Roman naming conventions

155: 137: 146: 1581: 949:

manner of identifying individuals came to be by nomen and cognomen; essentially one form of binomial nomenclature was replaced by another, over the course of several centuries. The very lack of regularity that allowed the cognomen to be used as either a personal or a hereditary surname became its strength in imperial times; as a hereditary surname, a cognomen could be used to identify an individual's connection with other noble families, either by descent, or later by association. Individual cognomina could also be used to distinguish between members of the same family; even as siblings came to share the same praenomen, they bore different cognomina, some from the paternal line, and others from their maternal ancestors.

310:. Originally Roman women shared the binomial nomenclature of men; but over time the praenomen became less useful as a distinguishing element, and women's praenomina were gradually discarded, or replaced by informal names. By the end of the Republic, the majority of Roman women either did not have or did not use praenomina. Most women were called by their nomen alone, or by a combination of nomen and cognomen. Praenomina could still be given when necessary, and as with men's praenomina the practice survived well into imperial times, but the proliferation of personal cognomina eventually rendered women's praenomina obsolete. 753:

and family tradition. An eldest son was usually named after his father, and younger sons were named after their father's brothers or other male ancestors. In this way, the same praenomina were passed down in a family from one generation to the next. Not only did this serve to emphasize the continuity of a family across many generations, but the selection of praenomina also distinguished the customs of one gens from another. The patrician gentes in particular tended to limit the number of praenomina that they used far more than the plebeians, which was a way of reinforcing the exclusiveness of their social status.

1195: 620:, which helped to distinguish between members of larger families. Originally these were simply personal names, which might be derived from a person's physical features, personal qualities, occupation, place of origin, or even an object with which a person was associated. Some cognomina were derived from the circumstance of a person's adoption from one family into another, or were derived from foreign names, such as when a freedman received a Roman praenomen and nomen. Other cognomina commemorated important events associated with a person; a battle in which a man had fought ( 1538:

known chiefly by their nomina or cognomina. The first of these reasons is probably that the praenomen itself lost much of its original utility following the adoption of hereditary surnames; the number of praenomina commonly used by both men and women declined throughout Roman history. For men, who might hold public office or serve in the military, the praenomen remained an important part of the legal name. As Roman women played little role in public life, the factors that resulted in the continuation of men's praenomina did not exist for women.

916:, began as an additional personal name. It was not unique to Rome, but Rome was where the cognomen flourished, as the development of the gens and the gradual decline of the praenomen as a useful means of distinguishing between individuals made the cognomen a useful means of identifying both individuals and whole branches of Rome's leading families. In the early years of the Republic, some aristocratic Romans had as many as three cognomina, some of which were hereditary, while others were personal. 300:, who made up the majority of the Roman people, until the second century BC. Even then, not all Roman citizens bore cognomina, and until the end of the Republic the cognomen was regarded as somewhat less than an official name. By contrast, in imperial times the cognomen became the principal distinguishing element of the Roman name, and although praenomina never completely vanished, the essential elements of the Roman name from the second century onward were the nomen and cognomen. 853:, or "gentile name", designated a Roman citizen as a member of a gens. A gens, which may be translated as "clan", constituted an extended Roman group of individuals, all of whom shared the same nomen and claimed descent from a common ancestor. Particularly in the early Republic, the gens functioned as a state within the state, observing its own sacred rites and establishing private laws, which were binding on its members, although not on the community as a whole. 1675:, after the emperor's praenomen and nomen. The result was that vast numbers of individuals who had never possessed praenomina or nomina formally shared the same names. In turn, many of the "new Romans" promptly discarded their praenomina, and ignored their nomina except when required by formality. As a result, the cognomina adopted by these citizens, often including their original non-Latin names, became the most important part of their nomenclature. 868: 1792: 1122: 356: 1730: 1689: 24: 1073:, while the number of plebeians continually grew, the patricians continually struggled to preserve their wealth and influence. A man who had no sons to inherit his property and preserve his family name would adopt one of the younger sons from another family. In time, as the plebeians also acquired wealth and gained access to the offices of the Roman state, they too came to participate in the Roman system of adoption. 1191:. Many nomina were derived in the same way, and most praenomina have at least one corresponding nomen, such as Lucilius, Marcius, Publilius, Quinctius, or Servilius. These are known as patronymic surnames, because they are derived from the name of the original bearer's father. Even after the development of the nomen and cognomen, filiation remained a useful means of distinguishing between members of a large family. 790:, Probus discusses a number of older praenomina and their meanings. Most praenomina were regularly abbreviated, and rarely written in full. Other praenomina were used by the Oscan, Umbrian, and Etruscan-speaking peoples of Italy, and many of these also had regular abbreviations. (Lists of praenomina used by the various people of Italy, together with their usual abbreviations, can be found at 2563:, signifying the transition into adulthood, and that girls did not receive a praenomen before marriage. But this appears to refer to some sort of formal ceremony in which a praenomen was granted or confirmed, rather than the original act of naming. The funerary inscriptions of many Romans who died in childhood conclusively demonstrate that 338:. Over the course of the sixth century, as Roman institutions and social structures gradually fell away, the need to distinguish between nomina and cognomina likewise vanished. By the end of the seventh century, the people of Italy and western Europe had reverted to single names. But many of the names that had originated as part of the 692:. In the course of the sixth century, as central authority collapsed and Roman institutions disappeared, the complex forms of Roman nomenclature were abandoned altogether, and the people of Italy and western Europe reverted to single names. Modern European nomenclature developed independently of the Roman model during the 651:. Some Romans had more than one cognomen, and in aristocratic families it was not unheard of for individuals to have as many as three, of which some might be hereditary and some personal. These surnames were initially characteristic of patrician families, but over time cognomina were also acquired by the 1566:, etc. All of these names could be used as praenomina, preceding the nomen, but common usage from the later Republic onward was to treat them as personal cognomina; when these names appear in either position, it is frequently impossible to determine whether they were intended as praenomina or cognomina. 2033:

In order to reflect an illustrious pedigree or other connections, the aristocracy expanded the binary nomenclature concept to include other nomina from an individual's paternal and maternal ancestry. There was no limit to the number of names which could be added in this way (known as polyonomy), and,

1541:

Another factor was probably that the praenomen was not usually necessary to distinguish between women within the family. Because a Roman woman did not change her nomen when she married, her nomen alone was usually sufficient to distinguish her from every other member of the family. As Latin names had

1529:

In the earliest period, the binomial nomenclature of praenomen and nomen that developed throughout Italy was shared by both men and women. Most praenomina had both masculine and feminine forms, although a number of praenomina common to women were seldom or never used by men. Just as men's praenomina,

969:

By the sixth century, traditional Roman cognomina were frequently prefixed by a series of names with Christian religious significance. As Roman institutions vanished, and the distinction between nomen and cognomen ceased to have any practical importance, the complex system of cognomina that developed

832:

Under the weight of these practices and others, the utility of the praenomen to distinguish between men continued to decline, until only the force of tradition prevented its utter abandonment. Over the course of the third century, praenomina become increasingly scarce in written records, and from the

2021:

Under the "High Empire", the new aristocracy began adopting two or more nomina – a practice which has been termed 'binary nomenclature'. This arose out of a desire to incorporate distinguished maternal ancestry in a name or, in order to inherit property, an heir was required by a will to incorporate

1642:

As Roman territory expanded beyond Italy, many foreigners obtained Roman citizenship, and adopted Roman names. Often these were discharged auxiliary soldiers, or the leaders of annexed towns and peoples. Customarily a newly enfranchised citizen would adopt the praenomen and nomen of his patron; that

936:

Unlike the nomen, which was passed down unchanged from father to son, cognomina could appear and disappear almost at will. They were not normally chosen by the persons who bore them, but were earned or bestowed by others, which may account for the wide variety of unflattering names that were used as

824:

exchanged their original praenomina for cognomina, or received cognomina in place of praenomina at birth. An emperor might emancipate or enfranchise large groups of people at once, all of whom would automatically receive the emperor's praenomen and nomen. Yet another common practice beginning in the

803:

and close friends; but outside of this circle, they might be called by their nomen, cognomen, or any combination of praenomen, nomen, and cognomen that was sufficient to distinguish them from other men with similar names. In the literature of the Republic, and on all formal occasions, such as when a

670:

Adding to the complexity of aristocratic names was the practice of combining the full nomenclature of both one's paternal and maternal ancestors, resulting in some individuals appearing to have two or more complete names. Duplicative or politically undesirable names might be omitted, while the order

666:

Cognomina are known from the beginning of the Republic, but were long regarded as informal names, and omitted from most official records before the second century BC. Later inscriptions commemorating the early centuries of the Republic supply these missing surnames, although the authenticity of some

2408:

Secondly, with the nomen becoming an increasingly fossilized formality, non-Italian families, even those who had acquired citizenship and a nomen prior to 212, began to ignore their nomen. When a nomen was required for official purposes they would simply put the default nomen of "Aurelius" in front

2391:

Although praenomina were not adopted by the new citizens, reflecting the pre-existing decline amongst "old" Romans, in the west the new names were formulated on the same basis as the existing Roman practices. In the east, however, the new citizens formulated their names by placing "Aurelius" before

2329:

The cognomen, as in Vespasian's family, then assumed the distinguishing function for individuals; where this happened, the cognomen replaced the praenomen in intimate address. The result was that two names remained in use for formal public address but instead of praenomen + nomen, it became nomen +

2046:

The praenomen, even under the classic system, had never been particularly distinctive because of the limited number of praenomina available. Between the late Republic and the second century AD, the praenomen gradually became less used and eventually disappeared altogether. Even among the senatorial

1862:

During the Republic, a person's names were usually static and predictable, unless he were adopted into a new family or obtained a new surname; in imperial times, however, names became highly variable and subject to change. Perhaps no names were more variable than those of the emperors. For example,

1537:

For a variety of reasons, women's praenomina became neglected over the course of Roman history, and by the end of the Republic, most women did not have or did not use praenomina. They did not disappear entirely, nor were Roman women bereft of personal names; but for most of Roman history women were

1510:

is found with much less frequency than other parts of the name; so the custom of including it does not seem to have been deeply ingrained in Roman practice. As with the filiation, it was common to abbreviate the name of the tribe. For the names of the thirty-five tribes and their abbreviations, see

785:

About three dozen Latin praenomina were in use at the beginning of the Republic, although only about eighteen were common. This number fell gradually, until by the first century AD, about a dozen praenomina remained in widespread use, with a handful of others used by particular families. The origin

