338:. Initially, he oversaw most of the ministry's operational work. On January 15, 1946, he was promoted to Assistant Minister of Public Security for operational work, coordinating and directing key departments including counterintelligence, operational technology, economic protection, and the fight against the independence underground. Romkowski focused on developing methods for managing informant networks to combat the anti-communist underground and political opposition. He oversaw major operations against resistance groups.
240:(ZMKwP), established on March 17, 1922. His initial tasks included conducting communist agitation in the youth sections of trade unions and performing tasks within the so-called "technique," which involved, among other things, distributing leaflets and illegal publications, organizing meetings, and hiding communist activists sought by the police. In 1924, Romkowski became the head of the "technique," which also meant joining the District Committee of the Union of Communist Youth in Kraków.
2148:
978:
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368:'s Commission for Public Security. In 1949, he was appointed Brigadier General of Public Security. From the same year, he served as Undersecretary of State in the Ministry of Public Security. From February 24, 1949, to 1954, he was a member of the Security Commission of the Central Committee of the Polish United Workers' Party (KC PZPR), which supervised the apparatus of Stalinist repression in Poland.
888:
900:
327:. He was a delegate to the I and II Congress of the PPR and the I and II Congress of the PZPR. Romkowski played a key role in organizing the security apparatus, creating its first operational guidelines and training its officers. He drafted important instructions on investigative procedures and managing informant networks.
441:, interrogated by Romkowski's subordinates from January 9, 1949, till June 6, 1951, described 49 different types of torture he endured. Beatings included truncheon blows to bridge of nose, salivary glands, chin, shoulder blades, bare feet and toes (particularly painful), heels (ten blows each foot, several times a day),
42:
247:
in
November 1923 (the so-called Kraków Uprising), Romkowski was arrested for the first time for his activities. On March 5, 1925, the court sentenced him to three years of hard imprisonment. He initially served his sentence at St. Michael's Prison on Senacka Street in Kraków, then was transferred to
445:
on lips and eyelids and burning of fingers. Sleep deprivation, resulting in near-madness – meant standing upright in a narrow cell for seven to nine days with frequent blows to the face – a hallucinatory method called by the interrogators "Zakopane". General
Romkowski told him on November 30, 1948,
429:
Roman
Romkowski had been put on trial along with Józef Różański and a second Jewish defendant from his department, Anatol Fejgin. Romkowski insisted that Różański should have been removed already in 1949 for his destructive activities, even though, Romkowski himself taught Różański everything about
462:
post in May and was evaluated by the 20th
Congress, which launched a process of partial democratisation of Polish political as well as economic life. The number of security agents at the ministry was cut by 22%, and 9,000 socialist and populist politicians were released from prison on top of some
364:(Romkowski's handwritten notes can be found on the interrogation protocols). In 1948, Romkowski was tasked with overseeing the internal party purge against the "right-nationalist deviation" (Gomułka faction). He was promoted to Deputy Minister of Public Security in 1949 and joined the
430:
torture. Both, Romkowski and Różański, were sentenced to 15 years in prison on 11 November 1957, for unlawful imprisonment and mistreatment of innocent detainees. Romkowski was pardoned and released from prison on 1 October 1964. Feign was sentenced to 12 years, on similar charges.
229:, as the fourth child of Stanisław (originally Izaak) and Maria (originally Amalia) née Blajwajs (Bleiweis). His father was a butcher by profession, employed at a sausage factory. His mother worked intermittently as a cook and a maid at a public bathhouse. He had seven siblings.
395:, and brought to trial along with functionaries responsible for gross violations of human rights law and their abuse of power. Historian Heather Laskey alleges that it was probably not a coincidence that the high ranking Stalinist security officers put on trial by Gomułka were
449:
The court announced that the actions of Roman
Romkowski and his Ministry demoralised the Party as much as its own functionaries. Jakub Berman, the chief supervisor of State Security Services incriminated by
303:
in July 1944, Romkowski was assigned to help establish Poland's new security apparatus. On August 1, 1944, he became head of the
Operational (Counterintelligence) Department of the Public Security Resort in
259:
After regaining freedom in 1926, Romkowski returned to work in the Young
Communist League of Poland in Kraków under the pseudonym "Stanek". He quickly rose to leadership positions in the ZMK and joined the
267:
In 1929, Romkowski began working as a paid party functionary, liaising between regional KPP committees. His activities drew police attention, leading to further arrests and restrictions on his movements.
