Romanian Communist Party

2172: 2732: 3536: 3233: 4110: 2573: 3760: 3927: 882: 1111: 2433: 4421: 1754: 9840: 3570:, Gheorghiu-Dej issued propaganda accusing Pauker, Luca and Georgescu of having been an arch-Stalinists responsible for the party's excesses in the late 1940s and early 1950s (notably, in regard to collectivization)—despite the fact that they had occasionally opposed a number of radical measures advocated by the General Secretary. After that purge, Gheorghiu-Dej had begun promoting PMR activists who were perceived as more loyal to his own political views; among them were 1778: 56: 9900: 740:, Romanian historians generally asserted that the party only had around 1,000 members at the end of World War II. Other researchers argue that this figure may have been intentionally based on the Muscovite faction figures and, as such, underestimated to undermine the influence of the internal faction; this estimate was afterwards promoted in post-communist historiography to reinforce a stereotypical image of the regime as illegitimate. 525:, which began in 1969 to convene every five years. The Central Committee was the highest body when Congress was not in session. Because the Central Committee met only twice a year, most day-to-day duties and responsibilities were vested in Politburo. The party leader held the office of General Secretary and, after 1945, held significant influence over the government. Between 1974 and 1989, the General Secretary also held the office of 12166: 7182:, party members, by only very, very little, if we are to keep in mind the present legal situation, if we keep in mind that, through our party's work, thousands, tens and hundreds of thousands workers were rallied. During this time, when our party only had 5–6,000 party members, we held large, huge protests against the realities in our country, in Bucharest as well as throughout the land..." (Rangheț, 25–27 April 1945, in Colt) 4226:, proposed to extend Ceaușescu's office as General Secretary for life, but was turned down by the latter. Shortly before that moment, the collective leadership of the Presidium was replaced with a Political Executive Committee, which, in practice, elected itself; together with the Secretariat, it was controlled by Ceaușescu himself, who was president of both bodies. During the same year, the general secretary also made himself 459:. During the mid-1930s, due to the purges against the Iron Guard, the party was on the road to achieving power, but the dictatorship of king Carol II crushed this. In 1934–1936, PCR reformed itself in the mainland of Romania properly, with foreign observers predicting a possible communist takeover in Romania. The party emerged as a powerful actor on the Romanian political scene in August 1944, when it became involved in the 5219: 5193: 5167: 5141: 5110: 5079: 4740:. No formal dissolution of the PCR took place. Rather, the party simply disappeared. The speed with which the PCR, one of the largest parties of its kind, dissolved, as well as its spontaneity, were held by commentators as additional proof that its sizable membership presented a largely false image of its true beliefs. In nearly every other Eastern Bloc country, the former ruling Communist parties recast themselves into 1766: 362: 5884: 5846: 5745: 5715: 5685: 5663: 5655: 5625: 5617: 5555: 5511: 5503: 5462: 5454: 3196:. Years later, historian Petre Ţurlea reviewed an incomplete confidential PCR report about the election that confirmed the Bloc won around 48 percent of the vote. He concluded that had the election been conducted fairly, the opposition parties could have won enough votes between them to form a coalition government, albeit with far less than the 80 percent support opposition supporters long claimed. 5921: 5914: 5892: 5854: 5824: 5817: 5782: 5775: 5753: 5723: 5693: 5548: 5418: 5411: 5370: 5363: 5327: 5320: 3412:"and progressively marginalized, it was ultimately decapitated in 1948. Beginning that year, the PMR leadership officially questioned its own political support, and began a massive campaign to remove"foreign and hostile elements" from its rapidly expanded structures. In 1952, with Stalin's renewed approval, Gheorghiu-Dej emerged victorious from the confrontation with 2706:, which allowed for the introduction of Communists into the security forces. The Communist Party subsequently launched a campaign against the Rădescu government, including the mass demonstration of 24 February that resulted in four deaths among the participants. According to Frunză, this culminated in a 13 February 1945 demonstration outside the 4688:, which called for an inquiry into the state of ethnic minorities and the rural population; the political isolation experienced by Communist Romania was highlighted by the fact that Hungary endorsed the report, while all other Eastern bloc countries abstained. This followed more than a decade of deteriorating relations between the PCR and the 4248:", and "first among the country's miners". Progressively after 1967, the large bureaucratic structure of the PCR again replicated and interfered with state administration and economic policies. The President himself became noted for frequent visits on location at various enterprises, where he would dispense directives, for which the termed 3606:; in parallel, citing Khrushchevite precedents, the PMR briefly reorganized its leadership on a plural basis (1954–1955), while Gheorghiu-Dej reshaped party doctrine to include ambiguous messages about Stalin's legacy (insisting on the defunct Soviet's leader contribution to Marxist thought, official documents also deplored his 4180:, which acted as the main PCR body between Congresses, had increased to 265 full members and 181 candidate members (supposed to meet at least four times a year). By then, the general secretary also called for women to be enrolled in greater numbers in all party structures. In parallel, the political doctrine in respect to 4196: 4498:

of peasants had dropped from 34 to 15%. In the end, these records contrasted the fact that the PCR had become completely subservient to its leader and no longer had any form of autonomous activity, while membership became a basic requirement in numerous social contexts, leading to purely formal allegiances and

9422: 3630:, criticized Gheorghiu-Dej's leadership and identified him with Romanian Stalinism. They were purged in 1957, themselves accused of being Stalinists and of having been plotting with Pauker. Through Ceaușescu's voice, Gheorghiu-Dej also marginalized another group of old members of the PMR, associated with 4497:

committees, varying in number and representing various areas of Romanian society, were officially recorded in 1980. Statistics also indicated that, during the transition from the 1965 PMR (with 8% of the total population) to the 1988 PCR, the membership of workers had grown from 44 to 55%, while that

3904:

These actions gave Romania greater freedom in pursuing the program which Gheorghiu-Dej had been committed to since 1954, one allowing Romania to defy reforms in the Eastern Bloc and to maintain a largely Stalinist course. It has also been argued that Romania's emancipation was, in effect, limited to

4559: 2722:

only in such a scenario. Frunză claimed however that Vyshinsky also intimated a Soviet takeover of the country if the King failed to comply, and that, under pressure from Soviet troops who were supposedly disarming the Romanian military and occupying key installations, Michael agreed and dismissed

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program was about to be adopted). According to Frunză, although contrasted by the Communist press with its previous equivalent, the measure was supposedly much less relevant—land awarded to individual farmers in 1923 was more than three times the 1945 figures, and all effects were canceled by the

647: 3716:

Churches). Estimates for the total number of victims in the 1947/1948-1964 period vary significantly: as low as 160,000 or 282,000 political prisoners, and as high 600,000 (according to one estimate, about 190,000 people were killed or died in custody— ). Notorious penal facilities of the time

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in the Communist press. During the period, government-backed Communists used various means to exercising influence over the vast majority of the press, and began infiltrating or competing with independent cultural forums. Economic dominance, partly responding to Soviet requirements, was first

4695:

In the face of the changes that unfolded in the rest of Eastern Europe in 1988 and 1989, the PCR retained its image as one of the most unreconstructed parties in the Soviet bloc. It even went as far as to call for a Warsaw Pact invasion of Poland after that country's Communists announced a

505:, who had just been elected secretary general. Other legal, political parties existed in Romania, but their influence was limited and they were subordinate to the constitutionally-authorised leading role of the PCR. All other legal parties and entities were part of the Communist-dominated 584:. Over the years, the PCR massively increased to become entirely submitted to Ceaușescu's will. From the 1960s onward, it had a reputation for being far more independent of the Soviet Union than its brethren in the Warsaw Pact. However, it also became the most hardline party in the 4570:("cadre rotation" or "reshuffling"), placing strain on low-level officials to seek the protection of higher placed ones as a means to preserve their position or to be promoted. This effectively prompted activists who did not approve of the change in tone to retire, while others— 3885:, through which it stressed its commitment to a "national path" towards Communism (it read: "There does not and cannot exist a "parent" party and a "son" party or "superior" party and "subordinate" parties"). During late 1964, the PMR's leadership clashed with new Soviet leader 4176:). Ostensibly a popular front affiliating virtually all non-party members, it was actually tightly controlled by party activists. It was intended to consolidate the impression that the entire population was backing Ceaușescu's policies. As a result of these new policies, the 3463:, replacing its 1948 precedent, legislated Stalinist tenets, and proclaimed that "the people's democratic state is consistently carrying out the policy of enclosing and eliminating capitalist elements". Gheorghiu-Dej, who remained an orthodox Stalinist, took the position of 2667:(FND), which campaigned against the government, demanding the appointment of more Communist officials and sympathizers, while claiming democratic legitimacy and alleging that Sănătescu had dictatorial ambitions. The FND was soon joined by the Liberal group around Tătărescu, 7573:

Petre Ţurlea, "Alegerile parlamentare din noiembrie '46: guvernul procomunist joacă şi câştigă. Ilegalităţi flagrante, rezultat viciat" ("The Parliamentary Elections of November '46: the Pro-Communist Government Plays and Wins. Blatant Unlawfulness, Tampered Result"),

9426: 4058:(created with the goal of meeting a possible Soviet intervention in Romania). From 1965 to 1976, the PCR rose from approximately 1.4 million members to 2.6 million. In the contingency of an anti-Soviet war, the PCR even sought an alliance with the maverick 4255:

Despite the party's independent, "national communist" course, the absolute control that Ceaușescu had over the party and the country led to some non-Romanian observers describing the PCR as one of the closest things to an old-style Stalinist party. For instance,

1902:), passed in early 1924; Comintern sources indicate that, around 1928, it was losing contact with Soviet overseers. In 1925, the question of Romania's borders as posed by the Comintern led to protests by Cristescu and, eventually, to his exclusion from the party ( 4338:, and, progressively after that, measures were endorsed to artificially increase the birth rate—including special taxes for childless couples. Another measure, going hand in hand with economic ones, allowed ethnic Germans a chance to leave Romania and settle in 2584:

After having been underground for two decades, the Communists enjoyed little popular support at first, compared to the other opposition parties (however, the decrease in popularity of the National Liberals was reflected in the forming of a splinter group around

3859:, a Soviet project of creating trans-national economic units and of assigning Romanian areas the task of supplying agricultural products. Several other measures of that year also presented themselves as radical changes in tone: after Gheorghiu-Dej endorsed 3617:

In this context, the PMR soon dismissed all the relevant consequences of the Twentieth Soviet Congress, and Gheorghiu-Dej even argued that De-Stalinization had been imposed by his team right after 1952. At a party meeting in March 1956, two members of the

2059:, infiltrated the small interior wing and probably obtained valuable information about its activities. The financial resources of the party, ensured by Soviet support and by various satellite organizations (collecting funds in the name of causes such as 4548:. After 1980, the nationalist ideology adopted by the PCR progressively targeted the Hungarian community as a whole, based on suspicions of its allegiance to Hungary, whose policies had become diametrically opposed to the methods of Romanian leaders ( 2849:(January 1946). At the time, Groza's party and the PCR came to disagree on some issues (with the Front publicly affirming its support for private land ownership), before the Ploughmen's Front was eventually pressured into supporting Communist tenets. 755:; the success of state repression in driving the party underground and limiting its activities; and finally, the party's "anti-national" policy, as it began to be stated in the 1920s—supervised by the Comintern, this policy called for the breakup of 552:, with support from Stalin, defeated all other factions and achieved full control over the party and country. After 1953, the party gradually theorized a "national path" to communism. At the same time, however, the party delayed the time to join its 3428:". Out of a membership of approximately one million, between 300,000 and 465,000 members, almost half of the party, was removed in the successive purges. The specific target for the "verification campaign", as it was officially called, were former 3821:

A drastic divergence in ideological outlooks manifested itself only after autumn 1961, when the PMR's leadership felt threatened by the Soviet Union's will to impose the condemnation of Stalinism as the standard in communist states. Following the

2710:, and followed a week later by street fighting between Georgescu's Communist forces and supporters of the National Peasants' Party in Bucharest. In a period of escalating chaos, Rădescu called for elections. The Soviet deputy foreign minister 736:). Government crackdown and competition with other socialist groups brought a drastic reduction in its membership—from the ca. 40,000 members the Socialist Party had, the new group was left with as much as 2,000 or as little as 500; after the 2245:", and, since the FRN had crumbled, several low-ranking party officials actually began collaborating with the new regime. At around the same time, a small section of the exterior wing remained active in France, where it eventually joined the 1968:) and the widespread suspicion other left-wing forces maintained toward the Comintern. The Communists did, nevertheless, attempt to reach consensus with other groupings on several occasions (in 1934–1943, they established alliances with the 4039:, while implying that his was to be a new style of leadership. In its official discourse, the PCR introduced the dogmas of "socialist democracy" and direct communication with the masses. From ca. 1965 to 1975, there was a noted rise in the 4704:

and its vehement opposition to the invasion of Czechoslovakia 21 years earlier. It initially appeared that the PCR would ride out the anti-Communist tide sweeping through Eastern Europe when on 24 November—two weeks after the fall of the

2533:

front, and withdrew Romania from the Axis. Later party discourse tended to dismiss the importance of both the Soviet offensive and the dialogue with other forces (and eventually described the coup as a revolt with large popular support).

4654:'s public criticism of the Braşov repression, and inspired by the impact of changes in other Eastern Bloc countries, protests of marginalized PCR activists became notorious after March 1989, when Brucan and Pârvulescu, together with 4582:

among them—were officially dispatched to low-ranking positions or otherwise marginalized. In June 1988, the leadership of the Political Executive Committee was reduced from 15 to 7 members, including Nicolae Ceaușescu and his wife.

2402:("National Democratic Bloc"), in order to arrange for Romania to withdraw from its alliance with Nazi Germany. The ensuing talks were prolonged by various factors, most notably by the opposition of National Peasants' Party leader 12506: 2633: 4484:

By 1983, membership of the PCR had risen to 3.3 million, and, in 1989, to 3.7–3.8 million—meaning that, in the end, over 20% of Romanian adults were party members, making the PCR the largest communist group of the

4540:, with 7% Hungarians (the latter group's membership had dropped by more than 2% since the previous Congress). Formal criticism of the new policies regarding minorities had also been voiced by Hungarian activists, including 2593:, who later entered an alliance with the Communist Party). Soon after 23 August, the Communists also engaged in a campaign against Romania's main political group of the time, the National Peasants' Party, and its leaders 11423: 1865:) to be shot while in custody—alleging that they had attempted to flee. Consequently, Argetoianu stated his belief that"communism is over in Romania", which allowed for a momentary relaxing of pressures—begun by 3275:; it was also reported that only half of the PSD's 500,000 members joined the newly founded grouping. Capitalizing on these gains, the Communist government shunted most of the remaining parties aside after the 2499:, Foriș was discreetly assassinated in 1946. Several assessments view Foriș's dismissal as the complete rupture in historical continuity between the PCdR established in 1921 and what became the ruling party of 1946:

directives remained notable factors. In parallel, its leadership suffered changes that were meant to place it under an ethnic Romanian and working-class leadership—the emergence of a Stalin-backed group around

3185:. Demonstrators were faced with gunshots; around 10 people were killed, and many wounded. The official account, according to which the Groza government responded to a coup attempt, was disputed by Frunză. 4027:—steps which were meant to indicate that Romania was following strict Marxist policies while remaining independent. He continued Romanianization and de-Sovietization efforts by stressing notions such as 3905:

economic relations and military cooperation, being as such dependent on a relatively tolerant mood inside the Soviet Union. Nevertheless, the PMR's nationalism made it increasingly popular with Romanian

2837:—"the royal strike"). Following Anglo-American mediation, Groza agreed to include politicians from outside his electoral alliance, appointing two secondary figures in their parties (the National Liberal 2460:, the self-confidence and status gained by the PCdR made possible the creation of the Bloc, which was designed as the basis of a future anti-Axis government. Parallel contacts were established, through 11628: 4732:, comprising a large number of moderate former PCR members who supported Gorbachev's vision. Having fled the PCR's headquarters under pressure from demonstrators, Ceauşescu and his wife were captured, 4211:, while his career profited from the deaths of Stoica (who committed suicide) and Sălăjan (who died while undergoing surgery). Instead, he came to rely on a new generation of activists, among them 3219:", firmly aligned with the Soviet Union. According to the king, his signature was obtained after the Groza cabinet representatives threatened to kill 1,000 students they had rounded up in custody. 3182: 4081:, Ceaușescu's gesture also served to consolidate his image as a national and independent communist leader. One year before the invasion of Czechoslovakia, Ceaușescu opened up diplomatic ties with 2616:

The Communist Party, engaged in a massive recruitment campaign, was able to attract ethnic Romanians in large numbers—workers and intellectuals alike, including some former members of the fascist

4047:, who noted that this social improvement trend began ca. 1950 and benefited 45% of the population, concluded that one of its main effects was to increase the citizens' dependency on the state. 451:, which led to the creation of competing factions that sometimes came into open conflict. That did not prevent the party from participating in the political life of the country through various 4614:. At a meeting between the two, Gorbachev upbraided Ceaușescu for his inflexible attitude. "You are running a dictatorship here," the Soviet leader warned. However, Ceaușescu refused to bend. 11226: 10398: 3798:

at the end of the decade. Industrialization along the PMR's own directives highlighted Romanian independence—one of its consequences was the massive steel-producing industrial complex in

4602:. "In Gorbachev's mind, Ceaușescu was part of a "Gang of Four" inflexibly hardline leaders unwilling to make the reforms he felt necessary to save Communism, along with Czechoslovakia's 1376: 3372:). Chiaburs were defined by the Party as the common enemies of communism in Romania. Thus, they were subjected to abuses by the cadres. In 1950, the party, which viewed itself as the 2334:, tried to establish organised resistance groups; however, they were quickly captured by the Romanian authorities and executed, as were some of the more active propagandists, such as 706: 612: 747:, which resulted in a relatively small working class (with industry and mining employing fewer than 10% of the active population) and a large peasant population; the minor impact of 7178:

Frunză, p.201-212; according to Rangheț: "After 3 months of our party's legal existence, in October, we had almost 5–6,000 party members. What is this to say? That we expanded the

4598:

As a result, the PCR remained an obstinate bastion of hardline Communism. Gorbachev's distaste for Ceaușescu was well known; he even went as far as to call Ceaușescu "the Romanian

2549:

which was dominated by the military, but included one representative each from the National Liberal Party, National Peasants' Party and Social Democratic Party, with Pătrășcanu as

621:, its official platform and main newspaper between 1931 and 1989, the party issued several local and national publications at various points in its history (including, after 1944, 11621: 2783: 2217:); in contrast with the general mood, the PCdR welcomed both gestures along the lines of its earlier activism. Official history, after ca. 1950, stated that the PCdR protested 3669:, which contributed to unease inside the PMR and resulted in a wave of arrests. While refusing to allow dissemination of Soviet literature exposing Stalinism (writers such as 2557:

on 31 August, and thereafter played a crucial role in supporting the Communist Party's rise to power as the Soviet military command virtually ruled the city and the country (

3471:). Executive and PMR leaderships remained in Gheorghiu-Dej's hands until his death in 1965 (with the exception of 1954–1955, when his office of PMR leader was taken over by 2344:

reports that, in Bucharest, between January 1941 and September 1942, 143 individuals were tried for communism, of which 19 were sentenced to death and 78 to prison terms or

1061: 2904: 11260: 10706: 4444:, an engineer working in Bucharest, was imprisoned after distributing 20,000 leaflets which called for a popular rally against the regime, while a protests of miners in 4165:. In effect, measures to concentrate power in Ceaușescu's hands were taken as early as 1967, when the general secretary became the ultimate authority on foreign policy. 4300:, first manifested when much of the budget was diverted to support an over-sized industry, was made more drastic by the political decision to pay in full the country's 11614: 10616: 4066:—negotiations did not yield a clear result. Although military intervention in Romania was reportedly taken into consideration by the Soviets, there is indication that 10246: 3136: 2620:. By 1947, it grew to around 710,000 members. Although the PCR was still highly disorganized and factionalized, it benefited from Soviet backing (including that of 521:, which entails a democratic and open discussion on policy on the condition of unity in upholding the agreed-upon policies. The highest body within the PCR was the 3058: 1520: 3795: 2955: 3700:. This marked a toning down in the violence and scale of repression, after almost twenty years during which the Party had acted against political opposition and 1545: 980: 3985: 3114: 12411: 10701: 10580: 3042: 6068: 3876: 1879:

The PCdR was thus unable to send representatives to the Comintern, and was virtually replaced abroad by a delegation of various activists who had fled to the

994: 685:(the latter was refounded in 1927, reuniting those opposed to communist policies). The establishment was linked with the socialist group's affiliation to the 9645: 1125: 656:

The mine owner to the miner: "A socialist, you say? My son is a socialist too, but without going on strike..., that is why he already has his own capital..."

4466: 9881: 4360: 3653:

and other dissident Hungarian leaders were imprisoned on Romanian soil. The Hungarian rebellion also sparked student protests in such places as Bucharest,

2926:

with a joint leadership reflecting an uneasy balance between the external and internal wings: while Gheorghiu-Dej retained his general secretary position,

2680: 4219: 9965: 2838: 2829:

governments refused to recognize Groza's administration, King Michael called on Groza to resign. When he refused, the monarch went to his summer home in

10958: 10403: 3177:

Party control over the security forces was successfully used on 8 November 1945, when the opposition parties organised a demonstration in front of the

1085: 973: 3558:, Gheorghiu-Dej began to steer Romania towards a more "independent" path while remaining within the Soviet orbit during the late 1950s. Following the 2602: 12872: 12787: 10595: 9960: 3575: 3151: 3079: 2171: 2122: 1054: 9784: 6486:, 80 party members, not more, not less. And throughout the land, our party had less than 1,000 party members, including our comrades in prisons and 4070:

had himself ruled out Romanian participation in Warsaw Pact maneuvers, and that he continued to rely on Ceaușescu's support for other common goals.

3960:

from the government, and ultimately from the party leadership, and began accumulating posts for himself. By 1969, he was in complete control of the

3790:. Moves to withdraw the country from Soviet overseeing were taken in quick succession after 1953. Khrushchev allowed Constantinescu to dissolve the 3380:

origin held 64% of party offices and 40% of higher government posts, while results of the recruitment efforts remained below official expectations.