752:

performed on the eighth day after the birth of a girl, or the ninth day after the birth of a boy. Normally all of the children in a family would have different praenomina. Although there was no law restricting the use of specific praenomina, the choice of the parents was usually governed by custom

2735:, CIL ii. 1806, in the latter case giving her father's name. Both inscriptions are from Roman Spain, and are also notable for the doubled nomen and for the cognomen Secunda, which in this case is really a praenomen placed after the filiation, a common practice in Roman women's names of this period. 333:

For a variety of reasons, the Roman nomenclature system broke down in the centuries following the collapse of imperial authority in the west. The praenomen had already become scarce in written sources during the fourth century, and by the fifth century it was retained only by the most conservative

2351:

in recognition of Caracalla's beneficence (the emperor's full name was Marcus Aurelius Severus Antoninus Augustus, with Aurelius as the nomen). "Aurelius" quickly became the most common nomen in the east and the second most common (after "Julius") in the west. The change in the origins of the new

1545:

When this occurred, praenomina could be and frequently were used to distinguish between sisters. However, it was also common to identify sisters using a variety of names, some of which could be used as either praenomina or cognomina. For example, if Publius Servilius had two daughters, they would

1076:

Since the primary purpose of adoption was to preserve the name and status of the adopter, an adopted son would usually assume both the praenomen and nomen of his adoptive father, together with any hereditary cognomina, just as an eldest son would have done. However, adoption did not result in the

940:

Under the Empire, the number of cognomina increased dramatically. Where once only the most noble patrician houses used multiple surnames, Romans of all backgrounds and social standing might bear several cognomina. By the third century, this had become the norm amongst freeborn Roman citizens. The

919:

Like the nomen, cognomina could arise from any number of factors: personal characteristics, habits, occupations, places of origin, heroic exploits, and so forth. One class of cognomina consisted largely of archaic praenomina that were seldom used by the later Republic, although as cognomina these

2505:

Although a few individuals mentioned in relation to the period of and before Rome's legendary foundation in the eighth century BC are known by only a single name, it is equally difficult to discern which of these represent actual historical figures, and if so, whether their names were accurately

2004:

came to be used as a cognomen designating an heir apparent; and for the first two centuries of the empire, most emperors were adopted by their predecessors. The result was that each emperor bore a series of names that had more to do with the previous emperor than the names with which he had been

1068:

Adoption was a common and formal process in Roman culture. Its chief purpose had nothing to do with providing homes for children; it was about ensuring the continuity of family lines that might otherwise become extinct. In early Rome, this was especially important for the patricians, who enjoyed

756:

Of course, there were many exceptions to these general practices. A son might be named in honour of one of his maternal relatives, thus bringing a new name into the gens. Because some gentes made regular use of only three or four praenomina, new names might appear whenever a family had more than

948:

For most of the Republic, the usual manner of distinguishing individuals was through the binomial form of praenomen and nomen. But as the praenomen lost its value as a distinguishing name, and gradually faded into obscurity, its former role was assumed by the versatile cognomen, and the typical

937:

cognomina. Doubtless some cognomina were used ironically, while others continued in use largely because, whatever their origin, they were useful for distinguishing among individuals and between branches of large families. New cognomina were coined and came into fashion throughout Roman history.

2404:

Two factors encouraged its frequent non-use. Firstly, the cognomen increasingly became the distinguishing name and general name of address. As a result, "New Romans" and, under their influence, "old Romans" too, either dropped the nomen from their name or, in some cases, treated the nomen as a

1505:

as part of his full nomenclature is uncertain. The name of the tribe normally follows the filiation and precedes any cognomina, suggesting that its addition preceded formal recognition of the cognomen — thus, no later than the second century BC. However, in both writing and inscriptions, the

825:

first century AD was to give multiple sons the same praenomen, and distinguish them using different cognomina; by the second century this was becoming the rule, rather than the exception. Another confusing practice was the addition of the full nomenclature of maternal ancestors to the basic

449:

wrote that the earliest Italians used simple names. Names of this type could be honorific or aspirational, or might refer to deities, physical peculiarities, or circumstances of birth. In this early period, the number of personal names must have been quite large; but with the development of

965:

to newly enfranchised citizens. As a result, by the third century the cognomen became the most important element of the Roman name, and frequently the only one that was useful for distinguishing between individuals. In the later empire, the proliferation of cognomina was such that the full

2656:

has the same origin as the term used to distinguish non-Jews from the Jewish population, its meaning is purely civil and has nothing to do with ethnic or religious identity; in this use it simply refers to a member of a gens, distinguished by his or her surname, and in this sense the term

2047:

aristocracy it became a rarity by about 300 AD. In part this came about through a tendency for the same praenomen to be given to all males of a family, thereby fossilizing a particular praenomen/nomen combination and making the praenomen even less distinctive e.g. all males in the emperor

114:

that have come to be regarded as the basic elements of the Roman name in fact represent a continuous process of development, from at least the seventh century BC to the end of the seventh century AD. The names that developed as part of this system became a defining characteristic of Roman

1601:, which means "Annia, daughter of Publius Annius, the senator". However, toward the end of the Republic, as hereditary cognomina came to be regarded as proper names, a woman might be referred to by her cognomen instead, or by a combination of nomen and cognomen; the daughter of 1466:") became binding on the whole Roman people. Although much of the assembly's authority was usurped by the emperors, membership in a tribe remained an important part of Roman citizenship, so that the name of the tribe came to be incorporated into a citizen's full nomenclature. 992:, and cognomina that were derived from nomina, to indicate the parentage of Romans who had been adopted from one gens into another. Although these names had existed throughout Roman history, it was only in this late period that they were distinguished from other cognomina. 540:. This demonstrates that, much like later European surnames, the earliest nomina were not necessarily hereditary, but might be adopted and discarded at will, and changed from one generation to the next. The practice from which these patronymics arose also gave rise to the 1481:

in 88 BC, this number remained fixed. The nature of the tribes was mainly geographic, rather than ethnic; inhabitants of Rome were, in theory, assigned to one of the four "urban" tribes, while the territory beyond the city was allocated to the "rural" or "rustic" tribes.

325:

existed throughout Roman history, the period during which the majority of citizens possessed exactly three names was relatively brief. Nevertheless, because most of the important individuals during the best-recorded periods of Roman history possessed all three names, the

1477:, but ten of these were destroyed at the beginning of the Republic. Several tribes were added between 387 and 241 BC, as large swaths of Italy came under Roman control, bringing the total number of tribes to thirty-five; except for a brief experiment at the end of the 313:

In the later empire, members of the Roman aristocracy used several different schemes of assuming and inheriting nomina and cognomina, both to signify their rank, and to indicate their family and social connections. Some Romans came to be known by alternative names, or

1421:

Although filiation was common throughout the history of the Republic and well into imperial times, no law governed its use or inclusion in writing. It was used by custom and for convenience, but could be ignored or discarded, as it suited the needs of the writer.

2400:

Although a nomen would long be required for official purposes, and, in isolated corners of the empire and in parts of Italy, its usage would persist into the seventh century, the nomen was generally omitted from the name (even of emperors) by the third century.

2346:

granted Roman citizenship to all free inhabitants of the empire. It had long been the expectation that when a non-Roman acquired citizenship he, as part of his enfranchisement, took on a Roman name. With the mass enfranchisement of 212, the new citizens adopted

291:

can be misleading, because not all of these names were required or used throughout the whole of Roman history. During the period of the Roman Republic, the praenomen and nomen represented the essential elements of the name; the cognomen first appeared among the

2514:, are among those easily remembered; but even supposing that Romulus and Remus are the names of historical persons, they belonged, in theory, to the royal house of the Silvii; or they might have borne no surname because they were said to have been fathered by 2005:

born; moreover, they added new cognomina as they fought and conquered enemies and new lands, and their filiations recorded their descent from a series of gods. As the names of the emperors themselves changed, so did the names of the members of their families.

819:

to their names as a praenomen, while at the same time retaining their own praenomina; but because most of the early emperors were legally adopted by their predecessors, and formally assumed new names, even these were subject to change. Several members of the

184:. Throughout Europe and the Mediterranean, other ancient civilizations distinguished individuals using single personal names. These names usually combined two elements or themes which allowed for hundreds or even thousands of possible combinations - a 1178:

was the oldest element of the Roman name. Even before the development of the nomen as a hereditary surname, it was customary to use the name of a person's father as a means of distinguishing him or her from others with the same personal name, like a

952:

Although the nomen was a required element of Roman nomenclature down to the end of the western empire, its usefulness as a distinguishing name declined throughout imperial times, as an increasingly large portion of the population bore nomina such as

2592:, but were distinguished in each generation by the use of different cognomina. Also, because praenomina had grammatical gender, a brother and sister could have the same praenomen, in masculine and feminine forms, and still be easily distinguished. 781:

all used praenomina that were uncommon amongst the patricians, or which had fallen out of general use. In the last two centuries of the Republic, and under the early Empire, it was fashionable for aristocratic families to revive older praenomina.

1542:

distinctive masculine and feminine forms, the nomen was sufficient to distinguish a daughter from both of her parents and all of her brothers. Thus, there was no need for a personal name unless there were multiple sisters in the same household.

685:. The praenomen and sometimes the nomen gradually disappeared from view, crowded out by other names indicating the bearer's rank and social connections. Surviving inscriptions from the fifth century rarely provide a citizen's full nomenclature. 1634:, or alternative names, in place of their Roman names. Finally, with the fall of the western empire in the fifth century, the last traces of the distinctive Italic nomenclature system began to disappear, and women too reverted to single names. 1670:

in AD 212 was perhaps the most far-reaching of many imperial decrees enfranchising large numbers of non-citizens living throughout the empire. It extended citizenship to all free inhabitants of the empire, all of whom thus received the name

2757:

However, the eldest daughter, who might have been called by her nomen alone for several years, might continue to be so called even after the birth of younger sisters; in this case only the younger sisters might receive distinctive personal

1493:. Perhaps for similar reasons, when large numbers of provincials gained the franchise, certain rural tribes were preferred for their enrollment. Citizens did not normally change tribes when they moved from one region to another; but the 1398:, "Lucius Cornelius Alexander, freedman of Lucius"; it was customary for a freedman to take the praenomen of his former owner, if he did not already have one, and to use his original personal name as a cognomen. Another example might be 1592:

Most Roman women were known by their nomina, with such distinction as described above for older and younger siblings. If further distinction were needed, she could be identified as a particular citizen's daughter or wife. For instance,

1643:

is, the person who had adopted or manumitted him, or otherwise procured his citizenship. But many such individuals retained a portion of their original names, usually in the form of cognomina. This was especially true for citizens of

2392:

versions of their non-Roman given name and a patronymic. Ultimately, the ubiquity of "Aurelius" meant that it could not function as a true distinguishing nomen, and became primarily just a badge of citizenship added to any name.

