582:
501:. He spent large sums on new buildings and in endowing churches and monasteries. He endeavoured to relieve the pressure of taxation on the aristocracy, which undermined the finances of the state. Previous emperors had attempted to control the privileges of the nobles over the common people. Coming from the aristocracy himself, Romanos III abandoned this policy. This failure to stand up to the aristocrats allowed them to exploit the rural mass of landed peasantry, who increasingly fell into a condition of serfdom. This in turn undermined the traditional recruiting base of the Byzantine army. The combination of a reduced tax base and fewer native-born troops had long-term consequences. As revenue declined, the subsequent impoverishment of the state weakened the military's recruitment power still further.
505:
679:
551:
617:
644:
295:
452:
1336:
1709:
523:, despite their having accepted the Byzantines as overlords, with disastrous results. The army camped at a waterless site and its scouts were ambushed. An attack by the Byzantine cavalry was defeated. That night Romanos held an imperial council at which the demoralised Byzantines resolved to abandon the campaign and return to Byzantine territory. Romanos also ordered his siege engines to be burned. On 10
636:. Romanos, unaware, allowed Michael to become one of his personal servants. Having survived the attempts on his throne by Theodora, his death on 11 April 1034 was supposed to have been due to poison administered by his wife. There is also speculation that he was drowned in a bath on his wife's orders. He was buried in the
272:
Romanos has been recorded as a well-meaning but ineffective emperor. He disorganised the tax system and undermined the military, personally leading a disastrous military expedition against Aleppo. He fell out with his wife and foiled several attempts on his throne, including two which revolved around
475:
of
Antioch, was an experienced military commander, influential patrician, and unswervingly loyal to the ruling house. The emperor's advisors preferred not to have a strong military figure as the new emperor, and persuaded the Emperor to choose Romanos instead, as a potentially more pliable and
527:
August 1030 the army departed its camp and made for
Antioch. Discipline broke down in the Byzantine army, with Armenian mercenaries using the withdrawal as an opportunity to pillage the camp's stores. The Emir of Aleppo launched an attack and the
546:
wrote that the
Byzantines suffered remarkably few casualties. According to Yahya, two high ranking Byzantine officers were among the fatalities, and another officer was captured by the Arabs. After this defeat the army became a "laughing-stock".
561:
Despite his victory, the Emir of Aleppo opened negotiations and signed a treaty that made Aleppo an
Imperial tributary and allowed for a Greek governor to preside over the city. In 1032 the capture and successful defence of
666:
to officiate in the coronation of the new emperor. Although he initially refused to co-operate, the payment of 50 pounds of gold helped change his mind. He proceeded to crown
Michael IV as the new emperor of the Romans.
51:
3230:
628:
In a vain attempt to reduce expenditure, Romanos limited his wife's expenses, which merely exacerbated the alienation between the two. Romanos took a mistress. Zoë in turn fell in love with
277:. He spent large amounts on the construction and repair of churches and monasteries. He died after six years on the throne, allegedly murdered, and was succeeded by his wife's young lover,
397:(one of the highest judicial ranks, usually awarded to senior generals and provincial governors). In this capacity he persecuted heretics at Akmoneia. He was then promoted to the post of
581:
352:
480:) and to marry Zoë, aged 50 at the time; Romanos was 60. The marriage took place on 9 November 1028, and on the same ceremony Romanos was proclaimed
1729:
1356:
1351:
542:
wrote that the
Byzantines suffered a "terrible rout" and that some troops were killed in a chaotic stampede by their fellow soldiers,
3225:
594:
601:
as a monk but
Theodora was not punished. In 1031 she was implicated in another conspiracy, this time with Constantine Diogenes, the
589:
Romanos faced several conspiracies, mostly centred on his sister-in-law
Theodora. In 1029 she planned to marry the Bulgarian prince
3200:
1831:
464:
316:
2356:
939:
660:
3150:
3018:
1670:
1643:
1596:
1530:
1492:
1471:
1431:
1412:
1376:
463:
Late in 1028, Constantine VIII lay on his deathbed. Wishing to secure the
Macedonian dynasty, but having no son, he summoned
3183:
Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper
2363:
1740:
1713:
1289:
2986:
1175:
84:
41:
1575:
342:(r. 976–1025); Leo, who served under Basil and was killed in Italy in 1017; Pulcheria Argyropoulina, who married the
489:
The new emperor was eager to make his mark as a ruler, but was mostly ineffectual in his enterprises. He idealised
2952:
2935:
2762:
2750:
637:
590:
17:
1680:
Lauritzen, F. (2009). "The
Miliaresion Poet: the dactylic inscription on a silver coin of Romanos III Argyros".
2923:
2715:
2677:
2637:
2604:
1634:
324:
585:
After capturing Edessa, the army under George Maniakes defends the city from a counter-attack by the Saracens.
