235:
60:
206:(r. 1034–1041), who was a former money lender, the gold content began to be increasingly lowered and the coins debased. After a period of relative stability in circa 1055–1070, the gold content declined dramatically in the period of crisis in the 1070s and 1080s. During the first eleven years of the reign of
570:
651:Димов, Г. Провалите и фалшификациите във византийската монетна политика през X век. Появата на тетартерон и диотетартетон номизма. - В: Mediaevalia, 3, 2011, 237-245.
310:
was also minted. Both coins remained relatively stable in weight, but begin to appear less frequently towards the turn of the 13th century.
676:
159:
was issued only in small quantities in the 10th century, and only from the mid-11th century on was it minted in quantity approaching the
589:
325:(1204–1261). In the restored Byzantine Empire, from 1261 on, they appear to have been replaced by a new type of copper coins named
1155:
642:
583:
559:
633:
618:
294:. It has, however, also been suggested that its name derives from it being worth one quarter of the late, debased
182:(r. 1025–1028), however, did the two coins become iconographically distinct as well. By the mid-11th century, the
669:
306:, was struck in great quantities and in a large variety of designs, especially in the 12th century. A half-
203:
662:
166:
Initially, the two coins were virtually indistinguishable, except in weight. During the later reign of
1014:
272:. Alexios also instituted a new copper coinage (although many of the first examples were struck of
214:
were issued. Alexios reformed the whole
Byzantine coinage in 1092 and eliminated the gold/electrum
1121:
68:
318:
95:, which had remained standard in weight and gold content through the centuries. The Emperor
96:
8:
1150:
736:
1128:
251:
207:
194:, which now measured 25 mm in diameter (as opposed to 20 mm for the original
124:, this was done to increase state revenues: the taxes were to be paid as before in the
1097:
1007:
912:
885:
685:
654:
638:
628:
614:
579:
555:
255:
243:
151:, or perhaps an element of an abortive monetary reform that intended to replace the
689:
322:
179:
80:
34:
1102:
608:
549:
121:
802:
711:
332:
99:(r. 963–969), however, introduced a new coin which was a 2 carats (i.e. about ⁄
85:
26:
1144:
76:
59:
835:
186:
measured 18 mm wide and its weight apparently standardized at 3.98
964:
918:
873:
814:
260:
144:
109:
43:
1054:
1045:
1039:
994:
976:
725:
234:
1107:
1073:
988:
327:
199:
167:
282:. Apparently due to its similar dimensions and fabric to the gold
178:
conversely became thinner and wider. Only during the sole rule of
808:
147:, for use in the eastern provinces recently reconquered from the
136:, instead. Modern scholars have alternatively suggested that the
91:
1080:
1060:
907:
890:
848:
777:
770:
763:
754:
748:
278:
48:
718:
148:
141:
128:, while the state paid its own expenses in the less valuable
174:
began to be minted in a thicker and smaller form, while the
299:
273:
187:
38:
222:. In its place he introduced a new gold coin called the
51:
used from 1092 to the second half of the 13th century.
684:
610:
Studies in the
Byzantine Monetary Economy c. 300–1450
41:
circulating from the 960s to 1092 in parallel to the
302:and valued (at least initially) at 864 to the gold
298:of the 1080s. The new coin, flat, weighing circa 4
132:, which was officially rated as equal to the full
1142:
637:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
103:, despite its name) lighter than the original
670:
424:
422:
116:The exact reason for the introduction of the
677:
663:
419:
361:
359:
321:in the 1230s and 1240s, as well as by the
83:'s main coinage had been the high-quality
613:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
37:term applied to two different coins, one
568:
547:
532:
508:
504:
488:
468:
428:
401:
389:
377:
233:
58:
627:
480:
440:
356:
350:
210:(r. 1081–1118), the last gold/electrum
198:) and had acquired a slightly concave (
120:is unclear. According to the historian
1143:
344:
658:
606:
520:
500:
484:
456:
444:
413:
365:
13:
634:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
578:. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks.
264:gold coin instead of the devalued
190:, i.e. three carats less than the
14:
1167:
317:were issued by the rulers of the
937:
931:
107:, which now became known as the
526:
514:
494:
474:
462:
202:) form. However, starting with
822:
450:
434:
407:
395:
383:
371:
229:
1:
1156:Coins of the Byzantine Empire
338:
155:altogether. At any rate, the
313:In the 13th century, copper
254:(r. 1081–1118) reformed the
67:of the sole rule of Empress
54:
7:
10:
1172:
607:Hendy, Michael F. (1985).
541:
1116:
1090:
1024:
949:
858:
787:
696:
569:Grierson, Philip (1999).
548:Grierson, Philip (1982).