970:

under the later empire faded away. The people of the western empire reverted to single names, which were indistinguishable from the cognomina that they replaced; many former praenomina and nomina also survived in this way.

154: 485:. As part of Rome's foundation myth, this statement cannot be regarded as historical fact, but it does indicate the antiquity of the period to which the Romans themselves ascribed the adoption of hereditary surnames. 136: 680:

in AD 212, granting Roman citizenship to all free men living within the Roman Empire, the praenomen and nomen lost much of their distinguishing function, as all of the newly enfranchised citizens shared the name of

145: 2030:, has a name which is composed of two standard sets of tria nomina: he was the natural son of a Lucius Bruttius, and added the nomina of his maternal grandfather, Lucius Fulvius Rusticus, to his paternal nomina. 1497:

had the power to punish a citizen by expelling him from one of the rural tribes and assigning him to one of the urban tribes. In later periods, most citizens were enrolled in tribes without respect to geography.

932:

termination typical of Latin nomina was generally not used for cognomina until the fourth century AD, making it easier to distinguish between nomina and cognomina until the final centuries of the western empire.

2767:

In such cases, the filiation, if present, would indicate if someone were a freedman; but in these particular instances the nomina suggest citizens of provincial origin, who have been enfranchised by imperial

722:. Although not all Romans possessed three names, the practice of using multiple names having different functions was a defining characteristic of Roman culture that distinguished citizens from foreigners. 808:

was called upon to speak, it was customary to address a citizen by praenomen and nomen; or, if this were insufficient to distinguish him from other members of the gens, by praenomen and cognomen.

450:

additional names the number in widespread use dwindled. By the early Republic, about three dozen Latin praenomina remained in use, some of which were already rare; about eighteen were used by the

1924:, "Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus, son of Gaius". Thus far, his name follows the Republican model, becoming that of his adoptive father, followed by his original nomen in the form of an agnomen. 1379:, here used generically to mean any woman; and there are a few examples of an inverted "M", although it is not clear whether this was used generically, or specifically for the feminine praenomen 1371:. A slave might have more than one owner, in which case the names could be given serially. In some cases the owner's nomen or cognomen was used instead of or in addition to the praenomen. The 38:. See thoroughgoing interpretive statements citing no or only primary sources, throughout the text and footnotes (e.g., the entire Imperial names section, FN in the Filiation section, etc.) 2518:

himself. Meanwhile, Faustulus may represent a mythical personage interjected into Rome's foundation legend; although it may be noted that his name is a diminutive of the Latin praenomen

1077:

complete abandonment of the adopted son's birth name. The son's original nomen (or occasionally cognomen) would become the basis of a new surname, formed by adding the derivative suffix

667:

of them has been disputed. Under the Empire, however, the cognomen acquired great importance, and the number of cognomina assumed by the Roman aristocracy multiplied exponentially.

544:, which in later times, once the nomen had become fixed, nearly always followed the nomen. Other nomina were derived from names that later came to be regarded as cognomina, such as 1262:

means "Spurius Postumius Albus Regillensis, of Aulus the son, of Publius the grandson". "Tiberius Aemilius Mamercinus, the son of Lucius and grandson of Mamercus" would be written

1006:

was a surname derived from some virtuous or heroic episode attributed to the bearer. Roman history is filled with individuals who obtained cognomina as a result of their exploits:

7099: 457:

The development of the nomen as the second element of the Italic name cannot be attributed to a specific period or culture. From the earliest period it was common to both the

1050:. The examples most often described in scholarship on the subject regarding this class of cognomen come from the period of the Republic, centuries before the concept of the 454:. Barely a dozen praenomina remained in general use under the Empire, although aristocratic families sometimes revived older praenomina, or created new ones from cognomina. 2484:

simply means "name", and before the adoption of a second name, this is how the praenomen would have been called; thus, the first surnames adopted would have been known as

1577:

culture, where women held a markedly higher social status than at Rome or in other ancient societies, inscriptions referring to women nearly always include praenomina.

3025: 1347:

also possessed filiations, although in this case the person referred to is usually the slave's owner, rather than his or her father. The abbreviations here include

1226:, father of his country, Pontifex Maximus, holding the tribunician power for the fourth year, in the eighth year of his imperium, consul for the second time; and 928:, and their meanings were frequently obscure, even in antiquity; this seems to emphasize the manner in which many cognomina originally arose from nicknames. The 3647: 2748:), the mother's name is ablative; the translation "born of" is simply idiomatic in English. "Born to" would also be idiomatic, but could imply the dative case. 1630:

In imperial times, other, less formal names were sometimes used to distinguish between women with similar names. Still later, Roman women, like men, adopted

188:

naming system. But a markedly different system of nomenclature arose in Italy, where the personal name was joined by a hereditary surname. Over time, this

757:

three or four sons. Furthermore, a number of the oldest and most influential patrician families made a habit of choosing unusual names; in particular the

283:

The Roman grammarians came to regard the combination of praenomen, nomen, and cognomen as a defining characteristic of Roman citizenship, known as the

2352:

governing elite that assumed control of the empire from the end of the third century can be seen in their names: seven of the eleven emperors between

581:

eventually spread throughout Italy. Nomina from different languages and regions often have distinctive characteristics; Latin nomina tended to end in

2665:

to refer to personal names. In this sense, Romanized Jews could also be gentiles, and gentiles could be Jewish! This is also the origin of the term

6548: 2535:

So common was this practice that nearly all Latin praenomina gave rise to patronymic nomina, including many that were uncommon in historical times.

2731:

for "Gaia" was common in the filiations of freedmen, but apparently not restricted to them; see below); this may be the same woman referred to as

1234:

Filiations were normally written between the nomen and any cognomina, and abbreviated using the typical abbreviations for praenomina, followed by

6216: 6139: 3227: 3190: 3137: 2950: 2027: 1580: 6428: 5960: 1977:, exchanging his original praenomen for his paternal cognomen, and assuming a new cognomen from his maternal grandfather. Other members of the 839:

seem to have dispensed with praenomina altogether, and by the end of the western empire, only the oldest Roman families continued to use them.

3457: 318:, and due to the lack of surviving epigraphic evidence, the full nomenclature of most Romans, even among the aristocracy, is seldom recorded. 6038: 3534: 3069: 1489:; at times efforts were made to assign freedmen to the four urban tribes, thus concentrating their votes and limiting their influence on the 4076: 1524: 1455: 303: 268:, indicating the personal name of an individual's father, and sometimes the name of the mother or other antecedents. Toward the end of the 1573:. Among the other peoples of Italy, women's praenomina continued to be used regularly until the populace was thoroughly Romanized. In the 6679: 4118: 4106: 2100: 1090: 1458:, in that all citizens could participate on an equal basis, without regard to wealth or social status. Over time, its decrees (known as 6144: 4165: 3249: 424: 1809: 1702: 1139: 396: 119:, the names themselves exerted a profound influence on the development of European naming practices, and many continue to survive in 5491: 4081: 941:

question of how to classify different cognomina led the grammarians of the fourth and fifth centuries to designate some of them as

213:, or "forename", a personal name that served to distinguish between the different members of a family. For example, a Roman named 5453: 4091: 2035: 1031: 366: 403: 5398: 4086: 3820: 966:

nomenclature of most individuals was not recorded, and in many cases the only names surviving in extant records are cognomina.

84:

and other peoples of Italy employed a system of nomenclature that differed from that used by other cultures of Europe and the

5368: 4193: 3720: 3317: 2038:) had thirty-eight names comprising fourteen sets of nomina reflecting a complex pedigree stretching back three generations. 833:

fourth century onward their appearance becomes exceptional. The descendants of those who had been granted citizenship by the

1069:

tremendous status and privilege compared with the plebeians. Because few families were admitted to the patriciate after the

5458: 5333: 4486: 2286: 2180: 1602: 410: 6965: 6812: 4039: 1530:

women's names were regularly abbreviated instead of being written in full. (A list of women's praenomina can be found at

1086: 445:

As in other cultures, the early peoples of Italy probably used a single name, which later developed into the praenomen.

6484: 6386: 3710: 1569:

Although women's praenomina were infrequently used in the later Republic, they continued to be used, when needed, into

688:

In the final centuries of the Empire, the traditional nomenclature was sometimes replaced by alternate names, known as

663:, were never divided into different branches, and in these families cognomina were the exception rather than the rule. 984:

The proliferation of cognomina in the later centuries of the Empire led some grammarians to classify certain types as

287:. However, although all three elements of the Roman name existed throughout most of Roman history, the concept of the 7235: 5378: 4138: 3705: 3700: 3676: 3527: 3489: 3475: 3090: 1949:; in some inscriptions his original praenomen is discarded altogether. In 27 BC, the Senate granted him the title of 1849: 1831: 1773: 1716: 1161: 1007: 871: 621: 392: 67: 1755: 49: 7094: 6970: 6817: 5393: 4066: 3715: 3642: 2549: 2013:

During the Empire, a variety of new naming conventions developed which, while differing, were internally coherent.

6886: 3659: 3592: 1306:. However, these forms are rarely included as part of a name, except on the grandest of monumental inscriptions. 1070: 641:

Although originally a personal name, the cognomen frequently became hereditary, especially in large families, or

613:. Oscan and Umbrian forms tend to be found in inscriptions; in Roman literature these names are often Latinized. 4413: 4338: 4096: 3245: 2720: 2293: 1917: 1872: 1813: 1740: 1657:

would be typical of such persons, although in form these names are not distinguishable from those of freedmen.

1143: 381: 34: 920:

names persisted throughout Imperial times. Many cognomina had unusual terminations for Latin names, ending in

7104: 6533: 6520: 6101: 4909: 1708: 6237: 5864: 5816: 5484: 4749: 4353: 3805: 3520: 2418: 168: 7245: 6342: 5542: 5448: 5373: 5132: 4188: 4071: 3617: 3213: 3168: 3155: 3102: 2840: 1956:

A similar pattern was followed by Augustus' heirs. The emperor's stepson and eventual successor was born

2643:

should ever again be named Marcus. However, all of these supposed prohibitions were subsequently broken.

