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prepare for death; because our leaders proclaimed from the outset that we were not at war with the United States and we trusted that that normality would be temporary And it's been over five years of the Via Crucis; we have experienced every pain and humiliation. We have been defenseless and have relied on the strength of patience, justice, and resistance Women have had a prayer on their lips that God help us, and that the gift of justice be granted to the people who oppress us, and the shame of ignominy does not fall upon the country of
Washington and Lincoln The Senate Commission comes to clarify the truth of the atrocities we have suffered; it is true that there have been many. There is an unusual fact, a monster against which we will forever clamor: the landing of American troops in our country under the guise of friends and protectors, to strip us of our rights and our holy freedom. Can there be a greater atrocity?
368:, Smester wrote that while a woman can be unsurpassable as a teacher or pharmacist, her "highest glory and most certain triumph" is as a mother. In her speech in Puerto Plata, she called motherhood a woman's "true mission, her highest prerogative" and a woman's life devoid of maternal work "useless". For Smester, supporting feminism and emancipation "do nothing against the mysterious instinct of motherhood".
33:
301:, the first feminist Dominican journal, that "your magazine is the only genuine feminine, genuinely Dominican, and therefore deserving of the greatest help." In the same year, Smester requested to publish in the magazine, and so recorded her first two contributions to feminist journalism, publishing a further article in 1929. She became one of the magazine's main contributors.
361:" without women and live in a world with neither pleasure nor suffering. Finally, women "are essentially and potently equal to men", and while men have historically dominated humanity's cultural output, a woman's self-denial and "her ability to love and suffer and to shape man in her bosom" brings women "to the same level if not higher".
418:
society, which had founded the first hospital in
Santiago in 1891, established the 'St Vincent de Paul Branch' under her leadership, for the foundation of a nursing home in Santiago. Smester thus became the first director of the city's St Vincent de Paul Hospice. During this time, she lived in a
268:
To the
American journalists who visit us. A simple schoolteacher speaks to you with my heart on my lips. The Dominican people love, above all things, like God, their freedom and their land; that is why our pain in this unfortunate hour is infinite Surprised by the American invasion, we did not
400:
The mission of the teacher to put into activity the latent forces of good and reject the depths of the soul, so that what is evil in every human creature is never externalized. And this work is carried out by the poor rural teacher who teaches the boy the rudiments of a morality that he barely
195:
to children at home, which she credited with the discovery of her vocation. By 1902, she had become a syntax, literature, history, and French teacher at the ladies' high school of
Santiago. She resigned in 1908 and founded a school in Santiago in 1913.
327:, Smester wrote that feminism has proven to be "essentially constructive", tending "to widen the sphere of action of the woman, to bring into play the activity of her spirit, to develop all her capacity", all without harming "the home and family".
485:
A 1982 poem by
Dominican poet Armando Oscar paid tribute to Smester: " went towards the conquest of ethical values On her heart, she carried a crucifix She was a woman, a believer above all else \ And God crowned her with the pain of a son!"
396:, whom Smester credited for increasing the city's level of education. She noted the increasing stature of the profession of teaching, and viewed a teacher's primary duty as instilling a moral education into their students:
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401:
understands, to the great philosopher who investigates and teaches the evolution of life. Everyone contributes their grain of sand...Each must serve according to their measure. Give to Caesar what is Caesar's.
264:, which took place between 1916 and 1924. Smester expressed her opposition in the national press, publishing in literary magazines in Santiago. One of Smester's appeals for the removal of American forces read:
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Smester
Marrero, Rosa (2016). "Conferencia de la Sociedad Cultural "Renovación" de Puerto Plata" [Conference of the Cultural Society "Renovation" of Puerto Plata]. In Candelario, Elizabeth S.;
312:
strategies disqualify androcentric warmongering, thereby including female voices in war discourses, such that "honoring and glorifying enlightened men is a form of patriotic love". In her 1929 article
460:
newspaper of Monte Cristi asked
Smester to be honored as the 'Illustrious Daughter' of the city "as a teacher, mother, and fighter". While she was in Paris, an editorial of the Santiago newspaper
464:, which cited Smester as a founding intellectual influence, said she had "one of the most outstanding intellectual capacities" and was "one of the best literary pens the Republic has".