283:, where he adopted the name "Roman Stanislavovich Romkowski". He completed his studies in 1934 and attended additional political and military training courses before returning to Poland in 1935.
426:". For him, torturing people was a daily double-shift job, nothing more, nothing less. He admitted that all charges against his victims were falsified on site by his department.
203:, Romkowski came to symbolize communist terror in postwar Poland. He was responsible for the work of departments: Counter-espionage (1st), Espionage (7th), Security in the
280:
252:
on
Kamienna Street. As he claimed, he actively participated in the life of the prison commune during this time, including leading hunger strikes and catching up on
324:
406:
and imprisoned by
Romkowski in 1951 on Soviet orders, and interrogated by both, him and Fejgin. Gomułka escaped physical torture only as a close associate of
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and alleged economic saboteurs. He played a key role in organizing two amnesties in 1945 and 1947, which were considered successful in weakening the
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members, and he didn't apologize for his actions. Instead, he pointed a finger at
Romkowski and continuously repeated the Leninist argument that "
1822:
236:, which at that time had significant influence among the workers in that union. The progressive radicalization of his views led him to join the
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383:. Światło's revelations about the regime's inner workings in 1954 led to Romkowski's downfall and the restructuring of the security apparatus.
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Romkowski directly supervised investigations and interrogations of suspected party members, including the arrest and questioning of
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299:, serving as a unit commander, political commissar, and head of intelligence for the Brigade. After the formation of the
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179:(MBP or colloquially UB) during the late 1940s and early 1950s. Along with several other high functionaries including
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Romkowski began his political activities by joining the youth section of the Woodworkers' Trade Union and later the
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533:
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264:(KPP). In 1927–1928, he was arrested multiple times for communist activities but released after short detentions.
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2008:
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in 1951-1952. His career began to unravel in late 1953 after the defection of his close associate
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34,644 detainees across the country. "The routing of the Polish Stalinists was indeed complete."
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In later years, Romkowski applied his methods of managing informant networks to combat various "
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Nikita Sergeevich Khrushchev, Sergeĭ Khrushchev, George Shriver, Stephen Shenfield,
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At trial, Col. Różański didn't deny that he routinely tortured prisoners including
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323:(PZPR) – from December 21, 1948, to January 24, 1955, he was also a member of the
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studies. In September 1926, he was released early under an amnesty for minors.
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315:(PPR) – from December 12, 1945, to December 21, 1948, he was a member of the
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In 1930, he represented the Kraków district at the 5th KPP Congress in
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On January 1, 1945, Romkowski was appointed director of Department I (
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Faculty of Social and Political Sciences. p. 100. Archived from
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and the chief supervisor of Polish State Security Services, Minister
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818:"Poland's New Chief", LIFE Magazine, 26 November 1956. pp. 173–182
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Borejsza i Różański. Przyczynek do dziejów stalinizmu w Polsce
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562:"Biuletyn Informacji Publicznej Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej"
281:
Communist University of the National Minorities of the West
167:. After the Soviet takeover of Poland Romkowski settled in
763:(in Polish). Żydowski Instytut Historyczny. Archived from
863:
The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression,
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796:
Night voices: heard in the shadow of Hitler and Stalin
391:
Romkowski was arrested on April 23, 1956, during the
859:
Livre noir du Communisme: crimes, terreur, répression
597:, "Niewinnie straceni w latach 1945–56". OptimusNet.
505:"Roman Romkowski – kim był komunistyczny zbrodniarz?"
325:
Central Committee of the Polish United Workers' Party
243:
During preparations for the first anniversary of the
835:
Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev: Statesman, 1953-1964.
622:""Zmarl Anatol Fejgin, ostatni z kierownictwa UB,""
155:, (February 16, 1907 – July 12, 1968) was a Polish
654:. Retrieved from Internet Archive, June 21, 2013.
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641:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
446:that he personally requested this "sheer hell".
221:Romkowski was born on February 16, 1907, into a
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624:. Archived from the original on August 11, 2011
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2229:Polish police officers convicted of crimes
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924:Poland under Communism: a Cold War history
889:"The Collapse of Stalinist Rule in Poland"
880:
311:From 1944 to 1948, he was a member of the
171:and became second in command (the deputy
2219:Polish intelligence officers (1943–1990)
674:, 15 December 2002, Fundacja Orientacja
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213:(10th Dept. run by Fejgin), and others.
