787:: grey and brown. In the grey morph, the head, neck, and back are grey-brown; the breast is light with barring. There is much white on the underside and flanks. Overall, the birds have a variegated appearance; the throat is often distinctly lighter. The tail is essentially the same brownish grey, with regular barring and a broad black band near the end ("subterminal"). Brown-morph birds have tails of the same color and pattern. However, the rest of the plumage is much more brown, giving the appearance of a more uniform bird with less light plumage below and a conspicuously grey tail. There are all sorts of intergrades between the most typical morphs; warmer and more
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1015:. The ruffed grouse relies entirely on a non-vocal acoustic display, known as drumming, unlike other grouse species. The drumming itself is a rapid, wing-beating display that creates a low-frequency sound, starting slow and speeding up (thump ... thump ... thump..thump-thump-thump-thump). Even in thick woods, this can be heard for .25 miles (0.40 km) or more.
802:
The ruffs are on the sides of the neck in both sexes. They also have a crest on top of their head, which sometimes lies flat. Both sexes are similarly marked and sized, making them difficult to tell apart, even in hand. The female often has a broken subterminal tail band. At the same time, males tend
1022:
The male grouse proclaims his property by engaging in a โdrummingโ display. This sound is made by beating his wings against the air to create a vacuum. It usually stands on a log, stone or mound of dirt when drumming. It does not strike the log to make the noise, it only uses the โdrumming logโ as a
918:
along road beds during early morning and late afternoon. These are good areas to walk during this time to flush birds. Also, grouse use sandy roadbeds to dust their feathers to rid themselves of skin pests. Dusting sites are visible as areas of disturbed soils with some signs of feathers. Birds will
472:
was applied by
British naturalist John Francis Stephens in 1819. Ruffed grouse is the preferred common name because it applies only to this species. Misleading vernacular names abound, however, and it is often called partridge (sometimes rendered pa'tridge, or shortened to pat), pheasant, or prairie
1026:
The ruffed grouse population has a cycle, and follows the cycle no matter how much or how little hunting there is. The cycle has puzzled scientists for years, and is simply referred to as the "grouse cycle". In spite of this historical cycle, populations have been declining in
Pennsylvania and
948:
862:
More than any other characteristic, it is the ruffed grouse's ability to thrive on a wide range of foods that has allowed it to adapt to such a wide and varied range of habitat on this continent. A complete menu of grouse fare might itself fill a book. One grouse crop yielded a live
899:
and pines like other forest creatures. These can often be found by looking for the bird's feathers on the ground and twigs at the edges of its trail. Hunting of the ruffed grouse requires a good ear and lots of stamina as one will be constantly walking and listening for them in the
889:
Hunting of the ruffed grouse is common in the northern and far western United States as well as Canada, often with shotguns. Dogs may also be used. Hunting of the ruffed grouse can be challenging. This is because the grouse spends most of its time in thick brush, aspen stands, and
803:
to have unbroken tail bands, though the opposite of either can occur. Females may also do a display similar to the male. Another fairly accurate sign is that rump feathers with a single white dot indicate a female; rump feathers with more than one white dot indicate a male.
1018:
The ruffed grouse spends most of its time quietly on the ground, and when surprised, may explode into flight, beating its wings very loudly. They will burrow into the snow for warmth in the winter and may suddenly burst out of the snow when approached too closely.
1941:
782:
Ruffed grouse are chunky, medium-sized birds that weigh from 450โ750 g (0.99โ1.65 lb), measure from 40 to 50 cm (16 to 20 in) in length and span 50โ64 cm (20โ25 in) across their short, strong wings. They have two distinct
1545:
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pines. It is also very hard to detect a foraging grouse bobbing about in the thicket due to their camouflage. With adequate snow cover, they will burrow under the snow. The ruffed grouse will maintain trails through the
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1810:
Stauffer, Glenn E.; Miller, David A.W.; Williams, Lisa M.; Brown, Justin (2017-09-20). "Ruffed grouse population declines after introduction of West Nile virus".
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The average life span of a ruffed grouse is one year, although some birds are thought to live for as long as eleven years. Ruffed grouse are
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chicken, all of which are properly applied to other birds. Other nicknames for ruffed grouse include drummer or thunder-chicken.
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management plans adopted. Habitat loss has been a concern for the species, but the introduction of the
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1791:"Grouse research leaves unanswered questions about Pennsylvania's state bird | Penn State University"
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1262:. Fish and Wildlife Historical Society and Federation of Alberta Naturalists. 2005. p. 244.
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seems to be particularly well-liked. These birds forage on the ground or in trees. They are
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return to these spots during the late afternoon to bathe in dust and socialize and mate.
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Like most grouse, they spend most of their time on the ground; mixed woodland rich in
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Snow hole and wing tracks of a grouse as it burst out of the snow when approached.
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Fish, Fur & Feathers: Fish and
Wildlife Conservation in Alberta 1905-2005
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1965:
1767:"PA Game Commission giving special management attention to ruffed grouse"
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79:
44:
810:, and males may mate with several females during the breeding season.