30:
140:was an imitation of the
1122:Byzantine Empire Portal
896:Trikephalon/Manouelaton
443:, pp. 2026–2027;
319:Empire of Thessalonica
247:
72:
503:, pp. 516, 519;
276:) to replace the old
237:
62:
507:, pp. 215–216;
286:, it was also named
97:Nikephoros II Phokas
33:, "quarter ") was a
554:. London: Methuen.
523:, pp. 524–525.
392:, pp. 196–197.
333:ancient Roman coins
170:(r. 976–1025), the
75:Ever since Emperor
16:Gold byzantine coin
1129:Numismatics Portal
952:(ca. 1300 – 1350s)
629:Kazhdan, Alexander
511:, pp. 21, 44.
258:, introducing the
252:Alexios I Komnenos
248:
218:and gold/electrum
208:Alexios I Komnenos
79:(r. 306–337), the
73:
1138:
1137:
1098:Byzantine economy
861:(1092 – ca. 1300)
644:978-0-19-504652-6
585:978-0-88402-274-9
572:Byzantine Coinage
561:978-0-416-71360-2
244:Manuel I Komnenos
1163:
1069:
1035:
1003:
984:
972:
960:
927:
903:
881:
869:
844:
831:
798:
790:(ca. 700 – 1092)
744:
733:
707:
690:Byzantine Empire
679:
672:
665:
656:
655:
648:
624:
603:
601:
600:
594:
588:. Archived from
577:
565:
536:
530:
524:
518:
512:
498:
492:
483:, p. 2027;
478:
472:
466:
460:
454:
448:
438:
432:
426:
417:
411:
405:
399:
393:
387:
381:
375:
369:
363:
354:
348:
323:Empire of Nicaea
256:imperial coinage
180:Constantine VIII
81:Byzantine Empire
32:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1134:
1112:
1103:Byzantine mints
1086:
1067:
1033:
1026:
1020:
1001:
982:
970:
958:
951:
945:
925:
901:
879:
867:
860:
854:
842:
829:
796:
789:
783:
742:
731:
705:
699:(498 – ca. 700)
698:
692:
683:
645:
621:
598:
596:
592:
586:
575:
562:
551:Byzantine Coins
544:
539:
531:
527:
519:
515:
499:
495:
487:, p. 515;
479:
475:
467:
463:
455:
451:
439:
435:
427:
420:
412:
408:
400:
396:
388:
384:
376:
372:
364:
357:
353:, p. 2026.
349:
345:
341:
246:(r. 1143–1180).
232:
102:
71:(r. 1055–1056).
57:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1169:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1125:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1094:
1092:
1091:Related topics
1088:
1087:
1085:
1084:
1077:
1070:
1065:
1051:
1043:
1036:
1030:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1011:
1004:
999:
985:
980:
973:
968:
961:
955:
953:
947:
946:
944:
943:
935:
928:
923:
904:
899:
886:Nomisma trachy
882:
877:
870:
864:
862:
856:
855:
853:
852:
845:
840:
832:
827:
819:
799:
793:
791:
785:
784:
782:
781:
774:
767:
760:
752:
745:
740:
734:
729:
722:
715:
708:
702:
700:
694:
693:
682:
681:
674:
667:
659:
653:
652:
649:
643:
631:, ed. (1991).
625:
619:
604:
584:
566:
560:
543:
540:
538:
537:
525:
513:
493:
473:
461:
459:, p. 509.
449:
447:, p. 510.
433:
418:
416:, p. 508.
406:
404:, p. 196.
394:
382:
370:
368:, p. 507.
355:
342:
340:
337:
231:
228:
100:
56:
53:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1168:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1056:
1055:Doukatopoulon
1052:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1027:(1367 – 1453)
1023:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1010:
1009:
1005:
1000:
997:
996:
991:
990:
986:
981:
979:
978:
974:
969:
967:
966:
962:
957:
956:
954:
950:Fourth period
948:
942:
941:
936:
934:
933:
929:
924:
921:
920:
915:
914:
910:
909:
905:
900:
897:
893:
892:
888:
887:
883:
878:
876:
875:
871:
866:
865:
863:
857:
851:
850:
846:
841:
838:
837:
833:
828:
825:
824:
820:
817:
816:
811:
810:
805:
804:
800:
795:
794:
792:
788:Second period
786:
780:
779:
775:
773:
772:
768:
766:
765:
761:
759:
758:
753:
751:
750:
746:
741:
738:
735:
730:
728:
727:
723:
721:
720:
716:
714:
713:
709:
704:
703:
701:
695:
691:
687:
680:
675:
673:
668:
666:
661:
660:
657:
650:
646:
640:
636:
635:
630:
626:
622:
620:0-521-24715-2
616:
612:
611:
605:
595:on 2016-03-03
591:
587:
581:
574:
573:
567:
563:
557:
553:
552:
546:
545:
535:, p. 22.