504:
3138:
2964:
2791:
2757:
2721:
2610:
1166:
403:(the senior judicial official for the imperial capital, Constantinople) and became one of the judges of the
3240:
2779:
1824:
476:
certainly less travelled candidate. Constantine VIII forced Romanos to divorce his wife (who was sent to a
3220:
2860:
2539:
2005:
1801:
663:
659:
Zoë and Michael were married on the same day that Romanos III died. The next day the couple summoned the
629:
278:
107:
3170:
3126:
3104:
3055:
2942:
2733:
2502:
1844:
1791:
692:
308:
215:
550:
3077:
3045:
2870:
2050:
1809:
1567:
712:
243:
3245:
3087:
3040:
2587:
2234:
3215:
2895:
2875:
2649:
2529:
1817:
1503:
684:
633:
621:
274:
982:
3165:
3144:
3050:
1840:
1724:
711:
Zoë's mosaic originally portrayed her alongside Romanos III, but was later reworked to portray
399:
1629:
1366:
947:
3099:
3094:
3070:
3065:
2981:
2818:
2806:
2577:
2202:
1199:
960:
555:
529:
468:
266:
185:
3210:
3082:
3030:
2890:
2865:
2830:
2745:
2659:
2509:
2340:
1275:
616:
443:, which made him the formal head of the Senate and one of the emperor's chief lieutenants.
8:
3205:
3013:
2998:
2976:
2911:
2900:
2801:
2291:
2229:
2192:
563:
412:
366:
328:
1719:
643:
3060:
3003:
2947:
2929:
2918:
2880:
2850:
2728:
2446:
2350:
2100:
2069:
2062:
1755:
404:
211:
1540:
Stevenson, William B. (1968). Tanner, J.R.; Previte-Orton, C.W.; Brooke, Z.N. (eds.).
965:
3235:
3025:
2971:
2812:
2710:
2685:
2534:
2396:
2132:
2117:
1995:
1963:
1689:
1666:
1639:
1625:
1613:
1592:
1571:
1545:
1526:
1509:
1488:
1467:
1460:
1446:
1427:
1408:
1391:
1372:
1322:
1285:
933:
377:
254:
192:
66:
972:", that is, the day before 12 November (unless it's referring to the very same day).
3155:
3132:
3035:
3008:
2993:
2959:
2885:
2845:
2835:
2560:
2487:
2457:
2320:
2275:
2270:
2142:
1784:
1557:
1312:
543:
494:
432:
370:
262:
162:
134:
97:
57:
538:, held firm, but Romanos was nearly captured. Accounts vary on the battle losses:
50:
2796:
2786:
2695:
2482:
2390:
2378:
2372:
2224:
2045:
2015:
1958:
1938:
1660:
1607:
1561:
1482:
969:
567:
508:
490:
393:
1197:
used, erroneously gives 15 April, although it actually fell on 11 April, as the
2690:
2654:
2599:
2492:
2415:
2313:
2307:
2239:
2219:
1973:
1933:
1735:
1271:
652:
539:
481:
440:
374:
258:
235:
158:
1549:
3194:
3160:
3120:
2664:
2472:
2280:
1693:
1617:
1586:
1513:
1395:
1360:. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 583–584.
1347:
1342:
1326:
1182:
436:
348:
335:
1279:
294:
2905:
2700:
2632:
2627:
2617:
2440:
2302:
1943:
1450:
575:
456:
428:
319:), or Eustathios Argyros, known only for commissioning a poem in honour of
257:
from 1028 until his death. He was a Byzantine noble and senior official in
451:
2769:
2644:
2594:
2519:
2093:
2040:
1983:
1317:
1300:
2825:
2740:
2705:
2670:
2582:
2497:
2257:
2250:
2197:
2177:
2122:
2087:
2080:
2025:
1990:
1853:
1466:. Translated by Hussey, Joan. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
1445:. Translated by Hussey, Joan. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
320:
312:
307:
Romanos Argyros, born in 968, was the son of Marianos, a member of the
299:
130:
1839:
311:. Other hypotheses about his father are Pothos Argyros who defeated a
269:. Upon Constantine's death three days later, Romanos took the throne.
2572:
2524:
2434:
2421:
2208:
2137:
2110:
2105:
2074:
2020:
1968:
1903:
1898:
1186:
610:
534:
516:
477:
423:
417:
344:
140:
1521:
Shepard, J. (2010). "Battle of Azaz". In Rogers, Clifford J. (ed.).
407:, the High Court of the Empire. In this role he is mentioned in the
2840:
2622:
2514:
2467:
2427:
2409:
2329:
2264:
2244:
2214:
2187:
2182:
2167:
2157:
2127:
2035:
2030:
1978:
1953:
1948:
1913:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1523:
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology
1281:
The New Cambridge Medieval History, Volume 4, c.1024–c.1198, Part 2
1194:
990:
388:
339:
167:
1341:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
793:
2774:
2477:
2384:
2297:
2152:
1928:
606:
598:
571:
486:. Three days later, on 11 November, Constantine died of illness.