3009: 11119: 10383: 10378: 9930: 9859: 9628: 9616: 9489: 4473:

to the authorities. This coincided with a noted popular rise in support for outspoken dissidents who were kept under house arrest, among whom were

4093:(May 1968), Romania was the recipient of Western world support going well into the 1970s (significant visits were paid by United States Presidents 3713: 2044:

and other high-ranking Communists). Journals viewed as associates of the party were closed down, and all suspected PCdR activists faced detention (

1891:" in the following decades). The interior party only survived as an underground group after it was outlawed by the Brătianu government through the 1033: 702: 4012:). This measure was instrumental in consolidating the new leadership while further increasing its distance from Gheorghiu-Dej's political legacy. 3126: 9970: 9515: 5529: 2146: 2126: 4311:

Two other programs initiated under Ceaușescu had massive consequences on social life. One of them was the plan, announced as early as 1965, to "

4207:, who criticized the heavy loans contracted in support of industrialization policies. In time, the new leader distanced himself from Maurer and 2082:(FRN), the newly created sole legal party of Carol's dictatorship, and attempt to attract members of its structures to the revolutionary cause. 12777: 12095: 11239: 10550: 10408: 6015: 5583: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5120: 5089: 5058: 4806: 3091: 3026: 2110: 2026: 1550: 845:

Romania had a minority population of 30%, and it was largely from this section that the party drew its membership—a large percentage of it was

788: 682: 545: 9532: 6290: 4367:, Ceauşescu also intensified political repression in the country (beginning in 1971). This took a drastic turn in 1977, when, confronted with 12862: 12812: 3326:

measure in August 1947 (severely limiting the amount convertible by people without an actual job, primarily members of the aristocracy). The

3141: 2071:), were severely drained—by political difficulties at home, as well as, after 1939, by the severing of connections with Moscow in France and 4755:. For example, until 2014 every post-revolution president had formerly been a member of the PCR. Among other small parties an unregistered 4129: 581: 10828: 10504: 10211: 9945: 9935: 9578: 6248: 4448:

against wage cuts was broken up by Securitate forces; three years later a strike organized by Romanian and Hungarian industrial workers in

3855: 3802:, which, being dependent on imports of iron from overseas, was for long a major strain on the Romanian economy. In 1957, Gheorghiu-Dej and 3248: 2291: 1047: 690: 678: 12601: 1931:

The interior wing began organizing itself as a more efficient conspiratorial network through regained Comintern control. The onset of the

822:

it had come to imply. (In turn, the early conflict between the PCdR and other minor socialist groups has been attributed to the legacy of

12832: 11216: 10988: 10920: 10696: 10621: 10267: 9985: 6507:

Dumitru Lăcătuşu, "Convenient Truths: Representations of the Communist Illegalists in the Romanian Historiography in Post-Communism", in

3701: 3146: 3053: 2290:, the Communist Party began approaching traditional parties that were engaged in semi-clandestine opposition to Antonescu: alongside the 2250: 1808: 1643: 1416: 1200: 4203:

Members of the upper echelons of the party who objected to Ceaușescu's stance were accused of supporting Soviet policies; they included

3838:. Romanian media was alone among Warsaw Pact countries to report Chinese criticism of the Soviet leadership from its source; in return, 12837: 12827: 4463: 2771: 2703: 2457: 1842: 1388: 9397: 1964:

doctrine was not fully passed into the local party's politics, mainly due to the Soviet territorial policies (culminating in the 1939

11061: 10996: 10241: 4685: 3984:, were instrumental in ensuring legitimacy. Soon after 1965, Ceaușescu used his prerogatives to convoke a Party Commission headed by 1590: 9448: 4043:

for the Romanian population as a whole, which was similar to developments in most other Eastern bloc countries. Political scientist

3271:). Nevertheless, Social Democrats were excluded from most party posts and were forced to support Communist policies on the basis of 11536: 11033: 10767: 10757: 10474: 10393: 10302: 10297: 9874: 4059: 4016: 3499: 1510: 12867: 12782: 12184: 11472: 11454: 10631: 10484: 9940: 6034: 4763:

claim to be the successors of the PCR, with the latter entering Parliament in the 1992–1996 legislature under its former name of

4054:; a highly popular measure with the Romanian public, it led to sizable enrollments in the PCR and the newly created paramilitary 2731: 2639:

On PCdR initiative, the National Democratic Bloc was dissolved on 8 October 1944; instead, the Communists, Social Democrats, the

1861:, ordered the first in a series of repressions, and, in the context of trial, allowed for several communist activists (including 580:

in Romanian society and at the same time consolidating his grip on power whilst using the Party's authority to brew a persuasive

4733: 12817: 12807: 12481: 12421: 12396: 10951: 10863: 10833: 10721: 10626: 10479: 10368: 10226: 10170: 10005: 9950: 6117:

Kligman, Gail. "Political Demography: The Banning of Abortion in Ceausescu's Romania". In Ginsburg, Faye D.; Rapp, Rayna, eds.

5869: 5640: 5602: 4760: 4756: 4173: 4169: 4051: 3934: 3830:

in 1961, Romania initially gave full support to the Khrushchev's stance, but maintained exceptionally good relations with both

3288: 2815: 2664: 2299: 1383: 1140: 544:, as the party's guiding ideology and would remain so through much of its existence. In 1948, the Communist Party absorbed the 506: 287: 282: 17: 10236: 10231: 12877: 12847: 12802: 12220: 12199: 11804: 11505: 11284: 10646: 9920: 9303: 7793: 7684: 6419: 6394: 4689: 4377:, the regime expelled him and others from the country. A more serious disobedience occurred in August of the same year, when 2590: 1973: 1438: 1175: 9620: 3535: 3211:

of its entire leadership. On 30 December 1947, the Communist Party's power was consolidated when King Michael was forced to

3181:

to express solidarity with King Michael, who was still refusing to sign his name to new legislation, on the occasion of his

3166:

countries, was to provide a base of support for Gheorghiu-Dej. The conference also saw the first mention of the PCdR as the

2605:'s account, the conflict's first stage was centered on Communist allegations that Maniu had encouraged violence against the 2017:

government (who had intensified repression of Communist groups), finding themselves placed in an unusual position after the

12857: 11458: 10469: 10292: 9925: 9890: 9738: 4388: 4137: 2856:

that advertised, among others, an interest into peasant issues and a respect for property (in front of common fears that a

2795: 1433: 1393: 1135: 377: 9690:, Working Paper No. 37, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, D.C., 2002; Retrieved on 5 July 2007 12822: 12340: 11933: 11800: 11491: 11304: 11279: 10853: 10418: 10388: 10338: 10282: 10076: 9955: 9867: 5203: 5177: 5151: 4490: 4265: 3563: 3456: 1145: 589: 9512:" ("Collective Destiny, Involuntary Servitude, Totalitarian Misery: Three Myths of Romanian Communism"), p. 175–197 5988: 3964:. The circumstances surrounding this process are still disputed, but theories evidence that the support given to him by 2802:). The non-Communist ministers came from the Social Democrats (who were falling under the control of the pro-Communists 12852: 12746: 12566: 12552: 12451: 12235: 12088: 11986: 11542: 11343: 10982: 10641: 10590: 10433: 10353: 10055: 9915: 7610: 6063: 5900: 5862: 5832: 5790: 5761: 5731: 5701: 5671: 5633: 4729: 3786:

penetrated official discourse, largely owing to Gheorghiu-Dej's call for economic independence and distancing from the

3550:

upon the close of the PMR's 3rd Congress (June 1960). Nicolae Ceauşescu can be seen at Gheorghiu-Dej's right hand side.

3464: 3276: 2542: 1673: 1570: 12446: 4432:

A major act of discontent occurred inside the party during its XIIth Congress in late November 1979, when PCR veteran

4050:

A seminal event occurred in August 1968, when Ceaușescu highlighted his anti-Soviet discourse by vocally opposing the

3879:), the PMR itself took a stand against Khrushchevite principles by issuing, in late April, a declaration published in 743:

The early Communist Party had little influence in Romania. This was due to a number of factors: the country's lack of

12797: 12767: 12436: 12406: 12350: 11719: 11313: 11194: 11147: 11092: 10944: 10888: 10883: 10681: 10570: 10025: 9610: 9564: 9497: 6234: 6203: 6142: 5951: 3178: 2707: 1600: 9889: 3291:(FND), which won with 93.2 percent of the vote. By then, however, the FND had taken on the same character as other " 1935:, and the series of strikes infiltrated (and sometimes provoked) by the interior wing signified relative successes ( 12587: 12476: 12360: 12335: 12225: 11762: 11208: 11041: 10777: 10772: 10752: 10747: 10534: 10438: 10175: 9995: 5247:

the head of state was called President of the State Council while after 1973 the post changed to that of president

2072: 1912:

Around the time of the party's Fifth Congress in 1931, the Muscovite wing became the PCdR's main political factor:

10333: 3346:'s Soviet-Romanian committee, was adopted in 1950. Of newly enforced measures, the arguably most far-reaching was 2032:

In the years following the elections, the PCdR entered a phase of rapid decline, coinciding with the increasingly

12355: 11857: 11394: 11188: 10428: 10131: 4697: 3642: 2209: 1801: 300: 8775:, p.416, 424, 434–442, 488–492; "Comunismul și cel care a trăit Iluzia"; Deletant, p.266-269; Negrici, p.221-226 3853:

The change in policies was to become obvious in 1964, when the Communist regime offered a stiff response to the

2021:, a fascist movement, signed an electoral pact with Maniu; participation in the move was explained by Communist 12401: 12320: 12230: 11328: 11270: 11010: 10878: 10823: 10742: 10464: 9990: 6534: 6361: 5590: 5578: 5563: 5520: 5470: 5426: 5378: 5335: 5287: 3872: 3709: 3189: 2898: 2873: 2621: 2353: 1998: 1605: 1580: 846: 31: 11606: 2302:

parties. At the time, virtually all the interior leadership was imprisoned at various locations (most of them

12466: 12194: 12145: 12081: 11402: 11230: 11027: 10782: 10651: 10272: 10190: 10040: 10035: 10030: 9773: 6086:"Romania: Information on the percentage of the population that are members of the communist party, from 1987" 5475: 4794: 4752: 4319:, the country was supposed to be left with 6,000); it also brought massive changes for the cities—especially 4185: 3997: 3754: 3468: 3405: 3267:) which remained the ruling party's official name until 24 July 1965 (when it returned to the designation as 3037: 2779: 2775: 2744: 2606: 2550: 2461: 1896: 850: 565: 483: 260: 12559: 11416: 10221: 12772: 12189: 11433: 11319: 11084: 10671: 10529: 10509: 10216: 9713:("The History of the Iron Guard, 1919–1941: The Mystique of Ultra-Nationalism"), Humanitas, Bucharest, 1993 9683:

Gheorghiu-Dej and the Romanian Workers' Party: From De-Sovietization to the Emergence of National Communism

8908: 7179: 4437: 3807: 3646: 3460: 2676: 2648: 2560: 2522: 2395: 1977: 1490: 823: 815: 472: 212: 8413:, p.216; Frunză, p.440-441, 454–457; Deletant & Ionescu, p.17; Iordachi I.2, II.1; Tismăneanu, p.45-46 5941: 4385:, and, despite having reached an agreement with the government, were repressed and some of them expelled ( 2791: 1981: 818:), and usually strongly supported the post-1919 territorial status quo—although they tended to oppose the 596:, but Romania kept its socialist-era constitution until 1991. Romania also retained its membership in the 12842: 12792: 12710: 11384: 11334: 11099: 10798: 10676: 10661: 10656: 10514: 10499: 9655: 6159: 6121:

Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1995 :234-255. Unique Identifier : AIDSLINE KIE/49442.

5936: 4478: 4223: 3530: 3347: 3284: 3200: 2684: 2660: 2652: 2369: 2295: 2268: 2106: 2006: 1965: 1932: 1905: 1411: 1190: 881: 737: 557: 229: 10936: 9576:"80 în București și mai puțin de 1000 în toată țara" ("80 in Bucharest and Less throughout the Country") 9509:

Destinul colectiv, servitutea involuntară, nefericirea totalitară: trei mituri ale comunismului românesc

4396:, was crushed and its leaders arrested on various charges in 1979. Progressively during the period, the 3295:"in the Soviet bloc. The member parties became completely subservient to the PMR, and had to accept its" 3259:'s group from the Social Democrats in March 1946). The Social Democrats merged with the PCR to form the 2872:, the Communists consecrated their control of the legal system—the process included the creation of the 2510:

officers, and armed Communist-led civilians supported by the National Democratic Bloc arrested dictator

608: 12545: 12330: 11663: 11527: 11499: 11448: 11375: 11002: 10848: 10818: 10524: 10423: 10358: 10343: 10287: 10106: 10096: 9639: 6526: 6297: 6131:

Sabrina P. Ramet (2004). "Church and State in Romania before and after 1989". In Henry F. Carey (ed.).

4055: 3339: 2846: 2656: 2079: 2078:

Consequently, the executive committee of the Comintern called on Romanian Communists to infiltrate the

1794: 1560: 1465: 674: 641: 428: 190: 120: 9716: 8736:, p.412-414; "Comunismul și cel care a trăit Iluzia"; Deletant & Ionescu, p.29, 46; Iordachi, II.1 8475:, p.216-217, 220–221; Deletant & Ionescu, p.15-19; Frunză, p.445-449, 458–461; Tismăneanu, p.32-34 7129:, p.50-55; Chant, p.84-85, 124–125, 303; Deletant, p.3-4, 241–246, 265–266, 343–346; Frunză, p.128-137 6316: 4304:(in 1983, this was set at 10 billion United States dollars, of which 4.5 billion was accumulated 4257: 3459:

which removed Jews from leading positions in that country's Communist government. At the same time, a

2718:

as Prime Minister, with the Soviet government suggesting it would reinstate Romanian sovereignty over

1821:

Shortly after its creation, the PCdR's leadership was alleged by authorities to have been involved in

12626: 12471: 12431: 12365: 12345: 12204: 11686: 11562: 11154: 11047: 10666: 10575: 10454: 10413: 10185: 10126: 10116: 10071: 10050: 10045: 10010: 9980: 8553:, p.398-399; "Comunismul și cel care a trăit Iluzia"; Deletant & Ionescu, p.25; Frunză, p.472-474 4681: 4659: 4348:, in return for payments from the latter country. Overall, around 200,000 Germans left, most of them 4312: 4241: 4204: 3827: 3742: 3587: 3559: 3256: 3232: 2538: 2222: 1925: 1728: 1565: 837:

were a minority in its ranks until after the end of World War II: between 1924 and 1944, none of its

447:

control. During the 1920s and the 1930s, most of its activists were imprisoned or took refuge in the

130: 11875: 6553:, p.18-45; Frunză, p.38-48, 63–72; Iordachi, I.2; Pokivailova, p.48; Troncotă, p.19-20; Veiga, p.222 6275: 4109: 3424:, and their supporters from the party—alleging that their various political attitudes were proof of" 1980:), and small Communist groups became active in the leftist sections of mainstream parties. In 1934, 1952: 1026: 12416: 11853: 11390: 10716: 10585: 10565: 10363: 10180: 9731: 5802: 5484: 5435: 5392: 5344: 5301: 3408:. After October 1945, the two former groups had associated in neutralizing Pătrăşcanu's—exposed as" 3303: 2234: 1595: 1555: 1180: 604: 456: 295: 166: 9802: 4827: 4433: 3119: 3031: 2916: 2740: 2492: 2105:: an entire generation of party activists was killed on Stalin's orders, including, among others, 1899: 12731: 12679: 12657: 12391: 11577: 11179: 11138: 10858: 10494: 10307: 8128:, p.136, 206–207; Deletant & Ionescu, p.8-9; Frunză, p.425; Tismăneanu, p.11-12, 16–19, 24–26 4324: 3989: 2586: 2166: 2064: 2014: 1668: 1638: 1371: 311: 9575: 7785: 7019:, p.42-52, 132–134, 332, 335–336, 343–344; Deletant, p.196, 238–239, 303; Frunză, p.122-123, 138 6252: 4155:). During the early 1970s, while curbing liberalization, he launched his own version of China's 3988:, charged with investigating both Stalinist legacy and Gheorghiu-Dej's purges: resulting in the 3688:(created in 1949 and rapidly growing in numbers) maintained a steady pace in its suppression of" 2889:(created in the summer of 1945), directing the bulk of Romanian trade towards the Soviet Union. 600:

until its dissolution on 1 July 1991; that role had been largely symbolic since the late 1960s.

12516: 12456: 12370: 12292: 11913: 11476: 10873: 10726: 10691: 10686: 10636: 10555: 10312: 10091: 9824: 9814: 9469: 7860: 7775: 6353: 6347: 5595: 5063: 4845: 4833: 4632:, the final crisis of the PCR and its regime began in the autumn, when industrial employees in 4401: 4101:, in 1969 and 1975 respectively, while Ceaușescu was frequently received in Western capitals). 3764: 3718: 3674: 3554:

Uncomfortable and possibly threatened by the reformist measures adopted by Stalin's successor,

3539: 3467:

while moving Groza to the presidency of the Presidium of the Great National Assembly (de facto

3397: 3236: 2992: 2981: 2912: 2826: 2787: 2766:

On 6 March, Groza became leader of a Communist-led government and named Communists to lead the

2517: 2488: 2427: 2407: 1948: 1869: 1858: 1653: 1293: 955: 819: 549: 460: 11895: 9677: 5970: 4505:

At the same time, the ideological viewpoint was changed, with the party no longer seen as the

3933:

and other PCR leaders in August 1968, addressing the Romanian public at a rally to oppose the

3204: 3021: 439:. After being outlawed in 1924, the PCR remained a minor and illegal grouping for much of the 12315: 10843: 10838: 10813: 10348: 10328: 10136: 10111: 10086: 10081: 5946: 4181: 3759: 3595: 3513: 3444: 3272: 2803: 2767: 2719: 2610: 2507: 2254: 2218: 1938: 1838: 1826: 1733: 1663: 1633: 1195: 514: 239: 12019: 11812: 8163:, p.198-200, 207; Deletant & Ionescu, p.9-13; Frunză, p.426-428-434; Tismăneanu, p.19-23 6106: 3953: 3627: 3603: 3358:, while around 80,000 peasants faced trial for resisting and 17,000 others were uprooted or 3215:. The Communist-dominated legislature then abolished the monarchy and proclaimed Romania a " 3170:(PCR), the new name being used as a propaganda tool suggesting a closer connection with the 3131: 2965: 2869: 2331: 2052: 1854: 1278: 857:. Actual or perceived ethnic discrimination against these minorities added to the appeal of 12736: 12689: 12486: 12128: 12104: 12029: 11971: 11732: 11078: 10893: 10808: 10762: 10519: 10489: 10459: 10195: 9839: 9556: 8439:, p.220, 321–325; Deletant & Ionescu, p.18; Iordachi I.2, II.1; Tismăneanu, p.34, 48–49 8115:, p.206, 217; Deletant & Ionescu, p.8, 9; Frunză, p.430-434; Tismăneanu, p.15-16, 18–19 4745: 4579: 4405: 4349: 4227: 4114: 4001: 3981: 3926: 3779: 3623: 3599: 3359: 3343: 3323: 3287:

dissolved themselves in 1953). The PMR fought the elections as the dominant partner of the

3280: 3216: 2970: 2923: 2811: 2691: 2640: 2546: 2484: 2406:, who, alarmed by Soviet successes, was trying to reach a satisfactory compromise with the 2375: 2287: 2230: 1969: 1423: 1228: 1160: 1019: 858: 826:'s quasi-Poporanist ideas inside the latter, as an intellectual basis for the rejection of 806:

influence, placed its focus on the peasantry (as it notably did with the early advocacy of

780: 561: 533: 526: 479: 432: 382: 235: 221: 178: 12652: 11923: 9829: 9423:"Petre Ignatencu: Πραγματική κυβέρνηση της Ρουμανίας είναι το ΔΝΤ και η Παγκόσμια Τράπεζα" 8102:, p.206, 217–218; Deletant & Ionescu, p.7-8, 9; Frunză, p.424-425; Tismăneanu, p.9, 16 6059: 5795: 5125: 4851: 3941: 3930: 3571: 3388:

During the period, the central scene of the PMR was occupied by the conflict between the "

3240: 2960: 2572: 2233:). As the border changes sparked a political crisis leading to an Iron Guard takeover—the 2187: 1333: 502: 73: 8: 12282: 11890: 10925: 9724: 9651:

The Anatomy of a Historical Conflict: Romanian-Hungarian Diplomatic Conflict in the 1980s

4721: 4717: 4623: 4494: 4436:

spoke out against Ceaușescu's policy of discouraging discussions and relying on obedient

4335: 4316: 4293: 4156: 3965: 3949: 3940:

Gheorghiu-Dej died in March 1965 and was succeeded by a collective leadership made up of

3847: 3705: 3689: 3641:, remained an agent of political repression: it fully supported Khurshchev's invasion of 3591: 2388: 2142: 2010: 1921: 1834: 1718: 1698: 1623: 1495: 1253: 987: 807: 623: 593: 452: 372: 252: 12511: 12009: 11827: 11737: 4667: 4647:

of the movement's leaders, and handed out sentences of imprisonment and internal exile.

4639: 4445: 4208: 4078: 2483:"(at the time, it was headed by former inmates of Caransebeș prison); replaced with the 568:

stance was continued under the leadership of Nicolae Ceaușescu. Following an episode of

12705: 12287: 12014: 11245: 10015: 9975: 9796: 9758: 9602: 7615: 6487: 4819: 4776: 4541: 4364: 4289: 4189: 4040: 4032: 3969: 3803: 3783: 3738: 3355: 3299:"as a condition of their continued existence. Groza, however, remained Prime Minister. 3103: 3084: 2950: 2822: 2760: 2472: 2465: 2311: 2237:—the interior wing's confusion intensified: the upper echelon faced investigation from 2175: 2090: 2037: 1846: 1830: 1703: 1428: 1338: 1263: 1258: 1233: 1150: 1094: 1001: 926: 873: 776: 436: 347: 267: 68: 12049: 11885: 11865: 9518:, "Mitul patriei primejduite" ("The Myth of the Fatherland in Peril"), p. 220–226 6038: 4663: 4440:(he was subsequently heckled, evicted from the Congress hall, and isolated). In 1983, 4276:

The renewed industrialization, which based itself on both a dogmatic understanding of

4133: 3547: 3014: 2695: 2225:), but evidence is inconclusive (party documents attesting the policy are dated after 1273: 12277: 12272: 12039: 11976: 11956: 11832: 11742: 11439: 10868: 10000: 9790: 9768: 9681: 9606: 9560: 9493: 9299: 9288: 7789: 7680: 7045:, p.52; Deletant, p.116, 123, 196–198, 219, 225, 254, 303, 311, 332–333, 335–336, 340 6530: 6415: 6390: 6367: 6357: 6230: 6199: 6138: 6001: 5383: 4812: 4788: 4741: 4710: 4701: 4677: 4672: 4603: 4587: 4551: 4526: 4510: 4499: 4425: 4284:

goals, brought major economic problems to Romania, beginning with the effects of the

4277: 4177: 4090: 3993: 3961: 3835: 3823: 3631: 3583: 3555: 3543: 3421: 3171: 2986: 2931: 2752: 2699: 2625: 2500: 2479:, who was still general secretary, was deposed by with Soviet approval by the rival " 2476: 2246: 2213: 2191: 2094: 2068: 1917: 1723: 1455: 1313: 1238: 1185: 950: 938: 838: 744: 666: 407: 398: 272: 63: 4684:

provoked an international response, as Romania was subjected to a resolution of the

3810:

from Romanian soil. As early as 1956, Romania's political apparatus reconciled with

3734: 2842: 2833:

and refused to sign any government decrees or bills (a period colloquially known as

2735:

The Communist Party's National Conference of October 1945. Pictured, left to right:

2335: 1248: 12667: 12267: 12034: 11999: 11918: 11747: 11727: 11699: 10803: 9819: 9763: 9555:("On the Shoulders of Marx. An Incursion into the History of Romanian Communism"), 9523: 7781: 5292: 4839: 4782: 4655: 4533:

principles in both its internal policies and its relations with the outside world.

4344: 4245: 4145: 4036: 3957: 3607: 3567: 3472: 3425: 3307: 2945: 2862: 2756: 2711: 2361: 2203: 2150: 2114: 2033: 1862: 1770: 1758: 1628: 1515: 1505: 1348: 1303: 1288: 1130: 931: 670: 173: 11752: 9808: 6479: 6160:"From legal tolerance to social acceptance: predictors of heterosexism in Romania" 4823: 4212: 4118: 3860: 3692:", until as late as 1962–1964. In 1962–1964, the party leadership approved a mass 3156: 3063: 2920: 2807: 2496: 2415: 2411: 2323: 650:

Criticism among socialist groups, as illustrated in a December 1922 caricature by

12715: 12245: 12138: 11994: 11961: 11951: 11780: 11694: 11638: 10915: 9707: 9650: 9594: 9587: 9582: 9451:, jurnalul.ro : Istoria comunismului, 26 July 2005, accessed 23 January 2019 8701:, p.404, 412–415; Deletant & Ionescu, p.22; Frunză, p.513-514; Iordachi, II.1 6193: 6132: 6085: 6072: 4737: 4297: 4285: 4268:

on Romania referred to the PCR's "Stalinist repression of individual liberties."