6631: 5892: 5613: 5408: 5072: 4964: 4734: 4506: 4328: 4236: 4101: 4044: 2632: 1607: 811:

In imperial times, the praenomen became increasingly confused by the practices of the aristocracy. The

417: 7240: 7074: 6943: 5428: 4521: 4476: 4403: 4323: 4271: 4261: 4213: 3560: 3309: 3302: 1478: 799: 252:

The origin of this binomial system is lost in prehistory, but it appears to have been established in

7045: 6901: 5727: 5029: 4939: 4448: 4428: 4423: 4361: 4301: 4256: 4058: 3424: 3416: 2893: 2564: 1266:. The more formal the writing, the more generations might be included; a great-grandchild would be 1063: 1015: 625: 451: 1945:

by the troops under his command, Octavian assumed this title as an additional praenomen, becoming

1747: 377: 41: 7214: 6784: 5477: 5438: 5418: 5358: 5348: 5338: 4744: 4433: 4333: 4313: 4228: 4218: 3923: 3863: 3843: 3555: 2339: 1802: 1751: 1662: 1344: 1340: 1194: 1132: 1011: 835: 676: 458: 45: 6116: 2522:. Almost all other persons mentioned as part of the traditions surrounding Romulus as the first 6802: 6711: 6478: 6349: 6206: 5835: 5443: 5433: 5383: 5363: 5177: 5152: 5117: 4999: 4724: 4371: 4133: 3664: 3042: 3038: 3011: 2993: 2975: 2601:

A few exceptions are noted by the ancient historians; for example, supposedly no member of the

2429: 1978: 1023: 821: 629: 492:, to the stem of an existing word or name. Frequently this required a joining element, such as 446: 1469:

The number of tribes varied over time; tradition ascribed the institution of thirty tribes to

829:, so that a man might appear to have two praenomina, one occurring in the middle of his name. 6553: 5598: 5413: 5343: 5167: 4919: 4719: 4714: 4511: 4418: 4343: 4306: 4291: 4266: 4246: 4148: 2891:, "What's in a Name? A Survey of Roman Onomastic Practice from c. 700 B.C. to A.D. 700", in 2423: 1574: 1322: 466: 2661:

is used today without any religious connotation, despite (or perhaps because of) the use of

1512: 1445: 335: 273: 6841: 6573: 6308: 5423: 5388: 5077: 4944: 4844: 4769: 4634: 4597: 3973: 3637: 2618: 2613: 1969: 1653: 797:

Roman men were usually known by their praenomina to members of their family and household,

5067: 3502: 1394:, "Alexander, slave of Lucius Cornelius", who upon his emancipation would probably become 1333:

means "Numerius Fabius Maximus, son of Quintus, grandson of Marcus, born of Furia", while

902: 710:

The three types of names that have come to be regarded as quintessentially Roman were the

373: 8: 7201: 6938: 6928: 6851: 6826: 6149: 5883: 5859: 5353: 5202: 5004: 4874: 4824: 4143: 3740: 3232: 3195: 3142: 2955: 2519: 2207: 2065: 749: 671:

of names might be rearranged to emphasize those giving the bearer the greatest prestige.

482: 478: 7064: 7007: 6771: 6451: 6244: 6126: 5806: 5780: 5656: 5547: 5403: 5127: 4934: 4789: 4729: 4649: 4592: 4456: 3692: 3671: 3449: 3441: 2627: 2585: 501: 107: 5042: 2051:'s family (including all his sons) had the praenomen/nomen combination Titus Flavius: 1996:

as an additional praenomen (usually without foregoing their original praenomina), and

1953:, which would ever after be affixed as a cognomen to the names of the Roman emperors. 1920:, without legitimate children; but in his will he adopted his nephew, who then became 7150: 6916: 6405: 6285: 5679: 5645: 5640: 5037: 4889: 4644: 4604: 4582: 3790: 3485: 3471: 3453: 3417:"What's in a Name? A Survey of Roman Onomastic Practice from c. 700 B.C. to A.D. 700" 3313: 3086: 2607: 2507: 2361: 1441: 1325:

origin. The names of married women were sometimes followed by the husband's name and

1223: 1094: 849: 293: 197: 116: 85: 2577: 1875:. His ancestors had borne the same name for at least four generations. Although the 1531: 7035: 6911: 6906: 6807: 6728: 6625: 6293: 6262: 6169: 6028: 5749: 5102: 5062: 4994: 4929: 4854: 4849: 4621: 4544: 4491: 4286: 4281: 4170: 4029: 3978: 3938: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3888: 3810: 3757: 3750: 3735: 3730: 3654: 3582: 3433: 2515: 2369: 1900: 1043: 1039: 120: 5469: 7040: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6881: 6846: 6797: 6755: 6721: 6649: 6526: 6433: 6275: 6252: 6211: 5965: 5925: 5737: 5197: 5009: 4989: 4949: 4884: 4834: 4829: 4704: 4654: 4562: 4396: 4376: 4296: 3745: 3570: 3081: 2434: 1883:

and had no hereditary cognomina; Octavius' father had put down a slave revolt at

1470: 1450: 1199: 2576:

As usual, there were exceptions to this policy as well; for instance, among the

2556:, for the proposition that boys did not receive a praenomen before assuming the 1463: 185: 6933: 6896: 6775: 6767: 6706: 6698: 6674: 6664: 6596: 6540: 6505: 6381: 6363: 6313: 6053: 5988: 5932: 5608: 5533: 5252: 4894: 4629: 4577: 4549: 4496: 4481: 4461: 4276: 4251: 4208: 4198: 4024: 3998: 3928: 3913: 3878: 3838: 3599: 3074: 2107: 1909: 1644: 1437: 1406:

is used generically, irrespective of whether Pompeius' wife was actually named

1207: 1098: 462: 269: 7229: 6923: 6831: 6750: 6639: 6620: 6605: 6510: 6473: 6356: 6323: 6303: 6226: 6201: 6196: 6183: 6154: 6111: 6048: 5955: 5940: 5911: 5824: 5618: 5500: 4784: 4754: 4669: 4203: 4180: 3993: 3848: 3833: 3780: 3587: 2449: 1913: 1905: 1879:

were an old and distinguished plebeian family, the gens was not divided into

1101: 812: 786:

and use of praenomina was a matter of curiosity to the Romans themselves; in

774: 189: 7189: 7177: 7127: 7121: 7116: 6975: 6669: 6615: 6610: 6563: 6497: 6423: 6413: 6392: 6336: 6270: 6221: 6083: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6033: 6008: 5998: 5905: 5686: 5504: 5262: 5122: 4567: 4516: 4471: 4466: 4318: 4128: 4014: 3958: 3953: 3725: 3609: 3543: 3412: 2888: 2640: 2523: 2444: 2348: 1928: 1876: 1570: 1494: 1474: 1375:

of women sometimes used an inverted "C", signifying the feminine praenomen

805: 778: 770: 762: 656: 81: 3507: 1454:, or "tribal assembly". This was the most democratic of Rome's three main 488:

In Latin, most nomina were formed by adding an adjectival suffix, usually

280:, which could be either personal or hereditary, or a combination of both. 205:, a hereditary surname that identified a person as a member of a distinct 7162: 7084: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6654: 6568: 6558: 6418: 6376: 6371: 6188: 6164: 6106: 6073: 6043: 6023: 6018: 5993: 5983: 5950: 5945: 5761: 5742: 5696: 5691: 5572: 5057: 4679: 4501: 4391: 3785: 2636: 2622: 2439: 1431: 697: 693: 237:, identifying each person in the family as a member of the gens Lemonia; 2727:, in which Ɔ. f. can only be read "Gaiae filia" (the use of an inverted 2026:'s name into his own name. For example, the suffect consul of AD 118/9, 7155: 7138: 7079: 7059: 6716: 6644: 6591: 6587: 6515: 6331: 6298: 6231: 6134: 6078: 5900: 5854: 5811: 5766: 5717: 5650: 5630: 5593: 5567: 5523: 5518: 5282: 5222: 5187: 4979: 4914: 4904: 4799: 4684: 4572: 4155: 4123: 3868: 3795: 3627: 3622: 2602: 2506:

remembered by the historians who recorded these myths centuries later.

2492:

to refer to them, while the original personal name became known as the

2365: 2357: 1816: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1309:

The filiation sometimes included the name of the mother, in which case

1180: 1146: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 880: 766: 758: 737: 660: 177: 89: 3512: 3445: 2744:

Note that while the names of the father and grandfather are genitive (

276:. Lastly, these elements could be followed by additional surnames, or 7167: 7054: 7030: 6792: 6684: 6444: 6159: 5842: 5776: 5722: 5669: 5664: 5537: 5312: 5307: 5267: 5192: 5162: 5142: 5019: 4959: 4869: 4819: 4814: 4739: 4699: 4587: 4557: 4366: 4241: 4034: 3918: 3893: 3772: 2553: 2511: 2353: 2343: 2195: 2048: 1941: 1667: 1227: 867: 791: 745: 731: 210: 176:

The distinguishing feature of Roman nomenclature was the use of both

164: 103: 2621:, were put to death for plotting to restore the Roman monarchy. The 1791: 1758:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 1224:

Lucius Septimius Severus Pius Pertinax Augustus Arabicus Adiabenicus

1121: 1034:, who likewise defeated a Gaulish giant, and took his name from the 355: 296:

at the inception of the Republic, but was not widely used among the

163:

Portrait busts of an Etruscan man, woman and child, 3rd century BC,

52:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 7184: 7172: 7133: 7111: 7002: 6891: 6836: 6659: 6458: 5918: 5871: 5830: 5801: 5789: 5732: 5712: 5674: 5635: 5272: 5257: 5247: 5232: 5147: 5137: 5107: 5097: 5092: 5082: 4984: 4899: 4779: 4764: 4694: 4674: 4664: 4659: 4639: 4438: 4019: 3983: 3873: 3800: 3632: 3437: 3082:

Roman Female Praenomina: Studies in the Nomenclature of Roman Women

2385: 2381: 2313: 2023: 1958: 1864: 1501:

Precisely when it became common to include the name of a citizen's

1402:, "Salvia Pompeia, freedwoman of Gnaeus (Pompeius) and Gaia"; here 1203: 1105: 1047: 896: 862: 277: 181: 111: 655:. However, a number of distinguished plebeian gentes, such as the 7025: 6997: 6465: 6093: 5848: 5754: 5603: 5577: 5528: 5292: 5287: 5277: 5242: 5237: 5227: 5172: 5157: 4974: 4969: 4954: 4924: 4879: 4859: 4839: 4794: 4526: 4381: 4160: 3968: 3963: 3853: 2377: 1611:. Sometimes these cognomina were given diminutive forms, such as 1218:, conqueror of Parthia, great-great-great-grandson of the divine 1211: 1019: 979: 887:

was a personal cognomen referring to a wart above his upper lip;

634: 257: 115:

civilization, and although the system itself vanished during the

93: 5795: 1198: "Dedicated by the emperor Caesar, son of the divine 7194: 7069: 6179: 5625: 5302: 5182: 5112: 5052: 5047: 5014: 4774: 4759: 4709: 4689: 4111: 3988: 3883: 2426: – Practice of rendering a non-Latin name in a Latin style 1884: 1594: 1215: 906: 700:. However, many modern names are derived from Roman originals. 647:, in which they served to identify distinct branches, known as 253: 2639:

and the execution of his son, it was decreed that none of the

192:

system expanded to include additional names and designations.