391:. It is the most widely distributed game bird in North America. It is
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64:
1651:"Ruffed Grouse Facts, Habitat, Diet, Life Cycle, Baby, Pictures"
1380:"Ruffed Grouse Facts, Habitat, Diet, Life Cycle, Baby, Pictures"
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3010:
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1233:
Wingshooter's Guide to North Dakota: Upland Birds and
Waterfowl
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702:
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664:
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636:
612:
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246:
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2000:
1611:"Ruffed Grouse - Introduction | Birds of North America Online"
4525:
4114:
3242:
2461:
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2216:
1954:
Ruffed grouse hen video
Appalachian Mountains, Floyd Virginia
1914:
State
Symbols of Pennsylvania: State Bird, The Ruffed Grouse
1229:
847:
839:
788:
640:
537:
404:
The ruffed grouse is sometimes incorrectly referred to as a "
468:, placing it in a subfamily with Eurasian grouse. The genus
3221:
2226:
1809:
1078:
1011:
The ruffed grouse differs from other grouse species in its
851:
541:
216:
2211:
1494:
The Ruffed Grouse
Society & American Woodcock Society
1888:"A preliminary list of the birds of Seneca County, Ohio"
1084:
1846:"West Nile Virus PA Game Commission Research Summary"
1703:"Pennsylvania 2016 Grouse and Woodcock Status Report"
1219:. Vol. 11. Printed for G. Kearsley. p. 298.
4312:
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1110:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22679500A131905854.en
1031:has been seen to be further increasing mortality.
4786:
1513:
1366:"Biology of the Ruffed Grouse (Bonasa umbellus)"
476:The ruffed grouse has 13 recognized subspecies:
1885:
1454:
1392:
1223:
1212:
416:, a bird of open areas rather than woodlands.
2420:
1986:
1570:"New Hampshire Ruffed Grouse Assessment 2015"
1386:
1514:Furtman, Michael (SeptemberโOctober 2010).
1507:
1236:. Wilderness Adventures Press. p. 31.
791:conditions favor browner birds in general.
3574:
2819:
2427:
2413:
2001:Game animals and shooting in North America
1993:
1979:
1282:
854:, and insects. According to nature writer
316:
148:
116:
107:
1317:
1144:
1108:
682:, 1766) - north-central and northeastern
1285:"January and Grouse Hunting Go Together"
1230:Johnson, Chuck; Smith, Jason A. (2009).
879:
825:
817:
793:
773:
434:
356:
1400:Grouse & Woodcock: A Gunner's Guide
1332:
1206:
592:, 1940) - central towards east-central
4787:
1276:
1250:
1216:General Zoology, Vol. XI, Pt. II: Aves
395:. It is the only species in the genus
4381:
4380:
3561:
3307:
2806:
2486:
2408:
1974:
1761:
1759:
1717:
1715:
1697:
1695:
412:, and occasionally confused with the
4830:Extant Pleistocene first appearances
1907:Ohio Ornithological Society (2004):
1546:"A Firm Stand for the Quaking Aspen"
4795:IUCN Red List least concern species
1587:"Grouse cycle nearing 10-year peak"
1516:"Ups and Downs in the Grouse Woods"
1193:
1096:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
13:
2487:
2082:
1879:
1863:"Susceptibility of Ruffed Grouse (
1812:The Journal of Wildlife Management
1756:
1712:
1692:
1138:
971:
929:
871:. Another contained a small snake.
14:
4841:
1921:
1455:Michael Furtman, Michael (2004).
363:Kortright Center for Conservation
4360:
3543:
3308:
3289:
2788:
1520:Minnesota Conservation Volunteer
1058:
1002:Problems playing this file? See
987:
960:Problems playing this file? See
945:
173:
32:
3562:
2807:
1855:
1838:
1803:
1783:
1739:
1668:
1643:
1603:
1579:
1562:
1538:
1482:
1461:. Stackpole Books. p. 88.
1458:Ruffed Grouse: Woodland Drummer
1448:
1422:
1404:. Krause Publications. p.
1372:
1358:
1302:
1085:BirdLife International (2018).
1909:Annotated Ohio state checklist
1340:"Ruffed Grouse โ Life History"
1289:West Virginia Dept of Commerce
1168:
1124:
910:Ruffed grouse frequently seek
769:
383:occurring in forests from the
127:Seney National Wildlife Refuge
1:
4616:ruffed-grouse-bonasa-umbellus
1948:Ruffed Grouse Species Account
1180:Pennsylvania General Assembly
1072:
1950:โ Cornell Lab of Ornithology
1944:at VIREO (Drexel University)
1346:. Cornell Lab of Ornithology
129:, Michigan, and a female at
7:
4825:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1942:Ruffed grouse photo gallery
1680:www.ruffedgrousesociety.org
1034:
941:Drumming sound, Yellowstone
922:
663:, 1829) - western coast of
430:
10:
4846:
4810:Birds of the United States
875:
813:
329: resident range
4389:
4357:
4220:
4158:
4124:
4092:
4083:
4045:
4004:
3942:
3862:
3847:
3838:
3783:
3585:
3570:
3557:
3540:
3518:
3438:
3418:
3380:
3371:
3320:
3316:
3303:
3286:
3260:
3211:
3189:
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3132:
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3075:
3037:
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2763:
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2622:
2499:
2495:
2482:
2444:
2341:
2270:
2167:
2094:
2080:
2006:
1959:Interactive range map of
1103:: e.T22679500A131905854.
