Ancient Rome - Knowledge

6421: 7356: 3175: 3878: 6190: 1199: 5165: 5924: 4937: 1855: 787: 706: 2957: 529: 6501: 1169: 5139: 1385: 1034: 4542: 1666: 4563: 5944: 4819: 5684: 2648: 3157: 5289:, and the state. Multiple remarriages were not uncommon. Fathers usually began seeking husbands for their daughters when these reached an age between twelve and fourteen, but most commoner-class women stayed single until their twenties, and in general seem to have been far more independent than wives of the elite. Divorce required the consent of one party, along with the return of any dowry. Both parents had power over their children during their minority and adulthood, but husbands had much less control over their wives. 3409: 2747: 1006: 5018: 2088: 6531: 76: 6159:, which was dedicated to Minerva when it was rebuilt under Emperor Domitian's orders. Some of these, including the library at the Temple of Divus Augustus also served as archives. By the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the city of Rome had more than two dozen public libraries. Rome was not the only city to benefit from such institutions. As the Roman Empire spread, public libraries were established in other major cities and cultural centers including Ephesos, Athens, and 2482: 4060: 3166: 6814: 16262: 2266: 5445: 20973: 2613: 807: 1730:. The Julio-Claudians started the destruction of republican values, but on the other hand, they boosted Rome's status as the central power in the Mediterranean region. While Caligula and Nero are usually remembered in popular culture as dysfunctional emperors, Augustus and Claudius are remembered as successful in politics and the military. This dynasty instituted imperial tradition in Rome and frustrated any attempt to reestablish a Republic. 19039: 560: 2421: 4810:) appointed by the Emperor. These were no longer members of the Roman elite but men who came up through the ranks and had seen much practical soldiering. With increasing frequency, these men attempted (sometimes successfully) to usurp the positions of the Emperors. Decreased resources, increasing political chaos and civil war eventually left the Western Empire vulnerable to attack and takeover by neighbouring barbarian peoples. 6633: 3735: 3538: 6798:

felled between AD 40 and 60, coming from the Jura mountains in northeastern France and ending up more than 1,055 miles (1,700 km) away, in the foundations of a lavish portico that was part of a vast wealthy patrician villa, in Central Rome. It is suggested that timber, around 4 metres (13 ft) long, came up to Rome via the Tiber River on ships travelling across the Mediterranean Sea from the confluence of the

20962: 19032: 7370: 4500: 4906:(border troops) during this period, based at fortified river harbours along the Rhine and the Danube. That prominent generals commanded both armies and fleets suggests that naval forces were treated as auxiliaries to the army and not as an independent service. The details of command structure and fleet strengths during this period are not well known, although fleets were commanded by prefects. 1923:. As Gemellus was still a child, Caligula was chosen to rule the empire. He was a popular leader in the first half of his reign, but became a crude and insane tyrant in his years controlling government. The Praetorian Guard murdered Caligula four years after the death of Tiberius, and, with belated support from the senators, proclaimed his uncle 4017:, and the Senate was reduced to an advisory body appointed by the Emperor. The Empire did not inherit a set bureaucracy from the Republic, since the Republic did not have any permanent governmental structures apart from the Senate. The Emperor appointed assistants and advisers, but the state lacked many institutions, such as a centrally planned 4697:, combined cavalry and legionaries in a single formation. They could be stationed at garrisons or outposts and could fight on their own as balanced small forces or combine with similar units as a larger, legion-sized force. This increase in organizational flexibility helped ensure the long-term success of Roman military forces. The Emperor 1356:. To consolidate his own power, Sulla conducted a surprising and illegal action: he marched to Rome with his legions, killing all those who showed support to Marius's cause. In the following year, 87 BC, Marius, who had fled at Sulla's march, returned to Rome while Sulla was campaigning in Greece. He seized power along with the consul 2724:, as Caesar, but subsequently grew jealous and attempted to assassinate him. However, the Praetorian guard preferred Alexander, murdered Elagabalus, dragged his mutilated corpse through the streets of Rome, and threw it into the Tiber. Severus Alexander then succeeded him. Alexander waged war against many foes, including the revitalised 2118:(anglicised as Vespasian) took control of the empire and established a new dynasty. Under the Flavians, Rome continued its expansion, and the state remained secure. Under Trajan, the Roman Empire reached the peak of its territorial expansion. Rome's dominion now spanned 5.0 million square kilometres (1.9 million square miles). 2901: 6618:, which had been purpose-built for chariot and horse-racing and, as Rome's largest public place, was also used for festivals and animal shows. It could seat around 150,000 people; The charioteers raced in teams, identified by their colours; some aficionados were members of extremely, even violently partisan circus factions. 4668:) who served for particular (often annual) campaigns, and who supplied his own equipment. After 200 BC, economic conditions in rural areas deteriorated as manpower needs increased, so that the property qualifications for compulsory service were gradually reduced. Beginning in the 3rd century BC, legionaries were paid a 5285:. By the late Republic, most married women retained lawful connection to their birth family, though any children from the marriage belonged to her husband's family. The mother or an elderly relative often raised both boys and girls. Roman moralists held that marriage and child-raising fulfilled a basic duty to family, 5839:

Like many ancient cultures, concepts of ethics and morality, while sharing some commonalities with modern society, differed greatly in several important ways. Because ancient civilisations like Rome were under constant threat of attack from marauding tribes, their culture was necessarily militaristic

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The Roman year originally had ten months from Martius (March) to December, with the winter period not included in the calendar. The first four months were named after gods (Martius, Aprilis, Maius, Junius) and the others were numbered (Quintilis, Sextilis, September, October, November, and December).

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From Nerva to Marcus Aurelius, the empire achieved an unprecedented status. The powerful influence of laws and manners had gradually cemented the union of the provinces. All the citizens enjoyed and abused the advantages of wealth. The image of a free constitution was preserved with decent reverence.

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to be deployed rapidly, with predictable marching times between key points of the empire, no matter the season. These highways also had enormous economic significance, solidifying Rome's role as a trading crossroads—the origin of the saying "all roads lead to Rome". The Roman government maintained a

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combats. Gladiators had an exotic and inventive variety of arms and armour. They sometimes fought to the death, but more often to an adjudicated victory, usually in keeping with the mood of the watching crowd. Shows of exotic animals were popular in their own right; but sometimes animals were pitted

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conspired to have Caracalla assassinated by one of his soldiers during a pilgrimage to the Temple of the Moon in Carrhae, in 217 AD. Macrinus assumed power, but soon removed himself from Rome to the east and Antioch. His brief reign ended in 218, when the youngster Bassianus, high priest of the

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Unfortunately, the two longest ancient accounts of Roman Republican history, the area in which the problems are currently the most acute and the most widely discussed, the histories of Livy and of Dionysius of Halicarnassus, were composed 500 years (in very round numbers) later than the traditional

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The two longest ancient accounts of the Roman history, the histories of Livy and Dionysius of Halicarnassus, were composed 500 years later than the date for the founding of the republic and 200 years from the defeat of Hannibal. Although there has been a diversity of works on ancient Roman history,

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Ancient Rome's literary contributions are still recognized today and the works by ancient Roman authors were available in bookshops as well as in public and private libraries. Many scholars and statesmen of ancient Rome cultivated private libraries that were used both as demonstrations of knowledge

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of stones, which provided basic construction materials for the buildings of that period. In manufacturing, production was on a relatively small scale, and generally consisted of workshops and small factories that employed at most dozens of workers. However, some brick factories employed hundreds of

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Information suggests that by the time of the late Empire (350 AD), the Roman navy comprised several fleets including warships and merchant vessels for transportation and supply. Warships were oared sailing galleys with three to five banks of oarsmen. Fleet bases included such ports as Ravenna,

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Diocletian expelled the Persians who plundered Syria and conquered some barbarian tribes with Maximian. He adopted many behaviours of Eastern monarchs. Anyone in the presence of the emperor had now to prostrate himself—a common act in the East, but never practised in Rome before. Diocletian did not

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were popular pastimes. For the wealthy, dinner parties presented an opportunity for entertainment, sometimes featuring music, dancing, and poetry readings. The majority, less well-off, sometimes enjoyed similar parties through clubs or associations, but for most Romans, recreational dining usually

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regiments had become permanently established units of the Roman army, paid and equipped by the Empire, led by a Roman tribune and used just as Roman units were used. The Empire also used groups of barbarians to fight along with the legions as allies without integration into the field armies, under

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held the imperial dignity. Pertinax, a member of the senate who had been one of Marcus Aurelius's right-hand men, was the choice of Laetus, and he ruled vigorously and judiciously. Laetus soon became jealous and instigated Pertinax's murder by the Praetorian Guard, who then auctioned the empire to

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and marched to Rome. The Gauls looted and burned the city, then laid siege to the Capitoline Hill, where some Romans had barricaded themselves, for seven months. The Gauls then agreed to give the Romans peace in exchange for 1000 pounds of gold. According to later legend, the Roman supervising the

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for both skilled and unskilled work. Slaves are estimated to have constituted around 20% of the Roman Empire's population at this time and 40% in the city of Rome. Only in the Roman Empire, when the conquests stopped and the prices of slaves increased, did hired labour become more economical than

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After 1200 years of independence and nearly 700 years as a great power, the rule of Rome in the West ended. Various reasons for Rome's fall have been proposed ever since, including loss of Republicanism, moral decay, military tyranny, class war, slavery, economic stagnation, environmental change,