4067: 4063: 4020: 3886: 3811: 3772: 3697: 3678: 3491: 3335: 3331: 3319: 3193: 3096: 3068: 3004: 2668: 2469: 2238: 2130: 1942:), but gains were not capitalized—as lack of ideological appeal and suspicion of 1866: 1782: 1738: 1525: 1470: 1353: 1308: 1283: 1243: 1110: 842: 756: 651: 510: 476: 440: 416: 12325: 10121: 2432: 2360:

or other heritage, deporting the majority of the former, alongside Romanian and

694: 12662: 12461: 12375: 11941: 11817: 11785: 11775: 11709: 11636: 10600: 10020: 9778: 9295: 9233:, p.491-494; Deletant & Ionescu, p.32, 44–46; Frunză, p.520; Iordachi, II.3 6469:

Allegations in the Social-Democratic press, 1923, in Frunză, p.30; Iordachi I.2

5568: 4800: 4644: 4611: 4566:

Especially during the 1980s, clientelism was further enhanced by a new policy,

4545: 4506: 4441: 4420: 4353: 3910: 3909:, and the last stage of the Gheorghiu-Dej regime was popularly identified with 3670: 3611: 3502:; Tito was routinely attacked by the official press, and the Romanian-Yugoslav 3373: 3296: 2903:

The Communist Party held its first open conference (16–22 October 1945, at the

2714:

went to Bucharest to request the monarch that he appoint Communist sympathizer

2327: 2319: 2259: 2047: 2022: 1648: 1343: 1298: 1165: 943: 603:

The PCR co-ordinated several organizations during its existence, including the

569: 518: 12044: 12024: 11837: 4382: 3973: 3794:

in 1954, followed by the closing of Romanian-Soviet cultural ventures such as

12761: 12674: 12647: 12155: 11966: 11946: 11880: 11770: 11704: 11513: 11253: 10711: 9543: 8615:, p.403-412, 414; Deletant & Ionescu, p.27; Frunză, p.475; Negrici, p.221 7672: 4651: 4607: 4571: 4530: 4301: 4261: 4136:(herself promoted to high offices) after visiting North Korea and noting the 4094: 4074: 3977: 3726: 3722: 3452: 3448: 3327: 3292: 2976: 2598: 2511: 2345: 2279: 2272: 2179: 2138: 2098: 2056: 1960: 1913: 1822: 1658: 1448: 1268: 1223: 1170: 1155: 811: 698: 541: 536:, a fusion of the original ideas of German philosopher and economic theorist 468: 256: 8833:

Deletant & Ionescu, p.31; Frunză, p.472, 475, 476–478, 479–480, 483, 511

6371: 6249:"Rethinking National Identity after National-Communism? The case of Romania" 5020: 4236: 4151: 2307: 12004: 11870: 11642: 11582: 11485: 11202: 11055: 10141: 9667:

T. A. Pokivailova, "1939–1940. Cominternul și Partidul Comunist din România

9503: 8890:

US Library of Congress: "The Communist Party"; Deletant & Ionescu, p.26

6387:

Communism in Romania : a study of Romanian communism from 1920 to 1947

5094: 4486: 4474: 4339: 4082: 4044: 3945: 3906: 3898: 3831: 3579: 3483: 3440: 3311: 3188:

The PCR and its allies, grouped in the Bloc of Democratic Parties, won the

3163: 3073: 2384: 2349: 2226: 2134: 1991: 1880: 1850: 1480: 1460: 1318: 792: 779:). In 1924, the Comintern provoked Romanian authorities by encouraging the 760: 752: 585: 464: 448: 336: 9465: 7764:, p.76, 251–253; Deletant & Ionescu, p.3-4; Frunză, p.393-394, 412–413 6349:

Color Design Workbook: A Real World Guide to Using Color in Graphic Design

6276:"Contemporary Far Left Parties in Europe: From Marxism to the Mainstream?" 4725: 4713:—Ceaușescu was reelected for another five-year term as General Secretary. 3654: 3247:

In February 1948, the Communists ended a long process of infiltrating the

2628:). After 1944, it was leading a paramilitary wing, the Patriotic Defense ( 2553:—the first Communist to hold high office in Romania. The Red Army entered 2340: 2315: 2183: 689:(just before the latter's Third Congress): after a delegation was sent to 12741: 12608: 12580: 12240: 12133: 11671: 11587: 11466: 11367: 10966: 10262: 10101: 9599:

Hitler's Forgotten Ally: Ion Antonescu and His Regime, Romania, 1940–1944

9479: 8365:, p.215, 218; Frunză, p.437, 449, 452–453; Tismăneanu, p.14-15, 43–44, 50 7808:

US Library of Congress:"The Communist Party"; Deletant & Ionescu, p.3

4706: 4636:

called a strike that immediately drew echoes with the city's population (

4575: 4515: 4453: 4195: 4161: 4141: 4098: 4086: 4028: 4009: 4005: 3868: 3662: 3638: 3417: 3377: 3351: 3315: 2998: 2935: 2853: 2799: 2736: 2715: 2644: 2594: 2403: 2283: 2264: 2118: 2102: 2002: 1986: 1713: 1678: 1443: 1328: 1323: 1205: 903: 784: 597: 573: 553: 246: 8909:

http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field%28DOCID+ro0010%29

8449: 8024:, p.391-394; Deletant & Ionescu, p.7, 20–21; Tismăneanu, p.12, 27–31 7103:, p.49-50, 62;"Comunismul și cel care a trăit Iluzia"; Frunză, p.400-402 6311: 6195:

Governing Sexuality: The Changing Politics of Citizenship and Law Reform

4887: 4330: 3881: 3842:

officials complimented Romanian nationalism by supporting the view that

3814:, which led to a series of common economic projects (culminating in the 2576:

October 1944 rally in support of the National Democratic Front, held at

2394:

In June 1943, at a time when troops were suffering major defeats on the

1777: 908: 617: 572:

in the late 1960s, Ceaușescu again adopted a hard line by imposing the "

548:

and attracted various new members. In the early 1950s, the group around

153: 12684: 12594: 12441: 12150: 12073: 11790: 11676: 11112: 10560: 9746: 6491: 6478:

US Library of Congress: "The Communist Party". According to PCR leader

6020: 6018:" ("The UTC's Role in the Regime's Gear Mechanism"), Adrian Cioflancă, 4470: 4397: 4378: 4373: 4327:

and successive demolitions, new architectural guidelines were imposed (

3894: 3843: 3815: 3768: 3685: 3517: 3429: 3413: 3212: 3208: 3162:

The post-1945 constant growth in membership, by far the highest of all

3047: 2927: 2748: 2617: 2453: 2303: 2242: 2154: 2041: 2018: 1708: 1575: 1500: 854: 799: 768: 662: 161: 6223:

Southeastern Europe in the 19. und 20. century. Foreign ways– own ways

4456:

met with the same result. Also in 1983, fearing the multiplication of

4315:", which was meant to urbanize Romania at a fast pace (of over 13,000 2085:

Until 1944, the group active inside Romania became split between the "

1916:

replaced the entire party leadership, including the general secretary

55: 12118: 11822: 11572: 9670:" (1939–1940. The Comintern and the Communist Party of Romania"), in 7641:

US Library of Congress: "The Communist Party"; Frunză, p.274, 350–354

6483: 5007: 4997: 4987: 4977: 4967: 4957: 4947: 4937: 4927: 4877: 4537: 4409: 4368: 4320: 3864: 3650: 3619: 3487: 3436: 3409: 3350:—by 1962, when the process was considered complete, 96% of the total 3255:—Singular Workers' Front, the PCR had profited from the departure of 2908: 2877: 2818:

parties (followers of Tătărescu and Alexandrescu's dissident wings).

2577: 2554: 2526: 2437: 2380: 2357: 1943: 1485: 1102: 834: 686: 577: 537: 444: 424: 316: 225: 217: 141: 6119:

Conceiving the New World Order: The Global Politics of Reproduction.

6035:"DDR & Ostalgie - Lexikon - Pionierorganisation der SR Rumänien" 5973:

Revolution and Change in Central and Eastern Europe: Revised Edition

4633: 4599: 4558: 4260:

referred to the last 18 years of Ceaușescu's tenure as a period of "

3799: 798:

At the same time, the left-wing political spectrum was dominated by

576:", re-Stalinizing the party's rule by intensifying the spreading of 12573: 12123: 11069: 10898: 4716:

A month later, both Ceaușescu and the party were overthrown in the

4521: 4458: 4305: 3992:

of a large number of Communist officials (including, among others,

3897:, and eventually managed to have them recalled, making Romania the 3684:

Despite Stalin's death, the massive police apparatus headed by the

3637:

On the outside too, the PMR, leading a country that had joined the

3507: 3479: 2881: 2857: 2530: 2449: 2441: 2352:

Antonescu regime established a distinction between PCdR members of

2199: 2060: 1683: 1475: 827: 803: 775:(regions that, the communists argued, had been denied the right of 772: 646: 12165: 9552:

Pe umerii lui Marx. O introducere în istoria comunismului românesc

8239: 8237: 8235: 3748: 3478:

From the moment it came to power and until Stalin's death, as the

2852:

In the meantime, the first measure taken by the cabinet was a new

2694:

to form a second government which collapsed within weeks. General

12521: 11567: 11519: 11350: 10277: 9899: 9894: 9710:, Istoria Gărzii de Fier, 1919–1941: Mistica ultranaționalismului 8540:, p.393-397; Deletant & Ionescu, p.29-30; Tismăneanu, p.51-53 8299:, p.218-219, 220; Deletant & Ionescu, p.19; Frunză, p.456-457 6414:(1st ed.). Baden-Baden, Germany: Nomos. pp. 1604–1605. 4907: 4281: 4231: 4168:

At the time, a new organization was instituted under the name of

4122: 4073:

While it appears that Romanian leaders genuinely approved of the

3791: 3787: 3693: 3495: 3439:

purges of Jews in particular from other Communist Parties in the

2886: 2383:, where improper feeding caused an outbreak of paralysis, and in 1884: 1873: 764: 748: 420: 6675: 6673: 4629: 4628:

Announced by a February 1987 protest of workers and students in

4035:. At the time, Ceauşescu made references to Gheorghiu-Dej's own 3666: 3251:(ensuring control through electoral alliances and the two-party 2093:

who looked to Gheorghiu-Dej as their leader) and the one around

759:, which was regarded as a colonial entity "illegally occupying" 9695:

Cristian Troncotă, "Siguranța și spectrul revoluției comuniste"

8232: 6075:, Ilarion Tiu, 10 mai 2006 - Accesat la data de 10 aprilie 2011 4917: 4897: 4700:

trade union—a sharp reversal of its previous opposition to the

4234:; this was the first in a succession of titles, also including 3839: 3658: 3503: 2830: 2365: 1693: 9181:

Deletant & Ionescu, p. 41–42; Frunză, p. 481–483

6192:

Carl Stychin (2003). "Sexuality and EU Accession in Romania".

5971:

Roger East, Jolyon Pontin, Bloomsbury Publishing, 6 Oct 2016,

4751:

Many former members of the PCR have been major players in the

4192:, and set up separate workers' councils for both communities. 2892: 1765: 361: 11130: 8749:, p.79-80, 429, 431, 489–490; Deletant & Ionescu, p.28-29 6670: 6490:." (Rangheț, 25–27 April 1945, in Colt). In the late 1940s, 6389:(1st ed.). Bucharest, Romania: POLIROM. pp. 49–52. 4449: 4393: 3677:), Romanian leaders took active part in the campaign against 3368: 2814:

ally, as well as, nominally, from the National Peasants' and

2157:'s mission to take over and reshape the surviving structure. 2101:. The exterior faction of the party was decimated during the 1688: 9264:, p.426-431; Deletant & Ionescu, p.30; Frunză, p.485-486 7611:"Romania's King Without a Throne Outlives Foes and Setbacks" 3239:

with delegates to the February 1948 PCR congress (the young

2414:, continued to back negotiations initiated by Antonescu and 2036:

tone of King Carol's regime (but in fact inaugurated by the

11597:

An asterisk indicates a party no longer espousing communism

11594:

Italics indicates a current ruling party or communist state

11296: 11261:

African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde

11222: 11171: 11017: 8945:, p.467-468; Deletant & Ionescu, p.33-34; Frunză, p.512 8527:, p.393-397; Deletant & Ionescu, p.29-30; Frunză, p.472 7217:, p.51-52; Deletant & Ionescu, p.4-5; Frunză, p.218-219 6352:. Gloucester, Massachusetts: Rockport Publishers. pp. 3730: 1829:; all major party figures, including the general secretary 709:) left at different intervals beginning with January 1921. 9698:("Siguranța and the Specter of Communist Revolution"), in 9216:

US Library of Congress: "The Communist Party"; Cioroianu,

8633:

US Library of Congress: "The Communist Party"; Cioroianu,

4509:, but as the main social factor and the embodiment of the 3696:, extended to, among other prisoners, ca. 6,700 guilty of 2690:

Sănătescu resigned in November, but was persuaded by King

9203:

US Library of Congress:"The Communist Party"; Cioroianu,

8172:

Deletant & Ionescu, p.10-11, 34; Tismăneanu, p.21, 31

8089:, p.204; Deletant & Ionescu, p.7; Tismăneanu, p.10-12 7906:, p.180-182, 200–203; Frunză, p.403-407; Tismăneanu, p.16 5021:

President of the State Council and Presidential elections

4015:

In 1965, Ceaușescu declared that Romania was no longer a

3890: 2567: 2391:

and were shot by retreating German troops in March 1944.

1074: 540:, and Lenin, was introduced in 1929 by the Soviet leader 330: 9398:"Noul Partid Comunist Român, condus de un șofer de taxi" 8868:, p.489; Deletant & Ionescu, p.31; Frunză, p.483-484 8788:, p.489; Deletant & Ionescu, p.30-31; Negrici, p.221 6107:

DECRET Nr. 770 din 1 octombrie 1966-Ministerul Justitiei

4590:'s reforms, Ceaușescu himself wanted nothing to do with 517:, a principle conceived by Russian Marxist theoretician 9659: 9097:, p.479; Deletant & Ionescu, p.34-35; Frunză, p.526 7278:, p.55-56; Frunză, p.173-174, 220–222, 237–238, 254–255 6346:

Adams, Sean; Morioka, Noreen; Stone, Terry Lee (2006).

4252:("valuable advice") was coined by official propaganda. 4085:, and refused to break links with Israel following the 3916: 3199:

The following months were dedicated to confronting the

12412:

National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement

10702:

National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement

10581:

National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement

4089:. Starting with the much-publicized visit by France's 3482:

erupted, the PMR endorsed Soviet requirements for the

3222: 2241:(as well as other Comintern officials) on charges of " 10967:

Current and former ruling parties of communist states

9631:, Washington, D.C., April 2004; retrieved 5 July 2007 7151:

Deletant, p.243, 265–266, 269, 344; Frunză, p.130-145

4113:

The 1974 ceremony marking Ceaușescu's investiture as

3952:

as Premier. Ceaușescu removed rivals such as Stoica,

3524: 2634:

Romanian Society for Friendship with the Soviet Union

2475:. A seminal event also occurred during those months: 787:

republic on Romanian territory; also in that year, a

501:

in 1964 and 1965) until it was officially renamed by

11424:

Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe

8575:

Deletant, p.266-269; Frunză, p.474, 504–509, 513–518

8426:, p.220; Deletant & Ionescu, p.18; Frunză, p.453 8378:, p.215; Frunză, p.437, 449; Tismăneanu, p.14-15, 50 7774:

Kligman, Gail; Verdery, Katherine (14 August 2011).

6795: 6793: 6791: 6789: 6787: 6134:

Romania Since 1989: Politics, Economics, and Society

5250: 4381:

miners went on strike, briefly took hold of Premier

4361:

Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe

4230:, following a ceremony during which he was handed a 4144:, while incorporating in it several aspects of past 2651:(which was absorbed by the former in November), the 1883:

at various intervals (Romanian groups in Moscow and

9748:

General Secretaries of the Romanian Communist Party

9326: 9324: 8919:

Deletant & Ionescu, p.26, 32; Frunză, p.510-512

8723:, p.404-405;"Comunismul și cel care a trăit Iluzia" 7454:, p.295-296; Deletant, p.245-262; Frunză, p.228-232 7142:, p.51; Deletant, p.243-245, 257; Frunză, p.126-129 6520: 4184:claimed interest in obtaining allegiance from both 1546:

Communist Party of Great Britain (Marxist–Leninist)