419:The ruffed grouse is the
341:
334:
324:
315:
292:
285:
170:Scientific classification
168:
146:
137:
131:Algonquin Provincial Park
124:
115:
106:
23:
2439:and their extinct allies
1934:Internet Bird Collection
1886:Henninger, W.F. (1906).
1310:IOC World Bird List 13.1
1213:Stephens, J. F. (1819).
577:, 1940) - north-central
4820:Birds described in 1766
4805:Symbols of Pennsylvania
1747:"Grouse in the Balance"
846:, eating buds, leaves,
737:, 1766) - east-central
701:, 1829) - southeastern
631:, 1943) - southeastern
536:, 1943) - southeastern
453:was first described by
2207:Cougar (mountain lion)
2088:
976:
934:
908:
885:
873:
835:
823:
799:
779:
464:. He classified it as
447:
366:
4754:Paleobiology Database
2086:
1929:"Ruffed grouse media"
1867:) to West Nile Virus"
1623:10.2173/bow.rufgro.01
1199:Linnaeus, C. (1766).
975:
933:
887:
883:
860:
829:
821:
797:
777:
438:
385:Appalachian Mountains
360:
125:A displaying male at
2059:Snipe (common snipe)
2039:Ring-necked pheasant
1676:"RGS History 1960's"
1319:10.14344/ioc.ml.13.1
1155:Animal Diversity Web
379:) is a medium-sized
361:A male found at the
2054:Sharp-tailed grouse
2024:Hungarian partridge
1436:. 16 September 2021
1066:Pennsylvania portal
761:) and northwestern
639:) to south-central
607:, 1947) - northern
553:B. u. labradorensis
348:Linnaeus, 1766
140:Conservation status
30:Pleistoceneโpresent
2701:Quercymegapodiidae
2278:American alligator
2089:
1966:IUCN Red List maps
1824:10.1002/jwmg.21347
1655:www.animalspot.net
1145:Haupt, J. (2001).
983:Ruffed grouse call
977:
935:
886:
836:
824:
800:
780:
709:) through central
559:Labrador Peninsula
448:
367:
4782:
4781:
4741:Open Tree of Life
4383:Taxon identifiers
4374:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4355:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4079:
4078:
3553:
3552:
3538:
3537:
3514:
3513:
3299:
3298:
3284:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3256:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3093:Archaealectrornis
3071:
3070:
2798:
2797:
2783:
2782:
2402:
2401:
2374:Waterfowl hunting
2222:White-tailed deer
2087:Waterfowl hunters
1415:978-0-87341-346-6
1344:Allaboutbirds.org
1269:978-0-9696134-7-3
1243:978-1-932098-70-9
1013:courtship display
992:
950:
765:
741:
726:
717:and northwestern
694:B. u. umbelloides
690:
686:and southeastern
671:
652:
616:
596:
581:
566:
557:Ouellet, 1991) -
549:
521:
514:Olympic Peninsula
497:
481:B. u. brunnescens
427:, United States.
387:across Canada to
355:
354:
267:
163:
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4459:6D2B5CDA60316986
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3120:
3110:
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3081:
3018:
3001:
2964:
2954:
2943:
2935:
2934:
2916:
2906:
2896:
2886:
2876:
2866:
2856:
2846:
2836:
2828:
2827:
2817:
2816:
2804:
2803:
2793:
2792:
2736:
2717:Quercymegapodius
2699:
2655:
2625:
2609:
2598:
2587:
2575:
2564:
2554:
2543:
2532:
2524:Archaeophasianus
2521:
2510:
2497:
2496:
2484:
2483:
2429:
2422:
2415:
2406:
2405:
2354:Big-game hunting
2139:Northern pintail
1995:
1988:
1981:
1972:
1971:
1938:
1904:
1892:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1763:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1727:Wildlife Species
1719:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1699:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1637:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1591:PostBulletin.com
1583:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1522:. Archived from
1511:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1403:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1283:Jezioro, Frank.
1280:
1274:
1273:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1210:
1204:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1186:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1112:
1082:
1068:
1063:
1062:
1061:
994:
993:
974:
952:
951:
932:
906:
905:Joseph B. Barney
830:Nest with large
798:Displaying male.