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The Romans also largely built using timber, causing a rapid decline of the woodlands surrounding Rome and in much of the Apennine Mountains due to the demand for wood for construction, shipbuilding and fire. The first evidence of long-distance wood trading come from the discovery of wood planks,

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over that child. Abandoned children were sometimes adopted; some would have been sold into slavery. Slavery was near-ubiquitous and almost universally accepted. In the early Republic, citizens in debt were allowed to sell their labour, and perhaps their sons, to their debtor in a limited form of

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The imperial city of Rome was the largest urban center in the empire, with a population variously estimated from 450,000 to close to one million. Around 20 per cent of the population under jurisdiction of ancient Rome (25–40%, depending on the standards used, in Roman Italy) lived in innumerable

6224:, and the Empire's enormous expansion, which exposed Romans to many new, provincial culinary habits and cooking techniques. In the beginning the differences between social classes were relatively small, but disparities evolved with the Empire's growth. Men and women drank wine with their meals. 5301:

tried to address this through state intervention, offering rewards to any woman who gave birth to three or more children, and penalising the childless. The latter was much resented, and the former had seemingly negligible results. Aristocratic women seem to have been increasingly disinclined to

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Roman citizen women held a restricted form of citizenship; they could not vote but were protected by law. They ran families, could own and run businesses, own and cultivate land, write their own wills, and plead in court on their own behalf, or on behalf of others, all under dispensation of the

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at the age of 16, and campaigned with the army from the age of 17. Educational practices were modified after the conquest of the Hellenistic kingdoms in the 3rd century BC and the resulting Greek influence, although Roman educational practices were still much different from Greek ones. If their

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Most public libraries of this time were not built expressly for that purpose, instead sharing space in temples, baths, and other community buildings. In addition to serving as repositories for books, public libraries hosted orations by authors. These recitations served as social gatherings and

4661:). With the new organisation came a new orientation toward the offensive and a much more aggressive posture toward adjoining city-states. At nominal full strength, an early Republican legion included 3,600 to 4,800 heavy infantry, several hundred light infantry, and several hundred cavalrymen. 2944:

started the persecution and ordered the destruction of all the Christian churches and scripts and forbade Christian worship. Diocletian abdicated in 305 AD together with Maximian, thus, he was the first Roman emperor to resign. His reign ended the traditional form of imperial rule, the

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Public games and spectacles were sponsored by leading Romans who wished to advertise their generosity and court popular approval; in Rome or its provinces, this usually meant the emperor or his governors. Venues in Rome and the provinces were developed specifically for public games. Rome's

2601:" and replied by declaring their individual generals to be emperor. Lucius Septimius Severus Geta, the Pannonian commander, bribed the opposing forces, pardoned the Praetorian Guards and installed himself as emperor. He and his successors governed with the legions' support. The changes on 1308:. Marius then started his military reform: in his recruitment to fight Jugurtha, he levied the very poor (an innovation), and many landless men entered the army. Marius was elected for five consecutive consulships from 104 to 100 BC, as Rome needed a military leader to defeat the 4785:(depending on the highest office held before) to govern a foreign province. Under Augustus, whose most important political priority was to place the military under a permanent and unitary command, the Emperor was the legal commander of each legion but exercised that command through a 2676:

disliked him and were denigrating his character, Caracalla served a banquet for its notable citizens, after which his soldiers killed all the guests. From the security of the temple of Sarapis, he then directed an indiscriminate slaughter of Alexandria's people. In 212, he issued the

3944:), but no real legislative power; it was technically only an advisory council. However, as the Senators were individually very influential, it was difficult to accomplish anything against the collective will of the Senate. New senators were chosen from among the most accomplished 2534:

The Roman senate appeared to possess the sovereign authority, and devolved on the emperors all the executive powers of government. Gibbon declared the rule of these "Five Good Emperors" the golden era of the Empire. During this time, Rome reached its greatest territorial extent.

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had done. Between 290 and 330, half a dozen new capitals had been established by the members of the Tetrarchy, officially or not: Antioch, Nicomedia, Thessalonike, Sirmium, Milan, and Trier. Diocletian was also responsible for a significant Christian persecution. In 303 he and

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Marius died in 86 BC, due to age and poor health, just a few months after seizing power. Cinna exercised absolute power until his death in 84 BC. After returning from his Eastern campaigns, Sulla had a free path to reestablish his own power. In 83 BC he made his

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came to be the language spoken by the well-educated elite, as most of the literature studied by Romans was written in Greek. Most of the emperors were bilingual but had a preference for Latin in the public sphere for political reasons, a practice that first started during the

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were known for their durability and many segments of the Roman road system were still in use a thousand years after the fall of Rome. The construction of a vast and efficient travel network throughout the Empire dramatically increased Rome's power and influence. They allowed

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were made emperors. Caracalla had his brother, a youth, assassinated in his mother's arms, and may have murdered 20,000 of Geta's followers. Like his father, Caracalla was warlike. He continued Severus' policy and gained respect from the legions. Knowing that the citizens of

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who attempted to pass land reform legislation that would redistribute the major patrician landholdings among the plebeians. Both brothers were killed and the Senate passed reforms reversing the Gracchi brother's actions. This led to the growing divide of the plebeian groups

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and Christianity had begun to spread through the populace. Emperors were no longer men linked with nobility; they usually were born in lower-classes of distant parts of the Empire. These men rose to prominence through military ranks, and became emperors through civil wars.

6446:, a common garment during the era of Julius Caesar, was gradually abandoned by all social classes of the Empire. At the early 4th century, the toga had become just a garment worn by senators in Senate and ceremonial events. At the 4th century, the toga was replaced by the 2281:

Following Domitian's murder, the Senate rapidly appointed Nerva as Emperor. Nerva had noble ancestry, and he had served as an advisor to Nero and the Flavians. His rule restored many of the traditional liberties of Rome's upper classes, which Domitian had over-ridden. The

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in the ancient world, covering around 5 million square kilometres (1.9 million square miles) in AD 117, with an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants, roughly 20% of the world's population at the time. The Roman state evolved from an elective monarchy to a

1424:) that had supported populist approaches. Meanwhile, social and economic stresses continued to build; Rome had become a metropolis with a super-rich aristocracy, debt-ridden aspirants, and a large proletariat often of impoverished farmers. The latter groups supported the 470:. Ancient Roman civilisation has contributed to modern language, religion, society, technology, law, politics, government, warfare, art, literature, architecture, and engineering. Rome professionalised and expanded its military and created a system of government called 6127:

and displays of wealth and power. Private libraries were so commonly encountered that Vitruvius wrote about where libraries should be situated within a villa. In addition to numerous private libraries, the Roman Empire saw the establishment of early public libraries.

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and humanised the laws. His many building projects included aqueducts, baths, libraries and theatres; additionally, he travelled nearly every province in the Empire to review military and infrastructural conditions. Following Hadrian's death in 138 AD, his successor

5879:). Indeed, wearing a veil was a common expectation to preserve modesty. Sex outside of marriage was generally frowned upon for men and women and indeed was made illegal during the imperial period. Nevertheless, prostitution was an accepted and regulated practice. 5996:, though sometimes including depictions of mythological characters. The second style began during the early 1st century BC and attempted to depict realistically three-dimensional architectural features and landscapes. The third style occurred during the reign of 647:. The sons, sentenced to death, were rescued by a wolf and returned to restore the Alban king and found a city. After a dispute, Romulus killed Remus and became the city's sole founder. The area of his initial settlement on the Palatine Hill was later known as 5870:

Roman society had well-established and restrictive norms related to sexuality, though as with many societies, the lion's share of the responsibilities fell on women. Women were generally expected to be monogamous having only a single husband during their life

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for cavalry. Nominal strengths may have been 1,200 men for infantry regiments and 600 for cavalry, but actual troop levels could have been much lower—800 infantry and 400 cavalry. Many infantry and cavalry regiments operated in pairs under the command of a

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over matters that affected the family's well-being and reputation. Traditionally, such matters were regarded as outside the purview of the state and its magistrates; under the emperors, they were increasingly subject to state interference and legislation.