431:, while continuing to preside over the High Court. Under Emperor
362:
206:
265:
forced him to divorce his wife and marry the emperor's daughter
2546:
2403:
2285:
2057:
1923:
1708:
863:
861:
602:
520:
498:
411:, a compendium of legal decisions compiled by the noted jurist
171:
3231:
Burials at the Church of St. Mary Peribleptos (Constantinople)
1270:
Angold, Michael (2004). "The Byzantine Empire, 1025–1118". In
1223:
1221:
846:
824:
822:
820:
805:
781:
771:
769:
593:
and to usurp the throne. The plot was discovered, Presian was
2147:
1918:
1908:
1888:
1405:
Byzantine Empresses: Women and Power in Byzantium AD 527–1204
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1001:
999:
885:
858:
744:
742:
740:
1893:
1883:
1284:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 217–253.
1218:
834:
817:
766:
1206:
1123:
1026:
996:
515:
In 1030 he resolved to lead an army in person against the
497:, and similarly sought to imitate the military prowess of
323:
in 950. Romanos' father, Marianos, was the son of another
1588:
John Skylitzes: A Synopsis of Byzantine History, 811–1057
1065:
1063:
1016:
1014:
873:
737:
357:
1099:
1050:
1048:
916:
914:
912:
897:
1147:
1060:
1011:
754:
647:
The murder of Romanos III Argyros in a bath, from the
1525:. Vol. 1. Oxford University Press. p. 102.
1135:
1111:
1045:
909:
1087:
674:
1459:
1242:
1508:. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press.
1388:History of the Byzantine Empire: from 716 to 1057
578:did little to restore Romanos' early popularity.
554:Arab cavalry pursue fleeing Byzantines after the
315:raid in 958 (identified by some scholars with an
3192:
327:, who had married Agatha, a daughter of Emperor
1298:
867:
852:
840:
828:
811:
799:
787:
775:
1825:
1080:
1078:
55:Romanos III, 11th-century depiction from the
1730:Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit
1563:A History of the Byzantine State and Society
1544:. Vol. V. Cambridge University Press.
1457:
1440:
1005:
748:
632:, the brother of high-ranking court eunuch
467:from Antioch to marry his oldest daughter,
338:, who served as general and governor under
1832:
1818:
1484:Un Moyen Âge Grec: Byzance, IXe–XVe siècle
1075:
989:gives 11 November, although it also gives
511:sends the letter of Christ to Romanos III.
289:
1679:
1591:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1556:
1539:
1502:Sewter, Edgar Robert Ashton, ed. (1966).
1480:
1316:
1105:
903:
891:
415:. He was promoted further to the rank of
642:
615:
580:
549:
503:
450:
293:
1624:
1584:
1520:
1421:
1402:
1368:Queens and Queenship in Medieval Europe
1299:Cheynet, J.-C.; Vannier, J.-F. (2003).
1212:
1153:
1129:
1069:
1039:
1020:
760:
14:
3193:
1662:Ioannis Scylitzae Synopsis historiarum
1605:
1501:
1385:
1364:
1305:Zbornik Radova Vizantološkog Instituta
1269:
1141:
1117:
1093:
1054:
920:
879:
1813:
1741:Prosopography of the Byzantine World
1505:The Chronographia of Michael Psellus
1407:. London & New York: Routledge.
1176:Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae
609:, and was forcibly confined in the
532:. Only the imperial bodyguard, the
27:Byzantine emperor from 1028 to 1034
24:
1652:
1487:(in French). Paris: Albin Michel.
1159:
42:Emperor and Autocrat of the Romans
25:
3257:
1796:12 November 1028 – 11 April 1034
1701:
1168:Die byzantinischen Kleinchroniken
3226:Urban prefects of Constantinople
1707:
1609:The Emirate of Aleppo: 1004–1094
1371:. Rochester: The Boydell Press.
1334:
677:
624:after another failed conspiracy.
49:
3201:11th-century Byzantine emperors
1665:. Berlin-New York: De Gruyter.
1251:
1233:
975:
953:
926:
718:
705:
1635:Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
1542:The Cambridge Medieval History
1462:History of the Byzantine State
1443:History of the Byzantine State
1365:Duggan, Anne J., ed. (2002) .
724:Some sources give 11 November.
638:Church of St. Mary Peribleptos
334:Romanos had several siblings:
13:
1:
1458:Ostrogorsky, George (1969) .
731:
1441:Ostrogorsky, George (1957).
530:imperial army broke and fled
7:
1585:Wortley, John, ed. (2010).
1481:Patlagean, Évelyne (2007).