261:
133:
104:
775:
Peguero, Valentina (2005). "Women's Grass-Roots
Organizations in the Dominican Republic: Real and Imagined Female Figures". In Knight, Franklin W.; Martínez-Vergne, Teresita (eds.).
357:
the knowledge of good and evil as "the first act that takes place in paradise marks the eternal and indisputable influence of women". Smester claimed that men would be "born as a
342:
in women". By campaigning for women to be as cultured as men, feminism allows women to "be the best collaborator of man to attenuate human miseries and achieve world peace".
240:
493:
celebrations, the
Constitutional Court of the Dominican Republic named Smester among sixty-three "outstanding Dominican women in the struggles for peace and democracy".
471:
bears
Smester's name. In Santiago, a housing development was named after her. In Monte Cristi, an educational establishment was named the Rosa Smester Basic School.
435:
253:
222:
Smester's writings are scattered across magazines and journals. She never fulfilled her ambition to write a book, though she published a short story entitled
479:
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245:
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For feminism to be fruitful, women should be very feminine and not domineering, different and equivalent to men, like two feet for the perfect walk.
1562:
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1582:
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1522:
Periodismo, Feminismo y Agencia: Estudio hemerocrítico del discurso feminista de la revista Fémina (1922-1939) en la República Dominicana
1096:] (in Spanish). Vol. 1: El Fuego Tras Las Ruinas, 1865–1931. Santo Domingo: Archivio General de la Nación. pp. 116–117.
1044:] (in Spanish). Vol. 1: El Fuego Tras Las Ruinas, 1865–1931. Santo Domingo: Archivio General de la Nación. pp. 117–121.
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on August 30, 1874. She was the daughter of Paul Emmanuel "Pablo" Smester and Dolores Trinidad "Dada" Marrero. Her father was born in
1557:
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478:. Balaguer recalled Smester's great influence on his intellectual formation in his memoirs. Smester also taught Dominican artist
392:, Smester praised the work of Josefa Goméz, an "enlightened and self-sacrificing" teacher who directed the graduate school at
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203:. Her son, Federico Máximo Smester, was born in Monte Cristi from her marriage to Juan Grullón. As a teacher at the Higher
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829:"Las mujeres dominicanas en el marco de la primera intervención norteamericana 1916-1924: una mirada desde la historia"
632:
1217:
1082:
Smester Marrero, Rosa (2016). "Una educacionista notable" [A notable educator]. In Candelario, Elizabeth S.;
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317:
282:
1482:[Constitutional Court recognizes 63 outstanding Dominican women in the struggles for peace and democracy].
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Smester was self-taught and educated at home by her mother. She recalled that her mother taught her the tenths of
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1480:"Tribunal Constitucional reconoce 63 mujeres dominicanas destacadas en las luchas por la paz y la democracia"
482:, a fellow member and later President of the Amantes de la Luz society, who was greatly pained by her death.
294:
345:
Smester praised women "as the greatest spiritual force in the world". Tracing the role of women through the
211:, she prepared the first group of Normal Teachers. She directed the Higher School of Ladies of Montecristi.
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1460:] (in Spanish). Universidad Nacional Pedro Henríquez Ureña and Ateneo Dominicano. p. 195
431:
308:, two concerned the masculine condition. Smester contributed to a broader feminist position that
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1508:
Albizu Apaolazar, Ignacio (1971). "Biografia de Rosa Smester". In Knight, Franklin W. (ed.).
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8:
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285:, the President of the Nationalist Board, that "whenever necessary, I will give gladly".