7144: 6873: 6859: 6855: 5087: 4809: 4536: 3828: 2669:; the association of gentlemen with courtesy developed later. 2488:

before their gradually-increasing importance caused the word

2373: 2300: 1390:

An example of the filiation of slaves and freedmen would be:

1219: 1104:

adopted his grandnephew, Gaius Octavius, who became known as

1027: 652: 566: 297: 342:

were adapted to this usage, and survived into modern times.

5297: 4864: 4804: 4386: 3762: 3228:

Harper's Dictionary of Classical Literature and Antiquities

3191:

Harper's Dictionary of Classical Literature and Antiquities

3138:

Harper's Dictionary of Classical Literature and Antiquities

3006: 2988: 2970: 2951:

Harper's Dictionary of Classical Literature and Antiquities

2558: 1554:. If there were more daughters, the eldest might be called 1035: 643: 632:). The late grammarians distinguished certain cognomina as 470: 321:

Thus, although the three types of names referred to as the

206: 3858: 3120:

George Davis Chase, "The Origin of Roman Praenomina", in

1992:

In subsequent generations, all reigning emperors assumed

3132: 3130: 1898:

At the age of eighteen in 44 BC, Octavius was nominated

330:

remains the most familiar conception of the Roman name.

1485:

Geography was not the sole determining factor in one's

3185: 3183: 3181: 3026:

Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft

2472:, or "surname", which in later Roman practice was the 1967:(retaining his original praenomen). His brother, born 988:. This class included two main types of cognomen: the 3127: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2580:, several brothers in a single family were all named 1410:. A freedman of the emperor might have the filiation 2939: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2617:

after two brothers of this name, sons of the consul

2016: 5499: 3178: 2409:of their name, rather than use their actual nomen. 2034:for example, the consul of 169 AD, (usually called 740:, chosen by a child's parents, and bestowed on the 334:elements of the old Roman aristocracy, such as the 3301: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2510:, together with their foster-father, the herdsman 2918: 2719:Evidently there were exceptions to this as well. 1931:, and Octavian, as he was then known, was styled 1895:), but this name was not passed down to the son. 616:Many individuals added an additional surname, or 249:are praenomina used to distinguish between them. 7227: 3480:Liberati, Anna Maria and Bourbon, Fabio (2005), 80:Over the course of some fourteen centuries, the 3173:Introduction to the Study of Latin Inscriptions 2900: 2028:Gaius Bruttius Praesens Lucius Fulvius Rusticus 272:, this was followed by the name of a citizen's 2041: 306:also varied from the classical concept of the 5485: 3528: 3304:The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic 3208: 3206: 3204: 2395: 1963:after his adoption by the emperor, he became 1337:would be "Claudia, wife of Lucius Valerius". 96:. Although conventionally referred to as the 3393: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3375: 3373: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3347: 3345: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3270: 3268: 3266: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2805: 1525:Naming conventions for women in ancient Rome 1456:legislative assemblies of the Roman Republic 1187:; Paulla, the daughter of Quintus, would be 382:introducing citations to additional sources 2803: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2785: 1939:. Still later, after having been acclaimed 1935:, "son of the divine (Caesar)", instead of 1927:Two years later, Caesar was deified by the 1863:the first emperor, known conventionally as 1717:Learn how and when to remove these messages 1321:. This is especially common in families of 1313:would follow the mother's name, instead of 1183:; thus Lucius, the son of Marcus, would be 895:referring to his delaying strategy against 97: 5492: 5478: 3535: 3521: 3201: 2966: 2964: 2480:; but it must be remembered that the word 1331:N. Fabius Q. f. M. n. Furia gnatus Maximus 1260:S. Postumius A. f. P. n. Albus Regillensis 718:. Together, these were referred to as the 195:The most important of these names was the 3382: 3370: 3354: 3342: 3326: 3277: 3263: 3254: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3059: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2870: 1850:Learn how and when to remove this message 1832:Learn how and when to remove this message 1774:Learn how and when to remove this message 1162:Learn how and when to remove this message 345: 260:by at least 650 BC. In written form, the 169:Vatican Museums. Museo Gregoriano Etrusco 68:Learn how and when to remove this message 3116: 3114: 3112: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2782: 1947:Imp. C. Julius Divi f. Caesar Octavianus 1579: 1193: 866: 589:, while Oscan names frequently ended in 372:Relevant discussion may be found on the 3542: 2961: 1258:(granddaughter). Thus, the inscription 995: 912:The cognomen, the third element of the 7228: 3470:, University of Cambridge Press 2004, 3411: 3308:. Cambridge University Press. p. 3299: 3293: 3122:Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 3056: 1010:, who commanded the Roman army at the 5473: 3516: 3109: 2847: 2625:is said to have forbidden the use of 2333: 2311: 2309: 2299: 2297: 2292: 2290: 2285: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2219: 2206: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2111: 2106: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2056: 1298:, and a great-great-great-grandchild 1264:Ti. Aemilius L. f. Mam. n. Mamercinus 1214:, great-great-grandson of the divine 1057: 3508:Names of Byzantine Romans in Turkish 2844:, 2nd Ed. (1970), "Names, Personal." 2008: 1887:and was sometimes given the surname 1814:adding citations to reliable sources 1785: 1723: 1682: 1144:adding citations to reliable sources 1115: 1030:in single combat, aided by a raven; 516:, "son of Marcus". In the same way, 349: 17: 3300:Flower, Harriet, ed. (2004-01-19). 1095:Publius Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus 13: 2388:) bore the name "Marcus Aurelius" 1040:Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus 674:Following the promulgation of the 14: 7257: 3496: 2017:Binary nomenclature and polyonymy 1922:C. Julius C. f. Caesar Octavianus 1698:This section has multiple issues. 1678: 1588:Aulia Secunda, daughter of Lucius 1085:to the stem. Thus, when a son of 1008:Aulus Postumius Albus Regillensis 872:Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus 88:, consisting of a combination of 6140:Democratic Republic of the Congo 3463:from the original on 2020-04-11. 1871:, or Gaius Octavius, the son of 1790: 1728: 1687: 1637: 1564:Servilia Secunda, Tertia, Quarta 1518: 1228:Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Caesar 1120: 573:The binomial name consisting of 365:relies largely or entirely on a 354: 153: 144: 135: 22: 3404: 3238: 3220: 3162: 3148: 3095: 3032: 3018: 3000: 2761: 2751: 2738: 2713: 2689: 2672: 2646: 2595: 2584:; in the first century AD, the 2570: 2538: 1801:needs additional citations for 1706:or discuss these issues on the 1210:, great-grandson of the divine 1131:needs additional citations for 628:); or a miraculous occurrence ( 607:-arna, -erna, -ena, -enna, -ina 560:; or from place-names, such as 508:was derived from the praenomen 3175:(American Book Company, 1896). 2982: 2897:, vol. 84, pp. 124–145 (1994). 2652:Although this use of the term 2529: 2526:have both praenomen and nomen. 2499: 2462: 1444:were enumerated in one of the 1174:Apart from the praenomen, the 1106:Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus 703: 541: 500:. Many common nomina arose as 265: 1: 3159:, 2nd Ed. (1970), "Adoption." 2775: 1599:Annia P. Anni senatoris filia 583:-ius, -us, -aius, -eius, -eus 481:in honour of their ancestor, 4107:Frontiers and fortifications 3145:, Editor (1897), "Adoption." 2699:; this could be abbreviated 2419:Ancient Greek personal names 1546:typically be referred to as 1396:L. Cornelius L. l. Alexander 1111: 1038:that he claimed as a prize; 725: 304:Naming conventions for women 7: 4166:Decorations and punishments 3235:, Editor (1897), "Comitia." 3217:, 2nd Ed. (1970), "Tribus." 3214:Oxford Classical Dictionary 3169:James Chidester Egbert, Jr. 3156:Oxford Classical Dictionary 3103:Oxford Classical Dictionary 2841:Oxford Classical Dictionary 2733:Fabia Domitia D. f. Secunda 2725:Fabia Domitia Ɔ. f. Secunda 2707:, or, perhaps confusingly, 2412: 2042:Cognomen replaces praenomen 1754:the claims made and adding 1605:was usually referred to as 1282:, a great-great-grandchild 1018:, who captured the city of 856: 512:, and originally signified 209:. This was preceded by the 126: 48:the claims made and adding 10: 7262: 6803:Imperial, royal, and noble 5073:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 3648:historiography of the fall 3484:, Barnes and Noble Press, 3198:, Editor (1897), "Tribus." 2915:, epitome by Julius Paris. 2746:Quinti filius, Marci nepos 2633:Marcus Manlius Capitolinus 2631:after the condemnation of 2396:Traditional nomen replaced 1522: 1436:From the beginning of the 1429: 1061: 977: 973: 860: 729: 528:arose from the praenomina 504:; for instance, the nomen 393:"Roman naming conventions" 264:was usually followed by a 7210: 7018: 6990: 6887:Imperial, royal and noble 6872: 6783: 6764: 6697: 6586: 6496: 6404: 6322: 6284: 6261: 6178: 6125: 6092: 6007: 5974: 5891: 5880: 5775: 5705: 5586: 5560: 5511: 5454:External wars and battles 5321: 5215: 5028: 4620: 4613: 4535: 4447: 4352: 4227: 4179: 4057: 4007: 3946: 3937: 3819: 3771: 3691: 3608: 3578: 3569: 3551: 3106:, 2nd Ed. (1970), "Gens." 2958:, Editor (1897), "Nomen." 2635:; and after the death of 2468:Livy refers to this as a 2301:Titus Flavius Vespasianus 2279: 2277: 2275: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2255: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2235: 2231: 2225: 2204: 2196:Titus Flavius Vespasianus 2169: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2149: 2145: 2143: 2141: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2104: 2085: 2083: 1908:, who held the office of 1603:Lucius Caecilius Metellus 1206:, grandson of the divine 961:, which had been granted 736:The praenomen was a true 7236:Roman naming conventions 5728:Maiden and married names 3425:Journal of Roman Studies 2894:Journal of Roman Studies 2723:ii. 4566 gives the name 2455: 2314:Titus Flavius Domitianus 1981:used praenomina such as 1425: 1400:Salvia Pompeia Cn. Ɔ. l. 1202:, brother of the divine 1091:Publius Cornelius Scipio 1064:Adoption in ancient Rome 1046:to Africa, and defeated 1016:Gaius Marcius Coriolanus 842: 605:, and Etruscan names in 473:relates the adoption of 7215:Category:Lists of names 5449:Roman–Iranian relations 3924:Optimates and populares 3047:De Verborum Significatu 2588:all bore the praenomen 2550:Quintus Mucius Scaevola 2340:Constitutio Antoniniana 1663:Constitutio Antoniniana 1562:; younger daughters as 1392:Alexander Corneli L. s. 1087:Lucius Aemilius Paullus 1032:Titus Manlius Torquatus 1026:, who defeated a giant 1012:Battle of Lake Regillus 874:, surnamed "Cunctator". 836:Constitutio Antoniniana 677:Constitutio Antoniniana 6145:Eritrean and Ethiopian 5459:Civil wars and revolts 4725:Sextus Pompeius Festus 4372:Conflict of the Orders 3731:Legislative assemblies 3468:Cambridge Latin Course 3043:Marcus Verrius Flaccus 3039:Sextus Pompeius Festus 2430:Spanish naming customs 1979:Julio-Claudian dynasty 1973:, subsequently became 1965:Tiberius Julius Caesar 1959:Tiberius Claudius Nero 1649:T. Flavius Aristodemus 1589: 1335:Claudia L. Valeri uxor 1231: 1071:expulsion of the kings 1024:Marcus Valerius Corvus 909: 883:to which he belonged; 879:was the branch of the 822:Julio-Claudian dynasty 447:Marcus Terentius Varro 346:Origin and development 217:might have sons named 98: 7075:Galton–Watson process 6680:Ancient Tamil country 6102:Australian Aboriginal 5168:Simplicius of Cilicia 4920:Quintus Curtius Rufus 4149:Siege in Ancient Rome 3758:Executive magistrates 2911:Gaius Titius Probus, 2476:element of the Roman 2424:Latinisation of names 2294:Titus Flavius Clemens 2287:Titus Flavius Sabinus 2181:Titus Flavius Sabinus 2101:Titus Flavius Sabinus 1970:Decimus Claudius Nero 1597:refers to a woman as 1583: 1200:Marcus Antoninus Pius 1197: 870: 102:, the combination of 6842:Post-nominal letters 5961:Indigenous Taiwanese 5178:Stephanus Byzantinus 5083:Eusebius of Caesaria 4945:Sidonius Apollinaris 4635:Ammianus Marcellinus 3974:Tribune of the plebs 2619:Lucius Junius Brutus 2349:the nomen "Aurelius" 2342:in 212, the emperor 1975:Nero Claudius Drusus 1810:improve this article 1654:Gaius Julius Hyginus 1189:Paulla, Quinti filia 1185:Lucius, Marci filius 1140:improve this article 997:Cognomina ex virtute 624:), a town captured ( 378:improve this article 7202:Surnames by country 6827:Pre-nominal letters 5884:Surnames by country 5354:Distinguished women 5005:Velleius Paterculus 4845:Nicolaus Damascenus 4825:Marcellus Empiricus 4214:Republican currency 3233:Harry Thurston Peck 3196:Harry Thurston Peck 3143:Harry Thurston Peck 3124:, vol. VIII (1897). 2956:Harry Thurston Peck 2066:Titus Flavius Petro 1906:Gaius Julius Caesar 1904:by his granduncle, 1615:from the masculine 1102:Gaius Julius Caesar 1097:; in his will, the 1004:cognomen ex virtute 990:cognomen ex virtute 893:cognomen ex virtute 750:ritual purification 597:; Umbrian names in 502:patronymic surnames 479:kings of Alba Longa 7246:Naming conventions 7065:Endonym and exonym 7008:Calendar of saints 6991:Related traditions 6765:Manners of address 6127:Sub-Saharan Africa 5548:Nobiliary particle 5128:Phlegon of Tralles 4935:Seneca the Younger 4409:Naming conventions 4139:Personal equipment 3672:Later Roman Empire 3231:, Second Edition, 3194:, Second Edition, 3141:, Second Edition, 2954:, Second Edition, 2552:, an authority on 2334:Edict of Caracalla 1739:possibly contains 1647:. A name such as 1590: 1585:Avlia L.F. Secunda 1232: 1058:Adoptive cognomina 1042:, who carried the 910: 477:as a nomen by the 33:possibly contains 7223: 7222: 7151:Personal identity 6986: 6985: 6693: 6692: 6634: 6582: 6581: 6543: 6536: 6529: 6487: 6468: 6461: 6454: 6447: 6395: 6366: 6359: 6352: 6345: 6247: 6240: 5935: 5928: 5921: 5914: 5706:By life situation 5659: 5467: 5466: 5429:Pontifices maximi 5211: 5210: 5068:Diogenes Laërtius 4890:Pliny the Younger 4645:Asconius Pedianus 4605:Romance languages 4477:Civil engineering 4219:Imperial currency 4092:Political control 4053: 4052: 3687: 3686: 3319:978-0-521-00390-2 2544:In his treatise, 2508:Romulus and Remus 2362:Claudius Gothicus 2327: 2326: 2036:Q. Sosius Priscus 2009:Later development 1869:C. Octavius C. f. 1860: 1859: 1852: 1842: 1841: 1834: 1784: 1783: 1776: 1741:original research 1721: 1172: 1171: 1164: 903:Schönbrunn Palace 850:nomen gentilicium 815:usually prefixed 599:-as, -anas, -enas 443: 442: 428: 294:Roman aristocracy 198:nomen gentilicium 117:Early Middle Ages 86:Mediterranean Sea 78: 77: 70: 35:original research 7253: 7241:Names by country 7036:Anthropomorphism 6781: 6780: 6729:Buddhist surname 6630: 6539: 6532: 6525: 6485:Hispanic America 6483: 6464: 6457: 6450: 6443: 6391: 6362: 6355: 6350:African-American 6348: 6341: 6259: 6258: 6243: 6236: 6207:Ashkenazi Jewish 6012:and Western Asia 5977:and Central Asia 5931: 5924: 5917: 5910: 5889: 5888: 5750:Placeholder name 5655: 5599:Double-barrelled 5494: 5487: 5480: 5471: 5470: 5419:Magistri equitum 5334:Cities and towns 5327: 5253:Constantinopolis 5063:Diodorus Siculus 4995:Valerius Maximus 4930:Seneca the Elder 4850:Nonius Marcellus 4618: 4617: 4171:Hippika gymnasia 4134:Infantry tactics 4040:Consular tribune 4030:Magister equitum 3979:Military tribune 3944: 3943: 3904:Pontifex maximus 3899:Princeps senatus 3889:Magister militum 3655:Byzantine Empire 3576: 3575: 3537: 3530: 3523: 3514: 3513: 3464: 3462: 3421: 3398: 3395: 3380: 3377: 3368: 3365: 3352: 3349: 3340: 3337: 3324: 3323: 3307: 3297: 3291: 3288: 3275: 3272: 3261: 3258: 3252: 3242: 3236: 3224: 3218: 3210: 3199: 3187: 3176: 3166: 3160: 3152: 3146: 3134: 3125: 3118: 3107: 3099: 3093: 3078: 3067: 3054: 3036: 3030: 3022: 3016: 3004: 2998: 2986: 2980: 2968: 2959: 2947: 2916: 2913:De Praenominibus 2909: 2898: 2886: 2845: 2837: 2769: 2765: 2759: 2755: 2749: 2742: 2736: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2717: 2711: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2693: 2687: 2676: 2670: 2650: 2644: 2599: 2593: 2574: 2568: 2546:De Praenominibus 2542: 2536: 2533: 2527: 2503: 2497: 2496:, or "forename". 