987:Chronica byzantina breviora
670:
249:; 968 – 11 April 1034), or
10:
3262:
3105:Constantine XI Palaiologos
3056:Andronikos III Palaiologos
2943:Nikephoros III Botaneiates
1263:
868:Cheynet & Vannier 2003
853:Cheynet & Vannier 2003
841:Cheynet & Vannier 2003
829:Cheynet & Vannier 2003
812:Cheynet & Vannier 2003
800:Cheynet & Vannier 2003
788:Cheynet & Vannier 2003
776:Cheynet & Vannier 2003
693:List of Byzantine emperors
570:and the sound defeat of a
3181:
3113:
3078:Andronikos IV Palaiologos
3046:Andronikos II Palaiologos
2871:Constantine IX Monomachos
2559:
2456:
2339:
2166:
2004:
1852:
1798:
1789:
1781:
1776:
1749:
1659:Thurn, Hans, ed. (1973).
1612:. Aleppo: Dar al-Amanah.
1568:Stanford University Press
1165:Schreiner, Peter (1977).
713:Constantine IX Monomachos
239:
221:
205:
191:
179:
148:
117:
113:
103:
93:
83:
72:
65:
48:
39:
34:
3041:Michael VIII Palaiologos
1566:. Stanford, California:
698:
446:
2896:Eudokia Makrembolitissa
2530:Tiberius II Constantine
1658:
1606:Zakkar, Suhayl (1971).
1403:Garland, Lynda (1999).
1386:Finlay, George (1853).
1357:Encyclopædia Britannica
1346:
685:Byzantine Empire portal
634:John the Orphanotrophos
493:, aspiring to be a new
427:(administrator) of the
351:; a sister who married
290:Family and early career
284:
3051:Michael IX Palaiologos
1422:Norwich, John (1991).
656:
625:
586:
558:
512:
465:Constantine Dalassenos
460:
353:Constantine Karantenos
304:
3145:Thessalonian emperors
3139:Trapezuntine emperors
3100:John VIII Palaiologos
3095:Manuel II Palaiologos
3066:John VI Kantakouzenos
2982:Andronikos I Komnenos
2819:Constantine Lekapenos
1847:and empresses regnant
1630:"Romanos III Argyros"
1424:Byzantium: the Apogee
1276:Riley-Smith, Jonathan
1200:Lupus Protospatharius
1181:(2). p. 142. "It was
993:death as 12 December.
961:Lupus Protospatharius
802:, pp. 63–64, 68.
646:
620:Empress Zoe tonsures
619:
584:
553:
507:
455:Mosaic of Zoë at the
454:
297:
3083:John VII Palaiologos
3031:Theodore II Laskaris
2891:Constantine X Doukas
2831:Nikephoros II Phokas
1751:Romanos III Argyros
1716:at Wikimedia Commons
1318:10.2298/ZRVI0340057C
435:he held the post of
3241:Byzantine officials
3014:Theodore I Laskaris
2999:Alexios III Angelos
2977:Alexios II Komnenos
2901:Romanos IV Diogenes
2856:Romanos III Argyros
2802:Romanos I Lekapenos
1714:Romanos III Argyros
1426:. London: Penguin.
1215:, pp. 279–280.
1203:correctly reports."
1132:, pp. 161–162.
1042:, pp. 359–360.
894:, pp. 131–132.
882:, pp. 141–142.
413:Eustathios Rhomaios
391:, with the rank of
367:Maria Argyropoulina
365:under Romanos; and
329:Romanos I Lekapenos
247:Romanus III Argyrus
232:Romanos III Argyros
137:, Byzantine Empire
76:12 November 1028 –
35:Romanos III Argyros
3221:Macedonian dynasty
3133:Britannic emperors
3127:Palmyrene emperors
3061:John V Palaiologos
3004:Alexios IV Angelos
2953:Constantine Doukas
2948:Alexios I Komnenos
2936:Constantine Doukas
2919:Michael VII Doukas
2881:Michael VI Bringas
2447:Romulus Augustulus
2070:Trebonianus Gallus
2063:Herennius Etruscus
1845:Byzantine emperors
1756:Macedonian dynasty
1626:Kazhdan, Alexander
1229:Zoë Porphyrogenita
657:
640:, which he built.
626:
587:
559:
513:
471:. Dalassenos, the
461:
305:
273:his sister-in-law
186:Zoë Porphyrogenita
143:, Denizli, Turkey)
3188:
3187:
3026:John III Vatatzes
2972:Manuel I Komnenos
2711:Michael I Rangabe
2555:
2554:
2397:Petronius Maximus
1996:Severus Alexander
1964:Septimius Severus
1808:
1807:
1799:Succeeded by
1792:Byzantine emperor
1712:Media related to
1672:978-3-11-002285-8
1645:978-0-19-504652-6
1598:978-0-521-76705-7
1558:Treadgold, Warren
1532:978-0-19-533403-6
1494:978-2-226-17110-8
1473:978-0-8135-0599-2
1433:978-0-670-80252-4
1414:978-0-415-61944-8
1378:978-0-85115-657-6
1248:Treadgold, p. 586
1084:Kazhdan, p. 1807.
968:. "On the eve of
934:Georgius Cedrenus
855:, pp. 69–70.