749:
747:B. u. yukonensis
732:
696:
677:
658:
633:British Columbia
623:
602:
588:
573:
556:
528:
504:
490:Vancouver Island
484:
459:12th edition of
408:", an unrelated
349:
328:
320:
298:
278:B. umbellus
262:
178:
177:
157:
152:
151:
120:
111:
101:
31:
27:Temporal range:
21:
20:
4845:
4844:
4840:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4835:
4834:
4815:Birds of Canada
4785:
4784:
4783:
4778:
4772:Bonasa-umbellus
4770:
4765:
4757:
4752:
4744:
4739:
4731:
4726:
4718:
4713:
4705:
4702:Observation.org
4700:
4692:
4687:
4679:
4674:
4666:
4661:
4653:
4648:
4640:
4635:
4627:
4622:
4614:
4609:
4601:
4599:
4591:
4586:
4578:
4576:
4568:
4563:
4555:
4550:
4542:
4537:
4529:
4524:
4516:
4511:
4503:
4501:
4493:
4488:
4480:
4475:
4467:
4465:
4457:
4452:
4446:Bonasa_umbellus
4444:
4439:
4433:
4428:
4421:Bonasa umbellus
4419:
4418:
4413:
4404:
4403:
4398:
4391:Bonasa umbellus
4385:
4375:
4366:
4359:
4343:
4216:
4154:
4120:
4075:
4047:Polyplectronini
4041:
4000:
3938:
3858:
3834:
3779:
3674:Palaeocryptonyx
3624:Eurobambusicola
3579:
3566:
3549:
3542:
3534:
3510:
3434:
3414:
3367:
3312:
3295:
3288:
3276:
3248:
3207:
3176:
3128:
3067:
3033:
2972:
2924:
2889:Palaeoalectoris
2824:
2811:
2794:
2787:
2779:
2759:
2738:Sylviornithidae
2729:
2692:
2648:
2627:Gallinuloididae
2618:
2491:
2478:
2440:
2433:
2403:
2398:
2337:
2266:
2197:Bison (buffalo)
2163:
2090:
2078:
2029:Prairie chicken
2002:
1999:
1961:Bonasa umbellus
1927:
1924:
1896:Wilson Bulletin
1890:
1882:
1880:Further reading
1877:
1869:
1865:Bonasa umbellus
1861:
1860:
1856:
1848:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1808:
1804:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1775:
1773:
1765:
1764:
1757:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1731:
1729:
1723:"Ruffed Grouse"
1721:
1720:
1713:
1705:
1701:
1700:
1693:
1684:
1682:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1660:
1658:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1635:
1633:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1595:
1593:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1572:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1554:
1552:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1529:
1527:
1512:
1508:
1498:
1496:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1473:
1471:
1469:
1453:
1449:
1439:
1437:
1434:Beauty of Birds
1430:"Ruffed Grouse"
1428:
1427:
1423:
1416:
1394:Johnson, Don L.
1391:
1387:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1349:
1347:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1324:
1322:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1293:
1291:
1281:
1277:
1270:
1256:
1255:
1251:
1244:
1228:
1224:
1211:
1207:
1201:Systema Naturae
1198:
1194:
1184:
1182:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1159:
1157:
1149:Bonasa umbellus
1143:
1139:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1115:
1113:
1089:Bonasa umbellus
1083:
1079:
1075:
1064:
1059:
1057:
1037:
1029:West Nile virus
1023:sort of stage.
1009:
1008:
1000:
998:
997:
996:
995:
988:
985:
978:
972:
967:
966:
958:
956:
955:
954:
953:
946:
943:
936:
930:
925:
907:
904:
878:
816:
772:
585:B. u. monticola
466:Tetrao umbellus
461:Systema Naturae
451:Bonasa umbellus
444:John J. Audubon
433:
421:state game bird
376:Bonasa umbellus
347:
345:Tetrao umbellus
330:
326:
311:
300:
296:Bonasa umbellus
294:
281:
261:
172:
164:
153:
149:
142:
102:
100:
99:
98:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
42:
37:
29:
28:
25:
17:
16:Species of bird
12:
11:
5:
4843:
4833:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4776:
4763:
4750:
4737:
4724:
4711:
4698:
4685:
4672:
4659:
4646:
4633:
4620:
4607:
4597:
4584:
4574:
4561:
4548:
4535:
4522:
4509:
4499:
4486:
4473:
4463:
4450:
4437:
4426:
4411:
4395:
4393:
4387:
4386:
4372:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4341:
4334:
4327:
4320:
4310:
4303:
4300:Proagriocharis
4293:
4290:Palaealectoris
4283:
4276:
4269:
4262:
4255:
4248:
4241:
4234:
4226:
4224:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4214:
4207:
4200:
4193:
4186:
4179:
4172:
4164:
4162:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4152:
4145:
4138:
4130:
4128:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4118:
4111:
4104:
4093:
4087:
4081:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4066:
4059:
4051:
4049:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4039:
4032:
4025:
4018:
4010:
4008:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3998:
3991:
3984:
3977:
3970:
3963:
3956:
3948:
3946:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3936:
3929:
3922:
3915:
3908:
3897:
3890:
3883:
3876:
3868:
3866:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3848:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3832:
3825:
3818:
3811:
3804:
3797:
3789:
3787:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3767:
3757:
3747:
3737:
3727:
3717:
3707:
3697:
3687:
3677:
3667:
3657:
3647:
3644:Megalocoturnix
3637:
3627:
3617:
3607:
3597:
3586:
3580:
3575:
3568:
3567:
3555:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3524:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3501:
3494:
3487:
3480:
3473:
3466:
3459:
3452:
3444:
3442:
3440:Odontophorinae
3436:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3424:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3402:
3392:
3381:
3375:
3373:Odontophoridae
3369:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3355:
3348:
3341:
3334:
3326:
3324:
3314:
3313:
3301:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3266:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3239:
3232:
3225:
3217:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3198:
3190:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3167:
3160:
3153:
3146:
3138:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3116:
3106:
3096:
3085:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3058:
3051:
3043:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3024:
3014:
3007:
2997:
2990:
2982:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2970:
2960:
2950:
2938:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2912:
2902:
2892:
2882:
2872:
2862:
2852:
2842:
2831:
2825:
2820:
2813:
2812:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2769:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2750:
2742:
2740:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2720:
2713:
2705:
2703:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2669:
2661:
2659:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2643:Paraortygoides
2639:
2631:
2629:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2605:
2594:
2583:
2571:
2560:
2550:
2539:
2528:
2517:
2505:
2503:
2501:incertae sedis
2493:
2492:
2489:Pangalliformes
2480:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2474:Pangalliformes
2470:
2464:
2458:
2452:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2432:
2431:
2424:
2417:
2409:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2396:
2394:Upland hunting
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2345:
2343:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2173:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2100:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2014:Bobwhite quail
2010:
2008:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1997:
1990:
1983:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1956:
1951:
1945:
1939:
1923:
1922:External links
1920:
1919:
1918:
1912:
1905:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1854:
1837:
1818:(1): 165โ172.