3601:, who could not. This became less important in the later Republic, as some plebeian families became wealthy and entered politics, and some patrician families fell economically. Anyone, patrician or plebeian, who could count a consul as his ancestor was a 2636:, a rich Arabian city. Severus killed his legate, who was gaining respect from the legions; and his soldiers fell victim to famine. After this disastrous campaign, he withdrew. Severus also intended to vanquish the whole of Britannia. To achieve this, he 326:, was assassinated in 480, when the title and notion of a separate Western Empire were abolished. Another suggested end date is the reorganization of the Italian peninsula and abolition of separate Western Roman administrative institutions under Emperor 3995:

could be appointed. Throughout the Republic, the administrative system was revised several times to comply with new demands. In the end, it proved inefficient for controlling the ever-expanding dominion of Rome, contributing to the establishment of the

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Once accepted into their birth family by their fathers, children were potential heirs. They could not be lawfully given away, or sold into slavery. If parents were unable to care for their child, or if its paternity was in doubt, they could resort to

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By the end of the Social War, Marius and Sulla were the premier military men in Rome and their partisans were in conflict, both sides jostling for power. In 88 BC, Sulla was elected for his first consulship and his first assignment was to defeat

5399:, the second king of Rome (716–673 BC), is said to have introduced the months of January and February, both also named after gods, beginning the 12-month calendar still in use today. In 44 BC, the month Quintilis was renamed to Julius (July) after 3007:, which granted liberty for Christians to profess their religion. Constantine was converted to Christianity, enforcing the Christian faith. He began the Christianization of the Empire and of Europe—a process concluded by the Catholic Church in the 5844:

a virtue, Roman society considered compassion a vice, a moral defect. Indeed, one of the primary purposes of the gladiatorial games was to inoculate Roman citizens from this weakness. Romans instead prized virtues such as courage and conviction

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The Byzantine Romans, however, managed to stop further Islamic expansion into their lands during the 8th century and, beginning in the 9th century, reclaimed parts of the conquered lands. In 1000 AD, the Eastern Empire was at its height:

1160:. The conquest of the Hellenistic kingdoms brought the Roman and Greek cultures in closer contact and the Roman elite, once rural, became cosmopolitan. At this time Rome was a consolidated empire—in the military view—and had no major enemies. 1858:

Extent of the Roman Empire under Augustus. The yellow legend represents the extent of the Republic in 31 BC, the shades of green represent gradually conquered territories under the reign of Augustus, and pink areas on the map represent

1497:. Pompey was murdered in Egypt in 48 BC. Caesar was now pre-eminent over Rome: in five years he held four consulships, two ordinary dictatorships, and two special dictatorships, one for perpetuity. He was murdered in 44 BC, on the 3644:, sometimes translated "knights"), originally those who could afford a warhorse, and who formed a powerful mercantile class. Several further classes, originally based on the military equipment their members could afford, followed, with the 4750:

Military leadership evolved over the course of the history of Rome. Under the monarchy, the hoplite armies were led by the kings. During the early and middle Roman Republic, military forces were under the command of one of the two elected

2474:. On becoming emperor, Antoninus made few initial changes, leaving intact as far as possible the arrangements instituted by his predecessor. Antoninus expanded Roman Britannia by invading what is now southern Scotland and building the 5391:(first day of each month, always in plural), the ides (13th or 15th of the month), and the nones (ninth day before the ides, inclusive, i.e. 5th or 7th of the month). Other days were counted backwards from the next one of these days. 3662:

shared some basic rights with their male counterparts, but were not fully regarded as citizens and were thus not allowed to vote or take part in politics. At the same time the limited rights of women were gradually expanded (due to

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forbade members of the Senate from engaging in commerce, so while the equestrians could theoretically join the Senate, they were severely restricted in political power. The Senate squabbled perpetually, repeatedly blocked important

1611:. The Second Triumvirate expired in 38 BC but was renewed for five more years. However, the relationship between Octavian and Antony had deteriorated, and Lepidus was forced to retire in 36 BC after betraying Octavian in 3066:

was made capital, in the 5th century. Constantine's administrative and monetary reforms, that reunited the Empire under one emperor, and rebuilt the city of Byzantium, as Constantinopolis Nova Roma, changed the high period of the

3770:, and public affairs. Young boys learned much about civic life by accompanying their fathers to religious and political functions, including the Senate for the sons of nobles. The sons of nobles were apprenticed to a prominent 5804:. Under the Empire, the Romans absorbed the mythologies of their conquered subjects, often leading to situations in which the temples and priests of traditional Italian deities existed side by side with those of foreign gods. 5293:

courts and the nominal supervision of a senior male relative. Throughout the late Republican and Imperial eras, a declining birthrate among the elite, and a corresponding increase among commoners was cause of concern for many

3648:, citizens who had no property other than their children, at the bottom. Before the reforms of Marius they were ineligible for military service and are often described as being just above freed slaves in wealth and prestige. 829:

By the end of the sixth century, Rome and many of its Italian neighbours entered a period of turbulence. Archaeological evidence implies some degree of large-scale warfare. According to tradition and later writers such as

2337:. Trajan is credited with the restoration of traditional privileges and rights of commoner and senatorial classes, which later Roman historians claim to have been eroded during Domitian's autocracy. Trajan fought three 1966:

there were independent, tough, resistant to tax collectors, and fought Paulinus as he battled his way across from east to west. It took him a long time to reach the north west coast, and in 60 AD he finally crossed the

5647:. Justinian would be the last emperor to use Latin in government and marks when Greek officially took over. The expansion of the Roman Empire spread Latin throughout Europe, and Vulgar Latin evolved into many distinct 5882:

Public demonstrations of death, violence, and brutality were used as a source of entertainment in Roman communities; however it was also a way to maintain social order, demonstrate power, and signify communal unity.

5875:), though this was much less regarded by the elite, especially under the empire. Women were expected to be modest in public avoiding any provocative appearance and to demonstrate absolute fidelity to their husbands ( 4797:) and served as provincial governor, while in a province with more than one legion, each legion was commanded by a legate and the legates were commanded by the provincial governor (also a legate but of higher rank). 4617:, the body of citizens organised politically), with three providing hoplites and two providing light infantry. The early Roman army was tactically limited and its stance during this period was essentially defensive. 733:

Evidence of Roman expansion is clear in the sixth century BC; by its end, Rome controlled a territory of some 780 square kilometres (300 square miles) with a population perhaps as high as 35,000. A palace, the

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Although Julius Caesar had intended to establish public libraries to further establish Rome as a great cultural center like Athens and Alexandria, he died before this was accomplished. Caesar's former lieutenant,

5627:, and eventually in pronunciation. Speakers of Latin could understand both until the 7th century when spoken Latin began to diverge so much that 'Classical' or 'Good Latin' had to be learned as a second language. 2702:

temple of the Sun at Emesa, and supposedly illegitimate son of Caracalla, was declared Emperor by the disaffected soldiers of Macrinus. He adopted the name of Antoninus but history has named him after his Sun god

391:. The settlement grew into the city and polity of Rome, and came to control its neighbours through a combination of treaties and military strength. It eventually controlled the Italian Peninsula, assimilating the 2448:

in Judea. This was the last large-scale Jewish revolt against the Romans, and was suppressed with massive repercussions in Judea. Hundreds of thousands of Jews were killed. Hadrian renamed the province of Judea

2805:. The population and the frontiers were abandoned, since the emperors were mostly concerned with defeating rivals and establishing their power. The economy also suffered: massive military expenditures from the 2540:, son of Marcus Aurelius, became emperor after his father's death. He is not counted as one of the Five Good Emperors, due to his direct kinship with the latter emperor; in addition, he was militarily passive. 1766:

was very peaceful, which led the people and the nobles of Rome to support Augustus, increasing his strength in political affairs. His generals were responsible for the field command, gaining such commanders as

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The extreme expressions of this power—the selling or killing of family members for moral or civil offences, including simple disobedience—were very rarely exercised, and were forbidden in the Imperial era. A

4880:, the quinquereme permitted the use of a mix of experienced and inexperienced crewmen (an advantage for a primarily land-based power), and its lesser manoeuvrability permitted the Romans to adopt and perfect 4894:, a rank equal to a centurion, who was usually not a citizen. Potter suggests that because the fleet was dominated by non-Romans, the navy was considered non-Roman and allowed to atrophy in times of peace. 7430: 4701:(253–268 AD) began a reorganisation that created the last military structure of the late Empire. Withdrawing some legionaries from the fixed bases on the border, Gallienus created mobile forces (the 3054:, only briefly interrupted the succession of Christian emperors. Constantinople served as a new capital for the Empire. In fact, Rome had lost its central importance since the Crisis of the Third Century— 1069:

and Messana were too close to the newly conquered Greek cities of Southern Italy and Carthage was now able to make an offensive through Roman territory; along with this, Rome could extend its domain over

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being enrolled in a single tribe. Voting was done in class order, from top down, and stopped as soon as most of the tribes had been reached, so the poorer classes were often unable to cast their votes.

3844:, who were elected from each of Rome's major tribes in turn. The exact nature of the king's power is uncertain. He may have held near-absolute power, or may have merely been the chief executive of the 11884:"The History of the Library in Western Civilization, Volume II: From Cicero to Hadrian: The Roman World from the Beginnings of Latin Literature to the Monumental and Private Libraries of the Empire" 9249: 6966:, government and many factors and aspects of western civilisation are all inherited from Roman advancements. The rediscovery of Roman culture revitalised Western civilisation, playing a role in the 2915:

In 284 AD, Diocletian was hailed as Imperator by the eastern army. Diocletian healed the empire from the crisis, by political and economic shifts. A new form of government was established: the

3470:, and formed the basis of similar codifications in continental Western Europe. Roman law continued, in a broader sense, to be applied throughout most of Europe until the end of the 17th century. 2241:

Titus became emperor in 79. He finished the Flavian Amphitheater, using war spoils from the First Jewish-Roman War, and hosted victory games that lasted for a hundred days. These games included

6452:(a garment similar to a poncho) as the everyday garment of the Romans, from the lower classes to the upper classes. Another garment that was popular among the Romans in the later years of the 2585:

the highest bidder, Didius Julianus, for 25,000 sesterces per man. The people of Rome were appalled and appealed to the frontier legions to save them. The legions of three frontier provinces—

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was organised under a strict system of priestly offices, which were held by men of senatorial rank. The College of Pontifices was uppermost body in this hierarchy, and its chief priest, the

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was the main warship on both sides of the Punic Wars and remained the mainstay of Roman naval forces until replaced by the time of Caesar Augustus by lighter and more manoeuvrable vessels.