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738:(in Polish). Instytut Pamięci Narodowej
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473:History of Polish intelligence services
301:Polish Committee of National Liberation
14:
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887:Leszek Wlodzimierz Gluchowski (1991).
789:
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410:, and was released three years later.
2204:Communist Party of Poland politicians
1823:Union of Jewish Religious Communities
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529:
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2214:Polish United Workers' Party members
811:
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915:
800:, McGill-Queen's Press MQUP, 2003.
778:
24:
734:[Captain Witold Pilecki].
657:
522:
343:enemies of the people's government
275:. Later that year, he was sent to
25:
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2239:Prisoners and detainees of Poland
2209:Polish Workers' Party politicians
1813:Jewish Community Centre of Krakow
502:
356:In 1947, he interrogated Captain
2147:
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1803:Central Committee of Polish Jews
988:
976:
856:Stéphane Courtois, Mark Kramer,
238:Young Communist League of Poland
40:
749:
707:"Roman Romkowski - Katalog IPN"
153:Nasiek (Natan) Grinszpan-Kikiel
106:Nasiek (Natan) Grinszpan-Kikiel
2244:Political repression in Poland
2234:Polish prisoners and detainees
2009:Der Beobachter an der Weichsel
724:
554:
319:(KC), and subsequently of the
13:
1:
1289:Chanokh Heynekh of Aleksander
610:Piotrowski 1998, ibid, p. 64.
478:
248:Bastion III "Kleparz" of the
216:
124:Vice-minister, security agent
2249:Recipients of Polish pardons
1399:Yaakov Yitzchak of Peshischa
678:; see also: B. Fijałkowska,
420:Polish United Workers' Party
321:Polish United Workers' Party
291:From 1941, he fought in the
7:
2224:People convicted of torture
761:Polski Słownik Judaistyczny
466:
424:the end justifies the means
336:Ministry of Public Security
177:Ministry of Public Security
10:
2265:
1738:Operation Harvest Festival
984:Jews and Judaism in Poland
929:Cambridge University Press
732:"Rotmistrz Witold Pilecki"
711:Instytut Pamięci Narodowej
351:anti-communist underground
2194:Jewish Polish politicians
2159:List of active synagogues
2156: .
2144:
1972:
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1554:
1448:
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1394:Simcha Bunim of Peshischa
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1044:
1008:
997:
588:Roman Romkowski biography
386:
360:in the X Pavilion of the
295:unit 'Stalin Brigade' in
287:Work in security services
262:Communist Party of Poland
132:State Security Services (
128:
120:
110:
102:
80:
51:
39:
32:
27:Polish communist official
2093:Lodzer Naje Folkscajtung
1369:Menachem Mendel of Kotzk
1353:Saba Kadisha of Radzymin
1218:Shalom Shachna of Lublin
866:Harvard University Press
839:Penn State Press, 2007.
2189:Politicians from Moscow
1844:Chachmei Lublin Yeshiva
1314:Yehuda Aryeh Leib Alter
1294:Avraham Mordechai Alter
1183:Aaron Samuel Kaidanover
893:University of Cambridge
1924:Okopowa Street, Warsaw
1379:Mordechai Yosef Leiner
566:katalog.bip.ipn.gov.pl
1808:Council of Four Lands
1389:Elimelech of Lizhensk
1374:Gershon Henoch Leiner
1349:Yaakov Aryeh Guterman
670:Barbara Fijałkowska,
414:The court proceedings
313:Polish Workers' Party
1828:Vaad Rosh Hashochtim
1526:Abraham Silberschein
1384:Shmuel Shlomo Leiner
672:RÓŻAŃSKI "LIBERAŁEM"
458:, resigned from his
433:A well-known writer
181:Stanisław Radkiewicz
135:Urząd Bezpieczeństwa
1567:Shmuel Yankev Imber
1562:Yechiel Granatstein
1521:Adam Daniel Rotfeld
1486:Maksymilian Horwitz
1359:Ben Zion Halberstam
1304:Yitzchak Meir Alter
435:Kazimierz Moczarski
332:Counterintelligence
1818:Judaica Foundation
1481:Apolinary Hartglas
1324:Avrohom Bornsztain
1258:David HaLevi Segal
1233:Moses ha-Levi Minz
1193:Yitzhak-Meir Levin
903:on October 6, 2011
593:2016-03-03 at the
539:Poland's holocaust
534:Tadeusz Piotrowski
157:communist official
2199:Jewish socialists
2166:
2165:
2121:Włocławker Sztyme
1862:
1861:
1791:
1790:
1769:Post-World War II
1615:
1614:
1572:Julian Kornhauser
1531:Stefan Staszewski
1496:Józef Lewartowski
1476:Bronisław Geremek
1339:Shmuel Bornsztain
1198:Yaakov Lorberbaum
1158:Aryeh Tzvi Frumer
1105:
1104:
757:"Romkowski Roman"
650:, 11 Sept. 2002,
543:McFarland, 1998.