1802:
1782:
1755:
1738:
1711:
1691:
1667:
1642:
1602:
1578:
1561:
1537:
1506:
1490:"Grouse Facts"
1481:
1467:
1447:
1421:
1414:
1385:
1371:
1357:
1331:
1301:
1275:
1268:
1249:
1242:
1222:
1205:
1192:
1176:"1931 Act 234"
1167:
1137:
1132:"Grouse Facts"
1123:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1054:
1053:
1051:Upland hunting
1048:
1043:
1036:
1033:
999:
986:
981:
980:
979:
970:
969:
968:
957:
944:
939:
938:
937:
928:
927:
926:
924:
921:
902:
877:
874:
867:in a salad of
856:Don L. Johnson
815:
812:
771:
768:
767:
766:
743:
742:
730:B. u. umbellus
727:
691:
672:
653:
617:
597:
582:
567:
550:
522:
501:B. u. castanea
498:
432:
429:
414:grey partridge
353:
352:
351:
350:
339:
338:
332:
331:
325:
322:
321:
313:
312:
301:
290:
289:
283:
282:
275:
273:
269:
268:
254:
250:
249:
244:
240:
239:
234:
230:
229:
224:
220:
219:
214:
210:
209:
204:
200:
199:
194:
190:
189:
184:
180:
179:
166:
165:
147:
144:
143:
138:
135:
134:
122:
121:
113:
112:
104:
103:
95:
94:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
33:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4842:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4792:
4790:
4773:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4733:ruffed-grouse
4729:
4725:
4721:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4603:ruffed-grouse
4598:
4594:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4575:
4571:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4500:
4496:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4478:
4474:
4470:
4464:
4460:
4455:
4451:
4447:
4442:
4438:
4431:
4427:
4422:
4416:
4412:
4407:
4401:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4379:
4363:
4340:
4339:
4335:
4333:
4332:
4328:
4326:
4325:
4321:
4319:
4318:
4311:
4309:
4308:
4304:
4302:
4301:
4294:
4292:
4291:
4284:
4282:
4281:
4277:
4275:
4274:
4270:
4268:
4267:
4263:
4261:
4260:
4256:
4254:
4253:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4235:
4233:
4232:
4228:
4227:
4225:
4223:
4219:
4213:
4212:
4208:
4206:
4205:
4201:
4199:
4198:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4187:
4185:
4184:
4180:
4178:
4177:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4157:
4151:
4150:
4146:
4144:
4143:
4139:
4137:
4136:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4123:
4117:
4116:
4112:
4110:
4109:
4105:
4103:
4102:
4095:
4094:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4082:
4072:
4071:
4067:
4065:
4064:
4060:
4058:
4057:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4048:
4044:
4038:
4037:
4033:
4031:
4030:
4026:
4024:
4023:
4019:
4017:
4016:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4007:
4003:
3997:
3996:
3992:
3990:
3989:
3985:
3983:
3982:
3978:
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3921:
3920:
3916:
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3909:
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3898:
3896:
3895:
3894:Margaroperdix
3891:
3889:
3888:
3884:
3882:
3881:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3870:
3869:
3867:
3865:
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3855:
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3853:Tropicoperdix
3850:
3849:
3846:
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3841:
3837:
3831:
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3768:
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3744:Shandongornis
3738:
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3728:
3726:
3725:
3718:
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3708:
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3698:
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3450:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3431:
3430:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3420:Ptilopachinae
3417:
3411:
3410:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3383:
3382:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3356:
3354:
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3349:
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3342:
3340:
3339:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3306:
3302:
3292:
3270:
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3267:
3265:
3263:
3259:
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3179:
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3140:
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3125:
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3117:
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3107:
3105:
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3097:
3095:
3094:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3064:
3063:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3055:Macrocephalon
3052:
3050:
3049:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3015:
3013:
3012:
3008:
3006:
3005:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2989:
2988:
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2893:
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2883:
2881:
2880:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2863:
2861:
2860:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2849:Bumbanipodius
2843:
2841:
2840:
2833:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2805:
2801:
2791:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2749:
2748:
2747:Megavitiornis
2744:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2712:
2711:
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2695:
2689:
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2684:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2657:Paraortygidae
2651:
2645:
2644:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2636:Gallinuloides
2633:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2621:
2614:
2613:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2584:
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2580:
2572:
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2529:
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2518:
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2502:
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2411:
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2407:
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2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2359:Bison hunting
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2340:
2334:
2333:Snowshoe hare
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2308:Gray squirrel
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2232:Mountain goat
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2177:Bighorn sheep
2175:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2124:Greater scaup
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2085:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2064:Spruce grouse
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2049:Ruffed grouse
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2034:Mourning dove
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2005:
1996:
1991:
1989:
1984:
1982:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1955:
1952:
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1946:
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1620:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1592:
1588:
1582:
1571:
1565:
1551:
1547:
1541:
1526:on 2013-10-17
1525:
1521:
1517:
1510:
1495:
1491:
1485:
1470:
1468:9780811731225
1464:
1460:
1459:
1451:
1435:
1431:
1425:
1417:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1382:. March 2016.