2253:. He ruled for fifteen years, during which time he acquired a reputation for self-promotion as a living god. He constructed at least two temples in honour of Jupiter, the supreme deity in 726:

Literary and archaeological evidence is clear on there having been kings in Rome, attested in fragmentary 6th century BC texts. Long after the abolition of the Roman monarchy, a vestigial

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took on the religious responsibilities of the deposed kings. In the Roman Empire, deceased emperors who had ruled well were deified by their successors and the Senate. and the formalised

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coins in circulation throughout the Empire and beyond—some have even been discovered in India. Before the 3rd century BC, copper was traded by weight, measured in unmarked lumps, across

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as well as a series of mutually destructive wars against the Persian Sassanian Empire, the Byzantine Romans were threatened by the rise of Islam. Its followers rapidly brought about the

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disease, the decline of the Roman race, as well as the inevitable ebb and flow that all civilisations experience. The Eastern Empire survived for almost 1000 years after the fall of its

2644:. After many casualties in the army due to the terrain and the barbarians' ambushes, Severus himself went to the field. However, he became ill and died in 211 AD, at the age of 65. 2628:

killed. Severus attempted to revive totalitarianism and, addressing the Roman people and Senate, praised the severity and cruelty of Marius and Sulla, which worried the senators. When

730:

was retained to exercise the monarch's former priestly functions. The Romans believed that their monarchy was elective, with seven legendary kings who were largely unrelated by blood.

4869:

required that Rome build large fleets, and it did so largely with the assistance of and financing from allies. This reliance on allies continued to the end of the Roman Republic. The

4013:, or "first citizen", and the Senate gained legislative power and all legal authority previously held by the popular assemblies. However, the rule of the Emperors became increasingly 23519: 1277:

Violent gangs of the urban unemployed, controlled by rival Senators, intimidated the electorate through violence. The situation came to a head in the late 2nd century BC under the

1352:, whose intentions were to conquer the Eastern part of the Roman territories. However, Marius's partisans managed his installation to the military command, defying Sulla and the 3991:

were elected annually and had to share power with a colleague. For example, under normal conditions, the highest authority was held by two consuls. In an emergency, a temporary

2306:. Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius were part of Italic families settled in Roman colonies outside of Italy: the families of Trajan and Hadrian had settled in 3651:

Voting power in the Republic depended on class. Citizens were enrolled in voting "tribes", but the tribes of the richer classes had fewer members than the poorer ones, all the

1623:. Antony's affair with Cleopatra was seen as an act of treason, since she was queen of another country. Additionally, Antony adopted a lifestyle considered too extravagant and 6659:, which was not invented again until the 1930s. Many practical Roman innovations were adopted from earlier Greek designs. Advancements were often divided and based on craft. 6212:

Ancient Roman cuisine changed over the long duration of this ancient civilisation. Dietary habits were affected by the influence of Greek culture, the political changes from

1420:(the "best", who wanted to maintain exclusive aristocratic control). Sulla overthrew all populist leaders and his constitutional reforms removed powers (such as those of the 21009: 18687: 7400: 5239:(Boswell translates this as being "offered" up to care by the gods or strangers). If a deformed or sickly newborn was patently "unfit to live", killing it was a duty of the 3289:

even after the deposition of Romulus Augustus until his death in 480. Some historians consider him to be the last emperor of the Western Empire instead of Romulus Augustus.

3623:("new man") and ennobled his descendants. Patrician ancestry, however, still conferred considerable prestige, and many religious offices remained restricted to patricians. 1097:, causing panic among Rome's Italian allies. The best way found to defeat Hannibal's purpose of causing the Italians to abandon Rome was to delay the Carthaginians with a 5273:

over his adult sons with their own households. This could give rise to legal anomalies, such as adult sons also having the status of minors. No man could be considered a

10999: 4804:), the Augustan model was abandoned. Provincial governors were stripped of military authority, and command of the armies in a group of provinces was given to generals ( 13823: 9717:

Giessen Papyrus, 40, 7–9 "I grant to all the inhabitants of the Empire the Roman citizenship and no one remains outside a civitas, with the exception of the dediticii"

5424:, a 15-year period based on the announcement of the delivery of food and other goods to the government. Another way, less popular but more similar to present day, was 1754:. The senators lost their right to rule certain provinces, like Egypt, since the governor of that province was directly nominated by the emperor. The creation of the 1470:. Confident that Caesar could be stopped by legal means, Pompey's party tried to strip Caesar of his legions, a prelude to Caesar's trial, impoverishment, and exile. 4680:, Augustus reorganised Roman military forces, discharging soldiers and disbanding legions. He retained 28 legions, distributed through the provinces of the Empire. 6243:(native and imported from Africa and the eastern provinces), and a wide variety of vegetables, including carrots (of different colours, but not orange) as well as 3213:, a general who tried to reunite the Empire and repel barbarian invasion in the early years of the 5th century. The professional field army collapsed. In 410, the 1690:. That event is usually taken by historians as the beginning of Roman Empire. Officially, the government was republican, but Augustus assumed absolute powers. His 6085:(a type of water organ). Most religious rituals featured musical performances. Some music historians believe that music was used at almost all public ceremonies. 4620:

By the 3rd century BC, the Romans abandoned the hoplite formation in favour of a more flexible system in which smaller groups of 120 (or sometimes 60) men called

23418: 13540: 7263: 7200: 5811:

in the 1st century AD, Roman official policy towards Christianity was negative, and at some point, being a Christian could be punishable by death. Under Emperor

4528: 5258:, with consent and support of their owners, and still serve their owners' family and financial interests, as freedmen or freed women. This was the basis of the 767:—along with shared religious festivals, further indicate a shared culture. By the end of the 6th century, most of this area had become dominated by the Romans. 691: 16662: 13979: 8535: 6466:

very similar to those used by the Germanic peoples with whom they interacted in the final years of the Western Empire, also adopted trousers and hats like the

2245:, horse races and a sensational mock naval battle on the flooded grounds of the Colosseum. Titus died of fever in 81 AD, and was succeeded by his brother 6570:. In the countryside, pastimes for the wealthy also included fishing and hunting. The Romans also had several forms of ball playing, including one resembling 6008:

background. The fourth style, which began in the 1st century AD, depicted scenes from mythology, while retaining architectural details and abstract patterns.

1241:' expense; soldiers, who were mostly small-scale farmers, were away from home longer and could not maintain their land; and the increased reliance on foreign 7449:

The specific dates vary, depending on whether one follows Roman tradition, modern archaeology, or competing views of which particular events mark endpoints.

1300:

soon become a leader of the Republic, holding the first of his seven consulships (an unprecedented number) in 107 BC by arguing that his former patron

23408: 16905: 5988:

The first style of Roman painting was practised from the early 2nd century BC to the early- or mid-1st century BC. It was mainly composed of imitations of

3688:

and allowed their leading magistrates to become full Roman citizens. While there were varying degrees of Latin rights, the main division was between those

4693:

remained independent cohorts, and legionary troops often operated as groups of cohorts rather than as full legions. A new and versatile type of unit, the

13718: 13424: 8449:

The Encyclopædia britannica: a dictionary of arts, sciences, and general literature; the R.S. Peale reprint, with new maps and original American articles

12440: 2732:, who invaded Gaul. His losses generated dissatisfaction among his soldiers, and some of them murdered him during his Germanic campaign in 235 AD. 1779:

much respect from the populace and the legions. Augustus intended to extend the Roman Empire to the whole known world, and in his reign, Rome conquered

23283: 18795: 4755:

for the year. During the later Republic, members of the Roman Senatorial elite, as part of the normal sequence of elected public offices known as the

3261:

refused to meet the demands of the barbarian "allies" who now formed the army, and tried to expel them from Italy. Unhappy with this, their chieftain

1871:

The Julio-Claudians continued to rule Rome after Augustus' death and remained in power until the death of Nero in 68 AD. Influenced by his wife,

1085:

was the subsequent war reparations Carthage acquiesced to at the end of the First Punic War. The war began with the audacious invasion of Hispania by

21002: 16845: 2194:, and, lastly, Vespasian, who crushed Vitellius' forces and became emperor. He reconstructed many buildings which were uncompleted, like a statue of 11252:

by Winfred P. Lehmann and Jonathan Slocum. Linguistics Research Center. The University of Texas at Austin. 15 February 2007. Retrieved 1 April 2007.

8958: 3870:, which was an assembly of the priestly college that could assemble the people to bear witness to certain acts, hear proclamations, and declare the 16807: 6554:

The youth of Rome had several forms of athletic play and exercise. Play for boys was supposed to prepare them for active military service, such as

6462:, which was mostly worn by philosophers and scholars in general. Due to external influences, mainly from the Germanic peoples, the Romans adopted 6004:

of the second style in favour of simple ornamentation. A small architectural scene, landscape, or abstract design was placed in the center with a

5324:

Roman hours were counted ordinally from dawn to dawn. Thus, if sunrise was at 6 am, then 6 to 7 am was called the "first hour". Midday was called

1987:

and threw many of the sacred standing stones into the sea. While Paulinus and his troops were massacring druids in Mona, the tribes of modern-day

23504: 20032: 16900: 11284: 5277:, nor could he truly hold property under law, while his own father lived. During Rome's early history, married daughters came under the control ( 4676:). By the time of Augustus, the ideal of the citizen-soldier had been abandoned and the legions had become fully professional. At the end of the 3361:

and Armenia, and culture and trade flourished. However, soon after, this expansion was abruptly stopped in 1071 with the Byzantine defeat in the

2861:, the first Roman ruler to be captured by his enemies; it was a humiliating fact for the Romans. The crisis began to recede during the reigns of 1879:, as his heir. The Senate agreed with the succession, and granted to Tiberius the same titles and honours once granted to Augustus: the title of 1136:. All these wars resulted in Rome's first overseas conquests (Sicily, Hispania and Africa) and the rise of Rome as a significant imperial power. 2632:

invaded Roman territory, Severus successfully waged war against that country. Notwithstanding this military success, Severus failed in invading

23423: 16667: 10388: 10126: 5739:, at least concerning the gods, was made up not of written narratives, but rather of complex interrelations between gods and humans. Unlike in 1128:

began when Rome declared war against Carthage in 149 BC. Carthage resisted well at the first strike but could not withstand the attack of

667:

and a woman travelling with them, Roma, torched their ships to prevent them leaving again. They named the settlement after her. The Roman poet

7000:

and other books from obscure authors. Historians used their works for the lauding of Roman culture and customs, and to flatter their patrons.