814:, pp. 72–73.
790:, pp. 64–65.
378:Pietro II Orseolo
255:Byzantine Emperor
229:
228:
156:(aged 65–66)
67:Byzantine emperor
16:(Redirected from
3253:
3036:John IV Laskaris
3009:Alexios V Doukas
2994:Isaac II Angelos
2960:John II Komnenos
2886:Isaac I Komnenos
2846:Constantine VIII
2836:John I Tzimiskes
2563:Byzantine Empire
2337:
2336:
1834:
1827:
1820:
1811:
1810:
1785:Constantine VIII
1782:Preceded by
1772:
1765:
1747:
1746:
1736:Romanos' profile
1725:Romanos' profile
1720:Romanos' coinage
1711:
1697:
1676:
1648:
1638:, p. 1807,
1621:
1602:
1581:
1553:
1536:
1517:
1498:
1477:
1465:
1454:
1437:
1418:
1399:
1382:
1361:
1340:
1338:
1337:
1330:
1320:
1295:
1291:978-1-13905403-4
1258:
1255:
1249:
1246:
1240:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1145:
1139:
1133:
1127:
1121:
1115:
1109:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1082:
1073:
1067:
1058:
1052:
1043:
1037:
1024:
1018:
1009:
1006:Ostrogorsky 1957
1003:
994:
979:
973:
957:
951:
930:
924:
918:
907:
901:
895:
889:
883:
877:
871:
865:
856:
850:
844:
838:
832:
826:
815:
809:
803:
797:
791:
785:
779:
773:
764:
758:
752:
749:Ostrogorsky 1969
746:
725:
722:
716:
709:
687:
682:
681:
680:
544:Yahya of Antioch
526:
495:philosopher king
433:Constantine VIII
421:and the post of
371:Giovanni Orseolo
355:, who served as
263:Constantine VIII
241:
225:Marianos Argyros
175:
163:Byzantine Empire
155:
144:
135:Thracesian Theme
128:
126:
98:Constantine VIII
89:15 November 1028
79:
58:Madrid Skylitzes
53:
32:
31:
21:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3246:Protospatharioi
3191:
3190:
3189:
3184:
3177:
3121:Gallic emperors
3109:
2797:Constantine VII
2578:Constantine III
2565:
2562:
2551:
2460:
2452:
2391:Valentinian III
2379:Constantius III
2373:Priscus Attalus
2357:Constantine III
2343:
2335:
2225:Valerius Valens
2170:
2162:
2008:
2000:
1959:Didius Julianus
1939:Marcus Aurelius
1856:
1848:
1838:
1804:
1795:
1787:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1752:
1704:
1673:
1655:
1653:Further reading
1646:
1599:
1578:
1533:
1495:
1474:
1434:
1415:
1379:
1350:, ed. (1911). "
1335:
1333:
1292:
1272:Luscombe, David
1266:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1239:Norwich, p. 279
1238:
1234:
1226:
1219:
1211:
1207:
1164:
1160:
1152:
1148:
1140:
1136:
1128:
1124:
1116:
1112:
1104:
1100:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1076:
1068:
1061:
1053:
1046:
1038:
1027:
1019:
1012:
1004:
997:
980:
976:
970:Martin of Tours
958:
954:
931:
927:
919:
910:
902:
898:
890:
886:
878:
874:
866:
859:
851:
847:
839:
835:
827:
818:
810:
806:
798:
794:
786:
782:
774:
767:
763:, p. 1807.
759:
755:
747:
738:
734:
729:
728:
723:
719:
710:
706:
701:
683:
678:
676:
673:
568:George Maniakes
524:
509:George Maniakes
491:Marcus Aurelius
449:
394:protospatharios
325:Romanos Argyros
303:of Romanos III.
292:
287:
261:when the dying
240:Ῥωμανός Ἀργυρός
200:
184:
165:
157:
153:
138:
129:
124:
122:
77:
61:
28:
23:
22:
18:Romanos Argyros
15:
12:
11:
5:
3259:
3249:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3216:Argyros family
3213:
3208:
3203:
3186:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3142:
3136:
3130:
3124:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3080:
3075:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2957:
2945:
2940:
2916:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2876:Theodora (III)
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2772:
2767:
2755:
2743:
2738:
2726:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2691:Constantine VI
2688:
2683:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2655:Theodosius III
2652:
2647:
2642:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2600:Constantine IV
2597:
2592:
2580:
2575:
2569:
2567:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2464:
2462:
2458:Eastern Empire
2454:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2443:
2438:
2431:
2424:
2419:
2412:
2407:
2400:
2393:
2388:
2381:
2376:
2369:
2353:
2347:
2345:
2341:Western Empire
2334:
2333:
2326:
2314:Magnus Maximus
2310:
2308:Valentinian II
2305:
2300:
2295:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2261:
2254:
2247:
2242:
2240:Constantius II
2237:
2235:Constantine II
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2174:
2172:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2103:
2098:
2090:
2085:
2067:
2055:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2012:
2010:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1934:Antoninus Pius
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1860:
1858:
1857:27 BC – AD 235
1850:
1849:
1837:
1836:
1829:
1822:
1814:
1806:
1805:
1800:
1797:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1777:Regnal titles
1774:
1773:
1753:
1750:
1745:
1744:
1733:
1722:
1717:
1703:
1702:External links
1700:
1699:
1698:
1677:
1671:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1644:
1628:, ed. (1991),
1622:
1603:
1597:
1582:
1576:
1554:
1537:
1531:
1518:
1499:
1493:
1478:
1472:
1455:
1438:
1432:
1419:
1413:
1400:
1383:
1377:
1362:
1348:Chisholm, Hugh
1331:
1296:
1290:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1257:Finlay, p. 478
1250:
1241:
1232:
1217:
1205:
1158:
1156:, p. 276.