1381:
1375:
1367:
1361:
1345:
1341:
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1290:
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1032:
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1020:
1016:
1014:
1007:
1005:
984:
965:
963:
942:
920:
917:
913:
901:
898:
893:
892:second growth
882:
872:
870:
866:
859:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
833:
828:
820:
811:
809:
804:
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790:
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764:
760:
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752:
748:
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736:
731:
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724:
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695:
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689:
685:
681:
676:
673:
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662:
657:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
621:
618:
614:
610:
606:
601:
600:B. u. obscura
598:
595:
591:
586:
583:
580:
576:
571:
570:B. u. mediana
568:
564:
560:
554:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
526:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
502:
499:
495:
491:
487:
482:
479:
478:
477:
474:
471:
467:
463:
462:
456:
455:Carl Linnaeus
452:
445:
441:
440:Ruffed Grouse
437:
428:
426:
422:
417:
415:
411:
407:
402:
400:
399:
394:
393:non-migratory
390:
386:
382:
378:
377:
372:
371:ruffed grouse
364:
359:
346:
343:
342:
340:
337:
333:
323:
319:
314:
309:
305:
299:
297:
291:
288:
287:Binomial name
284:
280:
279:
274:
271:
270:
265:
260:
259:
255:
252:
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248:
245:
242:
241:
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218:
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202:
201:
198:
195:
192:
191:
188:
185:
182:
181:
176:
171:
167:
161:
156:
155:Least Concern
145:
141:
136:
132:
128:
123:
119:
114:
110:
105:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
41:
36:
24:Ruffed grouse
22:
19:
4390:
4336:
4329:
4322:
4317:Rhegminornis
4315:
4305:
4298:
4288:
4278:
4271:
4264:
4257:
4250:
4245:Centrocercus
4243:
4236:
4229:
4209:
4202:
4195:
4188:
4183:Crossoptilon
4181:
4176:Chrysolophus
4174:
4167:
4147:
4142:Tetraophasis
4140:
4133:
4126:Lophophorini
4113:
4106:
4099:
4070:Polyplectron
4068:
4061:
4054:
4034:
4027:
4020:
4013:
3993:
3986:
3979:
3972:
3965:
3960:Campocolinus
3958:
3951:
3933:Tetraogallus
3931:
3924:
3917:
3910:
3903:
3892:
3885:
3878:
3871:
3851:
3827:
3820:
3813:
3808:Melanoperdix
3806:
3799:
3792:
3772:
3764:Titanoperdix
3762:
3752:
3742:
3732:
3724:Rustaviornis
3722:
3712:
3702:
3694:Panraogallus
3692:
3682:
3672:
3662:
3652:
3642:
3632:
3622:
3612:
3602:
3592:
3503:
3496:
3489:
3484:Odontophorus
3482:
3475:
3468:
3461:
3454:
3447:
3427:
3407:
3397:
3387:
3360:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3329:
3310:Phasianoidea
3262:Phasianoidea
3241:
3234:
3227:
3220:
3200:
3193:
3169:
3162:
3155:
3148:
3141:
3121:
3113:Palaeonossax
3111:
3101:
3091:
3060:
3053:
3046:
3026:
3019:
3009:
3002:
2992:
2985:
2965:
2955:
2944:
2930:Megapodiidae
2917:
2909:Sobniogallus
2907:
2897:
2887:
2877:
2867:
2857:
2847:
2837:
2752:
2745:
2722:
2715:
2708:
2685:
2678:
2671:
2664:
2641:
2634:
2610:
2599:
2588:
2577:
2565:
2555:
2544:
2533:
2522:
2511:
2500:
2468:Galloanserae
2466:Superorder:
2389:Wolf hunting
2364:Deer hunting
2349:Bear hunting
2298:Fox squirrel
2271:Other quarry
2149:Ross's goose
2129:Lesser scaup
2109:Canada goose
2048:
1960:
1932:
1916:PDF fulltext
1900:
1894:
1864:
1857:
1840:
1815:
1811:
1805:
1794:. Retrieved
1785:
1774:. Retrieved
1770:
1741:
1730:. Retrieved
1726:
1708:. p. 7.