534:
533:Grierson 1999
529:
522:
517:
510:
509:Grierson 1999
506:
505:Grierson 1982
502:
497:
491:, p. 21.
490:
489:Grierson 1999
486:
482:
477:
471:, p. 11.
470:
469:Grierson 1999
465:
458:
453:
446:
442:
437:
431:, p. 10.
430:
429:Grierson 1999
425:
423:
415:
410:
403:
402:Grierson 1982
398:
391:
390:Grierson 1982
386:
379:
378:Grierson 1999
374:
367:
362:
360:
352:
347:
343:
336:
334:
330:
329:
324:
320:
316:
311:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
280:
275:
271:
267:
263:
262:
257:
253:
245:
241:
236:
227:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
164:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
114:
112:
111:
106:
98:
94:
93:
88:
87:
82:
78:
77:Constantine I
70:
66:
61:
52:
50:
46:
45:
40:
36:
28:
24:
23:
1127:
1120:
1079:
1072:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1038:
1025:Fifth period
1013:
1006:
993:
987:
975:
963:
939:
930:
917:
911:
906:
895:
889:
884:
872:
859:Third period
847:
834:
821:
813:
807:
801:
776:
771:Pentanummium
769:
762:
756:
747:
724:
717:
710:
697:First period
632:
609:
597:. Retrieved
590:the original
571:
550:
528:
516:
496:
481:Kazhdan 1991
476:
464:
452:
441:Kazhdan 1991
436:
409:
397:
385:
380:, p. 9.
373:
351:Kazhdan 1991
346:
326:
314:
312:
307:
303:
295:
291:
287:
283:
277:
269:
265:
259:
249:
239:
223:
219:
215:
211:
195:
191:
183:
175:
171:
165:
160:
156:
152:
137:
133:
129:
125:
117:
115:
108:
104:
90:
84:
74:
64:
42:
21:
20:
18:
836:Miliaresion
826:(from 960s)
764:Decanummium
242:of Emperor
230:Copper coin
212:tetarterons
1151:Gold coins
1145:Categories
1074:Tournesion
989:Tournesion
965:Hyperpyron
940:tetarteron
932:Tetarteron
874:Hyperpyron
839:(from 720)
823:Tetarteron
815:Histamenon
739:(from 615)
686:Currencies
599:2015-06-29
521:Hendy 1985
501:Hendy 1985
485:Hendy 1985
457:Hendy 1985
445:Hendy 1985
414:Hendy 1985
366:Hendy 1985
339:References
331:after the
308:tetarteron
304:hyperpyron
288:tetarteron
284:tetarteron
261:hyperpyron
240:tetarteron
224:hyperpyron
220:histamenon
216:tetarteron
204:Michael IV
192:histamenon
184:tetarteron
176:histamenon
172:tetarteron
161:histamenon
157:tetarteron
153:histamenon
145:gold dinar
138:tetarteron
134:histamenon
130:tetarteron
126:histamenon
118:tetarteron
110:histamenon
65:tetarteron
47:, and one
44:histamenon
31:τεταρτηρόν
22:tetarteron
1048:stavraton
1040:Stavraton
995:Politikon
977:Basilikon
726:Tremissis
315:tetartera
270:tetartera
266:histamena
250:In 1092,
55:Gold coin
35:Byzantine
1108:Scyphate
1015:Assarion
919:Stamenon
880:Electrum
737:Hexagram
719:Semissis
292:tarteron
200:scyphate
168:Basil II
69:Theodora
1081:Follaro
812:(later
809:Nomisma
803:Solidus
712:Solidus
688:of the
542:Sources
328:assaria
238:Copper
196:solidus
122:Zonaras
105:nomisma
92:nomisma
86:solidus
1068:Copper
1061:Aspron
1034:Silver
1008:Trachy
1002:Copper
983:Billon
971:Silver
926:Copper
913:trachy
908:aspron
902:Billon
891:aspron
849:Follis
843:Copper
830:Silver
778:Nummus
757:follis
749:Follis
743:Copper
732:Silver
641:
617:
582:
558:
296:follis
279:follis
142:Muslim
49:copper
1046:Half-
938:Half-
755:Half-
593:(PDF)
576:(PDF)
300:grams
188:grams
149:Arabs
63:Gold
27:Greek
959:Gold
868:Gold
797:Gold
706:Gold
639:ISBN
615:ISBN
580:ISBN
556:ISBN
274:lead
268:and
39:gold
19:The
806:or
290:or
89:or
1147::
421:^
358:^
335:.
226:.
163:.
113:.
101:12
29::
1064:)
1058:(
998:)
992:(
922:)
916:(
898:)
894:(
818:)
678:e
671:t
664:v
647:.
623:.
602:.
564:.
25:(
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