2466: 2316: 2208:Flavia Domitilla 2054: 2053: 1948: 1938: 1934: 1923: 1901:magister equitum 1870: 1867:, began life as 1855: 1848: 1837: 1830: 1826: 1823: 1817: 1794: 1786: 1779: 1772: 1768: 1765: 1759: 1756:inline citations 1732: 1731: 1724: 1713: 1691: 1690: 1683: 1656: 1650: 1608:Caecilia Metella 1586: 1416:Augusti libertus 1413: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1362: 1350: 1336: 1332: 1289: 1285: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1249: 1246:, and sometimes 1237: 1167: 1160: 1156: 1153: 1147: 1124: 1116: 1054:was formulated. 1044:Second Punic War 788:De Praenominibus 712:praenomen, nomen 469:. The historian 438: 435: 429: 427: 386: 358: 350: 336:Aurelii Symmachi 219:Publius Lemonius 215:Publius Lemonius 157: 148: 139: 121:modern languages 101: 73: 66: 62: 59: 53: 50:inline citations 26: 25: 18: 7261: 7260: 7256: 7255: 7254: 7252: 7251: 7250: 7226: 7225: 7224: 7219: 7206: 7041:Personification 7014: 6982: 6868: 6770: 6766: 6760: 6756:Theophoric name 6689: 6594: 6578: 6492: 6400: 6318: 6280: 6257: 6186: 6174: 6121: 6088: 6011: 6003: 5976: 5970: 5882: 5876: 5771: 5738:Posthumous name 5701: 5582: 5556: 5507: 5498: 5468: 5463: 5325: 5323: 5317: 5207: 5043:Aëtius of Amida 5024: 5010:Verrius Flaccus 4990:Valerius Antias 4950:Silius Italicus 4885:Pliny the Elder 4830:Marcus Aurelius 4705:Cornelius Nepos 4655:Aurelius Victor 4609: 4531: 4443: 4377:Secessio plebis 4348: 4223: 4175: 4049: 4003: 3933: 3815: 3767: 3683: 3604: 3565: 3547: 3541: 3499: 3494: 3460: 3419: 3407: 3402: 3401: 3396: 3383: 3378: 3371: 3366: 3355: 3350: 3343: 3338: 3327: 3320: 3298: 3294: 3289: 3278: 3273: 3264: 3259: 3255: 3243: 3239: 3225: 3221: 3211: 3202: 3188: 3179: 3167: 3163: 3153: 3149: 3135: 3128: 3119: 3110: 3100: 3096: 3072: 3068: 3057: 3037: 3033: 3023: 3019: 3012:Ab Urbe Condita 3005: 3001: 2994:Ab Urbe Condita 2987: 2983: 2976:Ab Urbe Condita 2969: 2962: 2948: 2919: 2910: 2901: 2887: 2848: 2838: 2783: 2778: 2773: 2772: 2766: 2762: 2756: 2752: 2743: 2739: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2718: 2714: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2694: 2690: 2677: 2673: 2651: 2647: 2637:Marcus Antonius 2600: 2596: 2575: 2571: 2567:had praenomina. 2548:, Probus cites 2543: 2539: 2534: 2530: 2504: 2500: 2467: 2463: 2458: 2435:Portuguese name 2415: 2398: 2336: 2317: 2312: 2303: 2198: 2044: 2019: 2011: 2000:as a cognomen. 1946: 1936: 1932: 1921: 1868: 1856: 1845: 1844: 1843: 1838: 1827: 1821: 1818: 1807: 1795: 1780: 1769: 1763: 1760: 1745: 1733: 1729: 1692: 1688: 1681: 1673:Marcus Aurelius 1666:promulgated by 1652: 1648: 1640: 1587: 1584: 1560:Servilia Maxima 1527: 1521: 1491:comitia tributa 1471:Servius Tullius 1451:comitia tributa 1434: 1428: 1411: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1360: 1348: 1334: 1330: 1287: 1283: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1247: 1235: 1168: 1157: 1151: 1148: 1137: 1125: 1114: 1089:was adopted by 1066: 1060: 1000: 982: 976: 900: 875: 865: 859: 845: 734: 728: 708: 683:Marcus Aurelius 494:-e-, -id-, -il- 439: 433: 430: 387: 385: 371: 359: 348: 223:Lucius Lemonius 174: 173: 172: 171: 160: 159: 158: 150: 149: 141: 140: 129: 74: 63: 57: 54: 39: 27: 23: 12: 11: 5: 7259: 7249: 7248: 7243: 7238: 7221: 7220: 7218: 7217: 7211: 7208: 7207: 7205: 7204: 7199: 7198: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7181: 7180: 7165: 7160: 7159: 7158: 7148: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7124: 7119: 7114: 7109: 7108: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7089: 7088: 7087: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7052: 7051: 7050: 7049: 7048: 7033: 7028: 7022: 7020: 7016: 7015: 7013: 7012: 7011: 7010: 7000: 6994: 6992: 6988: 6987: 6984: 6983: 6981: 6980: 6979: 6978: 6973: 6971:Ecclesiastical 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6947: 6946: 6941: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6920: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6884: 6878: 6876: 6870: 6869: 6867: 6866: 6865: 6864: 6863: 6862: 6849: 6839: 6829: 6824: 6823: 6822: 6821: 6820: 6818:Ecclesiastical 6810: 6805: 6800: 6789: 6787: 6778: 6762: 6761: 6759: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6747: 6746: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6725: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6707:Christian name 6703: 6701: 6695: 6694: 6691: 6690: 6688: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6636: 6635: 6623: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6602: 6600: 6597:Southeast Asia 6584: 6583: 6580: 6579: 6577: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6545: 6544: 6537: 6530: 6521:Eastern Slavic 6518: 6513: 6508: 6502: 6500: 6494: 6493: 6491: 6490: 6489: 6488: 6476: 6471: 6470: 6469: 6462: 6455: 6448: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6410: 6408: 6402: 6401: 6399: 6398: 6397: 6396: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6368: 6367: 6360: 6353: 6346: 6334: 6328: 6326: 6320: 6319: 6317: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6290: 6288: 6282: 6281: 6279: 6278: 6273: 6267: 6265: 6256: 6255: 6250: 6249: 6248: 6241: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6193: 6191: 6176: 6175: 6173: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6131: 6129: 6123: 6122: 6120: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6098: 6096: 6090: 6089: 6087: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6015: 6013: 6005: 6004: 6002: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5980: 5978: 5972: 5971: 5969: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5937: 5936: 5929: 5922: 5915: 5903: 5897: 5895: 5886: 5878: 5877: 5875: 5874: 5869: 5868: 5867: 5862: 5852: 5845: 5840: 5839: 5838: 5828: 5821: 5820: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5799: 5792: 5786: 5784: 5773: 5772: 5770: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5758: 5757: 5747: 5746: 5745: 5740: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5709: 5707: 5703: 5702: 5700: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5683: 5682: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5661: 5660: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5622: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5601: 5596: 5590: 5588: 5584: 5583: 5581: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5564: 5562: 5558: 5557: 5555: 5554: 5553: 5552: 5551: 5550: 5540: 5526: 5521: 5515: 5513: 5509: 5508: 5501:Personal names 5497: 5496: 5489: 5482: 5474: 5465: 5464: 5462: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5330: 5328: 5319: 5318: 5316: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5219: 5217: 5213: 5212: 5209: 5208: 5206: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5034: 5032: 5026: 5025: 5023: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4895:Pomponius Mela 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4630:Aelius Donatus 4626: 4624: 4615: 4611: 4610: 4608: 4607: 4602: 4601: 4600: 4598:Ecclesiastical 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4552: 4547: 4541: 4539: 4533: 4532: 4530: 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4453: 4451: 4445: 4444: 4442: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4400: 4399: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4358: 4356: 4350: 4349: 4347: 4346: 4341: 4339:Toys and games 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4310: 4309: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4233: 4231: 4225: 4224: 4222: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4185: 4183: 4177: 4176: 4174: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4152: 4151: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4121: 4116: 4115: 4114: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4063: 4061: 4055: 4054: 4051: 4050: 4048: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4011: 4009: 4005: 4004: 4002: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3950: 3948: 3941: 3935: 3934: 3932: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3879:Vigintisexviri 3876: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3839:Cursus honorum 3836: 3831: 3825: 3823: 3817: 3816: 3814: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3788: 3783: 3777: 3775: 3769: 3768: 3766: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3754: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3697: 3695: 3689: 3688: 3685: 3684: 3682: 3681: 3680: 3679: 3669: 3668: 3667: 3662: 3652: 3651: 3650: 3645: 3638:Western Empire 3635: 3630: 3625: 3620: 3614: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3603: 3602: 3597: 3596: 3595: 3585: 3579: 3573: 3567: 3566: 3564: 3563: 3558: 3552: 3549: 3548: 3540: 3539: 3532: 3525: 3517: 3511: 3510: 3505: 3498: 3497:External links 3495: 3493: 3492: 3478: 3465: 3438:10.2307/300873 3408: 3406: 3403: 3400: 3399: 3381: 3369: 3353: 3341: 3325: 3318: 3292: 3276: 3262: 3253: 3237: 3219: 3200: 3177: 3161: 3147: 3126: 3108: 3094: 3055: 3031: 3017: 2999: 2981: 2960: 2917: 2899: 2846: 2780: 2779: 2777: 2774: 2771: 2770: 2760: 2750: 2737: 2712: 2688: 2671: 2663:Christian name 2645: 2594: 2569: 2565:Roman children 2537: 2528: 2498: 2460: 2459: 2457: 2454: 2453: 2452: 2447: 2442: 2437: 2432: 2427: 2421: 2414: 2411: 2397: 2394: 2335: 2332: 2325: 2323: 2322: 2310: 2308: 2298: 2296: 2291: 2289: 2283: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2257: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2217: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2210: 2205: 2203: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2178: 2176: 2173: 2172: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2150: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2119: 2118: 2116: 2113: 2112: 2110: 2108:Vespasia Polla 2105: 2103: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2089: 2087: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2068: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2043: 2040: 2018: 2015: 2010: 2007: 1873:Gaius Octavius 1858: 1857: 1840: 1839: 1798: 1796: 1789: 1782: 1781: 1736: 1734: 1727: 1722: 1696: 1695: 1693: 1686: 1680: 1679:Imperial names 1677: 1639: 1636: 1571:imperial times 1556:Servilia Prima 1552:Servilia Minor 1548:Servilia Major 1523:Main article: 1520: 1517: 1448:making up the 1438:Roman Republic 1430:Main article: 1427: 1424: 1254:(grandson) or 1208:Antoninus Pius 1170: 1169: 1128: 1126: 1119: 1113: 1110: 1062:Main article: 1059: 1056: 999: 994: 978:Main article: 975: 972: 861:Main article: 858: 855: 844: 841: 742:dies lustricus 730:Main article: 727: 724: 707: 702: 463:Italic peoples 441: 440: 376:. Please help 362: 360: 353: 347: 344: 270:Roman Republic 227:Gaius Lemonius 178:personal names 162: 161: 152: 151: 143: 142: 134: 133: 132: 131: 130: 128: 125: 76: 75: 30: 28: 21: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7258: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7233: 7231: 7216: 7213: 7212: 7209: 7203: 7200: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7179: 7176: 7175: 7174: 7171: 7170: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7157: 7154: 7153: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7146: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7129: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7113: 7110: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7092: 7090: 7086: 7083: 7082: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7053: 7047: 7044: 7043: 7042: 7039: 7038: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7023: 7021: 7017: 7009: 7006: 7005: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6995: 6993: 6989: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6968: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6936: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6889: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6880: 6879: 6877: 6875: 6871: 6861: 6857: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6844: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6834: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6819: 6816: 6815: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6795: 6794: 6791: 6790: 6788: 6786: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6773: 6769: 6763: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6751:Mandaean name 6749: 6745: 6742: 6741: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6712:Biblical name 6710: 6709: 6708: 6705: 6704: 6702: 6700: 6696: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6633: 6629: 6628: 6627: 6624: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6542: 6538: 6535: 6531: 6528: 6524: 6523: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6503: 6501: 6499: 6495: 6486: 6482: 6481: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6467: 6463: 6460: 6456: 6453: 6449: 6446: 6442: 6441: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6411: 6409: 6407: 6403: 6394: 6390: 6389: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6365: 