1146:
1144:, p. 471.
1134:
1122:
1120:, p. 224.
1110:
1108:, p. 256.
1106:Stevenson 1968
1098:
1086:
1074:
1072:, p. 273.
1059:
1057:, p. 116.
1044:
1025:
1023:, p. 102.
1010:
1008:, p. 286.
995:
983:Chronicle 15/7
974:
952:
925:
923:, p. 145.
908:
906:, p. 584.
904:Treadgold 1997
896:
892:Patlagean 2007
884:
872:
857:
845:
833:
816:
804:
792:
780:
765:
753:
751:, p. 322.
735:
733:
730:
727:
726:
717:
703:
702:
700:
697:
696:
695:
689:
688:
672:
669:
653:John Skylitzes
556:Battle of Azaz
540:John Skylitzes
448:
445:
441:Constantinople
369:, who married
331:(r. 919–944).
317:older namesake
309:Argyros family
291:
288:
286:
283:
259:Constantinople
227:
226:
223:
219:
218:
209:
203:
202:
195:
189:
188:
181:
177:
176:
159:Constantinople
150:
146:
145:
119:
115:
114:
111:
110:
105:
101:
100:
95:
91:
90:
87:
81:
80:
74:
70:
69:
63:
62:
54:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3258:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3198:
3196:
3180:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2931:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2759:
2758:Theodora (II)
2756:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2666:
2665:Constantine V
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2650:Anastasius II
2648:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2558:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2473:Theodosius II
2471:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2281:Valentinian I
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2204:
2203:Constantine I
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2193:Constantius I
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1835:
1830:
1828:
1823:
1821:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1803:
1794:
1793:
1786:
1780:
1775:
1771:11 April 1034
1770:
1763:
1758:
1757:
1748:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1668:
1664:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1647:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1610:
1604:
1600:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1583:
1579:
1577:0-8047-2630-2
1573:
1569:
1565:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1500:
1496:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1479:
1475:
1469:
1464:
1463:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1390:. Edinburgh.
1389:
1384:
1380:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1343:public domain
1332:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1307:(in French).
1306:
1302:
1301:"Les Argyroi"
1297:
1293:
1287:
1283:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1267:
1254:
1245:
1236:
1230:
1224:
1222:
1214:
1209:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1183:Holy Thursday
1180:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1162:
1155:
1150:
1143:
1138:
1131:
1126:
1119:
1114:
1107:
1102:
1096:, p. 43.
1095:
1090:
1081:
1079:
1071:
1066:
1064:
1056:
1051:
1049:
1041:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1022:
1017:
1015:
1007:
1002:
1000:
992:
988:
984:
978:
971:
967:
963:
962:
956:
949:
945:
942:
941:
936:
935:
929:
922:
917:
915:
913:
905:
900:
893:
888:
881:
876:
870:, p. 70.
869:
864:
862:
854:
849:
843:, p. 69.
842:
837:
831:, p. 73.
830:
825:
823:
821:
813:
808:
801:
796:
789:
784:
778:, p. 68.