503:Kurek, Radosław.
400:Władysław Gomułka
373:Władysław Gomułka
345:", including the
317:Central Committee
149:Menasche Grünspan
142:
141:
66:February 16, 1907
56:Menasche Grünspan
16:(Redirected from
2256:
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2128:Wloclawker Weker
1854:Novardok Yeshiva
1834:
1833:
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1641:Cossack riots -
1541:Szmul Zygielbojm
1536:Roman Zambrowski
1435:Herman Lieberman
1334:Dovid Bornsztain
1253:Moshe Rosenstain
1243:Meir Dan Plotzky
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402:was captured by
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2086:Lubliner Sztyme
1981:Arbeiter Fragen
1968:
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1753:Valley of Death
1723:Kielce Cemetery
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1587:Yosef Rosenthal
1550:
1516:Roman Romkowski
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1308:Chidushei Harim
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1148:Meir Eisenstadt
1111:
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1067:Gdańsk (Danzig)
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443:cigarette burns
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347:Catholic Church
293:Soviet partisan
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250:Kraków Fortress
219:
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193:Julia Brystiger
145:Roman Romkowski
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74:Austria-Hungary
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46:Roman Romkowski
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1607:Lidia Zamenhof
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1582:Roman Polanski
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1506:Roza Pomerantz
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358:Witold Pilecki
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189:Józef Różański
151:also known as
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1363:Kedushas Zion
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1343:Shem MiShmuel
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1138:Shmuel Eidels
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1016:Early history
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937:0-521-71117-7
934:
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927:
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875:0-674-07608-7
872:
868:
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846:
845:0-271-02935-8
842:
838:
836:
829:
823:
819:
814:
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806:0-7735-2606-4
803:
799:
798:. pp. 191–194
797:
790:
788:
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767:on 2019-05-31
766:
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549:0-7864-0371-3
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453:
452:Józef Światło
447:
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440:
436:
431:
427:
425:
421:
411:
409:
408:Joseph Stalin
405:
401:
394:
384:
382:
378:
377:Józef Światło
374:
369:
367:
363:
359:
354:
352:
348:
344:
339:
337:
334:) in the new
333:
328:
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186:
185:Anatol Fejgin
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
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137:
136:
131:
127:
123:
121:Occupation(s)
119:
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109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
83:
79:
75:
71:
54:
50:
43:
38:
31:
19:
2133:
2126:
2119:
2112:
2105:
2100:Lodzer Veker
2098:
2091:
2084:
2077:
2070:
2063:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2035:
2028:
2021:
2016:Folks-Sztyme
2014:
2007:
2002:Der Arbeyter
2000:
1993:
1986:
1979:
1973:Publications
1884:Chełm-Gdańsk
1710:
1642:
1597:Julian Tuwim
1515:
1491:Alfred Lampe
1471:Paweł Finder
1456:Jakub Berman
1409:Meir Shapiro
1403:Yid HaKadosh
1402:
1362:
1352:
1342:
1327:
1317:
1307:
1297:
1271:
1261:
1248:Jacob Pollak
1237:Maharam Minz
1236:
1226:
1211:
1201:
1186:
1176:
1166:
1151:
1141:
1133:Solomon Eger
1036:1989–present
1031:20th century
1026:19th century
1021:18th century
987:
981:
923:
917:
905:. Retrieved
901:the original
882:
864:
858:
852:
834:
828:
822:Google Books
813:
795:
769:. Retrieved
765:the original
760:
751:
740:. Retrieved
736:Biogramy IPN
735:
726:
715:. Retrieved
710:
679:
675:
626:. Retrieved
616:
605:
569:. Retrieved
565:
556:
538:
513:. Retrieved
508:
448:
432:
428:
417:
390:
381:West Germany
370:
355:
340:
329:
310:
290:
270:
266:
258:
242:
231:
220:
197:Jakub Berman
152:
148:
144:
143:
133:
86:(1968-07-01)
84:July 1, 1968
2184:1968 deaths
2179:1907 births
1711:Grossaktion
1700:Częstochowa
1650:Częstochowa
1622:and Pogroms
1602:Jerzy Urban
1577:Louis Meyer
1501:Hilary Minc
1466:Ludwik Dorn
1449:Politicians
1328:Avnei Nezer
1268:Joel Sirkis
1208:Meir Lublin
1163:Joshua Falk
1152:Maharam Ash
926:. pp 83–85.
