. 1021. C. H. Beck, Munich 1999. 933:became effective; treaties followed in 1892 with 773: 346:Yes, unless specified by signatory's legislation 234:Worldwide Status of the Rule of the Shorter Term 155: 3314: 2035:Copyright (International Protection) Regulations 881:law, the works copyrighted pursuant to New York 2280:Capitol Records, Inc. v. Naxos of America, Inc. 2223: 2058:Federal Law on Copyright and Neighboring Rights 1609: 1605: 1603: 1601: 850:Capitol Records, Inc. v. Naxos of America, Inc. 219: 2310:. See also footnote 156. Retrieved 2007-05-20. 1921:Copyright Act (Chapter C.28, as codified 2004) 1905:Copyright Act 1994 No 143 (as at 07 July 2010) 1555: 1553: 1551: 1549: 517:Yes, unless the author is a Japanese national 2560: 1957:The Copyright Ordinance, 1962 (Act No. XXXIV) 1582:Law No. 65-00 on Copyright of August 21, 2000 46:International copyright treaties such as the 2574: 1598: 1342:is identical. URLs last accessed 2007-05-20. 1207:is identical. URLs last accessed 2007-05-20. 2210:Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988 2082:Copyright and Neighbouring Rights Act, 1999 1546: 1389:Law on Copyright and Related Rights of 1999 1142: 1140: 1138: 1040:This issue was settled decisively in 1993 ( 857:2005) occurred after the Berne Convention. 784:Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988 2567: 2553: 2458: 2456: 2298: 2261:Hasbro Bradley, Inc. v. Sparkle Toys, Inc. 2046:Article 43 of the Surinamese Copyright Act 840:per article 5(2) of the Berne Convention. 820:Hasbro Bradley, Inc. v. Sparkle Toys, Inc. 2325:Judgment from October 7, 2003, 11 U 53/99 1222:Choice of Law and International Copyright 1031:Treaty instituting the European Community 381:China (People's Republic, Mainland only) 2489: 2440: 2427: 2352: 2220:, Pub. L. 100-568. Retrieved 2007-05-20. 1251: 1236: 1162: 1135: 16:Provision of international copyright law 2453: 2409: 2271: 1869:Ley Federal del Derecho de Autor (2003) 1865:Ley Federal del Derecho de Autor (1996) 1760: 1681:Copyright, Act, as consolidated in 2008 1319: 1297: 1215: 1213: 1098:by Puccini by a state-owned theatre in 419:Yes (with exceptions; only towards non- 3315: 2471: 2286: 2252: 2230:United States House of Representatives 1528:Art. 2, second and fourth paragraphs, 1494:Copyright Act of the Kingdom of Bhutan 1272: 228: 2548: 2318: 2316: 1841:Decree-Law 43/99/M of August 16, 1999 1667:s. 198(3)(b), 229(8)(b), 229A(6)(b), 1506:Copyright, Law, 19/02/1998, No. 9.610 1184: 908: 2201: 2106:Code of Copyright and Related Rights 1980:Copyright, Law, 27/08/1998, No. 1328 1708:, as entered into force in July 2003 1210: 316:No, except for "Published Editions" 114:(70 years pma, rule of shorter term) 2478:Federal Court of Justice of Germany 1633:Law on Copyright and Related Rights 1227:American Journal of Comparative Law 1113:Federal Court of Justice of Germany 1081:In 2002, the ECJ then ruled in the 971:United States Copyright Act of 1976 176: 13: 2313: 1048:(ECJ) in what became known as the 27:, is a provision in international 14: 3339: 3302:Category:Copyright law by country 2505: 2094:Copyright Act of B.E. 2537 (1994) 1818:Copyright, Law, 03/04/1999, n° 75 1761:Malcolm, Jeremy (July 24, 2015). 