4630:, totalling between 4,000 and 5,000 men. The early Republican legion consisted of five sections: the three lines of manipular heavy infantry ( 1077:

Carthage was a maritime power, and the Roman lack of ships and naval experience made the path to the victory a long and difficult one for the

23448: 20064: 13866: 6420: 4898:

Arles, Aquilea, Misenum and the mouth of the Somme River in the West and Alexandria and Rhodes in the East. Flotillas of small river craft (

3673:, gained property rights and even had more juridical rights than their husbands, but still no voting rights, and were absent from politics. 2706:, represented on Earth in the form of a large black stone. An incompetent and lascivious ruler, Elagabalus offended all but his favourites. 1466:, obtained immense wealth, respect in Rome and the loyalty of battle-hardened legions. He became a threat to Pompey and was loathed by many 1120:. However, Carthage, having paid the war indemnity, felt that its commitments and submission to Rome had ceased, a vision not shared by the 22793: 20995: 20695: 20047: 18374: 16877: 16722: 14408: 4865:

commanded a fleet of twenty ships used mainly to control piracy. This fleet was given up in 278 AD and replaced by allied forces. The

1762:

with a fixed size of 28 legions, ensured his total control over the army. Compared with the Second Triumvirate's epoch, Augustus' reign as

2397:(116), and issued coins that claimed Armenia and Mesopotamia were under the authority of the Roman people. In that same year, he captured 16882: 16822: 14450: 14438: 11245: 9216: 9173: 5070:

of copper, but weighed less. Thus, Roman money's utility as a unit of exchange consistently exceeded its intrinsic value as metal. After

4521: 4306: 4202: 2466:

built temples, theatres, and mausoleums, promoted the arts and sciences, and bestowed honours and financial rewards upon the teachers of

2027:

before her, committed suicide to avoid the disgrace of being paraded in triumph in Rome. Nero is widely known as the first persecutor of

689: 11760: 8698: 8285: 20659: 19589: 16925: 14497: 11786:"Pliny the Elder, The Natural History, BOOK XXXV. AN ACCOUNT OF PAINTINGS AND COLOURS., CHAP. 2. (2.)—THE HONOUR ATTACHED TO PORTRAITS" 9769: 5093:

connected military posts, where Roman markets were centered. These roads were designed for wheels. As a result, there was transport of

4118: 3956:), who could also remove a senator from his office if he was found "morally corrupt"; a charge that could include bribery or, as under 3547: 950:

weighing noticed that the Gauls were using false scales. The Romans then took up arms and defeated the Gauls. Their victorious general

759:, a common culture is attested to archaeologically. Attested to reciprocal rights of marriage and citizenship between Latin cities—the 2919:. The Empire was divided among four emperors, two in the West and two in the East. The first tetrarchs were Diocletian (in the East), 23363: 20793: 16411: 5184:

The basic units of Roman society were households and families. Groups of households connected through the male line formed a family (

4950:

Ancient Rome commanded a vast area of land, with tremendous natural and human resources. As such, Rome's economy remained focused on

1494: 6994:

many of them are lost. As a result of this loss, there are gaps in Roman history, which are filled by unreliable works, such as the

6896:

and carry waste into the Tiber. Some historians have speculated that lead pipes in the sewer and plumbing systems led to widespread

4626:

could manoeuvre more independently on the battlefield. Thirty maniples arranged in three lines with supporting troops constituted a

22637: 20700: 16993: 15823: 14413: 12352: 12248: 9789: 8528:; examples are a coin of 38 BC inscribed "Divi Iuli filius", and another of 31 BC bearing the inscription "Divi filius" ( 7468:

Goldsmith, Raymond W. (September 1984). "An Estimate of the Size And Structure of the National Product of the Early Roman Empire".

6495: 4094: 4042: 3385:. The conquest of Constantinople in 1204 fragmented what remained of the Empire into successor states; the ultimate victor was the 1585: 749:

to the regal period as well. Rome also started to extend its control over its Latin neighbours. While later Roman stories like the

11623:

from Timeline of Art History. Department of Greek and Roman Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2004–10. Retrieved 22 April 2007.

2457:

which separated Roman Britannia and the tribes of modern-day Scotland. Hadrian promoted culture, especially the Greek. He forbade

22277: 21360: 20265: 18630: 18522: 18383: 17518: 16860: 15785: 14423: 11064:, p. 207; Jás Elsner (2007). "The Changing Nature of Roman Art and the Art Historical Problem of Style", in Eva R. Hoffman (ed), 9558: 8521: 4260: 3634:, according to property. The wealthiest were the Senatorial class, who dominated politics and command of the army. Next came the 2637: 1081:. Despite this, after more than 20 years of war, Rome defeated Carthage and a peace treaty was signed. Among the reasons for the 1000: 13829: 12077: 8185: 8174: 3835: 2141:

following the Jewish uprising of 66 AD. The Second Temple was completely demolished, after which Titus' soldiers proclaimed him

1535:. Upon its formation, 130–300 senators were executed, and their property was confiscated, due to their supposed support for the 1112:

More than a half century after these events, Carthage was left humiliated and the Republic's focus was now directed towards the

23509: 22725: 19477: 18788: 18677: 18391: 15730: 14418: 14152: 11007: 9101: 5674: 4514: 4180: 3258: 2122: 12710: 11761:"Vitruvius Pollio, The Ten Books on Architecture, BOOK VI, CHAPTER IV: THE PROPER EXPOSURES OF THE DIFFERENT ROOMS, section 1" 11036:), dated 3rd century AD; Beckwith, John, Early Christian and Byzantine Art, Penguin History of Art (now Yale), 2nd edn. 1979, 10564: 10473: 10305: 10207: 10010: 9390: 8887: 8852:

A compendium of universal history. Ancient and modern, by the author of 'Two thousand questions on the Old and New Testaments'

8551: 5254:, but this was abolished in the middle Republic. Freedom was considered a natural and proper state for citizens; slaves could 685: 23303: 20943: 20106: 18312: 18180: 16915: 15700: 14525: 14052: 13679: 13583: 13561: 13390: 13362: 13331: 13309: 13283: 13221: 13180: 13157: 13135: 13116: 13075: 13054: 13007: 12988: 12966: 12944: 12923: 12904: 12875: 12827: 12787: 12768: 12731: 12694: 12617: 12552: 12527: 12313: 12087: 11970: 11903: 11647: 11586: 11555: 11528: 11498: 11305: 11263: 11231: 11190: 11094: 11073: 10959: 10932: 10864: 10452: 10427: 10296: 10269: 9738: 9528: 8744: 8091: 7811: 7791: 7771: 7540: 7512: 6857: 5827:

in 313, and quickly became dominant. All religions except Christianity were prohibited in 391 AD by an edict of Emperor

3704:("without vote"; could not take part in Roman politics). Most of Rome's Italian allies were given full citizenship after the 1132:, who entirely destroyed the city, enslaved all the citizens and gained control of that region, which became the province of 407:

culture, and then became the dominant power in the Mediterranean region and parts of Europe. At its height it controlled the

18345:

Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper

12269: 11132: 11116: 9696: 8997: 8204:

The History of Warfare: The Ultimate Visual Guide to the History of Warfare from the Ancient World to the American Civil War

6677:

constituted a large part of Rome's technological superiority and legacy, and contributed to the construction of hundreds of

6119:

telling the early military history of Rome. As the Republic expanded, authors began to produce poetry, comedy, history, and

4707:

or field armies) and stationed them behind and at some distance from the borders as a strategic reserve. The border troops (

3756:

In the early Republic, there were no public schools, so boys were taught to read and write by their parents, or by educated

21662: 21380: 20740: 20015: 19823: 17525: 15790: 15665: 14818: 10381: 9139: 7415: 3766:, usually of Greek origin. The primary aim of education during this period was to train young men in agriculture, warfare, 3630:

originally based on military service became more important. Membership of these classes was determined periodically by the

2047:

in modern-day Spain revolted. Deserted by the Praetorian Guards and condemned to death by the senate, Nero killed himself.

1301: 10591: 9371: 8395: 8064:

by William Smith, D.C.L., LL.D. Published by John Murray, London, 1875. Website, 8 December 2006. Retrieved 24 March 2007.