9539:" ("Communism and the Man Who Lived the Illusion") 9287: 9281: 9279: 7493:, p.62, 91–93, 174–176, 194–195; Frunză, p.219-220 6566:, p.36; Frunză, p.71; Troncotă, p.19; Veiga, p.115 6509:Brukenthalia. Supplement of Brukenthal, Acta Musei 6137:. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. p. 290. 4770: 4711:Communist rule effectively ended in Czechoslovakia 4308:). By March 1989, the debt had been paid in full. 2632:, disbanded in 1948), and a cultural society, the 2410:(and, together with the National Liberals' leader 2221:'s cession to Hungary later in the same year (the 1086:Repression of communists in the Kingdom of Romania 783:in southern Bessarabia, in an attempt to create a 8273:, p.212-217, 219, 220, 372–376; Frunză, p.440-444 6784: 6345: 6157: 5053:President elected by the Great National Assembly 4586:While some elements of the PCR were receptive to 4536:As recorded in 1984, 90% of the PCR members were 3416:, his chief "Muscovite"rival, as well as purging 2387:, where some 50 were victims of the authorities' 2379:). Most Jews from the PCdR category were held in 12759: 11120:African Party for the Independence of Cape Verde 9629:Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars 9356:Deletant & Ionescu, p.39-40; Iordachi, III.4 9347:, p.487-488; Deletant & Ionescu, p.37, 40–41 9321: 8629: 8627: 8625: 8623: 8621: 7933:Deletant & Ionescu, p.5-6; Frunză, p.403-407 7851:, p.194-195, 200–201; Frunză, p.359-363; 407–410 6227:Berliner Jahrbuch für osteuropäische Geschichte. 6130: 4392:). A newly created and independent trade union, 4199:The Xth Party Congress, Romanian stamp from 1969 3338:were enforced beginning 11 June 1948. The first 2675:(the latter claimed the legacy from the defunct 2418:with the United States and the United Kingdom). 9971:Federation of the Jewish Communities in Romania 9547:, Nr.25 (641), June 2002; retrieved 5 July 2007 9276: 9132:Deletant & Ionescu, p.38; Frunză, p.525-525 8645: 8643: 7834: 7619:, 27 January 2007; Retrieved on 7 December 2007 6807: 6805: 4748:parties, and remain major players to this day. 3302:A new series of economic changes followed: the 2525:in force, ordered the Romanian Army to enter a 607:, and organized training for its cadres at the 11018:People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola 9705: 9693: 9665: 9550: 9534: 9507: 9483: 9290:Revolution 1989: The Fall of the Soviet Empire 8815:Deletant & Ionescu, p.23-24; Iordachi, I.3 8207:, p.221, 314–315; Deletant & Ionescu, p.19 7832: 7830: 7828: 7826: 7824: 7822: 7820: 7818: 7816: 7814: 7773: 6460:, p.45; Communist press, 1923, in Frunză, p.30 4643:). In December, authorities convened a public 4023:and changed the name of the party back to the 2868:It was also then that, through Pătrășcanu and 1079: 802:, an original ideology which partly reflected 789:Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 727: 717: 588:, which harmed its relationship with even the 12089: 11622: 10952: 9931:Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party 9875: 9732: 8618: 7838:US Library of Congress: "The Communist Party" 6334:communism is a more radical leftist ideology. 6296:from the original on 21 May 2018 – via 3743:deportation to the inhospitable Bărăgan Plain 3622:who were supporters of Khruschevite reforms, 3310:(December 1946), and, in order to combat the 2698:was asked to form a government and appointed 2506:On 23 August 1944, King Michael, a number of 1802: 1126:Aggravation of class struggle under socialism 1055: 10829:Federation of Socialist Parties from Romania 10384:Romanian Social Democratic Party (1990–2001) 10379:Romanian Social Democratic Party (1927–1948) 9946:Democratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania 9936:Community of the Lipovan Russians in Romania 8640: 8453:, 1964, in Iordachi I.2; in Tismăneanu, p.49 8321:, p.345-352; Deletant & Ionescu, p.13-15 6802: 6409: 6384: 6191: 6111: 3901:'s first country to have accomplished this. 2398:, the PCdR proposed that all parties form a 2364:in general, to camps, prisons and makeshift 2198:In 1940, Romania had to cede Bessarabia and 1857:cabinets, equated Comintern membership with 435:that would replace the social system of the 10697:National Democratic Hungarian-Szekler Party 10622:Bratstvo Community of Bulgarians in Romania 9986:Justice and Respect in Europe for All Party 8842:Deletant & Ionescu, p.30; Frunză, p.483 7811: 7032:, 1971, Bucharest: Editura Politică. p. 199 6523:The political economy of Romanian socialism 3451:targeted Jews in the Soviet Union, and the 3192:, although there is evidence of widespread 2893:1945 restructuring and second Groza cabinet 795:, was established inside the Soviet Union. 12096: 12082: 11629: 11615: 10959: 10945: 9882: 9868: 9739: 9725: 6482:: " on August 23, 1944, our party had, in 6412:Elections in Europe : a data handbook 6198:. Portland: Hart Publishing. p. 117. 4525:policies developed in the Soviet Union by 2941:The Central Committee had 27 full members 1809: 1795: 1389:Economic Problems of Socialism in the USSR 1062: 1048: 880: 592:. It collapsed in 1989 in the wake of the 431:, it gave an ideological endorsement to a 54: 9638:("The History of Stalinism in Romania"), 9334:, p.486-487; Deletant & Ionescu, p.36 9285: 9032:, p.471-474; Deletant & Ionescu, p.24 8141:, p.136, 208; Tismăneanu, p.22, 23–24, 27 7786:10.23943/princeton/9780691149721.001.0001 4686:United Nations Commission on Human Rights 4493:. 64,200 basic party units, answering to 3034:– President of Central Control Commission 1591:Communist Party of the Russian Federation 679:Romanian Social-Democratic Workers' Party 27:Ruling party of Romania from 1953 to 1989 12873:Organizations of the Revolutions of 1989 12788:Political parties disestablished in 1989 12103: 10989:People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan 10753:Union of Patriots/National Popular Party 9966:Democratic Union of Turkic-Muslim Tatars 9154:, p.479; Deletant & Ionescu, p.42-43 8997:, p.469; Deletant & Ionescu, p.47-49 8932:, p.467; Deletant & Ionescu, p.32-33 8194:, p.291-294; Deletant & Ionescu, p.4 6645:Argetoianu, June 1922, in Troncotă, p.19 6240: 4557: 4469:ordered all citizens to hand over their 4419: 4194: 4108: 4104: 3925: 3806:persuaded the Soviets to withdraw their 3758: 3534: 3231: 2730: 2571: 2521:). King Michael then proclaimed the old 2431: 2170: 2029:' refusal to collaborate with the PCdR. 1994:, itself banned later in the same year. 645: 532:Ideologically, the PCR was committed to 482:into abdicating, and it established the 11100:Kampuchean People's Revolutionary Party 8220:, p.268-318; Frunză, p.367-370, 392–399 8011:, p.76, 181–182, 206; Frunză, p.393-394 6833:"Comunismul și cel care a trăit Iluzia" 6410:Nohlen, Dieter; Stöver, Philip (2010). 6219:Stalinism und Neo-Stalinism in Romania. 3435:The move against Pauker's group echoed 833:The PCdR's "foreign" image was because 661:The party was founded in 1921 when the 14: 12760: 12422:National Liberal Party (Romania, 1875) 11335:Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party 10834:Front of Socialist Unity and Democracy 9961:Democratic Union of Slovaks and Czechs 9951:Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania 9688:Cold War International History Project 9660:Romanian Institute for Cultural Memory 9625:Cold War International History Project 9621:Romania and the Warsaw Pact: 1955–1989 6229:Bd. 2). Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1994, 4240:("Leader"), "supreme commander of the 4174:Front of Socialist Unity and Democracy 4052:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 2726: 2568:In opposition to Sănătescu and Rădescu 1924:, who was at the time a member of the 1384:Dialectical and Historical Materialism 1075:Communist Party of Romania (1921–1948) 12778:Political parties established in 1921 12221:Unification of Moldavia and Wallachia 12200:Great National Assembly of Alba Iulia 12077: 11610: 11440:Seychelles People's Progressive Front 11034:People's Revolutionary Party of Benin 10940: 10647:General Jewish Labour Bund in Romania 10505:National Peasants' Party–Alexandrescu 10154: 9863: 9720: 9536:Comunismul și cel care a trăit Iluzia 9488:("The Myths of Romanian Communism"), 9110:, p.479; Deletant & Ionescu, p.35 9045:, p.473; Deletant & Ionescu, p.24 8971:, p.468; Deletant & Ionescu, p.33 7632:, p.93-94; Frunză, p.259-286, 329–359 7467:, p.77-93, 106–148; Frunză, p.240-258 6385:Giurgiu, Ioan; Pavel, Philip (2003). 6273: 5866: 5799: 5637: 5572: 4728:and eventually bringing to power the 4008:, and Romanian victims of the Soviet 3749:Gheorghiu-Dej and the "national path" 2468:, between the PCdR, the Soviets, and 1990:, a pro-Soviet group reaching out to 522: 406: 12863:Defunct socialist parties in Romania 12813:Defunct political parties in Romania 12602:Treceți, batalioane române, Carpații 11459:Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party 8334:, p.214; Frunză, p.442, 445, 449–450 7972:, p.195-196; Tismăneanu, p.19, 22–23 7946:, p.103; Deletant & Ionescu, p.3 7677:Elections in Europe: A data handbook 6246: 5015: 4271: 4218:At the XIth Party Congress in 1974, 3917:Romanian Communist Party (1965–1989) 1551:All-Union Communist Party Bolsheviks 1521:20th Congress of the Communist Party 12341:Alliance for the Union of Romanians 11934:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 11492:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 11320:Vanguard of the Malagasy Revolution 10854:National Liberal Ecologist Alliance 10399:Social Democratic Party of Bukovina 10389:Romanian Socialist Democratic Party 10339:Democratic National Salvation Front 10283:National Democratic Christian Party 10077:Alliance for the Union of Romanians 10006:Renewing Romania's European Project 8501:, p.221-223, 275–276; Frunză, p.458 7666: 7296:Barbu, p.187-188; Frunză, p.174-177 7116:, p.50; Frunză, p.213, 218–221, 402 6494:gave the same estimate (Cioroianu, 6027: 4858: 4491:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 4228:President of the Socialist Republic 3921: 3741:; another method of punishment was 3564:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 3506:border became the scene of massive 3400:, and the newly emerged and weaker" 3330:was being overtly condemned, while 3223:Romanian Workers' Party (1948–1965) 2624:and other Soviet appointees to the 590:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 24: 12747:Unification of Moldova and Romania 12553:Dac-am plecat, Ardealule, din tine 12236:Union of Transylvania with Romania 12185:Revolt of Horea, Cloșca and Crișan 11987:League of Communists of Yugoslavia 11805:Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party 11543:League of Communists of Yugoslavia 11506:Tuvan People's Revolutionary Party 11285:Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party 10212:Alliance of Liberals and Democrats 9591:, June 1999; retrieved 5 July 2007 6251:. www.eurhistxx.de. Archived from 4724:, begun as a popular rebellion in 4690:Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party 4130:cult of personality around himself 3546:(front row, right) at Bucharest's 3525:Gheorghiu-Dej and de-Stalinization 3469:President of the People's Republic 3383: 3203:, which was annihilated after the 2278:As Romania came under the rule of 1984:and other PCdR supporters created 1377:The History of the Communist Party 693:, a group of moderates (including 683:Social Democratic Party of Romania 408:[parˈtidulkɔmuˈnistrɔˈmɨn] 200: 25: 12889: 12838:1989 disestablishments in Romania 12828:Formerly ruling communist parties 12437:National-Christian Defense League 11720:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia 11195:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia 10884:Social Democratic Pole of Romania 10571:National-Christian Defense League 7955:1952 Constitution, in Cioroianu, 7609:Cioroianu, p.99; Craig S. Smith, 7480:, p.67-71, 372–373; Frunză, p.381 7432:, p.58-59; Frunză, p.198-200, 221 6016:Rolul UTC în angrenajul totalitar 5952:Social Democratic Party (Romania) 5251:Great National Assembly elections 4696:power-sharing agreement with the 4670:, sent Ceaușescu their so-called 4389:Jiu Valley miners' strike of 1977 3846:had been a traditional victim of 3190:Romanian elections of 19 November 2770:as well as the ministries of the 2514:and seized control of the state ( 1951:before and after the large-scale 669:faction won control of Romania's 12588:Pe-al nostru steag e scris Unire 12477:Everything For the Country Party 12336:National Identity Bloc in Europe 12226:Union of Bessarabia with Romania 12164: 11801:Hungarian Working People's Party 11763:Socialist Unity Party of Germany 11305:Lao People's Revolutionary Party 11280:Hungarian Working People's Party 11209:Socialist Unity Party of Germany 10748:Ecologist Union of Romania Party 10485:Democratic Peasants' Party–Stere 10419:Social Protection People's Party 10409:Social Democratic Workers' Party 10242:National Liberal Party–Tătărescu 9926:Bulgarian Union of Banat–Romania 9898: 9838: 9636:Istoria stalinismului în România 9441: 9415: 9390: 9377: 9368: 9359: 9350: 9337: 9312: 9267: 9254: 9245: 9236: 9223: 9210: 9197: 9184: 9175: 9166: 9157: 9144: 9135: 9126: 9113: 9100: 9087: 9074: 9061: 9048: 9035: 9022: 9013: 9000: 8987: 8974: 8961: 8948: 8935: 8922: 8913: 8902: 8893: 8884: 8871: 8858: 8845: 8836: 8827: 8818: 8809: 8800: 8791: 8778: 8765: 8752: 8739: 8726: 8713: 8704: 8691: 8678: 8665: 8656: 8605: 8596: 8587: 8578: 8569: 8556: 8543: 8530: 8517: 8504: 8491: 8478: 8465: 8456: 8442: 8429: 8416: 8403: 8394: 8381: 8368: 8355: 8346: 8337: 8324: 8311: 8302: 8289: 8276: 8263: 8250: 8223: 8210: 8197: 8184: 8175: 8166: 8153: 8144: 8131: 8118: 8105: 8092: 8079: 8066: 8053: 8040: 8027: 8014: 8001: 7988: 7975: 7962: 7949: 7936: 7927: 7918: 7909: 7896: 7883: 7870: 7854: 7841: 7802: 7767: 7754: 7741: 7728: 7715: 7702: 7689: 7653: 7644: 7635: 7622: 7603: 7590: 7577: 7567: 7554: 7545: 7536: 7523: 7514: 7505: 7496: 7483: 7470: 7457: 7444: 7435: 7422: 7413: 7400: 7387: 7374: 7361: 7352: 6601:Iordachi, I.2; Pokivailova, p.47 5919: 5912: 5890: 5883: 5882: 5852: 5845: 5844: 5822: 5815: 5780: 5773: 5751: 5744: 5743: 5721: 5714: 5713: 5691: 5684: 5683: 5662: 5661: 5654: 5653: 5624: 5623: 5616: 5615: 5554: 5553: 5546: 5510: 5509: 5502: 5501: 5461: 5460: 5453: 5452: 5416: 5409: 5368: 5361: 5325: 5318: 5217: 5191: 5165: 5139: 5108: 5077: 4359:Although Romania adhered to the 3702:active anti-communist resistance 3566:, in which Khurshchev initiated 3486:. Aligning the country with the 3249:Romanian Social Democratic Party 2591:National Liberal Party-Tătărescu 1776: 1764: 1752: 1394:Fundamentals of Marxism–Leninism 1379:of the Soviet Union (Bolsheviks) 1109: 635: 546:Romanian Social Democratic Party 360: 12482:People's Party – Dan Diaconescu 12447:National Liberal Party-Brătianu 12356:Romanian Socialist Party (2003) 10480:Democratic Peasants' Party–Lupu 10429:Socialist Party of Transylvania 10369:People's Party – Dan Diaconescu 10237:National Liberal Party–Câmpeanu 10232:National Liberal Party–Brătianu 9852:indicate interim officeholders. 9365:Deletant & Ionescu, p.39-40 9318:Deletant & Ionescu, p.35-36 9220:, p.428; Frunză, p.504-518, 520 9194:, p.415, 426–432; Frunză, p.521 9163:Deletant & Ionescu, p.37-39 9019:Deletant & Ionescu, p.42-44 8593:Deletant & Ionescu, p.25-26 8462:Deletant & Ionescu, p.18-19 7343: 7334: 7321: 7312: 7299: 7290: 7281: 7268: 7255: 7242: 7233: 7220: 7207: 7198: 7185: 7172: 7163: 7154: 7145: 7132: 7119: 7106: 7093: 7084: 7075: 7066: 7057: 7048: 7035: 7022: 7009: 6996: 6987: 6978: 6975:Frunză, p.72; Pokivailova, p.48 6969: 6966:Frunză, p.103–104, 149–154, 215 6960: 6947: 6938: 6929: 6916: 6903: 6894: 6885: 6876: 6867: 6854: 6845: 6836: 6827: 6814: 6775: 6766: 6753: 6744: 6735: 6722: 6713: 6700: 6691: 6682: 6657: 6648: 6639: 6630: 6617: 6604: 6595: 6582: 6569: 6556: 6543: 6514: 6511:, No. 4, Sibiu, 2014, p.199-200 6501: 6472: 6463: 6450: 6441: 6428: 6403: 6378: 6339: 6304: 6267: 6212: 6185: 6151: 4771:General secretaries (1921–1989) 4562:The 65th anniversary of the PCR 4264:", and the last edition of the 3972:, as well as the ascendancy of 3265:Partidul Muncitoresc Român, PMR 2938:became the other main leaders. 2723:Rădescu, who fled the country. 2683:'s faction (separated from the 2458:Second Jassy–Kishinev Offensive 2210:Soviet occupation of Bessarabia 2160: 12868:Nationalist parties in Romania 12833:Romania–Soviet Union relations 12783:1921 establishments in Romania 12231:Union of Bukovina with Romania 10879:Romanian Democratic Convention 10824:Democratic Group of the Centre 10682:Jewish National People's Party 10303:Progressive Conservative Party 9485:Miturile comunismului românesc 9123:, p.487-488; Frunză, p.486-489 9084:, p.478-479; Frunză, p.525-526 8566:, p.397-400; Frunză, p.473-474 8260:, p.300-319; Frunză, p.394-399 7780:. Princeton University Press. 6124: 6100: 6078: 6053: 6008: 5979: 5964: 5920: 5913: 5891: 5853: 5823: 5816: 5781: 5774: 5752: 5722: 5692: 5547: 5417: 5410: 5369: 5362: 5326: 5319: 4513:. In marked contrast with the 4244:", "honorary president of the 3893:advisers still present in the 2899:1946 Romanian general election 2880:, and constantly supported by 2622:Vladislav Petrovich Vinogradov 2440:greet Romania's new ally, the 2286:country, joined in the German 1581:Communist Party of New Zealand 1571:Italian Marxist–Leninist Party 738:fall of one-party rule in 1989 32:Communitarian Party of Romania 13: 1: 12818:Left-wing nationalist parties 12808:Socialist Republic of Romania 12567:Doamne, ocrotește-i pe români 12467:Romanian National Unity Party 12195:Wallachian Revolution of 1848 11455:Supreme Revolutionary Council 10768:Party of Young Free Democrats 10758:National Reconstruction Party 10652:Group of Transylvanian Saxons 10535:Transylvanian Peasants' Party 10334:Communist Party (Nepeceriști) 10273:Conservative-Democratic Party 10191:Romanian National Unity Party 10031:Social Liberal Humanist Party 9476:, 1990; retrieved 5 July 2007 9458: 7274:Barbu, p.187-189; Cioroianu, 6679:Deletant & Ionescu, p.4–5 5476:Alexander Danieliuk-Stefanski 4795:Alexander Danieliuk-Stefanski 4507:vanguard of the working class 3755:National Communism in Romania 3610:and encouraged Stalinists to 3542:(front row, left) seeing off 3374:vanguard of the working class 3050:– Politburo member, Secretary 3001:– Politburo member, Secretary 2995:– Politburo member, Secretary 2989:– Politburo member, Secretary 2876:, charged with investigating 2288:offensive against the Soviets 981:List of imprisoned communists 729:Partidul Comunist din România 712:The party renamed itself the 12878:Romanian nationalist parties 12848:Far-left politics in Romania 12803:Communist parties in Romania 12397:Democratic Nationalist Party 12190:Moldavian Revolution of 1848 11858:Polish United Workers' Party 11395:Polish United Workers' Party 11085:Communist Party of Kampuchea 10778:Republican Party (1990–1993) 10773:Republican Party (1993–2004) 10632:Democratic Union of the Roma 10217:Free and Independent Faction 10171:Democratic Nationalist Party 9941:Cultural Union of Ruthenians 9449:Ultimul conducator ilegalist 9141:Deletant & Ionescu, p.35 8899:Deletant & Ionescu, p.32 8710:Deletant & Ionescu, p.22 8662:Deletant & Ionescu, p.27 7587:, p.95-96; Frunză, p.287-308 7564:, p.64-66; Frunză, p.287-292 6521:William E. Crowther (1988). 6167:Revista Română de Sociologie 3366:(the Romanian equivalent of 2911:) and agreed to replace the 2561:Soviet occupation of Romania 2421: 2318:). Some communists, such as 2231:invasion of the Soviet Union 1895:(named after its proponent, 1491:Chinese Communist Revolution 824:Constantin Dobrogeanu-Gherea 7: 12858:Defunct nationalist parties 12711:Re-latinization of Romanian 12402:Bessarabian Peasants' Party 10799:Alliance for Romanian Unity 10677:Jewish Democratic Committee 10627:Cultural Union of Albanians 10465:Bessarabian Peasants' Party 10155: 9656:Central European University 9058:, p.486; Frunză, p.516, 518 8063:, p.207, 375; Frunză, p.437 7924:Deletant & Ionescu, p.5 7675:& Philip Stöver (2010) 7650:Deletant & Ionescu, p.2 6088:. Refworld. 1 February 1996 5937:List of Romanian communists 5930: 4680:. At around the same time, 4617: 4371:'s movement in support for 4363:(1973) and signed the 1975 3531:De-Stalinization in Romania 3461:new republican constitution 3227: 2874:Romanian People's Tribunals 2847:Ministers without Portfolio 2841:and the National Peasants' 2107:Alexandru Dobrogeanu-Gherea 1933:Great Depression in Romania 1906:Balkan Communist Federation 1511:Death and funeral of Stalin 1191:Soviet socialist patriotism 1080:Comintern and internal wing 841:was of Romanian ethnicity. 791:, roughly corresponding to 719:Partidul Socialist-Comunist 677:, successor to the defunct 423:. The successor to the pro- 301:Balkan Communist Federation 10: 12894: 12823:Far-left political parties 11664:Party of Labour of Albania 11528:Communist Party of Vietnam 11231:Workers' Party of Ethiopia 11062:African Independence Party 11003:Party of Labour of Albania 10849:Justice and Truth Alliance 10819:Christian Liberal Alliance 10475:Democratic Peasants' Party 10359:Party of Social Solidarity 10344:Democratic Party of Labour 10298:People's Party (2005–2006) 10288:National Renaissance Front 9921:Association of Macedonians 9425:. E-dromos. Archived from 9286:Sebetsyen, Victor (2009). 