1731:Loi No. 96-564 du 25 juillet 1996 915:Chace International Copyright Act 658:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 397:Democratic Republic of the Congo 2733: 2600:International copyright treaties 1635:, as amended on November 1, 2000 1325:Universal Copyright Convention: 1293:http://ssrn.com/abstract=2135208 1190:Universal Copyright Convention: 583:No, also only protects works of 2533:Entertainment and Sports Lawyer 2483:Decision I ZR 133/97: La Bohème 2437:decision, summary, paragraph 2. 2388: 2367: 2331: 2189: 2177: 2154: 2130: 2110: 2098: 2086: 2074: 2062: 2050: 2039: 2027: 2015: 2003: 1984: 1972: 1949: 1937: 1925: 1909: 1897: 1885: 1873: 1857: 1845: 1833: 1822: 1810: 1795: 1782: 1754: 1735: 1723: 1711: 1698: 1695:, as amended in 1999 & 2000 1685: 1673: 1661: 1650: 1638: 1625: 1586: 1574: 1562: 1534: 1522: 1510: 1498: 1486: 1477: 1465: 1453: 1441: 1429: 1417: 1405: 1393: 1381: 1369: 1357: 1345: 977:Situation in the European Union 865:had expired in the late 1980s. 41: 1959:and Schedule section (pg 43), 1893:The Copyright Act, 2059 (2002) 1806:Korean Copyright Act No. 11110 1767:Electronic Frontier Foundation 1285: 1024: 813: 774:Situation in the United States 156:Universal Copyright Convention 52:Universal Copyright Convention 1: 2590:Copyright case law by country 2268:, 1985. Retrieved 2007-05-20. 1129: 416:(to the extent that uniform) 2595:Copyright lengths by country 1669:Cap. 528 COPYRIGHT ORDINANCE 1518:Copyright Act, R.S., c. C-30 1365:Law No. 9380 of May 28, 2005 788:Uruguay Round Agreements Act 220:Bilateral copyright treaties 7: 1829:Libyan Law No. (9) for 1968 1483:Art. 7(8), Berne Convention 894:, the Supreme Court wrote: 522:Korea, Republic of (South) 10: 3344: 2150:, 1988 c. 48 (s. 15A) 1331:, Paris text of 1971. The 1225:, 48 Am. J. Comp. L. 383, 1196:, Paris text of 1971. The 242:Rule of the shorter term? 3297: 3276: 3163: 3040: 3033: 2842: 2742: 2731: 2625: 2585:Copyright acts by country 2580: 2512:Partial list of countries 2416:European Court of Justice 2361:Urheberrechtsgesetz, §120 1955:Chapter XI Item 54(iii), 1282:p. 109. Geneva 1971. 1046:European Court of Justice 241: 238: 134: 128: 2617:Rule of the shorter term 2575:Copyright law by country 2207:United States Congress: 1966:17 December 2008 at the 1790:Law No. 48 of 6 May 1970 1387:Transitional Provision, 147:Country B's 50 years pma 21:rule of the shorter term 2499:, summary, paragraph 3. 2450:decision, paragraph 30. 2364:. Retrieved 2007-05-20. 2328:. Retrieved 2010-06-02. 2322:OLG Frankfurt am Main: 1316:. Retrieved 2007-05-20. 1259:Urheberrecht: Kommentar 1248:. Retrieved 2007-05-20. 1181:. Retrieved 2007-05-20. 1159:. Retrieved 2007-05-20. 1116:terms was based on the 1102:in the German state of 117:Protection in Country B 112:Protection in Country A 103:Protection in Country A 1990:Sec. 221.2 and 224.2, 1903:Pt. 11 Sec. 230.3(b), 1693:Copyright, Order, 1991 1328:Articles XVIII and XIX 1127: 1079: 1069: 1062:The court stated that 999:European Economic Area 906: 803: 414:European Union members 204: 192: 167: 2541:, pp. 7ff, 2000. 2249:Retrieved 2007-05-25. 2148:The National Archives 2127:per additional Art. 2 1992:Republic Act No. 8293 1619:Kluwer Copyright Blog 1122: 1074: 1064: 896: 795: 209:lex loci protectionis 200: 187: 162: 78:lex loci protectionis 3006:United Arab Emirates 1792:, as amended in 2006 1719:Copyright, Act, 2007 1437:Copyright, Law, 2006 1035:Treaty of Maastricht 749:unless public domain 332:Yes, while party to 287:Antigua and Barbuda 239:Countries and areas 141:Works from Country B 125:Works from Country A 68:, or even 100 years 2398:. Eur-lex.europa.eu 2377:. Eur-lex.europa.eu 2341:. 