6728:, Rome borrowed heavily from Greece in adhering to strict, formulaic building designs and proportions. Aside from two new 3816:). Education at this level prepared students for legal careers, and required that the students memorise the laws of Rome. 3436:, temples, and other buildings similar to Rome's. The average life expectancy in the Middle Empire was about 26–28 years. 3389:. After the recapture of Constantinople by Imperial forces, the Empire was little more than a Greek state confined to the 3317:. But within a few years of Justinian's death, Eastern Roman (Byzantine) possessions in Italy were greatly reduced by the 22175: 21918: 21866: 20069: 19932: 18716: 18148: 14371: 11447: 9349: 7591: 6184: 5371:

The ancient Roman week originally had eight days, which were identified by letters A to H, with the eighth day being the

4885: 4713:) stationed at fixed bases continued to be the first line of defence. The basic units of the field army were regimental; 3473:

The major divisions of the law of ancient Rome, as contained within the Justinian and Theodosian law codes, consisted of

2036: 1333: 10609: 9844: 8766: 8731: 8712: 8057: 1560:, the son of the deified. In the same year, Octavian and Antony defeated both Caesar's assassins and the leaders of the 687: 22057: 21728: 20788: 20373: 20000: 19833: 19594: 18938: 16865: 16850: 16679: 14042: 9862: 9747: 8822:

The Protestant Theological and Ecclesiastical Encyclopedia: Being a Condensed Translation of Herzog's Real Encyclopedia

8570: 8349: 8040: 5819:

reached its peak. However, it became an officially supported religion in the Roman state under Diocletian's successor,

5801: 3791:, and often of Greek origin) taught them basic reading, writing, arithmetic, and sometimes Greek, until the age of 11. 3550:, Italy, an Etrusco-Roman bronze statue depicting Aule Metele (Latin: Aulus Metellus), an Etruscan man wearing a Roman 3505:("Law of nations") was the body of common laws that applied to foreigners, and their dealings with Roman citizens. The 3365:. The aftermath of this battle sent the empire into a protracted period of decline. Two decades of internal strife and 3346: 1691: 1528: 1396:. After pressing a little way inland against fierce opposition and losing ships in a storm, he retired back across the 858: 212: 12217: 11157:

by Richard Saller. The University of Chicago Library Digital Collections: Fathom Archive. 2001. Visited 14 April 2007.

10976: 9543: 8144: 6782:, possibly the first complete treatise on architecture in history. In the late 1st century BC, Rome also began to use 4791:(legate) he appointed from the Senatorial elite. In a province with a single legion, the legate commanded the legion ( 3174: 2106:

were the second dynasty to rule Rome. By 68 AD, the year of Nero's death, there was no chance of a return to the

924:(centuriate assembly), which voted on matters of war and peace and elected men to the most important offices, and the 23468: 22169: 21777: 20020: 19995: 19838: 18781: 16958: 16812: 16747: 15710: 14470: 14037: 14032: 14008: 13859: 13100: 12669: 12419: 11049: 11041: 10714: 10677: 10085: 9872: 9226: 9193: 9149: 9115: 9077: 8962: 7562: 4068: 3829: 3775:

parents could afford it, boys and some girls at the age of 7 were sent to a private school outside the home called a

1523:, whom Caesar adopted through his will, arrived in Rome. Octavian (historians regard Octavius as Octavian due to the 1447: 1102: 621: 12634: 12387: 10104: 10097: 8529: 6167:

allowed those who may not be literate to be entertained by poetry, epics, philosophical treatises, and other works.

5487:. Throughout the territory under the control of ancient Rome, residential architecture ranged from modest houses to 2151:

claims that 1,100,000 people were killed during the siege, of whom a majority were Jewish. 97,000 were captured and

1515:

Caesar's assassination caused political and social turmoil in Rome; the city was ruled by his friend and colleague,

1065:. After the Carthaginian intercession, Messana asked Rome to expel the Carthaginians. Rome entered this war because 688: 23514: 23298: 22659: 21018: 20392: 19673: 19559: 18763: 18751: 18367: 16910: 16827: 16715: 15725: 14398: 14047: 13974: 12436: 8131: 5678: 5534: 4664:

Until the late Republican period, the typical legionary was a property-owning citizen farmer from a rural area (an

4406: 4084: 4034: 3342: 3086: 3080: 2977: 1408:

In the mid-1st century BC, Roman politics were restless. Political divisions in Rome split into one of two groups,

1401: 1178: 357: 297: 11105:

Boswell, John Eastburn, "Expositio and Oblatio: The Abandonment of Children and the Ancient and Medieval Family",

10594:. Latin ExCET Preparation. Texas Classical Association, by Ginny Lindzey, September 1998. Retrieved 27 March 2007. 10236: 6023:

periods, ornate hair and bearding, with deep cutting and drilling, became popular. Advancements were also made in

3877: 1911:

Tiberius died (or was killed) in 37 AD. The male line of the Julio-Claudians was limited to Tiberius' nephew

686: 23398: 23333: 22378: 22187: 20516: 20428: 20275: 20270: 20101: 19969: 18114: 18097: 17924: 17912: 16930: 16855: 16473: 13991: 13924: 13789: 12571: 11785: 9008: 8491: 7908:, the Latin word for king, appears in two fragmentary sixth-century texts, one an inscription from the shrine of 7341: 6143:, Domitian, and Trajan also founded or expanded public libraries in Rome during their reigns. These included the 4677: 4162: 2999:

assumed the empire as a tetrarch in 306. He conducted many wars against the other tetrarchs. Firstly he defeated

1220: 1105:. Hannibal's invasion lasted over 16 years, ravaging Italy, but ultimately Carthage was defeated in the decisive 850: 820: 267: 10111: 8338: 1893:. However, Tiberius was not an enthusiast for political affairs: after agreement with the Senate, he retired to 22589: 22163: 22067: 22011: 21169: 20464: 20052: 19529: 18085: 17877: 17839: 17799: 17766: 14745: 14670: 14428: 10177:

by Ralph W. Mathisen and Geoffrey S. Nathan. De Imperatoribus Romanis. 26 August 1997. Retrieved 22 March 2007.

9364: 8785: 7246: 6759: 6725: 5912: 4276: 4237: 4188: 3378: 2378: 1804: 1361: 1321: 30:

This article is about the history of Roman civilisation in antiquity. For the history of the city of Rome, see

10118: 9892: 6845:, and established a system of horse relays allowing a dispatch to travel up to 80 km (50 mi) a day. 6770:

as the chief Roman building material and allowed many daring architectural forms. Also in the 1st century BC,

6608:

against human beings, either armed professionals or unarmed criminals who had been condemned to public death.

6394:

grew larger in size and included a wider range of foods. Thus, it gradually shifted to the evening, while the

6115:

was, from its start, influenced heavily by Greek authors. Some of the earliest extant works are of historical

2877:(271–275), who reconquered both the Gallic and Palmyrene Empires. The crisis was overcome during the reign of 22742: 22052: 21986: 21785: 21517: 21440: 21291: 20715: 20546: 20433: 19964: 19959: 18421: 18300: 18126: 17953: 17919: 17883: 17772: 15241: 13839: 11505:

Gladatorial games were popular because the Romans actually believed that compassion was a vice and a weakness

9584: 5384: 4575: 4571: 4545: 4392: 4325: 4113: 3132:(379–395), gave even more force to the Christian faith, and after his death, the Empire was divided into the 2436:

Trajan's successor Hadrian withdrew all the troops stationed in Parthia, Armenia and Mesopotamia (modern-day

2382: 1841:, and the month of August is named after him. Augustus brought a peaceful and thriving era to Rome, known as 1198: 408: 35: 11987: 10341: 10034: 9979: 9946: 6189: 5483:

complete with libraries and shops, and fountains with fresh drinking water supplied by hundreds of miles of

23353: 23338: 23233: 20474: 20413: 20398: 20250: 20111: 19564: 17941: 16986: 16872: 15816: 15081: 14685: 14137: 13852: 12294:

Ancient Roman laws protected against a person corrupting slaves to obtain secrets about the master's arts.

11025: 7383: 7081: 5786: 5117:. Transport by sea was around 60 times cheaper than by land, so the volume for such trips was much larger. 5101:

in the 2nd century BC. During that period, a trading vessel took less than a month to complete a trip from

4827: 3589:) at the top. Free citizens were subdivided by class. The broadest, and earliest, division was between the 3532: 3528: 2789:

was the first ruler of that time, governing for just three years. Others ruled just for a few months, like

2394: 1545: 11338: 9689: 9674: 9659: 9484: 9469: 9454: 9422: 8233: 6314:

However, some foods now considered characteristic of modern Italian cuisine were not used. In particular,

22759: 22270: 22181: 22133: 21824: 21311: 20818: 20536: 20382: 20164: 20074: 19974: 19860: 19828: 19513: 19437: 18884: 18746: 18360: 18022: 17701: 17167: 16817: 16708: 15780: 15705: 15464: 14520: 14403: 13949: 11929:"The Roman forum: its history and its monuments / Ch. Huelsen ; translated by Jesse Benedict Carter" 10855:

Saddington, D.B. (2011) . "Classes: the Evolution of the Roman Imperial Fleets". In Erdkamp, Paul (ed.).

7547:

he most likely estimate for the reign of Marcus Aurelius is somewhere between seventy and eighty million.