8958:, p.468-469; Frunză, p.512 8675:, p.409; Frunză, p.516-518 8343:Tismăneanu, p.37-38, 47–48 7663:, p.292; Frunză, p.355-357 7072:Frunză, p.123-125; 130–131 7006:, p.52; Frunză, p.103, 402 6984:Frunză, p.72, 105–107, 127 6438:, p.23-27; Frunză, p.21-22 6298:Friedrich Ebert Foundation 6158:Viviana Andreescu (2011). 4736:by the new authorities in 4621: 4292:. The profound neglect of 3935:invasion of Czechoslovakia 3826:of the late 1950s and the 3763:Foreign leaders attending 3752: 3528: 3490:, it officially condemned 3376:, reported that people of 2905:Mihai Viteazul High School 2896: 2673:Democratic Peasants' Party 2425: 2294:, it began talks with the 2164: 2080:National Renaissance Front 1606:Stalin Bloc — For the USSR 1561:Communist Party of Germany 1466:Soviet atomic bomb project 1083: 872:Communist movement in the 724:Communist Party of Romania 675:Socialist Party of Romania 642:Socialist Party of Romania 639: 630: 499:Partidul Muncitoresc Român 497:between 1948 and 1964 and 495:Partidul Muncitoresc Romîn 489:The party operated as the 484:Romanian People's Republic 473:Soviet occupational forces 429:Socialist Party of Romania 121:Socialist Party of Romania 29: 12853:Defunct communist parties 12724: 12698: 12640: 12627:Bessarabia, Romanian land 12618: 12537: 12530: 12499: 12472:Socialist Party of Labour 12432:National Fascist Movement 12384: 12366:Alliance for the Homeland 12346:Romanian Nationhood Party 12308: 12301: 12260: 12213: 12180: 12173: 12162: 12111: 11985: 11932: 11904: 11852: 11799: 11761: 11718: 11687:Bulgarian Communist Party 11685: 11662: 11653: 11649: 11563:List of communist parties 11558: 11535: 11512: 11498: 11484: 11473:National Liberation Front 11465: 11447: 11432: 11415: 11401: 11383: 11365: 11342: 11327: 11312: 11294: 11269: 11252: 11238: 11215: 11201: 11187: 11169: 11155:Congolese Party of Labour 11146: 11128: 11111: 11091: 11077: 11068: 11054: 11048:Bulgarian Communist Party 11040: 11026: 11009: 10995: 10981: 10972: 10921:List of political parties 10911: 10864:People's Democratic Front 10791: 10783:Transylvania–Banat League 10735: 10609: 10576:National Fascist Movement 10543: 10530:Socialist Peasants' Party 10470:Democratic Agrarian Party 10447: 10414:Socialist Party of Labour 10321: 10293:People's Party (1918–1938 10255: 10204: 10186:National Union from Banat 10163: 10150: 10127:Romanian Nationhood Party 10117:National Rebirth Alliance 10072:Alliance for the Homeland 10064: 10011:Romanian Nationhood Party 9908: 9847: 9836: 9754: 7384:, p.93; Frunză, p.187-189 6935:Frunză, p.90–91, 151, 215 6173:(3–4). București: 209–231 5997:, the Two-Faced Journal") 5993:, ziarul cu două fețe" (" 5942:Proclamation of Timişoara 5794: 5599: 5594: 5474: 5382: 5291: 5124: 5052: 4818:Provisional secretariat: 4765:Socialist Party of Labour 4753:post-1989 political scene 3767:'s funeral (March 1965). 3289:People's Democratic Front 3257:Constantin Titel Petrescu 2792:Petre Constantinescu-Iaşi 2665:National Democratic Front 2649:Socialist Peasants' Party 2529:with the Red Army on the 2223:Second Vienna Arbitration 1982:Petre Constantinescu-Iași 1978:Socialist Peasants' Party 1926:Communist Party of Poland 1833:, were prosecuted in the 1566:Communist Party of Greece 714:Socialist-Communist Party 368: 359: 354: 342: 323: 308:International affiliation 307: 294: 278: 266: 211: 196: 184: 172: 160: 148: 137: 131:Socialist Party of Labour 126: 116: 98: 80: 62: 53: 41: 12798:Banned communist parties 12768:Romanian Communist Party 12452:National Socialist Party 12427:Romanian Communist Party 12417:National Romanian Fascio 11906:Romanian Communist Party 11409:Romanian Communist Party 10722:Ukrainian Workers' Party 10717:Ukrainian National Party 10662:Hungarian People's Union 10657:Hungarian People's Party 10617:Autonomous Swabian Party 10591:National Socialist Party 10586:National Romanian Fascio 10566:National Christian Party 10500:National Peasants' Party 10394:Romanian Socialist Party 10374:Romanian Communist Party 10354:National Salvation Front 10132:Romanian Socialist Party 9956:Democratic Turkish Union 9627:, Working Paper No. 43, 9492:, Bucharest, 1997–1998. 9474:Country Study of Romania 7054:Deletant, p.196-197, 225 5957: 4761:Romanian Socialist Party 4730:National Salvation Front 4464:Minister of the Interior 4415: 4172:(eventually renamed the 4170:Front of Socialist Unity 4025:Romanian Communist Party 3871:texts (uncovered by the 3560:Twentieth Party Congress 3304:National Bank of Romania 3285:Hungarian People's Union 3269:Romanian Communist Party 3253:Frontul Unic Muncitoresc 3201:National Peasants' Party 3168:Romanian Communist Party 3110:and 8 candidate members 2704:Ministry of the Interior 2685:National Peasants' Party 2653:Hungarian People's Union 2452:reached and crossed the 2400:Blocul Național Democrat 2235:National Legionary State 2202:to the Soviet Union and 2182:regime, photographed in 2007:National Peasants' Party 2001:, the Communists backed 1974:Hungarian People's Union 1843:Minister of the Interior 1596:National Bolshevik Party 1586:Romanian Communist Party 1556:Albanian Party of Labour 1201:Transformation of nature 1181:Socialism in one country 988:1921 Dealul Spirii Trial 974:Repression of communists 897:Romanian Communist Party 609:Ștefan Gheorghiu Academy 605:Union of Communist Youth 443:and submitted to direct 395:Romanian Communist Party 167:Union of Communist Youth 44:Romanian Communist Party 30:Not to be confused with 12732:Anti-Romanian sentiment 12680:Nicolae Petrescu-Comnen 12658:Corneliu Zelea Codreanu 12392:Romanian National Party 12351:Social Democratic Party 12331:People's Movement Party 11376:Workers' Party of Korea 11180:Communist Party of Cuba 11139:Chinese Communist Party 10889:Social Democratic Union 10525:Radical Peasants' Party 10495:National Agrarian Party 10434:Socialist Workers Party 10404:Social Democratic Party 10308:Romanian National Party 10097:People's Movement Party 10056:Union of the Ukrainians 10026:Social Democratic Party 9916:Association of Italians 9662:; retrieved 5 July 2007 6732:, p.41; Frunză, p.51-53 6498:, p.45; Frunză, p.202). 6317:Encyclopædia Britannica 5230: 4544:, leader of the PCR in 4323:, where, following the 4258:Encyclopædia Britannica 3710:Romanian Roman Catholic 3426:right-wing deviationism 3261:Romanian Workers' Party 2537:The King named General 2167:Romania in World War II 1966:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 1669:Authoritarian socialism 1639:Stalin and antisemitism 1372:Foundations of Leninism 1034:Anti-fascist resistance 867:Part of a series on the 722:) and, soon after, the 491:Romanian Workers' Party 461:royal coup that toppled 403:Partidul Comunist Român 268:Political position 86:; 103 years ago 47:Partidul Comunist Român 12457:Crusade of Romanianism 12407:Democratic Union Party 12371:Romanian Village Party 12361:National Liberal Party 12293:Ferdinand I of Romania 11914:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej 11637:Leaders of the ruling 11477:Yemeni Socialist Party 10874:Right Romania Alliance 10859:National Union PSD+PUR 10727:Union of Romanian Jews 10707:People's Council Party 10556:Crusade of Romanianism 10439:United Socialist Party 10227:National Liberal Party 10222:Liberal Union–Brătianu 10176:Democratic Union Party 10092:Nation People Together 9996:National Liberal Party 9706: 9694: 9666: 9581:7 October 2007 at the 9551: 9535: 9508: 9484: 9470:US Library of Congress 9071:, p.478; Frunză, p.524 8855:, p.491; Frunză, p.480 8824:Frunză, p.476, 510–511 8391:, p.215; Frunză, p.438 8076:, p.375; Frunză, p.437 7861:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej 7195:, p.297; Frunză, p.208 7160:Frunză, p.171, 178–190 7090:Frunză, p.131-133, 139 7030:File din istoria U.T.C 7028:C. Bărbulescu et al., 5596:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej 5064:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej 4846:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej 4834:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej 4830:(April–September 1944) 4757:party of the same name 4709:and the same day that 4563: 4429: 4402:involuntary commitment 4288:, and worsened by the 4242:Romanian People's Army 4200: 4128:Ceaușescu developed a 4125: 4077:reforms undertaken by 3944:as general secretary, 3937: 3776: 3765:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej 3719:Danube-Black Sea Canal 3706:religious institutions 3675:Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn 3551: 3540:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej 3398:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej 3244: 3237:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej 2993:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej 2913:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej 2810:) and the traditional 2788:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej 2763: 2581: 2489:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej 2448:In early 1944, as the 2445: 2195: 2194:, is second from left) 1949:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej 1825:'s bomb attack on the 1654:Stalinist architecture 1294:Khorloogiin Choibalsan 1027:Grivița strike of 1933 956:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej 861:ideas in their midst. 745:industrial development 728: 718: 658: 550:Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej 402: 104:; 34 years ago 18:Romanian Workers Party 12560:Deșteaptă-te, române! 12546:Cântă cucu-n Bucovina 12316:Greater Romania Party 11854:Polish Workers' Party 11417:São Tomé and Príncipe 11391:Polish Workers' Party 10844:Hungarian German Bloc 10839:Green Ecologist Party 10814:Centre Right Alliance 10642:German People's Party 10364:Peasant Workers' Bloc 10329:Banat Socialist Party 10137:The Right Alternative 10112:Greater Romania Party 10082:Greater Romania Party 7533:, p.62; Frunză, p.233 6873:Frunză, p.84, 102–103 5947:Eastern Bloc politics 4828:Constantin Pîrvulescu 4561: 4500:political clientelism 4434:Constantin Pîrvulescu 4423: 4408:as a means to punish 4406:psychiatric hospitals 4313:systemize rural areas 4198: 4112: 4105:Ceaușescu's supremacy 3929: 3828:Soviet-Albanian split 3762: 3704:, as well as against 3596:Gheorghe Gaston Marin 3538: 3354:had been enclosed in 3306:was passed into full 3273:democratic centralism 3235: 3032:Constantin Pârvulescu 2917:Constantin Pîrvulescu 2885:effected through the 2768:Romanian Armed Forces 2741:Constantin Pîrvulescu 2734: 2720:Northern Transylvania 2657:Mitiţă Constantinescu 2611:Northern Transylvania 2575: 2508:Romanian Armed Forces 2493:Constantin Pîrvulescu 2435: 2338:. A statistic of the 2255:Gheorghe Gaston Marin 2219:Northern Transylvania 2174: 1939:Lupeni Strike of 1929 1900:Gheorghe Gh. Mârzescu 1839:Constantin Argetoianu 1827:Parliament of Romania 1729:Soviet–Albanian split 1664:Anti-Soviet agitation 1634:Rise of Joseph Stalin 649: 515:democratic centralism 513:, organized based on 457:Peasant Workers' Bloc 240:Left-wing nationalism 207:3.6 million–4 million 102:22 December 1989 12737:Bessarabian question 12690:Corneliu Vadim Tudor 12487:United Romania Party 12321:New Generation Party 12105:Romanian nationalism 11972:Konstantin Chernenko 10894:Social Liberal Union 10809:Centre Left Alliance 10763:Party of Free Change 10515:Peasants' Party–Lupu 10490:League Against Usury 10460:Agrarian Union Party 10278:Constitutional Party 10196:United Romania Party 9557:Editura Curtea Veche 7777:Peasants under Siege 7419:Cioroianu, p.161-162 6900:Pokivailova, p.46–47 6274:March, Luke (2009). 6247:Petrescu, Cristina. 5004:14th (November 1989) 4994:13th (November 1984) 4984:12th (November 1979) 4974:11th (November 1974) 4746:democratic socialist 4660:Alexandru Bârlădeanu 4580:Paul Niculescu-Mizil 4350:Transylvanian Saxons 4334:). By 1966, Romania 4205:Alexandru Bârlădeanu 4148:regimes in Romania ( 4115:President of Romania 4002:Miron Constantinescu 3982:Paul Niculescu-Mizil 3624:Miron Constantinescu 3600:Paul Niculescu-Mizil 3588:Alexandru Bârlădeanu 3344:Miron Constantinescu 2971:Miron Constantinescu 2547:coalition government 2539:Constantin Sănătescu 2376:Holocaust in Romania 2356:origin and those of 1920:—appointing instead 1887:, the sources of a " 1771:Socialism portal 1759:Communism portal 1674:Comparison to Nazism 1424:First five-year plan 1229:Yemelyan Yaroslavsky 1020:Tatarbunary Uprising 781:Tatarbunary Uprising 681:and the short-lived 527:President of Romania 475:, the PCR pressured 471:. With support from 433:communist revolution 296:European affiliation 279:National affiliation 236:Socialist patriotism 179:Pioneer Organization 12773:Romanian revolution 12283:Alexandru Ioan Cuza 11896:Mieczysław Rakowski 11891:Wojciech Jaruzelski 10926:Politics of Romania 10743:Ecological Movement 9991:League of Albanians 9678:Vladimir Tismăneanu 9646:Constantin Iordachi 9559:, Bucharest, 2005. 9466:The Communist Party 9429:on 18 February 2013 8352:Tismăneanu, p.34-36 8150:Tismăneanu, p.29-30 6957:, p.43, 52, 171–172 6488:concentration camps 6024:, 22 December 2006. 4934:7th (December 1955) 4924:6th (February 1948) 4914:5th (December 1931) 4734:tried, and executed 4718:Romanian Revolution 4624:Romanian Revolution 4610:and East Germany's 4250:indicații prețioase 4159:, announced by the 4157:Cultural Revolution 3998:Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu 3966:Ion Gheorghe Maurer 3950:Ion Gheorghe Maurer 3848:Russian imperialism 3796:Editura Cartea Rusă 3708:(most notably, the 3645:in response to the 3592:Ion Gheorghe Maurer 3496:independent actions 3445:anti-"Cosmopolitan" 3406:Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu 3243:stands to his left) 3038:Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu 3022:Alexandru Moghioroș 2956:Constantin Câmpeanu 2821:As a result of the 2780:Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu 2745:Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu 2727:First Groza cabinet 2630:Apărarea Patriotică 2609:in newly recovered 2607:Hungarian community 2551:Minister of Justice 2518:King Michael's Coup 2462:Lucrețiu Pătrășcanu 2444:, on 31 August 1944 2428:King Michael's Coup 2389:criminal negligence 2190:, future leader of 2176:Political prisoners 2143:Alexander Stefanski 2091:political prisoners 2063:or support for the 2025:as provoked by the 1922:Alexander Stefanski 1897:Minister of Justice 1876:to the tried PCdR. 1835:Dealul Spirii Trial 1783:Politics portal 1719:Sino-Albanian split 1699:National Bolshevism 1624:Anti-Stalinist left 1496:First Indochina War 1254:Sergo Ordzhonikidze 1141:Cult of personality 839:general secretaries 808:cooperative farming 707:Constantin Popovici 594:Romanian Revolution 582:cult of personality 455:, most notably the 453:front organizations 373:Politics of Romania 253:Social conservatism 12843:National communism 12793:Comintern sections 12706:Aromanian question 12288:Carol I of Romania 12146:National communism 12020:Dragoslav Marković 11924:Nicolae Ceaușescu 11246:New Jewel Movement 10268:Conservative Party 10065:Extraparliamentary 10041:Union of Croatians 10036:Union of Armenians 10016:Save Romania Union 9976:Force of the Right 9603:Palgrave Macmillan 9251:Iordachi, I.3, III 7616:The New York Times 7441:Frunză, p.200, 221 7397:, p.61-64, 159–161 6071:2018-03-13 at the 4964:10th (August 1969) 4884:2nd (October 1922) 4777:Gheorghe Cristescu 4676:, publicized over 4564: 4529:, Romania adopted 4430: 4365:Helsinki Final Act 4290:1979 energy crisis 4224:Mayor of Bucharest 4201: 4126: 4041:standard of living 4033:self-determination 4021:Socialist Republic 4017:People's Democracy 3986:Ion Popescu-Puțuri 3954:Alexandru Drăghici 3938: 3889:over the issue of 3784:national communism 3777: 3647:Revolution of 1956 3628:Iosif Chişinevschi 3604:Gheorghe Rădulescu 3552: 3447:campaign in which 3356:collective farming 3245: 3137:Dumitru Focșăneanu 3132:Alexandru Drăghici 3115:Liuba Chișinevschi 3106:– Politburo member 3104:Gheorghe Vasilichi 3076:– Politburo member 2973:– Politburo member 2966:Iosif Chișinevschi 2870:Alexandru Drăghici 2823:Potsdam Conference 2764: 2761:Gheorghe Vasilichi 2681:Anton Alexandrescu 2587:Gheorghe Tătărescu 2582: 2446: 2312:concentration camp 2196: 2053:Siguranța Statului 2038:1936 Craiova Trial 2015:Gheorghe Tătărescu 1958:In 1934, Stalin's 1872:'s granting of an 1855:Ion I. C. Brătianu 1847:Alexandru Averescu 1831:Gheorghe Cristescu 1704:National communism 1339:Vladimir Kryuchkov 1264:Vyacheslav Molotov 1259:Valerian Kuybyshev 1234:Kliment Voroshilov 1002:1936 Craiova Trial 927:Gheorghe Cristescu 874:Kingdom of Romania 820:centralized system 777:self-determination 659: 615:). In addition to 578:communist ideology 566:national communist 486:in December 1947. 437:Kingdom of Romania 348:The Internationale 261:National communism 69:Gheorghe Cristescu 12755: 12754: 12653:Nicolae Ceaușescu 12636: 12635: 12517:Cîntarea României 12495: 12494: 12302:Political parties 12278:Michael the Brave 12273:Stephen the Great 12256: 12255: 12205:Bridge of Flowers 12071: 12070: 12067: 12066: 12062: 12061: 12058: 12057: 11977:Mikhail Gorbachev 11957:Nikita Khrushchev 11876:Władysław Gomułka 11846: 11845: 11639:Communist parties 11604: 11603: 11553: 11552: 11549: 11548: 11359: 11358: 11163: 11162: 11107: 11106: 10934: 10933: 10907: 10906: 10869:Red Quadrilateral 10672:Italian Community 10520:Ploughmen's Front 10313:Vlad Țepeș League 10001:Party of the Roma 9891:Political parties 9857: 9856: 9700:Dosarele Istoriei 9642:, Bucharest, 1990 9615:Dennis Deletant, 9305:978-0-375-42532-5 9294:. New York City: 9273:Frunză, p.485-486 8806:Frunză, p.482-483 8400:Frunză, p.452-453 7795:978-0-691-14972-1 7685:978-3-8329-5609-7 7551:Frunză, p.234-239 7358:Frunză, p.183-184 7349:Frunză, p.181-182 7340:Frunză, p.180-184 7318:Frunză, p.180-181 7287:Frunză, p.186-190 7169:Frunză, p.163-170 6993:Frunză, p.106-107 6944:Pokivailova, p.45 6913:, p.42, 44, 48–50 6891:Pokivailova, p.47 6799:Pokivailova, p.48 6741:Troncotă, p.20–22 6636:Troncotă, p.18-19 6421:978-3-8329-5609-7 6396:978-3-8329-5609-7 6065:Și verzi și roșii 6060:Jurnalul Național 6005:, 14 January 2006 6002:Evenimentul Zilei 5928: 5927: 5796:Nicolae Ceaușescu 5532: 5487: 5438: 5395: 5384:Vitali Holostenco 5347: 5304: 5228: 5227: 5126:Nicolae Ceaușescu 5016:Electoral history 5013: 5012: 4894:3rd (August 1924) 4852:Nicolae Ceaușescu 4789:Vitali Holostenco 4742:social democratic 4702:Brezhnev Doctrine 4678:Radio Free Europe 4673:Letter of the Six 4588:Mikhail Gorbachev 4552:Goulash Communism 4527:Mikhail Gorbachev 4511:national interest 4426:Mikhail Gorbachev 4336:outlawed abortion 4278:Marxian economics 4272:Late 1970s crisis 4178:Central Committee 4091:Charles de Gaulle 3962:Central Committee 3948:as president and 3942:Nicolae Ceaușescu 3931:Nicolae Ceaușescu 3877:Stanisław Schwann 3863:'s publishing of 3836:Communist Albania 3824:Sino-Soviet split 3632:Constantin Doncea 3584:Grigore Preoteasa 3572:Nicolae Ceauşescu 3556:Nikita Khrushchev 3544:Nikita Khrushchev 3514:Tito–Stalin split 3422:Teohari Georgescu 3322:was imposed as a 3281:Ploughmen's Front 3241:Nicolae Ceaușescu 3217:People's Republic 3172:national interest 2987:Teohari Georgescu 2982:Constanța Crăciun 2961:Nicolae Ceaușescu 2932:Teohari Georgescu 2839:Mihail Romniceanu 2812:Ploughmen's Front 2753:Teohari Georgescu 2700:Teohari Georgescu 2661:Union of Patriots 2641:Ploughmen's Front 2626:Allied Commission 2523:1923 Constitution 2501:Communist Romania 2296:National Peasants 2251:German occupation 2214:Treaty of Craiova 2200:Northern Bukovina 2192:Communist Romania 2188:Nicolae Ceaușescu 2069:Spanish Civil War 1970:Ploughmen's Front 1918:Vitali Holostenco 1819: 1818: 1734:Tito–Stalin split 1724:Sino–Soviet split 1456:Spanish Civil War 1439:Industrialisation 1366:Theoretical works 1334:Nicolae Ceauşescu 1314:Nikos Zachariadis 1239:William Z. Foster 1186:Socialist realism 1072: 1071: 995:1924 Mârzescu Law 939:Vitali Holostenco 691:Bolshevist Russia 671:Social-Democratic 509:. The PCR was a 503:Nicolae Ceaușescu 391: 390: 378:Political parties 186:Paramilitary wing 127:Succeeded by 74:Nicolae Ceaușescu 64:General Secretary 16:(Redirected from 12885: 12535: 12534: 12512:Cenaclul Flacăra 12306: 12305: 12268:Vlad the Impaler 12178: 12177: 12168: 12098: 12091: 12084: 12075: 12074: 12035:Milanko Renovica 12010:Dušan Dragosavac 12000:Stevan Doronjski 11919:Gheorghe Apostol 11850: 11849: 11738:Alexander Dubček 11728:Klement Gottwald 11700:Valko Chervenkov 11660: 11659: 11656: 11655: 11651: 11650: 11631: 11624: 11617: 11608: 11607: 11426: 11363: 11362: 11263: 11167: 11166: 11122: 11102: 11075: 11074: 10979: 10978: 10975: 10974: 10961: 10954: 10947: 10938: 10937: 10158: 10152: 10151: 9903: 9902: 9884: 9877: 9870: 9861: 9860: 9842: 9741: 9734: 9727: 9718: 9717: 9712: 9697: 9669: 9605:, London, 2006. 