713:(in Polish)
692:(in Polish)
599:(in Polish)
511:(in Polish)
509:Histmag.org
245:Kraków riot
159:trained by
111:Citizenship
2173:Categories
2044:Głos Bundu
1944:Tarnobrzeg
1867:Cemeteries
1643:Tach VeTat
1298:Imrei Emes
1227:Maharashal
1128:Akiva Eger
847:. 1126 pp.
771:2023-07-19
742:2024-07-19
717:2024-07-19
628:2013-06-21
571:2020-10-07
515:2024-07-19
479:References
234:Poale Zion
225:family in
217:Early life
62:1907-02-16
2058:Ha-Tsfira
2030:Folkswort
1874:Białystok
1748:Szczuczyn
1695:Białystok
1635:Białystok
1620:Massacres
1318:Sfas Emes
1187:Maharshak
1062:Białystok
939:. 444 pp.
808:. 254 pp.
551:. 437 pp.
460:Politburo
366:Politburo
201:Politburo
199:from the
175:) in the
161:Comintern
18:Romkowski
2153:Category
2135:Zibn teg
2072:In Kampf
1964:Wrzeszcz
1934:Oświęcim
1919:Obrzycko
1889:Chrzanów
1837:Yeshivas
1743:Radziłów
1718:Jedwabne
1662:Naliboki
1425:Emil Byk
1142:Maharsha
931:, 2008.
637:cite web
591:Archived
467:See also
456:the West
273:Petergof
173:minister
2107:Midrasz
2051:Ha-Asif
1959:Wrocław
1954:Wiślica
1894:Cieszyn
1728:Tykocin
1668:Przytyk
1555:Writers
1418:Lawyers
1202:Nesivos
1057:Beuthen
1045:By city
1000:History
907:June 1,
837:p. 643.
541:. p. 60
404:Światło
379:to the
297:Belarus
2037:Forojs
1949:Warsaw
1929:Ostrów
1914:Lublin
1904:Krakow
1899:Kielce
1879:Bródno
1783:Kraków
1778:Kielce
1758:Wąsosz
1713:Warsaw
1676:(1881)
1674:Warsaw
1670:(1936)
1664:(1943)
1658:(1918)
1656:Kielce
1652:(1902)
1646:(1684)
1637:(1906)
1631:(1905)
1282:Rebbes
1121:Rabbis
1112:People
1097:Wieluń
1082:Łęczna
1077:Kraków
1072:Kalisz
1052:Adamów
1009:By era
935:
873:
843:
804:
686:
676:abcnet
652:Warsaw
547:
387:Arrest
306:Lublin
277:Moscow
227:Kraków
223:Jewish
169:Warsaw
165:Moscow
115:Polish
96:Poland
92:Warsaw
70:Kraków
2065:Haynt
1733:Dynów
1092:Łuków
437:from
397:Jews.
147:born
1939:Rema
1909:Łódź
1272:Bach
1177:Rema
1087:Łódź
933:ISBN
909:2011
871:ISBN
841:ISBN
802:ISBN
684:ISBN
643:link
545:ISBN
210:PZPR
81:Died
52:Born
1262:Taz
1167:Sma
353:.
206:PPR
163:in
2175::
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891:.
820:,
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709:.
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690:.
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635:{{
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774:.
745:.
720:.
645:)
631:.
574:.
518:.
208:–
138:)
64:)
60:(
20:)
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