6901: 6011:

Portrait sculpture used youthful and classical proportions, evolving later into a mixture of realism and

4022: 3326: 2741: 2606: 2453:", after one of Judea's most hated enemies. He constructed fortifications and walls, like the celebrated 1863:; areas under Roman control shown here were subject to change even during Augustus' reign, especially in 1639:", and to Antony's and Cleopatra's children the regal titles to the newly conquered Eastern territories, 1316:, who were threatening Rome. After Marius's retirement, Rome had a brief peace, during which the Italian 17: 13813: 5124:, similar in its degree of capitalistic practices to 17th century Netherlands and 18th century England. 3085:

In the late 4th and 5th centuries the Western Empire entered a critical stage which terminated with the

1364:, achieving his seventh consulship. Marius and Cinna revenged their partisans by conducting a massacre. 565:

Modern reconstruction of the marshy conditions of early Rome, along with a conjectural placement of the

322:

in 476 is the most commonly cited end date for the Western Roman Empire, the last Western Roman emperor

22630: 22353: 22127: 22121: 22072: 22062: 21492: 21477: 21340: 20873: 20501: 20321: 20228: 20201: 20136: 20010: 19544: 19470: 19444: 18332: 18288: 18266: 18217: 18104: 17895: 17664: 17006: 16920: 16344: 16318: 15740: 15404: 15296: 15066: 14838: 14660: 14568: 14433: 14376: 11940: 11020:. For a description of scholarly research on the Brescia Medallion, see Daniel Thomas Howells (2015). " 10755:, pp. 249–250 Mackay points out that the number of legions grew to 30 by 125 AD and 33 during the 8620: 7087: 6913: 6674: 6148: 6065:(probably an elongated J-shaped instrument), were used in ceremonial capacities. Music was used in the 5476: 5214:, "father's power") over wives, sons, daughters, and slaves of the household, and the family's wealth. 4211: 3330: 3221:. During the 5th century, the Western Empire experienced a significant reduction of its territory. The 2283: 2126: 1980: 1796: 1684:

In 27 BC and at the age of 36, Octavian was the sole Roman leader. In that year, he took the name

846: 656: 539: 493: 11021: 5302:

childbearing; it carried a high risk of mortality to mothers, and a deal of inconvenience thereafter.

1400:

to Gaul from what was a reconnaissance in force, only to return the following year for a more serious

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Studies in the Humanities 4 (Northwestern University Press, 1938), p. 128. In the collections of the

11928: 11837:"Tiberius and the Libraries: Public Book Collections and Library Buildings in the Early Roman Empire" 10134: 8479: 7393: 7234: 6694: 6670: 5816: 5542: 5472: 5418:

who ruled each year. Another way, introduced in the late 3rd century AD, was counting years from the

5379:, first introduced from the East during the early Empire, was officially adopted during the reign of 5259: 5243:. A citizen father who exposed a healthy freeborn child was not punished, but automatically lost his 5164: 3729: 3705: 3286: 2826: 2561: 2179: 2111: 2054:

were being established throughout the Mediterranean, Italy maintained a special status which made it

1936: 13803: 11024:" London: the British Museum (Arts and Humanities Research Council), p. 7. Accessed 2 October 2016. 10801: 10735: 10649: 9824: 9520: 9514: 5387:

after celestial bodies from at least the 1st century AD. Roman months had three important days: the

4993:

Industrial and manufacturing activities were small. The largest such activities were the mining and

4773:. Following the end of a term as praetor or consul, a Senator might be appointed by the Senate as a 2224:

wrote their works during Vespasian's reign. Vespasian was Josephus' sponsor and Pliny dedicated his

1372:

and began a time of terror: thousands of nobles, knights and senators were executed. Sulla held two

941:

and through Etruria. On 16 July 390 BC, a Gallic army under the leadership of tribal chieftain

23499: 23378: 23106: 22868: 22828: 22818: 22766: 22145: 21497: 21350: 21286: 20918: 20908: 20888: 20858: 20813: 20511: 20353: 20285: 20255: 20235: 20116: 19792: 19757: 19554: 18731: 18697: 18650: 18401: 18249: 18202: 17749: 17396: 16593: 16572: 16562: 15969: 15832: 15361: 15271: 14780: 14760: 14755: 14740: 14693: 14633: 14588: 14390: 13833: 12305: 7631:, a time of prayer originally at 3 pm but later at midday, so "noon" became synonymous with midday. 7240: 7036: 6947: 6931: 6651:

Ancient Rome boasted impressive technological feats, using many advancements that were lost in the

6627: 6547: 6415: 6156: 6038: 5760: 5736: 5660: 5546: 5526: 5191: 4936: 4421: 4076: 4038: 3945: 3855: 3590: 3334: 3306: 3047: 2254: 1955: 1927:

as the new emperor. Claudius was not as authoritarian as Tiberius and Caligula. Claudius conquered

1854: 1768: 1524: 942: 911: 884: 192: 12842:

The beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c. 1000–264 BC)

11052:, pp. 338–340; Grig, Lucy, "Portraits, Pontiffs and the Christianization of Fourth-Century Rome", 6603:

was built in 70 AD under the Roman emperor Vespasian and opened in 80 AD to host other events and

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increasingly cheap and plentiful, and by the late Republic, the economy was largely dependent on

4951: 4622: 3931:). Likewise, candidates for public positions had to run for election by the people. However, the 3767: 3451: 3338: 3043: 2849:, retaining Britannia and Gaul. These countries separated from Rome after the capture of emperor 2688: 2678: 2557: 2362: 2338: 2152: 2035:, rumoured to have been started by the emperor himself. A conspiracy against Nero in 65 AD under 1670: 1628: 1596: 1454:("three men"). Caesar's daughter died in childbirth in 54 BC, and in 53 BC, Crassus invaded 1439: 1425: 1259:

created new economic opportunities for the wealthy, forming a new class of merchants, called the

1216: 1133: 958: 705: 440: 12300:

The Software IP Detective's Handbook: : Measurement, Comparison, and Infringement Detection

12256: 8589: 6860:

with a combined length of 450 km (280 mi). The Romans also made major advancements in

5923: 2681:, giving full Roman citizenship to all free men living in the Empire, with the exception of the 1332:. At one point both consuls were killed; Marius was appointed to command the army together with 651:("Square Rome"). The story dates at least to the third century, and the later Roman antiquarian 23328: 23318: 22907: 22838: 22823: 22304: 22263: 22193: 22139: 22087: 22077: 21913: 21856: 21527: 20496: 20484: 20260: 20245: 19937: 19579: 19077: 18741: 18613: 18512: 18327: 18306: 18212: 17002: 16948: 16405: 15775: 15765: 15715: 15695: 15509: 15484: 15449: 15331: 15056: 14703: 14465: 13996: 11033: 8638: 7683:(1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.". 7410: 7405: 7296: 7278: 7205: 6849: 6825:), a road connecting the city of Rome to the southern parts of Italy, remains usable even today 6791: 6721: 6500: 6349:

Butcher's meat such as beef was an uncommon luxury. The most popular meat was pork, especially

5928: 5133: 4288: 4137: 3961: 3397: 3358: 3249:

was abandoned by the central government, and the Empire suffered further from the invasions of

2817:

broke out in 250 and killed a huge portion of the population. In 260 AD, the provinces of

2668: 2175: 2147:

in honour of the victory. Jerusalem was sacked and much of the population killed or dispersed.

2138: 1905: 1707: 1632: 1569: 1443: 1357: 1337: 1204: 981:

in 281 BC, but this effort failed as well. The Romans secured their conquests by founding

951: 786: 659:, says that Prince Aeneas led a group of Trojans on a sea voyage to found a new Troy after the 652: 12517: 12397: 11391: 11242: 10922: 10626: 10574: 10488: 10377: 10315: 10217: 10152: 10020: 8874: 8855: 8836: 8806: 8754: 8464: 8447: 8369: 3373:

to send a call for help to the Western European kingdoms in 1095. The West responded with the

528: 23494: 23438: 23413: 23343: 23026: 22754: 22527: 22485: 22455: 22157: 22001: 21953: 21939: 21767: 21507: 21420: 21370: 21049: 21032: 20803: 20730: 20710: 20624: 20573: 20331: 20311: 20121: 19715: 19683: 19569: 19549: 19463: 18726: 18640: 18618: 18608: 18505: 18495: 18453: 18431: 18261: 18256: 18232: 18227: 18143: 17980: 17968: 17739: 17364: 16624: 16521: 16177: 16096: 15844: 15745: 15675: 15499: 15251: 15051: 15046: 14843: 14750: 14675: 14638: 14623: 14598: 14578: 14480: 13665: 12861: 12756: 12752: 12507: 12465:

The development of western civilization: a study in ethical, economic and political evolution

12232: 11382: 11142: 11126: 11029: 10259: 8825: 8657: 7306: 7009: 6745: 6458: 6193:

A boy with a platter of fruits and what may be a bucket of crabs, in a kitchen with fish and

6180: 6176: 6152: 6030: 6001: 5900: 5380: 4983: 4387: 4123: 3659: 3094: 3090: 1940: 1429: 1384: 1329: 982: 962: 816: 709: 452: 12934: 12297: 11180: 9807: 9757: 8303: 8159: 7530: 3858:. In addition to the authority of the King, there were three administrative assemblies: the 3693: 3432:, a very high rate of urbanisation by pre-industrial standards. Most of those centers had a 1481:

was a brilliant victory for Caesar and in this and other campaigns, he destroyed all of the

23433: 23188: 23101: 23079: 23002: 22998: 22927: 22843: 22788: 22783: 22606: 22450: 22339: 22205: 22082: 22021: 22006: 21929: 21893: 21849: 21839: 21617: 21589: 21395: 21239: 21137: 21081: 20654: 20469: 20358: 20336: 19990: 19888: 19772: 19640: 18598: 18500: 18490: 18416: 18244: 18192: 18052: 18027: 17992: 17907: 17821: 17671: 17502: 16619: 16503: 16457: 16247: 16091: 15864: 15755: 15720: 15409: 15276: 15176: 15101: 14966: 14929: 14305: 13969: 13722: 13470: 13428: 9409: 9287: 9103:

Libreria Universitaria Hoepli, Lezioni di filologia, Giuseppe Billanovich e Roberto Pesce:

9026:

by Herbert W. Benario. De Imperatoribus Romanis. 10 November 2006. Retrieved 18 March 2007.