9573: 9554: 9538: 9531: 9524:Adrian Cioroianu 9511: 9487: 9452: 9447:Paula Mihailov, 9445: 9439: 9438: 9436: 9434: 9419: 9413: 9412: 9410: 9408: 9394: 9388: 9387:, p.488, 493–494 9381: 9375: 9372: 9366: 9363: 9357: 9354: 9348: 9341: 9335: 9328: 9319: 9316: 9310: 9309: 9293: 9283: 9274: 9271: 9265: 9258: 9252: 9249: 9243: 9240: 9234: 9227: 9221: 9214: 9208: 9201: 9195: 9188: 9182: 9179: 9173: 9170: 9164: 9161: 9155: 9148: 9142: 9139: 9133: 9130: 9124: 9117: 9111: 9104: 9098: 9091: 9085: 9078: 9072: 9065: 9059: 9052: 9046: 9039: 9033: 9026: 9020: 9017: 9011: 9004: 8998: 8991: 8985: 8978: 8972: 8965: 8959: 8952: 8946: 8939: 8933: 8926: 8920: 8917: 8911: 8906: 8900: 8897: 8891: 8888: 8882: 8881:, p.416, 489–490 8875: 8869: 8862: 8856: 8849: 8843: 8840: 8834: 8831: 8825: 8822: 8816: 8813: 8807: 8804: 8798: 8795: 8789: 8782: 8776: 8769: 8763: 8756: 8750: 8743: 8737: 8730: 8724: 8717: 8711: 8708: 8702: 8695: 8689: 8682: 8676: 8669: 8663: 8660: 8654: 8647: 8638: 8631: 8616: 8609: 8603: 8602:Barbu, p.193-195 8600: 8594: 8591: 8585: 8582: 8576: 8573: 8567: 8560: 8554: 8547: 8541: 8534: 8528: 8521: 8515: 8508: 8502: 8495: 8489: 8482: 8476: 8469: 8463: 8460: 8454: 8446: 8440: 8433: 8427: 8420: 8414: 8407: 8401: 8398: 8392: 8385: 8379: 8372: 8366: 8359: 8353: 8350: 8344: 8341: 8335: 8328: 8322: 8315: 8309: 8306: 8300: 8293: 8287: 8280: 8274: 8267: 8261: 8254: 8248: 8241: 8230: 8227: 8221: 8214: 8208: 8201: 8195: 8188: 8182: 8179: 8173: 8170: 8164: 8157: 8151: 8148: 8142: 8135: 8129: 8122: 8116: 8109: 8103: 8096: 8090: 8083: 8077: 8070: 8064: 8057: 8051: 8044: 8038: 8031: 8025: 8018: 8012: 8005: 7999: 7992: 7986: 7979: 7973: 7966: 7960: 7953: 7947: 7940: 7934: 7931: 7925: 7922: 7916: 7915:Cioroianu, p.299 7913: 7907: 7900: 7894: 7887: 7881: 7880:, p.297, 298–300 7874: 7868: 7863:, in Cioroianu, 7858: 7852: 7845: 7839: 7836: 7809: 7806: 7800: 7799: 7771: 7765: 7758: 7752: 7745: 7739: 7732: 7726: 7719: 7713: 7706: 7700: 7693: 7687: 7670: 7664: 7657: 7651: 7648: 7642: 7639: 7633: 7626: 7620: 7607: 7601: 7594: 7588: 7581: 7575: 7571: 7565: 7558: 7552: 7549: 7543: 7540: 7534: 7527: 7521: 7518: 7512: 7509: 7503: 7502:Barbu, p.190-191 7500: 7494: 7487: 7481: 7474: 7468: 7461: 7455: 7448: 7442: 7439: 7433: 7426: 7420: 7417: 7411: 7404: 7398: 7391: 7385: 7378: 7372: 7365: 7359: 7356: 7350: 7347: 7341: 7338: 7332: 7325: 7319: 7316: 7310: 7303: 7297: 7294: 7288: 7285: 7279: 7272: 7266: 7259: 7253: 7246: 7240: 7237: 7231: 7224: 7218: 7211: 7205: 7202: 7196: 7189: 7183: 7176: 7170: 7167: 7161: 7158: 7152: 7149: 7143: 7136: 7130: 7123: 7117: 7110: 7104: 7097: 7091: 7088: 7082: 7079: 7073: 7070: 7064: 7061: 7055: 7052: 7046: 7039: 7033: 7026: 7020: 7013: 7007: 7000: 6994: 6991: 6985: 6982: 6976: 6973: 6967: 6964: 6958: 6951: 6945: 6942: 6936: 6933: 6927: 6920: 6914: 6907: 6901: 6898: 6892: 6889: 6883: 6882:Veiga, p.223–224 6880: 6874: 6871: 6865: 6858: 6852: 6849: 6843: 6840: 6834: 6831: 6825: 6818: 6812: 6809: 6800: 6797: 6782: 6779: 6773: 6770: 6764: 6757: 6751: 6748: 6742: 6739: 6733: 6726: 6720: 6717: 6711: 6704: 6698: 6695: 6689: 6686: 6680: 6677: 6668: 6661: 6655: 6652: 6646: 6643: 6637: 6634: 6628: 6621: 6615: 6608: 6602: 6599: 6593: 6586: 6580: 6573: 6567: 6560: 6554: 6547: 6541: 6540: 6518: 6512: 6505: 6499: 6476: 6470: 6467: 6461: 6454: 6448: 6445: 6439: 6432: 6426: 6425: 6407: 6401: 6400: 6382: 6376: 6375: 6343: 6337: 6336: 6333: 6327: 6325: 6308: 6302: 6301: 6295: 6280: 6271: 6265: 6264: 6262: 6260: 6244: 6238: 6216: 6210: 6209: 6189: 6183: 6182: 6180: 6178: 6164: 6155: 6149: 6148: 6128: 6122: 6115: 6109: 6104: 6098: 6097: 6095: 6093: 6082: 6076: 6057: 6051: 6050: 6048: 6046: 6041:on 26 April 2008 6037:. Archived from 6031: 6025: 6012: 6006: 5987: 5983: 5977: 5968: 5923: 5922: 5916: 5915: 5908: 5894: 5893: 5886: 5885: 5878: 5872: 5856: 5855: 5848: 5847: 5840: 5826: 5825: 5819: 5818: 5811: 5805: 5784: 5783: 5777: 5776: 5769: 5755: 5754: 5747: 5746: 5739: 5725: 5724: 5717: 5716: 5709: 5695: 5694: 5687: 5686: 5679: 5665: 5664: 5657: 5656: 5649: 5643: 5627: 5626: 5619: 5618: 5611: 5605: 5573:Did not compete 5557: 5556: 5550: 5549: 5542: 5527: 5513: 5512: 5505: 5504: 5497: 5482: 5464: 5463: 5456: 5455: 5448: 5433: 5420: 5419: 5413: 5412: 5405: 5390: 5372: 5371: 5365: 5364: 5357: 5342: 5329: 5328: 5322: 5321: 5314: 5299: 5255: 5254: 5224: 5221: 5220: 5198: 5195: 5194: 5172: 5169: 5168: 5146: 5143: 5142: 5115: 5112: 5111: 5084: 5081: 5080: 5025: 5024: 4863: 4862: 4859:Party congresses 4840:Gheorghe Apostol 4668:Corneliu Mănescu 4656:Gheorghe Apostol 4640:Brașov Rebellion 4568:rotația cadrelor 4538:ethnic Romanians 4467:George Homoștean 4446:Maramureș County 4345:Auslandsdeutsche 4280:and a series of 4246:Romanian Academy 4209:Corneliu Mănescu 4121:handing him the 4079:Alexander Dubček 4056:Patriotic Guards 4037:personality cult 3958:Gheorghe Apostol 3922:Ceaușescu's rise 3808:remaining troops 3698:political crimes 3608:personality cult 3568:De-Stalinization 3473:Gheorghe Apostol 3402:Secretariat wing 3348:collectivization 3308:public ownership 3123: 3100: 3088: 3018: 2946:Gheorghe Apostol 2863:collectivization 2816:National Liberal 2804:Lothar Rădăceanu 2757:Florica Bagdasar 2712:Andrey Vyshinsky 2362:Bessarabian Jews 2300:National Liberal 2292:Social Democrats 2204:Southern Dobruja 2115:Ecaterina Arbore 2027:Social-Democrats 1863:Leonte Filipescu 1811: 1804: 1797: 1781: 1780: 1769: 1768: 1757: 1756: 1755: 1629:De-Stalinization 1601:The Other Russia 1516:De-Stalinization 1434:Collectivisation 1349:Gennady Zyuganov 1304:Valko Chervenkov 1289:Lazar Kaganovich 1161:Marxism–Leninism 1136:Collectivization 1131:Anti-revisionism 1113: 1090: 1089: 1064: 1057: 1050: 884: 864: 863: 835:ethnic Romanians 731: 721: 558:de-Stalinization 534:Marxism–Leninism 410: 364: 335: 329: 242: 222:Marxism–Leninism 204: 202: 191:Patriotic Guards 187: 117:Preceded by 112: 110: 105: 94: 92: 87: 58: 39: 38: 21: 12893: 12892: 12888: 12887: 12886: 12884: 12883: 12882: 12758: 12757: 12756: 12751: 12720: 12716:Romanianization 12694: 12632: 12614: 12531:Popular culture 12526: 12491: 12380: 12297: 12252: 12246:Greater Romania 12209: 12169: 12160: 12139:Neo-Legionarism 12107: 12102: 12072: 12063: 12054: 12050:Milan Pančevski 12030:Vidoje Žarković 11995:Josip Broz Tito 11981: 11962:Leonid Brezhnev 11952:Georgy Malenkov 11928: 11900: 11886:Stanisław Kania 11866:Bolesław Bierut 11856: 11842: 11803: 11795: 11781:Walter Ulbricht 11757: 11733:Antonín Novotný 11714: 11695:Georgi Dimitrov 11681: 11645: 11635: 11605: 11600: 11554: 11545: 11531: 11517: 11508: 11494: 11480: 11461: 11443: 11428: 11422: 11411: 11397: 11379: 11355: 11338: 11323: 11308: 11290: 11289: 11265: 11259: 11248: 11234: 11211: 11197: 11183: 11159: 11142: 11124: 11118: 11103: 11098: 11087: 11064: 11050: 11036: 11022: 11005: 10991: 10968: 10965: 10935: 10930: 10916:Portal:Politics 10903: 10804:Alliance PSD+PC 10787: 10731: 10667:Hungarian Union 10610:Ethnic minority 10605: 10596:Romanian Action 10539: 10510:Peasants' Party 10455:Agrarian League 10443: 10424:Socialist Party 10317: 10251: 10200: 10159: 10156: 10146: 10107:Ecologist Party 10060: 9904: 9897: 9888: 9858: 9853: 9843: 9834: 9750: 9745: 9708:Francisco Veiga 9672:Magazin Istoric 9634:Victor Frunză, 9595:Dennis Deletant 9588:Magazin Istoric 9583:Wayback Machine 9571: 9529: 9461: 9456: 9455: 9446: 9442: 9432: 9430: 9421: 9420: 9416: 9406: 9404: 9396: 9395: 9391: 9382: 9378: 9373: 9369: 9364: 9360: 9355: 9351: 9342: 9338: 9329: 9322: 9317: 9313: 9306: 9284: 9277: 9272: 9268: 9259: 9255: 9250: 9246: 9241: 9237: 9228: 9224: 9215: 9211: 9202: 9198: 9189: 9185: 9180: 9176: 9171: 9167: 9162: 9158: 9149: 9145: 9140: 9136: 9131: 9127: 9118: 9114: 9105: 9101: 9092: 9088: 9079: 9075: 9066: 9062: 9053: 9049: 9040: 9036: 9027: 9023: 9018: 9014: 9005: 9001: 8992: 8988: 8979: 8975: 8966: 8962: 8953: 8949: 8940: 8936: 8927: 8923: 8918: 8914: 8907: 8903: 8898: 8894: 8889: 8885: 8876: 8872: 8863: 8859: 8850: 8846: 8841: 8837: 8832: 8828: 8823: 8819: 8814: 8810: 8805: 8801: 8796: 8792: 8783: 8779: 8770: 8766: 8757: 8753: 8744: 8740: 8731: 8727: 8718: 8714: 8709: 8705: 8696: 8692: 8683: 8679: 8670: 8666: 8661: 8657: 8648: 8641: 8632: 8619: 8610: 8606: 8601: 8597: 8592: 8588: 8583: 8579: 8574: 8570: 8561: 8557: 8548: 8544: 8535: 8531: 8522: 8518: 8509: 8505: 8496: 8492: 8483: 8479: 8470: 8466: 8461: 8457: 8447: 8443: 8434: 8430: 8421: 8417: 8408: 8404: 8399: 8395: 8386: 8382: 8373: 8369: 8360: 8356: 8351: 8347: 8342: 8338: 8329: 8325: 8316: 8312: 8307: 8303: 8294: 8290: 8281: 8277: 8268: 8264: 8255: 8251: 8242: 8233: 8228: 8224: 8215: 8211: 8202: 8198: 8189: 8185: 8180: 8176: 8171: 8167: 8158: 8154: 8149: 8145: 8136: 8132: 8123: 8119: 8110: 8106: 8097: 8093: 8084: 8080: 8071: 8067: 8058: 8054: 8045: 8041: 8032: 8028: 8019: 8015: 8006: 8002: 7993: 7989: 7980: 7976: 7967: 7963: 7954: 7950: 7941: 7937: 7932: 7928: 7923: 7919: 7914: 7910: 7901: 7897: 7888: 7884: 7875: 7871: 7859: 7855: 7846: 7842: 7837: 7812: 7807: 7803: 7796: 7772: 7768: 7759: 7755: 7746: 7742: 7733: 7729: 7720: 7716: 7707: 7703: 7694: 7690: 7671: 7667: 7658: 7654: 7649: 7645: 7640: 7636: 7627: 7623: 7608: 7604: 7595: 7591: 7582: 7578: 7572: 7568: 7559: 7555: 7550: 7546: 7541: 7537: 7528: 7524: 7519: 7515: 7510: 7506: 7501: 7497: 7488: 7484: 7475: 7471: 7462: 7458: 7449: 7445: 7440: 7436: 7427: 7423: 7418: 7414: 7410:, p.63, 159–160 7405: 7401: 7392: 7388: 7379: 7375: 7366: 7362: 7357: 7353: 7348: 7344: 7339: 7335: 7326: 7322: 7317: 7313: 7304: 7300: 7295: 7291: 7286: 7282: 7273: 7269: 7260: 7256: 7247: 7243: 7238: 7234: 7225: 7221: 7212: 7208: 7203: 7199: 7190: 7186: 7177: 7173: 7168: 7164: 7159: 7155: 7150: 7146: 7137: 7133: 7124: 7120: 7111: 7107: 7098: 7094: 7089: 7085: 7080: 7076: 7071: 7067: 7062: 7058: 7053: 7049: 7040: 7036: 7027: 7023: 7014: 7010: 7001: 6997: 6992: 6988: 6983: 6979: 6974: 6970: 6965: 6961: 6952: 6948: 6943: 6939: 6934: 6930: 6921: 6917: 6908: 6904: 6899: 6895: 6890: 6886: 6881: 6877: 6872: 6868: 6864:, p.43, 170–171 6859: 6855: 6850: 6846: 6841: 6837: 6832: 6828: 6819: 6815: 6810: 6803: 6798: 6785: 6780: 6776: 6772:Frunză, p.53–62 6771: 6767: 6758: 6754: 6750:Frunză, p.58–62 6749: 6745: 6740: 6736: 6727: 6723: 6719:Frunză, p.49–50 6718: 6714: 6705: 6701: 6697:Frunză, p.32–33 6696: 6692: 6688:Frunză, p.38–39 6687: 6683: 6678: 6671: 6662: 6658: 6653: 6649: 6644: 6640: 6635: 6631: 6622: 6618: 6609: 6605: 6600: 6596: 6587: 6583: 6574: 6570: 6561: 6557: 6548: 6544: 6537: 6519: 6515: 6506: 6502: 6477: 6473: 6468: 6464: 6455: 6451: 6447:Frunză, p.25-28 6446: 6442: 6433: 6429: 6422: 6408: 6404: 6397: 6383: 6379: 6364: 6344: 6340: 6331: 6323: 6321: 6320:. 15 April 2009 6310: 6309: 6305: 6293: 6278: 6272: 6268: 6258: 6256: 6255:on 5 March 2014 6245: 6241: 6217: 6213: 6206: 6190: 6186: 6176: 6174: 6162: 6156: 6152: 6145: 6129: 6125: 6116: 6112: 6105: 6101: 6091: 6089: 6084: 6083: 6079: 6073:Wayback Machine 6058: 6054: 6044: 6042: 6033: 6032: 6028: 6013: 6009: 5985: 5984: 5980: 5969: 5965: 5960: 5933: 5909: 5906: 5879: 5876: 5867: 5841: 5838: 5812: 5809: 5800: 5770: 5767: 5740: 5737: 5710: 5707: 5680: 5677: 5650: 5647: 5638: 5612: 5609: 5600: 5543: 5540: 5515: 5498: 5495: 5449: 5446: 5406: 5403: 5358: 5355: 5315: 5312: 5253: 5233: 5222: 5218: 5196: 5192: 5170: 5166: 5144: 5140: 5113: 5109: 5082: 5078: 5034:Party candidate 5023: 5018: 4954:9th (July 1965) 4944:8th (June 1960) 4904:4th (July 1928) 4861: 4773: 4682:systematization 4664:Grigore Răceanu 4650:Inaugurated by 4626: 4620: 4418: 4325:1977 earthquake 4298:quality of life 4296:and decline in 4286:1973 oil crisis 4274: 4220:Gheorghe Cioară 4107: 4068:Leonid Brezhnev 4064:Josip Broz Tito 3924: 3919: 3887:Leonid Brezhnev 3812:Josip Broz Tito 3773:Anastas Mikoyan 3757: 3751: 3679:Boris Pasternak 3576:Gheorghe Stoica 3548:Băneasa Airport 3533: 3527: 3492:Josip Broz Tito 3386: 3384:Internal purges 3342:, conceived by 3336:planned economy 3332:nationalization 3320:monetary reform 3230: 3225: 3194:electoral fraud 3152:Gheorghe Radnev 3117: 3094: 3082: 3080:Elena Tudorache 3069:Leontin Silaghi 3043:Andrei Pătrașcu 3012: 3005:Gheorghe Maurer 2901: 2895: 2790:), Propaganda ( 2729: 2696:Nicolae Rădescu 2677:Peasants' Party 2669:Nicolae L. Lupu 2580:'s ANEF Stadium 2570: 2430: 2424: 2358:ethnic Romanian 2354:Jewish Romanian 2269:Nicolae Cristea 2239:Georgi Dimitrov 2169: 2163: 2153:. It was to be 2131:Ion Dic Dicescu 2123:Elena Filipescu 2055:, the Romanian 1953:Grivița Strikes 1815: 1775: 1763: 1753: 1751: 1744: 1743: 1739:Totalitarianism 1619: 1611: 1610: 1541: 1533: 1532: 1526:Khrushchev Thaw 1471:Greek Civil War 1407: 1399: 1398: 1378: 1367: 1359: 1358: 1354:Aleksandr Dugin 1309:Georgy Malenkov 1284:Walter Ulbricht 1274:Bolesław Bierut 1244:Georgi Dimitrov 1219: 1211: 1210: 1146:Five-year plans 1121: 1088: 1082: 1077: 1068: 1039: 1038: 1015: 1007: 1006: 969: 961: 960: 922: 914: 913: 892: 816:Peasants' Party 757:Greater Romania 751:among Romanian 652:Nicolae Tonitza 644: 638: 633: 511:communist party 441:interwar period 417:communist party 387: 333: 327: 315: 286: 259: 255: 251: 243: 238: 234: 233: 224: 220: 198: 185: 108: 106: 103: 90: 88: 85: 84:8 May 1921 72: 49: 48: 45: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12891: 12881: 12880: 12875: 12870: 12865: 12860: 12855: 12850: 12845: 12840: 12835: 12830: 12825: 12820: 12815: 12810: 12805: 12800: 12795: 12790: 12785: 12780: 12775: 12770: 12753: 12752: 12750: 12749: 12744: 12739: 12734: 12728: 12726: 12725:Related topics 12722: 12721: 12719: 12718: 12713: 12708: 12702: 12700: 12696: 12695: 12693: 12692: 12687: 12682: 12677: 12672: 12671: 12670: 12663:Mihai Eminescu 12660: 12655: 12650: 12644: 12642: 12638: 12637: 12634: 12633: 12631: 12630: 12622: 12620: 12616: 12615: 12613: 12612: 12605: 12598: 12591: 12584: 12577: 12570: 12563: 12556: 12549: 12541: 12539: 12532: 12528: 12527: 12525: 12524: 12519: 12514: 12509: 12503: 12501: 12497: 12496: 12493: 12492: 12490: 12489: 12484: 12479: 12474: 12469: 12464: 12462:Romanian Front 12459: 12454: 12449: 12444: 12439: 12434: 12429: 12424: 12419: 12414: 12409: 12404: 12399: 12394: 12388: 12386: 12382: 12381: 12379: 12378: 12376:S.O.S. Romania 12373: 12368: 12363: 12358: 12353: 12348: 12343: 12338: 12333: 12328: 12323: 12318: 12312: 12310: 12303: 12299: 12298: 12296: 12295: 12290: 12285: 12280: 12275: 12270: 12264: 12262: 12258: 12257: 12254: 12253: 12251: 12250: 12249: 12248: 12238: 12233: 12228: 12223: 12217: 12215: 12211: 12210: 12208: 12207: 12202: 12197: 12192: 12187: 12181: 12175: 12171: 12170: 12163: 12161: 12159: 12158: 12153: 12148: 12143: 12142: 12141: 12131: 12126: 12121: 12115: 12113: 12109: 12108: 12101: 12100: 12093: 12086: 12078: 12069: 12068: 12065: 12064: 12060: 12059: 12056: 12055: 12053: 12052: 12047: 12042: 12037: 12032: 12027: 12022: 12017: 12012: 12007: 12002: 11997: 11991: 11989: 11983: 11982: 11980: 11979: 11974: 11969: 11964: 11959: 11954: 11949: 11944: 11942:Vladimir Lenin 11938: 11936: 11930: 11929: 11927: 11926: 11921: 11916: 11910: 11908: 11902: 11901: 11899: 11898: 11893: 11888: 11883: 11878: 11873: 11868: 11862: 11860: 11847: 11844: 11843: 11841: 11840: 11835: 11830: 11825: 11820: 11815: 11809: 11807: 11797: 11796: 11794: 11793: 11788: 11786:Erich Honecker 11783: 11778: 11776:Otto Grotewohl 11773: 11767: 11765: 11759: 11758: 11756: 11755: 11750: 11745: 11740: 11735: 11730: 11724: 11722: 11716: 11715: 11713: 11712: 11710:Petar Mladenov 11707: 11702: 11697: 11691: 11689: 11683: 11682: 11680: 11679: 11674: 11668: 11666: 11654: 11647: 11646: 11634: 11633: 11626: 11619: 11611: 11602: 11601: 11599: 11598: 11595: 11591: 11590: 11585: 11580: 11575: 11570: 11565: 11559: 11556: 11555: 11551: 11550: 11547: 11546: 11541: 11539: 11533: 11532: 11525: 11523: 11510: 11509: 11504: 11502: 11496: 11495: 11490: 11488: 11482: 11481: 11471: 11469: 11463: 11462: 11453: 11451: 11445: 11444: 11438: 11436: 11430: 11429: 11421: 11419: 11413: 11412: 11407: 11405: 11399: 11398: 11389: 11387: 11381: 11380: 11373: 11371: 11360: 11357: 11356: 11348: 11346: 11340: 11339: 11333: 11331: 11325: 11324: 11318: 11316: 11310: 11309: 11302: 11300: 11292: 11291: 11288: 11287: 11282: 11276: 11275: 11273: 11267: 11266: 11258: 11256: 11250: 11249: 11244: 11242: 11236: 11235: 11221: 11219: 11213: 11212: 11207: 11205: 11199: 11198: 11193: 11191: 11189:Czechoslovakia 11185: 11184: 11177: 11175: 11164: 11161: 11160: 11152: 11150: 11144: 11143: 11136: 11134: 11126: 11125: 11117: 11115: 11109: 11108: 11105: 11104: 11097: 11095: 11089: 11088: 11083: 11081: 11072: 11066: 11065: 11060: 11058: 11052: 11051: 11046: 11044: 11038: 11037: 11032: 11030: 11024: 11023: 11015: 11013: 11007: 11006: 11001: 10999: 10993: 10992: 10987: 10985: 10973: 10970: 10969: 10964: 10963: 10956: 10949: 10941: 10932: 10931: 10929: 10928: 10923: 10918: 10912: 10909: 10908: 10905: 10904: 10902: 10901: 10896: 10891: 10886: 10881: 10876: 10871: 10866: 10861: 10856: 10851: 10846: 10841: 10836: 10831: 10826: 10821: 10816: 10811: 10806: 10801: 10795: 10793: 10789: 10788: 10786: 10785: 10780: 10775: 10770: 10765: 10760: 10755: 10750: 10745: 10739: 10737: 10733: 10732: 10730: 10729: 10724: 10719: 10714: 10709: 10704: 10699: 10694: 10689: 10684: 10679: 10674: 10669: 10664: 10659: 10654: 10649: 10644: 10639: 10634: 10629: 10624: 10619: 10613: 10611: 10607: 10606: 10604: 10603: 10601:Romanian Front 10598: 10593: 10588: 10583: 10578: 10573: 10568: 10563: 10558: 10553: 10547: 10545: 10541: 10540: 10538: 10537: 10532: 10527: 10522: 10517: 10512: 10507: 10502: 10497: 10492: 10487: 10482: 10477: 10472: 10467: 10462: 10457: 10451: 10449: 10445: 10444: 10442: 10441: 10436: 10431: 10426: 10421: 10416: 10411: 10406: 10401: 10396: 10391: 10386: 10381: 10376: 10371: 10366: 10361: 10356: 10351: 10346: 10341: 10336: 10331: 10325: 10323: 10319: 10318: 10316: 10315: 10310: 10305: 10300: 10295: 10290: 10285: 10280: 10275: 10270: 10265: 10259: 10257: 10253: 10252: 10250: 10249: 10244: 10239: 10234: 10229: 10224: 10219: 10214: 10208: 10206: 10202: 10201: 10199: 10198: 10193: 10188: 10183: 10181:National Party 10178: 10173: 10167: 10165: 10161: 10160: 10148: 10147: 10145: 10144: 10139: 10134: 10129: 10124: 10119: 10114: 10109: 10104: 10099: 10094: 10089: 10084: 10079: 10074: 10068: 10066: 10062: 10061: 10059: 10058: 10053: 10051:Union of Serbs 10048: 10046:Union of Poles 10043: 10038: 10033: 10028: 10023: 10021:S.O.S. Romania 10018: 10013: 10008: 10003: 9998: 9993: 9988: 9983: 9981:Hellenic Union 9978: 9973: 9968: 9963: 9958: 9953: 9948: 9943: 9938: 9933: 9928: 9923: 9918: 9912: 9910: 9906: 9905: 9887: 9886: 9879: 9872: 9864: 9855: 9854: 9848: 9845: 9844: 9837: 9835: 9833: 9832: 9827: 9822: 9817: 9812: 9793: 9788: 9781: 9776: 9771: 9766: 9761: 9755: 9752: 9751: 9744: 9743: 9736: 9729: 9721: 9715: 9714: 9703: 9691: 9675: 9663: 9643: 9632: 9617:Mihail Ionescu 9613: 9592: 9569: 9568: 9567: 9548: 9521: 9520: 9519: 9513: 9490:Editura Nemira 9477: 9460: 9457: 9454: 9453: 9440: 9414: 9389: 9376: 9367: 9358: 9349: 9336: 9320: 9311: 9304: 9296:Pantheon Books 9275: 9266: 9253: 9244: 9235: 9222: 9209: 9196: 9183: 9174: 9165: 9156: 9143: 9134: 9125: 9112: 9099: 9086: 9073: 9060: 9047: 9034: 9021: 9012: 8999: 8986: 8973: 8960: 8947: 8934: 8921: 8912: 8901: 8892: 8883: 8870: 8857: 8844: 8835: 8826: 8817: 8808: 8799: 8790: 8777: 8764: 8751: 8738: 8725: 8712: 8703: 8690: 8677: 8664: 8655: 8639: 8617: 8604: 8595: 8586: 8577: 8568: 8555: 8542: 8529: 8516: 8503: 8490: 8477: 8464: 8455: 8441: 8428: 8415: 8402: 8393: 8380: 8367: 8354: 8345: 8336: 8323: 8310: 8301: 8288: 8275: 8262: 8249: 8231: 8222: 8209: 8196: 8183: 8174: 8165: 8152: 8143: 8130: 8117: 8104: 8091: 8078: 8065: 8052: 8039: 8026: 8013: 8000: 7987: 7974: 7961: 7948: 7935: 7926: 7917: 7908: 7895: 7882: 7869: 7853: 7840: 7810: 7801: 7794: 7766: 7753: 7740: 7727: 7714: 7701: 7688: 7679:, pp1604–1610 7665: 7652: 7643: 7634: 7621: 7602: 7589: 7576: 7566: 7553: 7544: 7535: 7522: 7513: 7504: 7495: 7482: 7469: 7456: 7443: 7434: 7421: 7412: 7399: 7386: 7373: 7360: 7351: 7342: 7333: 7320: 7311: 7298: 7289: 7280: 7267: 7254: 7241: 7232: 7219: 7206: 7197: 7184: 7171: 7162: 7153: 7144: 7131: 7118: 7105: 7092: 7083: 7074: 7065: 7056: 7047: 7034: 7021: 7008: 6995: 6986: 6977: 6968: 6959: 6946: 6937: 6928: 6915: 6902: 6893: 6884: 6875: 6866: 6853: 6844: 6835: 6826: 6813: 6801: 6783: 6774: 6765: 6752: 6743: 6734: 6721: 6712: 6699: 6690: 6681: 6669: 6656: 6654:Troncotă, p.19 6647: 6638: 6629: 6616: 6603: 6594: 6581: 6568: 6555: 6542: 6535: 6529:. p. 46. 