6361: 6358: 6354: 6351: 6347: 6344: 6340: 6339: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6329: 6327: 6325: 6321: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6291: 6289: 6287: 6283: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6268: 6266: 6264: 6260: 6254: 6251: 6246: 6242: 6239: 6238:Ancient Greek 6235: 6234: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6194: 6192: 6190: 6185: 6184:North America 6181: 6177: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6132: 6130: 6128: 6124: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6099: 6097: 6095: 6091: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6016: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5981: 5979: 5975:Northern Asia 5973: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5934: 5930: 5927: 5923: 5920: 5916: 5913: 5909: 5908: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5898: 5896: 5894: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5879: 5873: 5870: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5857: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5850: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5837: 5834: 5833: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5826: 5825:Nom de guerre 5822: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5804: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5797: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5756: 5753: 5752: 5751: 5748: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5735: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5710: 5708: 5704: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5681: 5678: 5677: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5658: 5654: 5653: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5606: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5591: 5589: 5585: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5565: 5563: 5559: 5549: 5546: 5545: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5535: 5532: 5531: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5516: 5514: 5512:Personal name 5510: 5506: 5502: 5495: 5490: 5488: 5483: 5481: 5476: 5475: 5472: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5331: 5329: 5320: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5220: 5218: 5214: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5035: 5033: 5031: 5027: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4785:Julius Paulus 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4720:Fabius Pictor 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4619: 4616: 4612: 4606: 4603: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4555: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4534: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4457:Amphitheatres 4455: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4446: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4398: 4395: 4394: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4351: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4308: 4305: 4304: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4226: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4194:Deforestation 4192: 4190: 4187: 4186: 4184: 4182: 4178: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4144:Siege engines 4142: 4140: 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4126: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4113: 4110: 4109: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4077:Establishment 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4056: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4012: 4010: 4008:Extraordinary 4006: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3994:Promagistrate 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3951: 3949: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3936: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3818: 3812: 3809: 3807: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3797: 3794: 3792: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3782: 3781:Twelve Tables 3779: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3770: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3733: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3690: 3678: 3675: 3674: 3673: 3670: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3657: 3656: 3653: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3640: 3639: 3636: 3634: 3631: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3619: 3616: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3607: 3601: 3598: 3594: 3591: 3590: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3580: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3568: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3553: 3550: 3545: 3538: 3533: 3531: 3526: 3524: 3519: 3518: 3515: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3500: 3491: 3490:0-7607-6234-1 3487: 3483: 3479: 3477: 3476:0-521-78230-9 3473: 3469: 3466: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3426: 3418: 3414: 3413:Salway, Benet 3410: 3409: 3397:Salway, p.135 3394: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3379:Salway, p.136 3376: 3374: 3367:Salway, p.134 3364: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3351:Salway, p.133 3348: 3346: 3339:Salway, p.130 3336: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3321: 3315: 3311: 3306: 3305: 3296: 3290:Salway, p.132 3287: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3274:Salway, p.131 3271: 3269: 3267: 3260:Salway, p.145 3257: 3251: 3248: 3247: 3241: 3234: 3230: 3229: 3223: 3216: 3215: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3197: 3193: 3192: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3174: 3170: 3165: 3158: 3157: 3151: 3144: 3140: 3139: 3133: 3131: 3123: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3105: 3104: 3098: 3092: 3091:951-96902-1-2 3088: 3084: 3083: 3076: 3071: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3041:, epitome of 3040: 3035: 3028: 3027: 3021: 3014: 3013: 3008: 3003: 2996: 2995: 2990: 2985: 2978: 2977: 2972: 2967: 2965: 2957: 2953: 2952: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2914: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2896: 2895: 2890: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2843: 2842: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2781: 2764: 2754: 2747: 2741: 2722: 2716: 2698: 2695:Also spelled 2692: 2685: 2681: 2678:Also spelled 2675: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2655: 2649: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2629: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2615: 2610: 2609: 2604: 2598: 2591: 2587: 2586:Flavii Sabini 2583: 2579: 2573: 2566: 2562: 2560: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2541: 2532: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2502: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2465: 2461: 2451: 2450:Romanian name 2448: 2446: 2443: 2441: 2438: 2436: 2433: 2431: 2428: 2425: 2422: 2420: 2417: 2416: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2393: 2389: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2350: 2345: 2341: 2331: 2324: 2321: 2315: 2307: 2302: 2295: 2288: 2284: 2281: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2261: 2259: 2258: 2253: 2245: 2243: 2233: 2229: 2227: 2223: 2221: 2218: 2215: 2213: 2212: 2209: 2202: 2197: 2182: 2174: 2171: 2155: 2153: 2152: 2147: 2139: 2137: 2129: 2127: 2120: 2117: 2115: 2114: 2109: 2102: 2090: 2088: 2072: 2070: 2067: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2039: 2037: 2031: 2029: 2025: 2014: 2006: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1971: 1966: 1962: 1960: 1954: 1952: 1944: 1943: 1930: 1925: 1919: 1916:, Caesar was 1915: 1914:Ides of March 1911: 1907: 1903: 1902: 1896: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1866: 1854: 1851: 1836: 1833: 1825: 1815: 1811: 1805: 1804: 1799:This section 1797: 1793: 1788: 1787: 1778: 1775: 1767: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1743: 1742: 1737:This section 1735: 1726: 1725: 1720: 1718: 1711: 1710: 1705: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1685: 1684: 1676: 1674: 1669: 1665: 1664: 1658: 1655: 1646: 1638:Foreign names 1635: 1633: 1628: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1609: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1582: 1578: 1576: 1572: 1567: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1533: 1526: 1519:Women's names 1516: 1514: 1509: 1504: 1499: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1483: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1467: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1452: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1433: 1423: 1419: 1417: 1409: 1405: 1388: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1358: 1354: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1281: 1277: 1257: 1253: 1245: 1241: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1196: 1192: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1177: 1166: 1163: 1155: 1145: 1141: 1135: 1134: 1129:This section 1127: 1123: 1118: 1117: 1109: 1107: 1103: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1074: 1072: 1065: 1055: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 998: 993: 991: 987: 981: 971: 967: 964: 960: 956: 950: 946: 944: 938: 934: 931: 927: 923: 917: 915: 908: 904: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 873: 869: 864: 854: 852: 851: 840: 838: 837: 830: 828: 823: 818: 814: 809: 807: 802: 801: 795: 793: 789: 783: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 754: 751: 747: 744:, or "day of 743: 739: 738:personal name 733: 723: 721: 717: 713: 706: 701: 699: 695: 691: 686: 684: 679: 678: 672: 668: 664: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 645: 639: 637: 636: 631: 627: 623: 619: 614: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 571: 569: 568: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 486: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 459:Indo-European 455: 453: 448: 437: 426: 423: 419: 416: 412: 409: 405: 402: 398: 395: – 394: 390: 389:Find sources: 383: 379: 375: 369: 368: 367:single source 363:This section 361: 357: 352: 351: 343: 341: 337: 331: 329: 324: 319: 317: 311: 309: 305: 301: 299: 295: 290: 286: 281: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 250: 248: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 199: 193: 191: 187: 183: 179: 170: 166: 156: 147: 138: 124: 122: 118: 113: 109: 105: 100: 95: 91: 87: 83: 72: 69: 61: 51: 47: 43: 37: 36: 31:This article 29: 20: 19: 16: 7190:Signum manus 7178:Royal cypher 7143: 7128:Nomen nescio 7126: 7122:Nomenclature 7117:Naming taboo 6929:Professional 6772:of authority 6722:Saint's name 6438: 6387:Scandinavian 6009:Muslim world 5847: 5823: 5794: 5646:Occupational 5505:anthroponymy 5399:Institutions 5263:Leptis Magna 5216:Major cities 5123:Philostratus 4910:Quadrigarius 4730:Rufus Festus 4593:Contemporary 4408: 4314:Romanization 4237:Architecture 3844:Collegiality 3693:Constitution 3544:Ancient Rome 3482:Ancient Rome 3481: 3467: 3429: 3423: 3405:Bibliography 3303: 3295: 3256: 3244: 3240: 3226: 3222: 3212: 3189: 3172: 3164: 3154: 3150: 3136: 3121: 3101: 3097: 3080: 3050: 3046: 3034: 3024: 3020: 3010: 3007:Titus Livius 3002: 2992: 2989:Titus Livius 2984: 2974: 2971:Titus Livius 2949: 2912: 2892: 2889:Benet Salway 2839: 2763: 2753: 2745: 2740: 2715: 2696: 2691: 2683: 2679: 2674: 2666: 2662: 2659:gentile name 2658: 2653: 2648: 2626: 2612: 2606: 2597: 2589: 2581: 2578:Fabii Maximi 2572: 2557: 2545: 2540: 2531: 2524:King of Rome 2501: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2464: 2445:Italian name 2407: 2403: 2399: 2390: 2337: 2328: 2319: 2305: 2200: 2045: 2032: 2020: 2012: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1991: 1986: 1982: 1974: 1968: 1964: 1957: 1955: 1950: 1940: 1929:Roman Senate 1926: 1918:assassinated 1899: 1897: 1892: 1891:(a cognomen 1888: 1880: 1861: 1846: 1828: 1819: 1808:Please help 1803:verification 1800: 1770: 1761: 1738: 1714: 1707: 1701: 1700:Please help 1697: 1672: 1661: 1659: 1645:Greek origin 1641: 1631: 1629: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1606: 1598: 1591: 1568: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1528: 1507: 1502: 1500: 1490: 1486: 1484: 1475:King of Rome 1473:, the sixth 1468: 1459: 1449: 1435: 1420: 1415: 1407: 1403: 1389: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1356: 1352: 1339: 1329:for "wife". 1326: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1308: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1279: 1275: 1255: 1251: 1243: 1239: 1233: 1188: 1184: 1175: 1173: 1158: 1149: 1138:Please help 1133:verification 1130: 1093:, he became 1082: 1078: 1075: 1067: 1051: 1003: 1001: 996: 989: 985: 983: 968: 962: 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4334:Theatre 4307:Deities 4267:Cuisine 4247:Bathing 4229:Culture 4204:Finance 4181:Economy 4072:Borders 4067:History 3969:Tribune 3964:Praetor 3854:Legatus 3849:Emperor 3736:Curiate 3706:Kingdom 3701:History 3677:History 3660:decline 3618:History 3588:Kingdom 3571:History 3556:Outline 3015:vi. 20. 2768:decree. 2680:atnepos 2654:gentile 2641:Antonii 2582:Quintus 2561:virilis 2520:Faustus 2378:Carinus 1933:Divi f. 1881:stirpes 1877:Octavii 1746:Please 1617:Agrippa 1495:censors 1412:Aug. l. 1373:liberti 1369:liberta 1300:adnepos 1292:abnepos 1272:pronep. 1212:Hadrian 1052:agnomen 1020:Corioli 980:Agnomen 974:Agnomen 955:Flavius 877:Maximus 806:senator 779:Valerii 771:Claudii 763:Aemilii 657:Antonii 649:stirpes 554:Flavius 550:Plancus 534:Publius 518:Sextius 506:Marcius 483:Silvius 475:Silvius 418:scholar 258:Etruria 239:Publius 233:is the 40:Please 7195:Tughra 7100:Middle 7070:Family 6874:Titles 6860:medals 6858:, and 6852:Orders 6832:Suffix 6785:Styles 6744:Hebrew 6670:Sindhi 6655:Indian 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