1683:. Retrieved
1679:
1670:
1659:. Retrieved
1657:. March 2016
1654:
1645:
1634:. Retrieved
1614:
1605:
1594:. Retrieved
1590:
1581:
1564:
1553:. Retrieved
1549:
1540:
1528:. Retrieved
1524:the original
1519:
1509:
1497:. Retrieved
1493:
1484:
1472:. Retrieved
1457:
1450:
1438:. Retrieved
1433:
1424:
1399:
1388:
1374:
1360:
1348:. Retrieved
1343:
1334:
1323:. Retrieved
1304:
1292:. Retrieved
1288:
1278:
1258:
1252:
1232:
1225:
1215:
1208:
1200:
1195:
1183:. Retrieved
1179:
1170:
1158:. Retrieved
1154:
1148:
1140:
1126:
1114:. Retrieved
1100:
1094:
1088:
1080:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1010:
1001:
959:
909:
888:
861:
837:
805:
801:
781:
746:
729:
693:
675:B. u. togata
674:
656:B. u. sabini
655:
643:and eastern
620:B. u. phaios
619:
599:
584:
569:
552:
525:B. u. incana
524:
500:
480:
475:
469:
465:
460:
457:in his 1766
450:
449:
439:
425:Pennsylvania
418:
403:
397:
396:
375:
374:
370:
368:
344:
295:
293:
277:
276:
257:
256:
18:
4676:NatureServe
4624:iNaturalist
4415:Wikispecies
4338:Tympanuchus
4259:Falcipennis
4252:Dendragapus
4135:Lophophorus
4101:Chauvireria
4085:Phasianinae
4063:Haematortyx
4056:Galloperdix
3995:Scleroptila
3967:Francolinus
3953:Bambusicola
3864:Coturnicini
3794:Arborophila
3754:Shanxiornis
3734:Schaubortyx
3634:Lophogallus
3604:Centuriavis
3577:Phasianidae
3564:Phasianidae
3529:See below โ
3520:Phasianidae
3505:Rhynchortyx
3470:Dactylortyx
3429:Ptilopachus
3271:See below โ
3150:Chamaepetes
3134:Penelopinae
3103:Boreortalis
3039:Megapodiini
3004:Latagallina
2967:Ngawupodius
2946:Garrdimalga
2859:Bumbanortyx
2822:Galliformes
2809:Galliformes
2774:See below โ
2765:Galliformes
2710:Ameripodius
2687:Xorazmortyx
2680:Scopelortyx
2557:Chambiortyx
2546:Austinornis
2513:Anisolornis
2369:Fox hunting
1903:(2): 47โ60.
1771:centredaily
1615:birdsna.org
1185:17 November
1116:12 November
1046:Sage grouse
1041:State birds
778:Grey morph.
770:Description
713:to central
540:to central
237:Phasianidae
227:Galliformes
133:in Ontario
4800:Tetraonini
4789:Categories
4767:Xeno-canto
4238:Canachites
4222:Tetraonini
4211:Syrmaticus
4160:Phasianini
4036:Rheinardia
4022:Argusianus
3988:Peliperdix
3981:Ortygornis
3919:Pternistis
3880:Ammoperdix
3829:Xenoperdix
3815:Rhizothera
3801:Caloperdix
3785:Rollulinae
3714:Plioperdix
3704:Pliogallus
3684:Palaeortyx
3614:Diangallus
3477:Dendrortyx
3449:Callipepla
3195:Oreophasis
3164:Penelopina
3062:Megapodius
2987:Aepypodius
2978:Alecturini
2869:Linquornis
2754:Sylviornis
2601:Percolinus
2579:Gigantibis
2567:Coturnipes
2535:Argillipes
2435:Genera of
2257:Polar bear
2252:Dall sheep
2192:Brown bear
2182:Black bear
2154:Snow goose
2114:Canvasback
2104:Black duck
2007:Game birds
1796:2018-06-21
1776:2018-06-21
1732:2018-06-21
1685:2018-06-21
1661:2018-06-21
1636:2018-06-21
1596:2018-06-21
1555:2018-06-21
1530:9 December
1325:2023-03-18
1312:(Report).