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a "natural aberration deserves compassion". She advocated complementary gender roles:
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274:
1511:
Historias de la educación dominicana: 24 pequeñas biografias de grandes educadores
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as a form of civil resistance. In May 1920, Smester donated a month's salary to a
257:
192:
320:'s intellectual attributes, which lent him to be an "enlightened" feminist man.
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Images of invasions and resistance in the literature of the Dominican Republic
445:, a women's group that called on her help as a cultural figure and influence.
136:. Her career as a teacher rendered her a prominent figure in her home city of
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She was a member of the Amantes de la Luz society, a library and archive.
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to Santiago in 1870 to work as a German, English, and Italian translator.
124:(August 30, 1874 – February 15, 1945) was an educator and writer from the
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426:, accompanying her son at the beginning of his career as a doctor at the
278:
781:. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. pp. 163–4.
339:
165:
1427:[Izquierdo highlights the work of former president Balaguer].
430:. She offered private classes while in Paris. Smester lectured at the
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Victorian house in the Calle del Sol, in front of the Parque Duarte.
635:[Genealogical Capsules: The Course Found via the Internet].
633:"Cápsulas genealógicas: El derrotero encontrado por vía de Internet"
934:[The influence of the Club Nosotras on Dominican culture].
338:, Smester explained her view that feminism "tries to intensify the
309:
129:
100:
1317:[District 10-03 is exemplary of management in education].
1212:] (in Catalan). Barcelona: Abadia de Montserrat. p. 230.
260:, Smester was one of many women who publicly agitated against the
1528:(PhD) (in Spanish). Barcelona: Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona.
1264:[107th anniversary of La Información. Congratulations!].
778:
Contemporary Caribbean Cultures and Societies in a Global Context
514:
1260:
Luisa Estévez, María; Concepción, Claudio (November 13, 2022).
372:
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32:
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1514:. Santo Domingo: Universidad Nacional Pedro Henriquez Ureña.
718:[A patrimonial treasure: Ateneo Amantes de la Luz].
354:
932:"El Club Nosotras, su influencia en la cultura dominicana"
350:
233:
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673:
Paulino Ramos, Alejandro (2007). Ortiz, Dantes (ed.).
371:
Smester pitied "masculine women", calling the case of
1425:"Izquierdo resalta la obra del expresidente Balaguer"
1262:"107 aniversario de La Información, ¡Felicitaciones!"
1124:[History of the St Vincent de Paul Hospice].
1315:"Distrito 10-03 es ejemplo de gerencia en educación"
558:
Espinal Hernández, Edwin Rafael (October 23, 2010).
134:
United States' occupation of the Dominican Republic
1484:Tribunal Constitucional de la República Dominicana
1154:[Santiago's hospice in time of epidemic].
683:] (in Spanish). Archivo General de la Nación.
612:Instituto Montecristeño de Antropología e Historia
262:United States occupation of the Dominican Republic
861:
716:"Un tesoro patrimonial: Ateneo Amantes de la Luz"
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816:(in Spanish). Santo Domingo: Impresora El Siglo.
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1152:"El hospicio de Santiago en tiempo de epidemia"
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521: and the second or maternal family name is
330:In a conference speech to the cultural society
16:Dominican feminist, teacher, writer (1874–1945)
1294:(in Spanish). January 20, 1997. pp. 45–47
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76:Santiago de los Caballeros, Dominican Republic
1206:Dona i literatura a la Catalunya de preguerra
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304:Of the three articles written by Smester for
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474:Smester educated former Dominican President
410:Smester chaired a chapter of the charitable
1122:"Historia del Hospicio San Vicente de Paúl"
1016:
936:Órgano del Instituto de Historia de la UASD
873:University of Birmingham eTheses Repository
862:Rodriguez Collado, Aralis Mercedes (2015).