6513: 6500: 6471: 6462: 6449: 6440: 6427: 6420: 6402: 6395: 6377: 6362: 6338: 6303: 6266: 6239: 6211: 6204: 6184: 6150: 6143: 6123: 6110: 6099: 6077: 6052: 6026: 6007: 5978: 5962: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5955: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5932: 5929: 5926: 5925: 5917: 5910: 5905: 5903: 5897: 5896: 5888: 5880: 5875: 5873: 5865: 5859: 5858: 5850: 5842: 5837: 5835: 5829: 5828: 5820: 5813: 5808: 5806: 5798: 5793: 5787: 5786: 5778: 5771: 5766: 5764: 5758: 5757: 5749: 5741: 5736: 5734: 5728: 5727: 5719: 5711: 5706: 5704: 5698: 5697: 5689: 5681: 5676: 5674: 5668: 5667: 5659: 5651: 5646: 5644: 5636: 5630: 5629: 5621: 5613: 5608: 5606: 5598: 5593: 5587: 5586: 5581: 5575: 5574: 5571: 5569:Boris Stefanov 5566: 5560: 5559: 5551: 5544: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5523: 5517: 5516: 5507: 5499: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5478: 5473: 5467: 5466: 5458: 5450: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5429: 5423: 5422: 5414: 5407: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5386: 5381: 5375: 5374: 5366: 5359: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5338: 5332: 5331: 5323: 5316: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5295: 5290: 5284: 5283: 5278: 5275: 5272: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5252: 5249: 5232: 5229: 5226: 5225: 5212: 5209: 5206: 5200: 5199: 5186: 5183: 5180: 5174: 5173: 5160: 5157: 5154: 5148: 5147: 5134: 5131: 5128: 5123: 5117: 5116: 5103: 5100: 5097: 5092: 5086: 5085: 5072: 5069: 5066: 5061: 5055: 5054: 5050: 5049: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5011: 5010: 5005: 5001: 5000: 4995: 4991: 4990: 4985: 4981: 4980: 4975: 4971: 4970: 4965: 4961: 4960: 4955: 4951: 4950: 4945: 4941: 4940: 4935: 4931: 4930: 4925: 4921: 4920: 4915: 4911: 4910: 4905: 4901: 4900: 4895: 4891: 4890: 4885: 4881: 4880: 4875: 4874:1st (May 1921) 4871: 4870: 4867: 4860: 4857: 4856: 4855: 4849: 4843: 4837: 4831: 4816: 4810: 4804: 4801:Boris Stefanov 4798: 4792: 4786: 4780: 4772: 4769: 4759:and the small 4645:kangaroo trial 4622:Main article: 4619: 4616: 4612:Erich Honecker 4546:Covasna County 4442:Radu Filipescu 4424:Ceaușescu and 4417: 4414: 4354:Banat Swabians 4273: 4270: 4106: 4103: 3990:rehabilitation 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3911:liberalization 3775:are among them 3753:Main article: 3750: 3747: 3714:Greek-Catholic 3671:Ilya Ehrenburg 3649:, after which 3612:self-criticism 3529:Main article: 3526: 3523: 3457:Czechoslovakia 3443:—notably, the 3390:Muscovite wing 3385: 3382: 3340:five-year plan 3293:popular fronts 3277:1948 elections 3229: 3226: 3224: 3221: 3205:Tămădău Affair 3160: 3159: 3157:Mihail Roșianu 3154: 3149: 3144: 3139: 3134: 3129: 3124: 3108: 3107: 3101: 3089: 3077: 3071: 3066: 3061: 3056: 3051: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3007: 3002: 2996: 2990: 2984: 2979: 2974: 2968: 2963: 2958: 2953: 2948: 2897:Main article: 2894: 2891: 2843:Emil Hațieganu 2827:Western Allied 2784:Communications 2728: 2725: 2655:(MADOSZ), and 2569: 2566: 2543:prime minister 2481:prison faction 2426:Main article: 2423: 2420: 2408:Western Allies 2336:Pompiliu Ștefu 2328:Francisc Panet 2320:Petre Gheorghe 2260:Francs-tireurs 2186:camp in 1943 ( 2165:Main article: 2162: 2159: 2087:prison faction 2073:Czechoslovakia 2048:Doftana Prison 2023:historiography 1999:1937 elections 1889:Muscovite wing 1817: 1816: 1814: 1813: 1806: 1799: 1791: 1788: 1787: 1786: 1785: 1773: 1761: 1746: 1745: 1742: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1649:Stalin Society 1646: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1620: 1618:Related topics 1617: 1616: 1613: 1612: 1609: 1608: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1542: 1539: 1538: 1535: 1534: 1531: 1530: 1529: 1528: 1523: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1483: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1453: 1452: 1451: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1420: 1419: 1408: 1405: 1404: 1401: 1400: 1397: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1374: 1368: 1365: 1364: 1361: 1360: 1357: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1344:Nina Andreyeva 1341: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1299:Andrei Zhdanov 1296: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1249:Ernst Thälmann 1246: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1220: 1217: 1216: 1213: 1212: 1209: 1208: 1203: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1183: 1178: 1176:Self-criticism 1173: 1168: 1166:New Soviet man 1163: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1143: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1122: 1119: 1118: 1115: 1114: 1106: 1105: 1099: 1098: 1081: 1078: 1076: 1073: 1070: 1069: 1067: 1066: 1059: 1052: 1044: 1041: 1040: 1037: 1036: 1030: 1029: 1023: 1022: 1016: 1013: 1012: 1009: 1008: 1005: 1004: 998: 997: 991: 990: 984: 983: 977: 976: 970: 967: 966: 963: 962: 959: 958: 953: 947: 946: 944:Boris Stefanov 941: 935: 934: 929: 923: 920: 919: 916: 915: 912: 911: 906: 900: 899: 893: 890: 889: 886: 885: 877: 876: 869: 868: 703:Leon Ghelerter 640:Main article: 637: 634: 632: 629: 624:România Liberă 570:liberalization 523:Party Congress 519:Vladimir Lenin 507:National Front 467:government of 389: 388: 386: 385: 380: 375: 369: 366: 365: 357: 356: 352: 351: 344: 340: 339: 325: 321: 320: 309: 305: 304: 298: 292: 291: 280: 276: 275: 270: 264: 263: 215: 209: 208: 205: 194: 193: 188: 182: 181: 176: 170: 169: 164: 158: 157: 150: 146: 145: 139: 135: 134: 128: 124: 123: 118: 114: 113: 100: 96: 95: 82: 78: 77: 66: 60: 59: 51: 50: 46: 43: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12890: 12879: 12876: 12874: 12871: 12869: 12866: 12864: 12861: 12859: 12856: 12854: 12851: 12849: 12846: 12844: 12841: 12839: 12836: 12834: 12831: 12829: 12826: 12824: 12821: 12819: 12816: 12814: 12811: 12809: 12806: 12804: 12801: 12799: 12796: 12794: 12791: 12789: 12786: 12784: 12781: 12779: 12776: 12774: 12771: 12769: 12766: 12765: 12763: 12748: 12745: 12743: 12740: 12738: 12735: 12733: 12730: 12729: 12727: 12723: 12717: 12714: 12712: 12709: 12707: 12704: 12703: 12701: 12697: 12691: 12688: 12686: 12683: 12681: 12678: 12676: 12675:Nicolae Iorga 12673: 12669: 12666: 12665: 12664: 12661: 12659: 12656: 12654: 12651: 12649: 12648:Ion Antonescu 12646: 12645: 12643: 12639: 12628: 12624: 12623: 12621: 12617: 12610: 12606: 12603: 12599: 12596: 12592: 12589: 12585: 12582: 12578: 12575: 12571: 12568: 12564: 12561: 12557: 12554: 12550: 12547: 12543: 12542: 12540: 12536: 12533: 12529: 12523: 12520: 12518: 12515: 12513: 12510: 12508: 12505: 12504: 12502: 12500:Organizations 12498: 12488: 12485: 12483: 12480: 12478: 12475: 12473: 12470: 12468: 12465: 12463: 12460: 12458: 12455: 12453: 12450: 12448: 12445: 12443: 12440: 12438: 12435: 12433: 12430: 12428: 12425: 12423: 12420: 12418: 12415: 12413: 12410: 12408: 12405: 12403: 12400: 12398: 12395: 12393: 12390: 12389: 12387: 12383: 12377: 12374: 12372: 12369: 12367: 12364: 12362: 12359: 12357: 12354: 12352: 12349: 12347: 12344: 12342: 12339: 12337: 12334: 12332: 12329: 12327: 12324: 12322: 12319: 12317: 12314: 12313: 12311: 12307: 12304: 12300: 12294: 12291: 12289: 12286: 12284: 12281: 12279: 12276: 12274: 12271: 12269: 12266: 12265: 12263: 12259: 12247: 12244: 12243: 12242: 12239: 12237: 12234: 12232: 12229: 12227: 12224: 12222: 12219: 12218: 12216: 12212: 12206: 12203: 12201: 12198: 12196: 12193: 12191: 12188: 12186: 12183: 12182: 12179: 12176: 12172: 12167: 12157: 12156:Protochronism 12154: 12152: 12149: 12147: 12144: 12140: 12137: 12136: 12135: 12132: 12130: 12127: 12125: 12122: 12120: 12117: 12116: 12114: 12110: 12106: 12099: 12094: 12092: 12087: 12085: 12080: 12079: 12076: 12051: 12048: 12046: 12043: 12041: 12038: 12036: 12033: 12031: 12028: 12026: 12023: 12021: 12018: 12016: 12015:Mitja Ribičič 12013: 12011: 12008: 12006: 12003: 12001: 11998: 11996: 11993: 11992: 11990: 11988: 11984: 11978: 11975: 11973: 11970: 11968: 11967:Yuri Andropov 11965: 11963: 11960: 11958: 11955: 11953: 11950: 11948: 11947:Joseph Stalin 11945: 11943: 11940: 11939: 11937: 11935: 11931: 11925: 11922: 11920: 11917: 11915: 11912: 11911: 11909: 11907: 11903: 11897: 11894: 11892: 11889: 11887: 11884: 11882: 11881:Edward Gierek 11879: 11877: 11874: 11872: 11869: 11867: 11864: 11863: 11861: 11859: 11855: 11851: 11848: 11839: 11836: 11834: 11831: 11829: 11826: 11824: 11821: 11819: 11816: 11814: 11813:Mátyás Rákosi 11811: 11810: 11808: 11806: 11802: 11798: 11792: 11789: 11787: 11784: 11782: 11779: 11777: 11774: 11772: 11771:Wilhelm Pieck 11769: 11768: 11766: 11764: 11760: 11754: 11753:Karel Urbánek 11751: 11749: 11746: 11744: 11741: 11739: 11736: 11734: 11731: 11729: 11726: 11725: 11723: 11721: 11717: 11711: 11708: 11706: 11705:Todor Zhivkov 11703: 11701: 11698: 11696: 11693: 11692: 11690: 11688: 11684: 11678: 11675: 11673: 11670: 11669: 11667: 11665: 11661: 11658: 11657: 11652: 11648: 11644: 11640: 11632: 11627: 11625: 11620: 11618: 11613: 11612: 11609: 11596: 11593: 11592: 11589: 11586: 11584: 11581: 11579: 11576: 11574: 11571: 11569: 11566: 11564: 11561: 11560: 11557: 11544: 11540: 11538: 11534: 11530: 11529: 11524: 11522: 11521: 11515: 11514:North Vietnam 11511: 11507: 11503: 11501: 11497: 11493: 11489: 11487: 11483: 11478: 11474: 11470: 11468: 11464: 11460: 11456: 11452: 11450: 11446: 11441: 11437: 11435: 11431: 11425: 11420: 11418: 11414: 11410: 11406: 11404: 11400: 11396: 11392: 11388: 11386: 11382: 11378: 11377: 11372: 11370: 11369: 11364: 11361: 11353: 11352: 11347: 11345: 11341: 11336: 11332: 11330: 11326: 11321: 11317: 11315: 11311: 11307: 11306: 11301: 11299: 11298: 11293: 11286: 11283: 11281: 11278: 11277: 11274: 11272: 11268: 11262: 11257: 11255: 11254:Guinea-Bissau 11251: 11247: 11243: 11241: 11237: 11232: 11228: 11224: 11220: 11218: 11214: 11210: 11206: 11204: 11200: 11196: 11192: 11190: 11186: 11182: 11181: 11176: 11174: 11173: 11168: 11165: 11157: 11156: 11151: 11149: 11145: 11141: 11140: 11135: 11133: 11132: 11127: 11121: 11116: 11114: 11110: 11101: 11096: 11094: 11090: 11086: 11082: 11080: 11076: 11073: 11071: 11067: 11063: 11059: 11057: 11053: 11049: 11045: 11043: 11039: 11035: 11031: 11029: 11025: 11020: 11019: 11014: 11012: 11008: 11004: 11000: 10998: 10994: 10990: 10986: 10984: 10980: 10977: 10976: 10971: 10962: 10957: 10955: 10950: 10948: 10943: 10942: 10939: 10927: 10924: 10922: 10919: 10917: 10914: 10913: 10910: 10900: 10897: 10895: 10892: 10890: 10887: 10885: 10882: 10880: 10877: 10875: 10872: 10870: 10867: 10865: 10862: 10860: 10857: 10855: 10852: 10850: 10847: 10845: 10842: 10840: 10837: 10835: 10832: 10830: 10827: 10825: 10822: 10820: 10817: 10815: 10812: 10810: 10807: 10805: 10802: 10800: 10797: 10796: 10794: 10790: 10784: 10781: 10779: 10776: 10774: 10771: 10769: 10766: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10756: 10754: 10751: 10749: 10746: 10744: 10741: 10740: 10738: 10734: 10728: 10725: 10723: 10720: 10718: 10715: 10713: 10712:Swabian Group 10710: 10708: 10705: 10703: 10700: 10698: 10695: 10693: 10690: 10688: 10685: 10683: 10680: 10678: 10675: 10673: 10670: 10668: 10665: 10663: 10660: 10658: 10655: 10653: 10650: 10648: 10645: 10643: 10640: 10638: 10635: 10633: 10630: 10628: 10625: 10623: 10620: 10618: 10615: 10614: 10612: 10608: 10602: 10599: 10597: 10594: 10592: 10589: 10587: 10584: 10582: 10579: 10577: 10574: 10572: 10569: 10567: 10564: 10562: 10559: 10557: 10554: 10552: 10549: 10548: 10546: 10542: 10536: 10533: 10531: 10528: 10526: 10523: 10521: 10518: 10516: 10513: 10511: 10508: 10506: 10503: 10501: 10498: 10496: 10493: 10491: 10488: 10486: 10483: 10481: 10478: 10476: 10473: 10471: 10468: 10466: 10463: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10453: 10452: 10450: 10446: 10440: 10437: 10435: 10432: 10430: 10427: 10425: 10422: 10420: 10417: 10415: 10412: 10410: 10407: 10405: 10402: 10400: 10397: 10395: 10392: 10390: 10387: 10385: 10382: 10380: 10377: 10375: 10372: 10370: 10367: 10365: 10362: 10360: 10357: 10355: 10352: 10350: 10347: 10345: 10342: 10340: 10337: 10335: 10332: 10330: 10327: 10326: 10324: 10320: 10314: 10311: 10309: 10306: 10304: 10301: 10299: 10296: 10294: 10291: 10289: 10286: 10284: 10281: 10279: 10276: 10274: 10271: 10269: 10266: 10264: 10261: 10260: 10258: 10254: 10248: 10247:Radical Party 10245: 10243: 10240: 10238: 10235: 10233: 10230: 10228: 10225: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10215: 10213: 10210: 10209: 10207: 10203: 10197: 10194: 10192: 10189: 10187: 10184: 10182: 10179: 10177: 10174: 10172: 10169: 10168: 10166: 10162: 10153: 10149: 10143: 10140: 10138: 10135: 10133: 10130: 10128: 10125: 10123: 10120: 10118: 10115: 10113: 10110: 10108: 10105: 10103: 10100: 10098: 10095: 10093: 10090: 10088: 10085: 10083: 10080: 10078: 10075: 10073: 10070: 10069: 10067: 10063: 10057: 10054: 10052: 10049: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10022: 10019: 10017: 10014: 10012: 10009: 10007: 10004: 10002: 9999: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9989: 9987: 9984: 9982: 9979: 9977: 9974: 9972: 9969: 9967: 9964: 9962: 9959: 9957: 9954: 9952: 9949: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9939: 9937: 9934: 9932: 9929: 9927: 9924: 9922: 9919: 9917: 9914: 9913: 9911: 9909:Parliamentary 9907: 9901: 9896: 9892: 9885: 9880: 9878: 9873: 9871: 9866: 9865: 9862: 9851: 9846: 9841: 9831: 9828: 9826: 9825:Gheorghiu-Dej 9823: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9815:Gheorghiu-Dej 9813: 9811: 9810: 9805: 9804: 9799: 9798: 9794: 9792: 9789: 9787: 9786: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9770: 9767: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9757: 9756: 9753: 9749: 9742: 9737: 9735: 9730: 9728: 9723: 9722: 9719: 9711: 9709: 9704: 9701: 9696: 9692: 9689: 9685: 9684: 9679: 9676: 9673: 9668: 9664: 9661: 9657: 9653: 9652: 9647: 9644: 9641: 9637: 9633: 9630: 9626: 9622: 9618: 9614: 9612: 9611:1-4039-9341-6 9608: 9604: 9600: 9596: 9593: 9590: 9589: 9584: 9580: 9577: 9572:(in Romanian) 9570: 9566: 9565:973-669-175-6 9562: 9558: 9553: 9549: 9546: 9545: 9540: 9537: 9530:(in Romanian) 9528: 9527: 9525: 9522: 9517: 9516:Eugen Negrici 9514: 9510: 9505: 9502: 9501: 9499: 9498:973-569-209-0 9495: 9491: 9486: 9481: 9478: 9475: 9471: 9467: 9463: 9462: 9450: 9444: 9428: 9424: 9418: 9403: 9399: 9393: 9386: 9380: 9374:Iordachi, III 9371: 9362: 9353: 9346: 9340: 9333: 9327: 9325: 9315: 9307: 9301: 9297: 9292: 9291: 9282: 9280: 9270: 9263: 9257: 9248: 9242:Frunză, p.523 9239: 9232: 9226: 9219: 9213: 9206: 9200: 9193: 9187: 9178: 9172:Frunză, p.482 9169: 9160: 9153: 9147: 9138: 9129: 9122: 9116: 9109: 9103: 9096: 9090: 9083: 9077: 9070: 9064: 9057: 9051: 9044: 9038: 9031: 9025: 9016: 9009: 9003: 8996: 8990: 8983: 8977: 8970: 8964: 8957: 8951: 8944: 8938: 8931: 8925: 8916: 8910: 8905: 8896: 8887: 8880: 8874: 8867: 8861: 8854: 8848: 8839: 8830: 8821: 8812: 8803: 8797:Frunză, p.476 8794: 8787: 8781: 8774: 8768: 8761: 8755: 8748: 8742: 8735: 8729: 8722: 8716: 8707: 8700: 8694: 8687: 8681: 8674: 8668: 8659: 8652: 8646: 8644: 8636: 8630: 8628: 8626: 8624: 8622: 8614: 8608: 8599: 8590: 8584:Frunză, p.474 8581: 8572: 8565: 8559: 8552: 8546: 8539: 8533: 8526: 8520: 8513: 8507: 8500: 8494: 8487: 8481: 8474: 8468: 8459: 8452: 8451: 8445: 8438: 8432: 8425: 8419: 8412: 8406: 8397: 8390: 8384: 8377: 8371: 8364: 8358: 8349: 8340: 8333: 8327: 8320: 8314: 8308:Frunză, p.442 8305: 8298: 8292: 8285: 8279: 8272: 8266: 8259: 8253: 8246: 8240: 8238: 8236: 8226: 8219: 8213: 8206: 8200: 8193: 8187: 8181:Frunză, p.429 8178: 8169: 8162: 8156: 8147: 8140: 8134: 8127: 8121: 8114: 8108: 8101: 8095: 8088: 8082: 8075: 8069: 8062: 8056: 8049: 8043: 8036: 8030: 8023: 8017: 8010: 8004: 7997: 7991: 7984: 7978: 7971: 7965: 7958: 7952: 7945: 7939: 7930: 7921: 7912: 7905: 7899: 7892: 7886: 7879: 7873: 7866: 7862: 7857: 7850: 7844: 7835: 7833: 7831: 7829: 7827: 7825: 7823: 7821: 7819: 7817: 7815: 7805: 7797: 7791: 7787: 7783: 7779: 7778: 7770: 7763: 7757: 7750: 7744: 7737: 7731: 7724: 7718: 7711: 7705: 7698: 7692: 7686: 7682: 7678: 7674: 7673:Dieter Nohlen 7669: 7662: 7656: 7647: 7638: 7631: 7625: 7618: 7617: 7612: 7606: 7599: 7593: 7586: 7580: 7574:p. 35–36 7570: 7563: 7557: 7548: 7542:Frunză, p.234 7539: 7532: 7526: 7520:Frunză, p.233 7517: 7511:Frunză, p.220 7508: 7499: 7492: 7486: 7479: 7473: 7466: 7460: 7453: 7447: 7438: 7431: 7425: 7416: 7409: 7403: 7396: 7390: 7383: 7377: 7370: 7364: 7355: 7346: 7337: 7330: 7324: 7315: 7308: 7302: 7293: 7284: 7277: 7271: 7264: 7258: 7251: 7245: 7239:Frunză, p.176 7236: 7230:, p.45, 59–61 7229: 7223: 7216: 7210: 7201: 7194: 7188: 7181: 7175: 7166: 7157: 7148: 7141: 7135: 7128: 7122: 7115: 7109: 7102: 7096: 7087: 7081:Frunză, p.125 7078: 7069: 7063:Frunză, p.123 7060: 7051: 7044: 7038: 7031: 7025: 7018: 7012: 7005: 6999: 6990: 6981: 6972: 6963: 6956: 6950: 6941: 6932: 6925: 6919: 6912: 6906: 6897: 6888: 6879: 6870: 6863: 6857: 6848: 6839: 6830: 6823: 6817: 6808: 6806: 6796: 6794: 6792: 6790: 6788: 6778: 6769: 6762: 6756: 6747: 6738: 6731: 6725: 6716: 6709: 6703: 6694: 6685: 6676: 6674: 6666: 6660: 6651: 6642: 6633: 6626: 6620: 6613: 6607: 6598: 6591: 6585: 6578: 6572: 6565: 6559: 6552: 6546: 6538: 6532: 6528: 6524: 6517: 6510: 6504: 6497: 6493: 6489: 6485: 6481: 6480:Iosif Rangheț 6475: 6466: 6459: 6453: 6444: 6437: 6431: 6423: 6417: 6413: 6406: 6398: 6392: 6388: 6381: 6373: 6369: 6365: 6359: 6355: 6351: 6350: 6342: 6335: 6319: 6318: 6313: 6307: 6299: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6277: 6270: 6254: 6250: 6243: 6236: 6235:3-05-002590-5 6232: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6215: 6207: 6205:1-84113-267-5 6201: 6197: 6196: 6188: 6172: 6168: 6161: 6154: 6146: 6144:9780739105924 6140: 6136: 6135: 6127: 6120: 6114: 6108: 6103: 6087: 6081: 6074: 6070: 6067: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6040: 6036: 6030: 6023: 6022: 6017: 6011: 6004: 6003: 5998: 5996: 5992: 5986:(in Romanian) 5982: 5976: 5974: 5967: 5963: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5934: 5918: 5911: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5898: 5889: 5881: 5874: 5871: 5864: 5861: 5860: 5851: 5843: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5830: 5821: 5814: 5807: 5804: 5797: 5792: 5789: 5788: 5779: 5772: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5759: 5750: 5742: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5729: 5720: 5712: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5699: 5690: 5682: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5669: 5660: 5652: 5645: 5642: 5635: 5632: 5631: 5622: 5614: 5607: 5604: 5597: 5592: 5589: 5588: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5576: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5561: 5552: 5545: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5531: 5530:Labour League 5524: 5522: 5519: 5518: 5508: 5500: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5486: 5479: 5477: 5472: 5469: 5468: 5459: 5451: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5437: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5424: 5415: 5408: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5394: 5387: 5385: 5380: 5377: 5376: 5367: 5360: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5346: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5333: 5324: 5317: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5303: 5296: 5294: 5289: 5286: 5285: 5282: 5279: 5276: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5257: 5256: 5248: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5216: 5213: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5201: 5190: 5187: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5175: 5164: 5161: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5149: 5138: 5135: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5122: 5119: 5118: 5107: 5104: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5087: 5076: 5073: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5056: 5051: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5026: 5009: 5006: 5003: 5002: 4999: 4996: 4993: 4992: 4989: 4986: 4983: 4982: 4979: 4976: 4973: 4972: 4969: 4966: 4963: 4962: 4959: 4956: 4953: 4952: 4949: 4946: 4943: 4942: 4939: 4936: 4933: 4932: 4929: 4926: 4923: 4922: 4919: 4916: 4913: 4912: 4909: 4906: 4903: 4902: 4899: 4896: 4893: 4892: 4889: 4886: 4883: 4882: 4879: 4876: 4873: 4872: 4868: 4865: 4864: 4853: 4850: 4847: 4844: 4841: 4838: 4835: 4832: 4829: 4825: 4824:Iosif Rangheț 4821: 4820:Emil Bodnăraș 4817: 4814: 4811: 4808: 4805: 4802: 4799: 4796: 4793: 4790: 4787: 4784: 4781: 4778: 4775: 4774: 4768: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4749: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4727: 4723: 4722:December 1989 4719: 4714: 4712: 4708: 4703: 4699: 4693: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4674: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4653: 4652:Silviu Brucan 4648: 4646: 4642: 4641: 4635: 4631: 4625: 4615: 4613: 4609: 4608:Todor Zhivkov 4606:, Bulgaria's 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4584: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4572:Virgil Trofin 4569: 4560: 4556: 4554: 4553: 4547: 4543: 4542:Károly Király 4539: 4534: 4532: 4531:Neo-Stalinist 4528: 4524: 4523: 4518: 4517: 4512: 4508: 4503: 4501: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4482: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4465: 4461: 4460: 4455: 4451: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4427: 4422: 4413: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4390: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4375: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4357: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4346: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4332: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4309: 4307: 4303: 4302:external debt 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4269: 4267: 4266:Country Study 4263: 4262:neo-Stalinism 4259: 4253: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4238: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4216: 4214: 4213:Manea Mănescu 4210: 4206: 4197: 4193: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4166: 4164: 4163: 4158: 4154: 4153: 4147: 4146:authoritarian 4143: 4140:developed by 4139: 4135: 4132:and his wife 4131: 4124: 4120: 4119:Ștefan Voitec 4116: 4111: 4102: 4100: 4096: 4095:Richard Nixon 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4075:Prague Spring 4071: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4048: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4013: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3978:Virgil Trofin 3975: 3971: 3970:Emil Bodnăraș 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3914: 3912: 3908: 3907:intellectuals 3902: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3883: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3861:Andrei Oţetea 3858: 3857: 3851: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3819: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3804:Emil Bodnăraş 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3746: 3744: 3740: 3739:Râmnicu Sărat 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3717:included the 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3690:class enemies 3687: 3682: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3635: 3634:(June 1958). 