1073:References
1004:media help
962:media help
897:underbrush
869:watercress
865:salamander
808:polygynous
753:, 1916) -
512:, 1943) -
488:, 1935) -
247:Tetraonini
4331:Tetrastes
4280:Meleagris
4204:Phasianus
4108:Ithaginis
3912:Perdicula
3873:Alectoris
3840:Pavoninae
3774:Tologuica
3654:Miogallus
3498:Philortyx
3338:Agelastes
3331:Acryllium
3322:Numididae
3236:Nothocrax
3028:Talegalla
2919:Taoperdix
2879:Namaortyx
2724:Taubacrex
2666:Paraortyx
2612:Tegulavis
2590:Litoripes
2448:Kingdom:
2242:Pronghorn
2237:Mule deer
2187:Razorback
2159:Wood duck
2096:Waterfowl
2044:Ptarmigan
1832:0022-541X
1631:216329949
1499:4 January
1474:4 January
844:omnivores
751:(Grinnell
629:Friedmann
534:Friedmann
510:Friedmann
410:phasianid
406:partridge
272:Species:
193:Kingdom:
187:Eukaryota
4681:2.102687
4668:22679500
4642:10189345
4544:45510621
4482:22679500
4477:BirdLife
4466:BioLib:
4400:Wikidata
4307:Pucrasia
4149:Tragopan
4015:Afropavo
4006:Pavonini
3926:Synoicus
3905:Ophrysia
3887:Coturnix
3822:Rollulus
3664:Mioryaba
3594:Bantamyx
3491:Oreortyx
3463:Cyrtonyx
3399:Nanortyx
3362:Telecrex
3182:Cracinae
3157:Penelope
3077:Cracidae
2994:Alectura
2839:Amitabha
2673:Pirortyx
2456:Chordata
2454:Phylum:
2450:Animalia
2437:landfowl
2342:See also
2303:Gray fox
2169:Big game
2074:Woodcock
1440:24 March
1396:(1995).
1350:10 March
1294:10 March
1160:10 March
1035:See also
923:Behavior
903:โ
735:Linnaeus
680:Linnaeus
446:c. 1861.
431:Taxonomy
336:Synonyms
304:Linnaeus
264:Stephens
233:Family:
207:Chordata
203:Phylum:
197:Animalia
183:Domain:
160:IUCN 3.1
4720:1508554
4593:2473702
4454:Avibase
4273:Lyrurus
4266:Lagopus
4190:Lophura
4169:Catreus
3944:Gallini
3456:Colinus
3409:Neortyx
3389:Miortyx
3345:Guttera
3213:Cracini
3202:Ortalis
3143:Aburria
3123:Procrax
3048:Eulipoa
3021:Progura
2899:Procrax
2472:Clade:
2460:Class:
2384:Fishing
2379:Whaling
2328:Red fox
2323:Raccoon
2313:Opossum
2202:Caribou
2144:Redhead
2134:Mallard
2119:Gadwall
900:leaves.
876:Hunting
848:berries
822:An egg.
814:Ecology
719:Wyoming
699:Douglas
661:Douglas
625:Aldrich
609:Ontario
530:Aldrich
506:Aldrich
486:Conover
253:Genus:
243:Tribe:
223:Order:
213:Class:
158: (
96:↓
4759:129745
4746:728082
4655:175790
4600:GNAB:
4577:FEIS:
4565:EURING
4557:BONSUM
4531:rufgro
4505:rufgro
4434:rufgro
4406:Q19058
4324:Tetrao
4231:Bonasa
4197:Perdix
3974:Gallus
3352:Numida
3171:Pipile
3011:Leipoa
2957:Mwalau
2318:Rabbit
2293:Coyote
2288:Bobcat
2283:Badger
2262:Whales
2247:Muskox
2069:Turkey
2019:Chukar
1830:
1629:
1465:
1412:
1266:
1240:
916:clover
912:gravel
832:clutch
785:morphs
763:Canada
755:Alaska
715:Oregon
711:Canada
703:Alaska
688:Canada
665:Canada
645:Oregon
637:Canada
627:&
613:Canada
563:Canada
532:&
508:&
494:Canada
470:Bonasa
398:Bonasa
389:Alaska
381:grouse
327:
266:, 1819
258:Bonasa
4707:70406
4637:IRMNG
4526:eBird
4502:BOW:
4495:10423
4469:21377
4115:Lerwa
3243:Pauxi
2217:Moose
1891:(PDF)
1870:(PDF)
1849:(PDF)
1750:(PDF)
1706:(PDF)
1627:S2CID
1573:(PDF)
1550:Vault
852:seeds
840:aspen
789:humid
641:Idaho
538:Idaho
4728:ODNR
4715:OBIS
4694:9000
4689:NCBI
4663:IUCN
4650:ITIS
4588:GBIF
4580:boum
4570:3280
4552:EPPO
4518:MH5Q
4490:BOLD
4029:Pavo
3229:Mitu
3222:Crax
2462:Aves
2227:Wolf
1828:ISSN
1532:2012
1501:2022
1476:2022
1463:ISBN
1442:2023
1410:ISBN
1352:2013
1296:2014
1264:ISBN
1238:ISBN
1187:2022
1162:2014
1118:2021
1101:2018
914:and
667:and
605:Todd
590:Todd
575:Todd
542:Utah
369:The
308:1766
217:Aves
35:Pre๊
4629:890
4611:IBC
4539:EoL
4513:CoL
4441:ADW
4430:ABA
2212:Elk
1964:at
1820:doi
1619:doi
1314:doi
1105:doi
759:USA
739:USA
723:USA
707:USA
684:USA
669:USA
649:USA
594:USA
579:USA
546:USA
518:USA
442:by
423:of
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85:Pg
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4296:โ
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4097:โ
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3900:โ
3770:โ
3760:โ
3750:โ
3740:โ
3730:โ
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3700:โ
3690:โ
3680:โ
3670:โ
3660:โ
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3640:โ
3630:โ
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2875:โ
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2855:โ
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50:S
45:O
40:๊
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