833:Órgano del Instituto de Historia de la UASD
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226:. Her prose conveys a deep religiosity and
1400:[The left of Federico Izquierdo].
1375:Partido Reformista Social Cristiano | PRSC
31:
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1453:Cabezas de estudio: Retratos Desdibujados
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1210:Women and literature in pre-war Catalonia
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1340:Albaine Pons, J. R. (February 7, 2011).
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564:Instituto Dominicano de Genealogía, Inc.
562:[A link found in the Smesters].
1563:20th-century Dominican Republic writers
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560:"Un establón encontrado en los Smester"
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1553:People from Santiago de los Caballeros
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234:Opposition to the American occupation
140:, where she founded a school and the
1519:Lora Peña, Elvira Margarita (2020).
1398:"La izquierda de Federico Izquierdo"
1396:Mercader, José (November 25, 2022).
1313:Rodríguez, Marcos (March 26, 2020).
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605:"Rosa Smester (Maestra de Maestras)"
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422:From 1927 to 1937, Smester lived in
179:and reading from her favorite book,
1089:Cien Años de Feminismos Dominicanos
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1037:Cien Años de Feminismos Dominicanos
681:The Life and Works of Ercilia Pepín
448:Smester died on February 15, 1945.
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1583:Dominican Republic women educators
1568:Dominican Republic women activists
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1179:"Palacio Consistorial de Santiago"
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1458:Heads of Study: Blurred Portraits
1177:Mercader, José (March 31, 2017).
814:Rosa Smester: Maestra de Maestras
714:Alejo, Leidi (October 13, 2017).
704:
578:
538:
1558:Dominican Republic women writers
1423:Medina, Grisel (July 15, 2002).
1181:[Santiago's Town Hall].
1094:100 Years of Dominican Feminisms
1042:100 Years of Dominican Feminisms
930:Hernández Núñez, Ángela (2017).
812:Jaime Julia, Julio, ed. (2001).
412:Society of Saint Vincent de Paul
191:In 1897, Smester began teaching
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827:Durán Jourdain, Carmen (2017).
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434:and spoke to the newly-founded
132:writings and opposition to the
128:. She became prominent for her
1342:"Cerebro, lectura y escritura"
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639:(in Spanish). October 31, 2010
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414:. At her urging, in 1923, the
318:Francisco Henríquez y Carvajal
283:Francisco Henríquez y Carvajal
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1290:[Historic Santiago].
949:10.51274/ecos.v24i14.pp97-143
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147:
1603:20th-century women educators
1593:19th-century women educators
1578:Dominican Republic educators
1573:Dominican Republic feminists
1204:Real Mercadal, Neus (2006).
1126:Sociedad San Vicente de Paúl
676:Vida y obra de Ercilia Pepín
513:, the first or paternal
7:
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1608:20th-century women writers
1486:(in Spanish). July 3, 2016
1120:Espinal Hernández, Edwin.
293:In 1926, Smester wrote to
254:Luisa Ozema Pellerano
199:In 1913, Smester moved to
154:Santiago de los Caballeros
142:St Vincent de Paul Hospice
138:Santiago de los Caballeros
58:Santiago de los Caballeros
491:International Women's Day
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390:Una Educacionista Notable
273:Smester refused to speak
241:Junta Patriótica de Damas
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908:, pp. 327, 486, 517
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295:Petronila Angélica Gómez
209:teacher training college
1450:Oscar, Armando (1982).