777:
772:
770:
762:
757:
750:
745:
743:
741:
736:
721:
714:
708:
704:
694:
691:
690:
686:
675:
668:
665:
662:
654:
650:
645:
641:
639:
635:
631:
623:
618:
614:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
583:
579:
577:
574:fleet in the
573:
569:
565:
557:
552:
548:
545:
541:
537:
536:
531:
522:
518:
510:
506:
502:
500:
496:
492:
487:
485:
484:
479:
474:
470:
466:
458:
453:
444:
442:
438:
437:urban prefect
434:
430:
426:
425:
420:
419:
414:
410:
406:
402:
401:
396:
395:
390:
386:
383:He served as
381:
379:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
359:
354:
350:
349:Basil Skleros
347:
346:
341:
337:
336:Basil Argyros
332:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
302:
301:
296:
282:
280:
276:
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
245:
237:
233:
224:
220:
217:
213:
210:
208:
204:
199:
196:
194:
190:
187:
182:
178:
173:
169:
164:
160:
152:11 April 1034
151:
147:
142:
136:
132:
120:
116:
112:
109:
106:
102:
99:
96:
92:
88:
86:
82:
78:11 April 1034
75:
71:
68:
64:
60:
59:
52:
47:
44:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3088:Andronikos V
3086:
3069:
3017:
2985:
2963:
2951:
2934:
2928:
2922:
2910:
2904:
2855:
2817:
2811:
2805:
2778:
2761:
2749:
2732:
2720:
2714:
2701:Nikephoros I
2676:
2675:
2669:
2636:
2633:Justinian II
2628:Tiberius III
2618:Justinian II
2609:
2603:
2586:
2538:
2510:Anastasius I
2501:
2445:
2441:Julius Nepos
2433:
2426:
2414:
2402:
2395:
2383:
2371:
2362:
2361:
2355:
2328:
2319:
2318:
2312:
2303:Theodosius I
2290:
2263:
2256:
2249:
2220:Maximinus II
2207:
2109:
2092:
2079:
2073:
2061:
2049:
1982:
1944:Lucius Verus
1790:
1768:
1761:
1754:
1739:
1728:
1685:
1681:
1661:
1633:
1608:
1587:
1562:
1541:
1522:
1504:
1483:
1461:
1442:
1423:
1404:
1387:
1367:
1355:
1308:
1304:
1280:
1253:
1244:
1235:
1228:
1213:Norwich 1991
1208:
1198:
1190:
1178:
1170:
1167:
1161:
1154:Norwich 1991
1149:
1137:
1130:Garland 1999
1125:
1113:
1101:
1089:
1070:Norwich 1991
1040:Wortley 2010
1021:Shepard 2010
986:
977:
959:
955:
943:
938:
932:
928:
899:
887:
875:
848:
836:
807:
795:
783:
761:Kazhdan 1991
756:
720:
707:
658:
648:
627:
613:of Petrion.
588:
560:
533:
514:
488:
482:
472:
462:
457:Hagia Sophia
429:Great Church
422:
416:
408:
398:
392:
384:
382:
356:
343:
333:
306:
298:
271:
251:Argyropoulos
250:
246:
231:
230:
197:
154:(1034-04-11)
56:
40:
29:
3211:1034 deaths
3147:(1224–1242)
3141:(1204–1461)
2930:Konstantios
2807:Christopher
2780:Constantine
2770:Michael III
2751:Constantine
2734:Constantine
2716:Theophylact
2645:Philippicus
2595:Constans II
2520:Justinian I
2416:Severus III
2364:Constans II
2118:Claudius II
2094:Silbannacus
2041:Gordian III
2016:Maximinus I
1984:Diadumenian
1688:: 231–240.
1142:Finlay 1853
1118:Angold 2004
1094:Sewter 1966
1055:Zakkar 1971
921:Duggan 2002
880:Duggan 2002
387:(judge) in
94:Predecessor
3206:968 births
3195:Categories
2924:Andronikos
2912:Nikephoros
2861:Michael IV
2826:Romanos II
2746:Theophilos
2741:Michael II
2722:Staurakios
2706:Staurakios
2678:Nikephoros
2671:Artabasdos
2583:Heraclonas
2540:Theodosius
2498:Basiliscus
2258:Nepotianus
2251:Magnentius
2245:Constans I
2198:Severus II
2178:Diocletian
2123:Quintillus
2088:Aemilianus
2081:Volusianus
2026:Gordian II
1991:Elagabalus
1854:Principate
1802:Michael IV
1550:1001099260
732:References
405:Hippodrome
321:Romanos II
300:Tetarteron
279:Michael IV
212:Macedonian
201:A daughter
131:Hierapolis
108:Michael IV
85:Coronation
3166:Classical
3151:Empresses
3135:(286–296)
3129:(267–273)
3123:(260–274)
2866:Michael V
2792:Alexander
2605:Heraclius
2573:Heraclius
2525:Justin II
2435:Glycerius
2422:Anthemius
2292:Procopius
2230:Martinian
2209:Maxentius
2138:Florianus
2111:Saloninus
2106:Gallienus
2075:Hostilian
2051:Philip II
2021:Gordian I
1969:Caracalla
1904:Vespasian
1899:Vitellius
1694:0378-2506
1682:Byzantion
1618:977126570
1514:314287374
1396:906577940
1327:0584-9888
1311:: 57–90.