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3615: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3532: 3522: 3520: 3519: 3515: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3476: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3453:Prague Trials 3450: 3449:Joseph Stalin 3446: 3442: 3438: 3433: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3381: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3370: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3328:Marshall Plan 3325: 3324:stabilization 3321: 3318:, a surprise 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3300: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3220: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3197: 3195: 3191: 3186: 3184: 3180: 3175: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3158: 3155: 3153: 3150: 3148: 3145: 3143: 3140: 3138: 3135: 3133: 3130: 3128: 3125: 3121: 3116: 3113: 3112: 3111: 3105: 3102: 3098: 3093: 3090: 3086: 3081: 3078: 3075: 3072: 3070: 3067: 3065: 3064:Iosif Rangheț 3062: 3060: 3057: 3055: 3052: 3049: 3046: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3033: 3030: 3028: 3025: 3023: 3020: 3016: 3011: 3008: 3006: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2994: 2991: 2988: 2985: 2983: 2980: 2978: 2977:Dumitru Coliu 2975: 2972: 2969: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2952: 2951:Emil Bodnăraș 2949: 2947: 2944: 2943: 2942: 2939: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2922: 2921:Iosif Rangheț 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2900: 2890: 2888: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2866: 2864: 2859: 2855: 2850: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2819: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2808:Ștefan Voitec 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2774:(Georgescu), 2773: 2769: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2733: 2724: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2688: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2637: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2614: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2603:Victor Frunză 2600: 2599:Ion Mihalache 2596: 2592: 2588: 2579: 2574: 2565: 2563: 2562: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2535: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2519: 2513: 2512:Ion Antonescu 2509: 2504: 2502: 2498: 2497:Iosif Rangheț 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2471: 2467: 2466:Emil Bodnăraș 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2443: 2439: 2434: 2429: 2419: 2417: 2416:Barbu Știrbey 2413: 2412:Dinu Brătianu 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2396:Eastern Front 2392: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2377: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2346:forced labour 2343: 2342: 2337: 2333: 2332:Ștefan Plavăț 2329: 2325: 2324:Filimon Sârbu 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2280:Ion Antonescu 2276: 2274: 2273:Joseph Boczov 2270: 2266: 2263: 2261: 2256: 2253:—it included 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2215: 2211: 2206:to Bulgaria ( 2205: 2201: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2180:Ion Antonescu 2177: 2173: 2168: 2158: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2147:Timotei Marin 2144: 2140: 2139:Marcel Pauker 2136: 2132: 2128: 2127:Dumitru Grofu 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2099:Remus Koffler 2096: 2092: 2088: 2083: 2081: 2076: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2057:secret police 2054: 2050: 2049: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2034:authoritarian 2030: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2009:against King 2008: 2004: 2000: 1995: 1993: 1992:intellectuals 1989: 1988: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1962: 1961:Popular Front 1956: 1954: 1950: 1945: 1941: 1940: 1934: 1929: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1914:Joseph Stalin 1910: 1908: 1907: 1901: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1877: 1875: 1871: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1823:Max Goldstein 1812: 1807: 1805: 1800: 1798: 1793: 1792: 1790: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1760: 1750: 1749: 1748: 1747: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1659:Neo-Stalinism 1657: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1621: 1615: 1614: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1569: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1543: 1537: 1536: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1518: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1506:Doctors' plot 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1450: 1449:Moscow trials 1447: 1446: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1418: 1415: 1414: 1413: 1410: 1409: 1403: 1402: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1369: 1363: 1362: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1279:Mátyás Rákosi 1277: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1269:Harry Pollitt 1267: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1224:Joseph Stalin 1222: 1221: 1215: 1214: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1184: 1182: 1179: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1171:Popular front 1169: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1157: 1156:Korenizatsiia 1154: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1123: 1117: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1107: 1104: 1101: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1091: 1087: 1065: 1060: 1058: 1053: 1051: 1046: 1045: 1043: 1042: 1035: 1032: 1031: 1028: 1025: 1024: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1011: 1010: 1003: 1000: 999: 996: 993: 992: 989: 986: 985: 982: 979: 978: 975: 972: 971: 965: 964: 957: 954: 952: 949: 948: 945: 942: 940: 937: 936: 933: 930: 928: 925: 924: 918: 917: 910: 907: 905: 902: 901: 898: 895: 894: 891:Organizations 888: 887: 883: 879: 878: 875: 871: 870: 866: 865: 862: 860: 859:revolutionary 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 836: 831: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 812:Ion Mihalache 809: 805: 801: 796: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 753:intellectuals 750: 746: 741: 739: 735: 730: 725: 720: 715: 710: 708: 704: 700: 699:Iosif Jumanca 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 657: 653: 648: 643: 636:Establishment 628: 626: 625: 620: 619: 614: 610: 606: 601: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 542:Joseph Stalin 539: 535: 530: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 487: 485: 481: 478: 474: 470: 469:Ion Antonescu 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 409: 404: 400: 396: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 370: 367: 363: 358: 353: 349: 345: 341: 338: 332: 326: 322: 318: 313: 310: 306: 302: 299: 297: 293: 289: 284: 281: 277: 274: 271: 269: 265: 262: 258: 257:Neo-Stalinism 254: 250: 248: 241: 237: 231: 227: 223: 219: 216: 214: 210: 206: 195: 192: 189: 183: 180: 177: 175: 171: 168: 165: 163: 159: 156: 155: 151: 147: 143: 140: 136: 132: 129: 125: 122: 119: 115: 101: 97: 83: 79: 75: 70: 67: 65: 61: 57: 52: 40: 37: 33: 19: 12641:Nationalists 12426: 12326:Noua Dreaptă 12214:Unifications 12040:Boško Krunić 12005:Lazar Mojsov 11905: 11871:Edward Ochab 11833:Károly Grósz 11743:Gustáv Husák 11643:Eastern Bloc 11583:Eastern Bloc 11526: 11518: 11486:Soviet Union 11408: 11374: 11366: 11349: 11303: 11295: 11203:East Germany 11178: 11170: 11153: 11137: 11129: 11056:Burkina Faso 11016: 10692:Magyar Party 10687:Jewish Party 10637:German Party 10551:Citizen Bloc 10373: 10256:Conservative 10142:Volt Romania 10122:Noua Dreaptă 9849: 9807: 9801: 9795: 9783: 9747: 9702:, 4(44)/2000 9699: 9687: 9682: 9674:, March 1997 9671: 9649: 9635: 9624: 9598: 9586: 9542: 9504:Daniel Barbu 9473: 9443: 9431:. 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Retrieved 6039:the original 6029: 6019: 6010: 6000: 5994: 5990: 5981: 5972: 5966: 5584:Bela Breiner 5526: 5481: 5432: 5389: 5341: 5298: 5280: 5266: 5262:Party leader 5261: 5234: 5214: 5188: 5162: 5136: 5105: 5095:Chivu Stoica 5074: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 4866:Name/Period 4813:Ștefan Foriș 4807:Bela Breiner 4764: 4750: 4715: 4694: 4671: 4649: 4637: 4627: 4604:Gustáv Husák 4596:perestroika. 4595: 4591: 4585: 4567: 4565: 4549: 4535: 4520: 4514: 4504: 4487:Eastern Bloc 4483: 4475:Doina Cornea 4457: 4431: 4386: 4372: 4358: 4343: 4340:West Germany 4328: 4310: 4275: 4254: 4249: 4235: 4217: 4202: 4167: 4160: 4149: 4127: 4083:West Germany 4072: 4049: 4045:Daniel Barbu 4024: 4014: 3994:Ștefan Foriș 3946:Chivu Stoica 3939: 3903: 3899:Eastern Bloc 3880: 3854: 3852: 3832:Maoist China 3820: 3778: 3683: 3636: 3616: 3580:Ghizela Vass 3553: 3511: 3484:Eastern Bloc 3477: 3441:Eastern bloc 3434: 3432:affiliates. 3401: 3393: 3389: 3387: 3367: 3363: 3312:Romanian leu 3301: 3297:leading role 3268: 3264: 3260: 3252: 3246: 3198: 3187: 3179:Royal Palace 3176: 3167: 3164:Eastern Bloc 3161: 3109: 3092:Vasile Vaida 3074:Chivu Stoica 3027:Andrei Neagu 3010:Vasile Mârza 2940: 2902: 2867: 2851: 2835:greva regală 2834: 2820: 2765: 2708:Royal Palace 2689: 2672: 2638: 2629: 2615: 2583: 2558: 2536: 2515: 2505: 2480: 2477:Ștefan Foriș 2447: 2399: 2393: 2373: 2370:Transnistria 2368:in occupied 2339: 2277: 2258: 2227:Nazi Germany 2207: 2197: 2161:World War II 2135:Eugen Rozvan 2111:David Fabian 2095:Ștefan Foriș 2086: 2084: 2077: 2067:side in the 2045: 2031: 1996: 1985: 1959: 1957: 1936: 1930: 1911: 1903: 1893:Mârzescu Law 1892: 1888: 1881:Soviet Union 1878: 1851:Take Ionescu 1820: 1585: 1481:Eastern Bloc 1461:World War II 1412:Soviet Union 1319:Edward Ochab 1196:Stakhanovite 951:Ștefan Foriș 896: 832: 797: 793:Transnistria 761:Transylvania 742: 733: 723: 713: 711: 695:Ioan Flueraș 660: 655: 622: 616: 602: 586:Eastern Bloc 560:. The PCR's 556:brethren in 531: 498: 494: 490: 488: 449:Soviet Union 427:wing of the 412: 394: 392: 244: 174:Pioneer wing 152: 138:Headquarters 36: 12742:Moldovenism 12609:Trei culori 12581:Hora Unirii 12241:Great Union 12134:Legionarism 12129:Irredentism 12045:Stipe Šuvar 12025:Ali Šukrija 11838:Rezső Nyers 11828:János Kádár 11748:Miloš Jakeš 11672:Enver Hoxha 11588:Warsaw Pact 11467:South Yemen 11368:North Korea 10983:Afghanistan 10349:Labor Party 10263:Civic Force 10164:Nationalist 10102:PRO Romania 10087:Green Party 9574:Radu Colt, 9480:Lucian Boia 9468:" from the 9383:Cioroianu, 9343:Cioroianu, 9330:Cioroianu, 9260:Cioroianu, 9229:Cioroianu, 9190:Cioroianu, 9150:Cioroianu, 9119:Cioroianu, 9106:Cioroianu, 9093:Cioroianu, 9080:Cioroianu, 9067:Cioroianu, 9054:Cioroianu, 9041:Cioroianu, 9028:Cioroianu, 9006:Cioroianu, 8993:Cioroianu, 8980:Cioroianu, 8967:Cioroianu, 8954:Cioroianu, 8941:Cioroianu, 8928:Cioroianu, 8877:Cioroianu, 8864:Cioroianu, 8851:Cioroianu, 8784:Cioroianu, 8771:Cioroianu, 8758:Cioroianu, 8745:Cioroianu, 8732:Cioroianu, 8719:Cioroianu, 8697:Cioroianu, 8688:, p.405-406 8684:Cioroianu, 8671:Cioroianu, 8649:Cioroianu, 8611:Cioroianu, 8562:Cioroianu, 8549:Cioroianu, 8536:Cioroianu, 8523:Cioroianu, 8514:, p.392-394 8510:Cioroianu, 8497:Cioroianu, 8488:, p.320-325 8484:Cioroianu, 8471:Cioroianu, 8435:Cioroianu, 8422:Cioroianu, 8409:Cioroianu, 8387:Cioroianu, 8374:Cioroianu, 8361:Cioroianu, 8330:Cioroianu, 8317:Cioroianu, 8295:Cioroianu, 8282:Cioroianu, 8269:Cioroianu, 8256:Cioroianu, 8243:Cioroianu, 8216:Cioroianu, 8203:Cioroianu, 8190:Cioroianu, 8159:Cioroianu, 8137:Cioroianu, 8124:Cioroianu, 8111:Cioroianu, 8098:Cioroianu, 8085:Cioroianu, 8072:Cioroianu, 8059:Cioroianu, 8050:, p.210-211 8046:Cioroianu, 8033:Cioroianu, 8020:Cioroianu, 8007:Cioroianu, 7998:, p.197-198 7994:Cioroianu, 7981:Cioroianu, 7968:Cioroianu, 7959:, p.103-104 7942:Cioroianu, 7902:Cioroianu, 7889:Cioroianu, 7876:Cioroianu, 7847:Cioroianu, 7760:Cioroianu, 7747:Cioroianu, 7734:Cioroianu, 7721:Cioroianu, 7708:Cioroianu, 7695:Cioroianu, 7659:Cioroianu, 7628:Cioroianu, 7596:Cioroianu, 7583:Cioroianu, 7560:Cioroianu, 7529:Cioroianu, 7489:Cioroianu, 7476:Cioroianu, 7463:Cioroianu, 7450:Cioroianu, 7428:Cioroianu, 7406:Cioroianu, 7393:Cioroianu, 7380:Cioroianu, 7367:Cioroianu, 7331:, p.156-157 7327:Cioroianu, 7305:Cioroianu, 7261:Cioroianu, 7252:, p.106-148 7248:Cioroianu, 7226:Cioroianu, 7213:Cioroianu, 7191:Cioroianu, 7138:Cioroianu, 7125:Cioroianu, 7112:Cioroianu, 7099:Cioroianu, 7041:Cioroianu, 7015:Cioroianu, 7002:Cioroianu, 6953:Cioroianu, 6924:Pe umerii.. 6922:Cioroianu, 6909:Cioroianu, 6862:Pe umerii.. 6860:Cioroianu, 6824:, p.110–118 6820:Cioroianu, 6759:Cioroianu, 6728:Cioroianu, 6706:Cioroianu, 6663:Cioroianu, 6623:Cioroianu, 6610:Cioroianu, 6588:Cioroianu, 6575:Cioroianu, 6562:Cioroianu, 6549:Cioroianu, 6456:Cioroianu, 6434:Cioroianu, 6289:: 126–143. 6092:31 December 5868:as part of 5801:as part of 5639:as part of 5601:as part of 5528:as part of 5483:as part of 5434:as part of 5391:as part of 5343:as part of 5300:as part of 5293:Elek Köblös 4854:(1965–1989) 4848:(1955–1965) 4842:(1954–1955) 4836:(1944–1954) 4815:(1940–1944) 4809:(1938–1940) 4803:(1936–1938) 4797:(1931–1936) 4791:(1927–1931) 4785:(1924–1927) 4783:Elek Köblös 4779:(1921–1924) 4707:Berlin Wall 4576:Ion Iliescu 4516:Perestroika 4479:Mihai Botez 4471:typewriters 4462:documents, 4454:Cluj-Napoca 4383:Ilie Verdeţ 4162:July Theses 4142:Kim Il Sung 4099:Gerald Ford 4087:Six-Day War 4029:sovereignty 4010:Great Purge 4006:Vasile Luca 3974:Ilie Verdeț 3869:Russophobic 3780:Nationalism 3639:Warsaw Pact 3418:Vasile Luca 3394:prison wing 3378:proletarian 3352:arable land 3316:devaluation 3142:Mihai Mujic 3127:Ilie Drăgan 3118: [ 3095: [ 3083: [ 3013: [ 2999:Vasile Luca 2936:Vasile Luca 2854:land reform 2800:Vasile Luca 2737:Vasile Luca 2716:Petru Groza 2663:formed the 2645:Mihai Ralea 2595:Iuliu Maniu 2456:during the 2404:Iuliu Maniu 2350:antisemitic 2282:and, as an 2265:Olga Bancic 2151:Elek Köblös 2119:Imre Aladar 2103:Great Purge 2003:Iuliu Maniu 1997:During the 1987:Amicii URSS 1714:Red fascism 1679:Great Purge 1444:Great Purge 1429:Great Break 1329:Kim Il Sung 1324:Enver Hoxha 1206:Vanguardism 1151:Great Break 932:Elek Köblös 904:Amicii URSS 598:Warsaw Pact 574:July Theses 562:nationalist 554:Warsaw Pact 319:(1947–1956) 314:(1921–1943) 303:(1921–1939) 290:(1968–1989) 285:(1944–1968) 247:6 July 1971 197:Membership 12762:Categories 12685:Horia Sima 12595:Pui de lei 12442:Iron Guard 12151:Poporanism 11791:Egon Krenz 11677:Ramiz Alia 11537:Yugoslavia 11434:Seychelles 11344:Mozambique 11314:Madagascar 11113:Cape Verde 10561:Iron Guard 9803:Pîrvulescu 9769:Holostenco 9544:Revista 22 9459:References 7600:, p.97-101 6667:, p.37, 44 6592:, p.18, 44 6536:0275928403 6492:Ana Pauker 6363:159253192X 4738:Târgoviște 4698:Solidarity 4489:after the 4410:dissidence 4400:relied on 4398:Securitate 4379:Jiu Valley 4374:Charter 77 4237:Conducător 4186:Hungarians 4182:minorities 4152:Conducător 3895:Securitate 3875:historian 3856:Valev Plan 3844:Bessarabia 3818:venture). 3816:Iron Gates 3769:Zhou Enlai 3686:Securitate 3518:Informbiro 3510:displays ( 3500:Yugoslavia 3430:Iron Guard 3414:Ana Pauker 3362:for being 3209:show trial 3048:Ana Pauker 2928:Ana Pauker 2878:war crimes 2861:1948–1962 2749:Ana Pauker 2618:Iron Guard 2487:formed by 2454:Prut River 2436:People in 2308:Caransebeș 2298:' and the 2247:Resistance 2243:Trotskyism 2155:Ana Pauker 2065:Republican 2042:Ana Pauker 2019:Iron Guard 1976:, and the 1859:conspiracy 1709:Patriotism 1644:Stalin era 1576:CARC Party 1501:Korean War 1084:See also: 968:Repression 855:Bulgarians 851:Hungarians 800:Poporanism 769:Bessarabia 673:party—the 667:maximalist 665:-inspired 355:Party flag 230:until 1965 162:Youth wing 109:1989-12-22 91:1921-05-08 12119:Dacianism 11823:Imre Nagy 11818:Ernő Gerő 11578:Comintern 11573:Cominform 10792:Alliances 10544:Far-right 10322:Left-wing 9830:Ceaușescu 9774:Stefanski 9759:Cristescu 9658:, at the 9640:Humanitas 7751:, p.75-76 7738:, p.74-75 7712:, p.73-74 7699:, p.72-73 6926:, p.42–43 6763:, p.41–43 6710:, p.38–39 6627:, p.27–30 6579:, p.47-48 6484:Bucharest 5907:369 / 369 5877:369 / 369 5839:349 / 349 5810:465 / 465 5768:465 / 465 5738:465 / 465 5708:437 / 437 5678:428 / 428 5648:190 / 405 5258:Election 5008:Bucharest 4998:Bucharest 4988:Bucharest 4978:Bucharest 4968:Bucharest 4958:Bucharest 4948:Bucharest 4938:Bucharest 4928:Bucharest 4878:Bucharest 4869:Location 4726:Timișoara 4369:Paul Goma 4321:Bucharest 3865:Karl Marx 3655:Timișoara 3651:Imre Nagy 3620:Politburo 3488:Cominform 3437:Stalinist 3410:bourgeois 3147:Ion Petre 3059:Ilie Popa 3054:Emil Popa 2909:Bucharest 2578:Bucharest 2555:Bucharest 2531:Moldavian 2527:ceasefire 2438:Bucharest 2422:1944 Coup 2381:Vapniarka 2341:Siguranţa 2316:Târgu Jiu 2184:Târgu Jiu 1944:Stalinist 1870:Ferdinand 1486:Cominform 1417:1927–1953 1103:Stalinism 785:Moldavian 687:Comintern 663:Bolshevik 538:Karl Marx 480:Michael I 445:Comintern 425:Bolshevik 383:Elections 317:Cominform 312:Comintern 226:Stalinism 218:Communism 149:Newspaper 144:, Romania 142:Bucharest 133:(faction) 99:Dissolved 12699:Policies 12574:Drum bun 12124:Dacology 12112:Ideology 11329:Mongolia 11217:Ethiopia 11070:Cambodia 11042:Bulgaria 10899:USR PLUS 10448:Agrarian 9797:Bodnăraș 9779:Stefanov 9579:Archived 9433:30 March 9407:30 March 9402:adevarul 8450:Scînteia 6372:60393965 6291:Archived 6177:25 March 6069:Archived 6045:25 April 5995:Scânteia 5991:Scânteia 5975:, p. 175 5931:See also 5610:68 / 414 5281:Position 5029:Election 4888:Ploiești 4618:Downfall 4592:glasnost 4522:Glasnost 4459:samizdat 4331:Ceaușima 4317:communes 4306:interest 4294:services 4282:autarkic 4138:parallel 4060:Yugoslav 3882:Scînteia 3508:agitprop 3480:Cold War 3404:"led by 3396:"led by 3392:", the " 3364:chiaburi 3360:deported 3283:and the 3228:Creation 3213:abdicate 3183:name day 2882:agitprop 2858:Leninist 2825:, where 2772:Interior 2450:Red Army 2442:Red Army 2310:or in a 2304:interned 2257:and the 2061:pacifism 2013:and the 2011:Carol II 2005:and the 1684:Hoxhaism 1476:Cold War 1120:Concepts 1095:a series 1093:Part of 909:Scînteia 843:Interwar 828:Leninism 804:Narodnik 773:Bukovina 618:Scînteia 611:(future 463:the pro- 415:) was a 399:Romanian 273:Far-left 213:Ideology 154:Scînteia 12619:Phrases 12522:Junimea 12309:Current 12261:Figures 11641:of the 11568:Comecon 11520:Vietnam 11449:Somalia 11403:Romania 11351:FRELIMO 11271:Hungary 11240:Grenada 10997:Albania 10205:Liberal 10157:Defunct 9895:Romania 9850:Italics 9820:Apostol 9809:Rangheț 9785:Breiner 9500:. See: 9482:, ed., 9207:, p.416 9010:, p.470 8984:, p.471 8762:, p.436 8653:, p.409 8637:, p.414 8286:, p.208 8247:, p.313 8037:, p.201 7985:, p.204 7893:, p.180 7867:, p.299 7265:, p.154 6527:Praeger 6259:3 April 5541:0 / 387 5496:0 / 387 5447:5 / 387 5431:73,716 5404:0 / 387 5388:38,851 5356:0 / 387 5340:31,505 5313:0 / 387 5297:39,203 5235:In the 5215:Elected 5189:Elected 5163:Elected 5137:Elected 5106:Elected 5075:Elected 5048:Result 4908:Kharkiv 4428:in 1985 4232:sceptre 4190:Germans 4123:sceptre 4062:leader 3792:SovRoms 3788:Comecon 3735:Pitești 3694:amnesty 3643:Hungary 3562:of the 3465:Premier 2887:SovRoms 2796:Finance 2776:Justice 2702:to the 2692:Michael 2679:), and 2473:Michael 2385:Rîbnița 2366:ghettos 2178:of the 1885:Kharkiv 1874:amnesty 1845:in the 1540:Parties 1406:History 1014:Strikes 921:Leaders 765:Dobruja 749:Marxism 631:History 421:Romania 324:Colours 283:FND/BPD 107: ( 89: ( 81:Founded 71:(first) 12385:Former 12174:Events 11385:Poland 11011:Angola 9764:Köblös 9623:", in 9609: 9563: 9496: 9302: 7792: 7725:, p.74 7683: 7371:, p.57 7309:, p.56 7180:cadres 6614:, p.18 6533: 6418: 6393: 6370: 6360: 6332: 6324:22 May 6312:"Left" 6233: 6202: 6141: 5525:3,515 5480:9,441 5274:Seats 4918:Moscow 4898:Vienna 4826:, and 4634:Brașov 4600:führer 4495:county 4438:cadres 4222:, the 4019:but a 3980:, and 3956:, and 3873:Polish 3840:Maoist 3800:Galați 3737:, and 3727:Gherla 3723:Sighet 3659:Oradea 3602:, and 3504:Danube 3369:kulaks 3334:and a 2934:, and 2924:troika 2831:Sinaia 2794:) and 2589:, the 2495:, and 2485:troika 2348:. The 2149:, and 1972:, the 1853:, and 1841:, the 1694:Maoism 1218:People 705:, and 343:Anthem 334: 328: 245:After 199:(1989 76:(last) 12668:Doina 12538:Songs 12507:ASTRA 11227:COPWE 11148:Congo 11131:China 11028:Benin 10736:Other 9791:Foriș 9686:, in 9585:, in 9541:, in 7613:, in 6294:(PDF) 6279:(PDF) 6163:(PDF) 5999:, in 5958:Notes 5558:15th 5536:0.1% 5491:0.3% 5465:10th 5442:2.6% 5399:1.4% 5351:1.3% 5308:1.5% 5267:Votes 5211:100% 5185:100% 5159:100% 5133:100% 5102:100% 5071:100% 5039:Votes 4450:Turda 4416:1980s 4394:SLOMR 4134:Elena 3279:(the 3122:] 3099:] 3087:] 3017:] 2845:) as 2601:. 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