1288:"El Santiago histórico"
436:Lyceum Club (Barcelona)
432:University of Barcelona
1598:20th-century educators
1588:19th-century educators
1371:"Dr. Joaquín Balaguer"
403:
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1348:(in European Spanish)
1248:Albizu Apaolazar 1971
1233:Albizu Apaolazar 1971
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661:Albizu Apaolazar 1971
456:During her life, the
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325:Escrito Pro-Feminismo
266:
1266:lainformacion.com.do
406:Later life and death
246:Floripez Mieses
152:Smester was born in
122:Rosa Smester Marrero
60:, Dominican Republic
44:Rosa Smester Marrero
920:, pp. 486, 517
353:'s act of offering
181:La Historia Sagrada
480:Federico Izquierdo
316:, Smester praised
281:cause, writing to
258:Ercilia Pepín
250:Abigail Mejía
207:of Montecristi, a
158:Dominican Republic
126:Dominican Republic
1103:978-9945-586-66-4
1051:978-9945-586-66-4
690:978-9945-020-23-6
366:Elogio a la Madre
177:Juan Antonio Alix
168:, and moved from
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69:February 15, 1945
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1490:February 17,
1488:. Retrieved
1483:
1474:
1464:February 18,
1462:. Retrieved
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1435:February 11,
1433:. Retrieved
1431:(in Spanish)
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1418:
1408:February 11,
1406:. Retrieved
1404:(in Spanish)
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1391:
1381:February 10,
1379:. Retrieved
1377:(in Spanish)
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1350:. Retrieved
1345:
1335:
1325:February 10,
1323:. Retrieved
1321:(in Spanish)
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1308:
1298:February 17,
1296:. Retrieved
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1272:February 11,
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1187:. Retrieved
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1158:(in Spanish)
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1132:February 10,
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1128:(in Spanish)
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1006:
1001:, p. 13
994:
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889:
877:. Retrieved
872:
864:
857:
852:, p. 14
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794:February 11,
792:. Retrieved
777:
753:
748:, p. 11
726:. Retrieved
724:(in Spanish)
719:
696:February 18,
694:. Retrieved
680:
675:
668:
643:February 18,
641:. Retrieved
636:
627:
615:. Retrieved
611:
570:February 10,
568:. Retrieved
566:(in Spanish)
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511:Spanish name
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489:In its 2016
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467:A street in
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230:conviction.
224:Juan de Dios
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201:Monte Cristi
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115:Juan Grullón
71:(1945-02-15)
25:Rosa Smester
18:
1548:1945 deaths
1543:1874 births
1352:February 9,
1072:, p. 4
1013:, p. 8
942:(14): 103.
879:February 9,
839:(14): 23–4.
663:, p. 6
617:February 9,
458:El Regional
439: [
279:nationalist
82:Occupations
1537:Categories
533:References
416:La Caridad
340:femininity
332:Renovación
166:Guadeloupe
148:Early life
50:1874-08-30
1402:el Caribe
1319:el Caribe
1183:El Caribe
728:March 10,
244:, led by
238:With the
228:Christian
1156:elCaribe
1086:(eds.).
1034:(eds.).
509:In this
428:Sorbonne
384:Teaching
310:pacifist
289:Feminism
218:Writings
130:feminist
107:writings
101:Feminist
523:Marrero
519:Smester
515:surname
394:Salcedo
373:tomboys
364:In her
323:In her
275:English
252:,
248:,
87:Teacher
1346:Acento
1216:
1100:
1048:
785:
687:
452:Legacy
359:turnip
314:Así Es
306:Fémina
299:Fémina
193:French
112:Spouse
90:writer
1526:(PDF)
1456:[
1292:Rumbo
1208:[
1092:[
1040:[
875:(PhD)
869:(PDF)
679:[
608:(PDF)
497:Notes
443:]
424:Paris
347:Bible
170:Haiti
1492:2023
1466:2023
1437:2023
1410:2023
1383:2023
1354:2023
1327:2023
1300:2023
1274:2023
1214:ISBN
1191:2023
1164:2023
1134:2023
1098:ISBN
1046:ISBN
881:2023
796:2023
783:ISBN
730:2023
698:2023
685:ISBN
645:2023
619:2023
572:2023
355:Adam
103:and
66:Died
40:Born
944:doi
637:Hoy
517:is
388:In
351:Eve
334:of
164:in
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