1227:Garland,
1187:Skylitzes
664:Alexios I
661:Patriarch
649:Chronicle
611:monastery
535:Hetaireia
517:Mirdasids
478:monastery
424:oikonomos
418:patrikios
373:, son of
345:magistros
244:Latinized
198:by Helena
141:Pamukkale
104:Successor
3236:Patricii
3161:Usurpers
3156:Augustae
3114:See also
3019:Nicholas
2841:Basil II
2638:Tiberius
2623:Leontius
2611:Tiberius
2588:Tiberius
2566:610–1453
2561:Eastern/
2515:Justin I
2468:Arcadius
2428:Olybrius
2410:Majorian
2351:Honorius
2330:Eugenius
2265:Vetranio
2215:Licinius
2188:Galerius
2183:Maximian
2168:Dominate
2158:Numerian
2128:Aurelian
2101:Valerian
2046:Philip I
2036:Balbinus
2031:Pupienus
1979:Macrinus
1954:Pertinax
1949:Commodus
1914:Domitian
1879:Claudius
1874:Caligula
1869:Tiberius
1864:Augustus
1560:(1997).
1278:(eds.).
1195:Kedrenos
1193:, which
991:Basil II
671:See also
622:Theodora
599:tonsured
576:Adriatic
400:quaestor
389:Opsikion
340:Basil II
275:Theodora
168:Istanbul
3171:Eastern
3071:Matthew
2965:Alexios
2813:Stephen
2775:Basil I
2660:Leo III
2535:Maurice
2478:Marcian
2461:395–610
2385:Joannes
2344:395–480
2298:Gratian
2171:284–610
2153:Carinus
2133:Tacitus
2009:235–285
1929:Hadrian
1738:on the
1727:on the
1451:2221721
1352:Romanus
1345::
1264:Sources
1191:History
985:of the
948:484–485
630:Michael
607:Sirmium
595:blinded
591:Presian
572:Saracen
363:Antioch
216:Argyros
207:Dynasty
123: (
2933:&
2909:&
2816:&
2787:Leo VI
2763:Thekla
2719:&
2686:Leo IV
2608:&
2547:Phocas
2503:Marcus
2488:Leo II
2404:Avitus
2321:Victor
2286:Valens
2276:Jovian
2271:Julian
2143:Probus
2078:&
2058:Decius
2006:Crisis
1924:Trajan
1767:
1692:
1669:
1642:
1616:
1595:
1574:
1548:
1529:
1512:
1491:
1470:
1449:
1430:
1411:
1394:
1375:
1339:
1325:
1288:
603:Archon
564:Edessa
525:
521:Aleppo
499:Trajan
483:caesar
385:krites
313:Magyar
222:Father
183:Helena
180:Spouse
172:Turkey
2729:Leo V
2696:Irene
2483:Leo I
2148:Carus
1919:Nerva
1909:Titus
1889:Galba
1841:Roman
1769:Died:
1762:Born:
699:Notes
447:Reign
409:Peira
236:Greek
193:Issue
166:(now
139:(now
73:Reign
3085:(w.
3068:(w.
3016:(w.
2987:John
2984:(w.
2962:(w.
2950:(w.
2921:(w.
2903:(w.
2804:(w.
2777:(w.
2760:(w.
2748:(w.
2731:(w.
2713:(w.
2674:(w.
2635:(w.
2602:(w.
2585:(w.
2537:(w.
2500:(w.
2493:Zeno
2360:(w.
2317:(w.
2108:(w.
2072:(w.
2060:(w.
2048:(w.
1981:(w.
1974:Geta
1894:Otho
1884:Nero
1843:and
1690:ISSN
1667:ISBN
1640:ISBN
1614:OCLC
1593:ISBN
1572:ISBN
1546:OCLC
1527:ISBN
1510:OCLC
1489:ISBN
1468:ISBN
1447:OCLC
1428:ISBN
1409:ISBN
1392:OCLC
1373:ISBN
1323:ISSN
1286:ISBN
1185:...
981:The
966:1029
940:CSHB
597:and
473:doux
375:Doge
358:doux
285:Life
253:was
149:Died
125:0968
118:Born
2906:Leo
2851:Zoe
2097:(?)
1764:968
1354:".
1313:doi
1179:XII
651:of
605:of
566:by
519:of
469:Zoë
439:of
361:of
267:Zoë
121:968
3197::
2927:,
2810:,
1686:79
1684:.
1632:,
1570:.
1321:.
1309:40
1303:.
1274:;
1220:^
1189:'
1077:^
1062:^
1047:^
1028:^
1013:^
998:^
964:;
946::
937:−
911:^
860:^
819:^
768:^
739:^
380:.
281:.
242:;
238::
170:,
161:,
133:,
3091:)
3074:)
3022:)
2990:)
2968:)
2956:)
2939:)
2915:)
2822:)
2783:)
2766:)
2754:)
2737:)
2725:)
2682:)
2641:)
2614:)
2591:)
2543:)
2506:)
2368:)
2325:)
2114:)
2084:)
2066:)
2054:)
1987:)
1833:e
1826:t
1819:v
1696:.
1675:.
1620:.
1601:.
1580:.
1552:.
1535:.
1516:.
1497:.
1476:.
1453:.
1436:.
1417:.
1398:.
1381:.
1329:.
1315::
1294:.
1173:.
1171:2
950:.
944:9
715:.
655:.
459:.
234:(
214:/
174:)
127:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