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years 3284:Australia 3111:Lithuania 2986:Sri Lanka 2880:Indonesia 2870:Hong Kong 2834:Venezuela 2750:Argentina 2358:Germany: 2116:Art. 88, 2092:Art. 61, 2056:Chap. 6, 1943:Art. 24, 1879:Art. 54, 1863:Art. 29, 1839:Art. 51, 1816:Chap. 4, 1788:Art. 58, 1717:Art. 44, 1644:Art. 26, 1631:Art. 43, 1540:Art. 11, 1516:s. 9(2), 1492:Art. 32, 1459:Art. 69, 1435:Art. 71, 1423:Art. 15, 1399:Art. 34, 1363:Art. 24, 1351:Art. 16, 1100:Wiesbaden 1096:La Bohème 1090:La Bohème 1087:case (or 706:Thailand 698:Tanzania 674:Suriname 632:Paraguay 624:Pakistan 453:Hong Kong 444:Honduras 423:members) 389:Colombia 312:Australia 29:copyright 3001:Thailand 2971:Pakistan 2944:Mongolia 2939:Malaysia 2802:Honduras 2743:Americas 2650:Cameroon 2515:Archived 2238:Archived 2213:Archived 2195:Art. 2, 2167:(c) and 2121:Archived 2080:Art. 6, 1995:Archived 1964:Archived 1931:Art. 6, 1851:s. 59A, 1746:Archived 1729:Art. 4, 1568:Art. 3, 1471:Art. 3, 1336:Archived 1309:Archived 1201:Archived 1174:Archived 1152:Archived 965:and the 947:Portugal 902:— 879:New York 877:usurped 855:2nd Cir. 780:Congress 764:Vietnam 600:Nigeria 587:members 555:Malaysia 530:Lebanon 504:Jamaica 462:Iceland 329:Belarus 303:Armenia 271:Andorra 263:Algeria 255:Albania 32:treaties 3277:Oceania 3259:Ukraine 3222:Moldova 3200:Georgia 3188:Belarus 3176:Armenia 3171:Albania 3145:Romania 3089:Ireland 3079:Germany 3062:Belgium 3050:Austria 2956:Myanmar 2927:Lebanon 2822:Uruguay 2785:Ecuador 2760:Bolivia 2755:Bermuda 2713:Senegal 2689:Morocco 2645:Burundi 1691:Art 7, 1084:Puccini 981:In the 943:Denmark 935:Germany 919:Belgium 690:Taiwan 650:Russia 608:Norway 564:Mexico 488:Israel 359:Brazil 351:Bhutan 279:Angola 181:In the 3254:Turkey 3244:Serbia 3227:Russia 3155:Sweden 3140:Poland 3099:Latvia 3084:Greece 3074:France 3034:Europe 2907:Jordan 2890:Israel 2807:Panama 2770:Canada 2765:Brazil 2626:Africa 2171: 2163: 2033:s. 4, 1741:s. 8, 1278:WIPO, 1265: 1231:Hasbro 1094:opera 991:p.m.a. 959:Mexico 923:France 845:Hasbro 828:Hasbro 723:Turkey 580:Nepal 546:Macau 538:Libya 368:Canada 70:p.m.a. 66:p.m.a. 61:p.m.a. 3217:] 3195:] 3183:] 3150:Spain 3130:] 3118:] 3106:] 3094:Italy 3069:] 3057:] 3025:] 3013:] 2991:Syria 2961:Nepal 2951:] 2934:] 2902:Japan 2897:] 2875:India 2865:China 2829:] 2792:] 2775:Chile 2720:] 2708:] 2696:] 2684:] 2672:] 2660:Egypt 2655:Ghana 2640:] 2633:Benin 2530:, in 2495:ECJ: 2462:ECJ: 2446:ECJ: 2433:ECJ: 1104:Hesse 1011:Hesse 955:Chile 951:Spain 939:Italy 616:Oman 513:Japan 471:India 190:7(8). 3232:USSR 2966:Oman 2885:Iran 2843:Asia 2812:Peru 1263:ISBN 1042:i.e. 957:and 945:and 937:and 871:2018 747:No, 717:Yes 709:Yes 701:Yes 693:Yes 677:Yes 669:Yes 653:Yes 611:Yes 575:Yes 549:Yes 525:Yes 491:Yes 457:Yes 447:Yes 439:Yes 431:Yes 408:Yes 374:i.e. 354:Yes 324:Yes 298:Yes 290:Yes 282:Yes 266:Yes 258:Yes 19:The 2539:(2) 1013:in 1009:of 888:In 767:No 759:No 685:No 661:No 635:No 619:No 603:No 585:WTO 567:No 559:No 533:No 507:No 499:No 483:No 465:No 400:No 392:No 362:No 250:No 212:). 107:pma 3319:: 3215:ru 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Knowledge

Rule of the shorter term

Index