8683: 7361: 7217: 7181: 7015:

In the Empire, the biographies of famous men and early emperors flourished, examples being

6988: 6971: 6453: 6132: 5640: 5525:. These areas, often built by upper class property owners to rent, were often centred upon 5411: 5364: 5319: 5006: 4846: 4377: 4319: 3898: 3570: 3463: 3394: 3294: 3141: 3133: 3117: 3051: 2530:, a pandemic that killed nearly five million people through the Empire in 165–180 AD. 1772: 1686: 1600: 1565: 1474: 1421: 1369: 1242: 1168: 1062: 866: 862: 797: 716: 361: 104: 15399: 13836:

providing free resources including lectures, discussion questions, assignments, and exams.

12368: 10445:

Rotocalchi di pietra. Segni e disegni dei tempi sui monumenti trionfali dell'Impero romano

9635: 8275: 5204:, came to dominate political life. Families were headed by their oldest male citizen, the 5138: 5098: 4541: 3987:

were funded by the office-holder. To prevent any citizen from gaining too much power, new

1527:) tried to align himself with the Caesarian faction. In 43 BC, along with Antony and 8: 23458: 23323: 23193: 22983: 22912: 22669: 22642: 22625: 22613: 22435: 22391: 22227: 21958: 21861: 21844: 21834: 21689: 21612: 21435: 21430: 21365: 21265: 21175: 20938: 20928: 20883: 20649: 20614: 20609: 20326: 19947: 19883: 19803: 18175: 18160: 18138: 18073: 18062: 18017: 17963: 17453: 17391: 17354: 16772: 16657: 16463: 16349: 16323: 16182: 16031: 16021: 15984: 15685: 15534: 15336: 15206: 15156: 14475: 14072: 13274: 13046: 12489: 12298: 9995:

by Hans A. Pohlsander. De Imperatoribus Romanis. 8 January 2004. Retrieved 20 March 2007.

8202:

Bennett, Matthew; Dawson, Doyne; Field, Ron; Hawthornwaite, Philip; Loades, Mike (2016).

7375: 7301: 7192: 7145: 6644: 6342:. The Romans knew of rice, but it was very rarely available to them. There were also few 5720: 5692: 5592: 5456: 5449: 4504: 4228: 4003:

In the early Empire, the pretense of a republican form of government was maintained. The

3794:

Beginning at age 12, students went to secondary schools, where the teacher (now called a

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placed the city's foundation to 753 BC. Another legend, recorded by Greek historian

459: 13726: 13432: 13261: 13233:"Was there a Roman linguistic imperialism during the Republic and the early Principate?" 12060:

The Labors of the Months in Antique and Mediaeval Art to the End of the Twelfth Century,

10361: 9797: 8688: 8373: 3321:

who settled in the peninsula. In the east, partially due to the weakening effect of the

2212:. Vespasian started the construction of the Flavian Amphitheater, commonly known as the 23178: 23094: 23084: 22917: 22880: 22810: 22749: 22732: 22686: 22596: 22510: 22324: 22151: 22047: 22042: 22037: 22016: 21981: 21976: 21934: 21898: 21757: 21652: 21574: 21547: 21487: 21390: 21375: 21213: 21193: 20913: 20898: 20878: 20735: 20676: 20629: 20551: 20408: 20378: 20368: 20343: 20316: 20223: 20216: 20152: 19908: 19903: 19620: 18912: 18894: 18858: 18830: 18579: 18411: 18222: 18165: 18109: 18091: 18080: 18042: 18012: 17890: 17608: 17512: 17262: 17231: 17224: 16940: 16752: 16731: 16536: 16162: 16126: 16086: 16061: 15964: 15944: 15884: 15801: 15735: 15459: 15266: 15121: 15061: 14981: 14924: 14788: 14024: 14003: 13746: 13571: 13549: 13449: 13410: 12976: 12954: 12041: 11864: 11742: 11057: 9923:

by Ralph W. Mathisen. De Imperatoribus Romanis. 17 March 1997. Retrieved 20 March 2007.

8518: 7909: 7708: 7481: 7324: 7123: 7101: 7017: 6943: 6717: 6698: 6660: 6614:

was extremely popular among all classes. In Rome, these races were usually held at the

6478:(a type of military clothing) was used only by the Emperor of Rome (since the reign of 6365:

and oak grub farming. Some fish were greatly esteemed and fetched high prices, such as

6339: 6066: 5751: 5708: 5644: 5067: 5022: 4473: 3968:

were made automatic members of the Senate, though most of his reforms did not survive.

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was used in ancient Rome, and often used in tax collection, Rome had a very developed

1665: 1392:, 55 BC: Caesar with 100 ships and two legions made an opposed landing, probably near 23308: 23210: 23198: 23183: 23163: 23074: 23021: 22993: 22975: 22778: 22654: 22647: 22460: 22408: 22386: 22314: 21996: 21991: 21924: 21883: 21877: 21718: 21637: 21632: 21627: 21622: 21425: 21405: 21355: 21345: 21326: 20863: 20853: 20725: 20639: 20604: 20531: 20521: 20299: 20169: 20083: 19913: 19893: 19867: 19855: 19650: 19645: 19630: 19625: 19610: 19253: 19209: 19093: 19067: 18930: 18592: 18584: 18574: 18480: 18187: 18133: 17974: 17872: 17847: 17696: 17558: 17294: 17279: 17157: 17125: 16789: 16674: 16634: 16288: 16242: 16116: 16106: 16056: 15929: 15909: 15904: 15889: 15369: 15221: 14976: 14936: 14914: 14122: 13750: 13738: 13709: 13675: 13669: 13579: 13557: 13454: 13415: 13386: 13358: 13351: 13327: 13305: 13279: 13248: 13217: 13176: 13153: 13131: 13112: 13096: 13071: 13065: 13050: 13030: 13003: 12984: 12962: 12940: 12919: 12900: 12871: 12865: 12857: 12845: 12823: 12816: 12783: 12764: 12727: 12690: 12665: 12613: 12548: 12523: 12415: 12309: 12083: 12033: 11966: 11899: 11868: 11856: 11734: 11643: 11582: 11551: 11524: 11494: 11301: 11227: 11186: 11090: 11069: 11045: 11037: 10955: 10928: 10860: 10710: 10673: 10448: 10423: 10330:

by Catherine Holmes. De Imperatoribus Romanis. 1 April 2003. Retrieved 22 March 2007.

10292: 10265: 10081: 10007:

by Ralph W. Mathisen. De Imperatoribus Romanis. 2 June 1999. Retrieved 21 March 2007.

9734: 9524: 9222: 9189: 9145: 9111: 9073: 8377: 8356:

by Richard Hooker. Washington State University. 6 June 1999. Retrieved 22 March 2007.

8087: 8080: 8075: 7807: 7787: 7767: 7742: 7700: 7568: 7558: 7536: 7508: 7269: 6853: 6656: 6571: 6136: 5943: 5711:(blond figure) standing behind the wheel, manning it, with Ixion already tied to it. 5648: 5608: 5464: 5375:

or market day, a kind of weekend when farmers sold their produce on the streets. The

5311: 5114: 4915: 4818: 4480: 4346: 4335: 3738: 3709: 3559: 3519:

encompassed natural law, the body of laws that were considered common to all beings.

3515:) were the people who had jurisdiction over cases involving citizens and foreigners. 3458:

promulgated in 449 BC and to the codification of law issued by order of Emperor

3113: 3031:

and renamed it Nova Roma ("New Rome"); but the city soon gained the informal name of

2866: 2862: 2814: 2774: 2770: 2762: 2721: 2590: 2581: 2478:. He also continued Hadrian's policy of humanising the laws. He died in 161 AD. 2454: 2445: 2425: 2350: 2230:

to Titus, son of Vespasian. Vespasian sent legions to defend the eastern frontier in

2020: 1916: 1459: 1451: 1224: 1157: 1129: 978: 793: 640: 543: 467: 388: 271: 200: 23453: 12475:

An Essay on Western Civilization in Its Economic Aspects: Mediaeval and modern times

11620: 8612: 5683: 4562: 3720:, people who had become subject to Rome through surrender in war, and freed slaves. 2685:, people who had become subject to Rome through surrender in war, and freed slaves. 2647: 2385:

and deposed the king of Armenia. In 115 he took the Northern Mesopotamian cities of

1595:

The Triumvirate divided the Empire among the triumvirs: Lepidus was given charge of

23069: 23059: 22885: 22833: 22737: 22601: 22490: 22440: 22418: 22413: 22344: 22213: 21795: 21790: 21713: 21647: 21642: 21512: 21482: 21450: 21306: 21251: 21230: 21208: 20987: 20933: 20755: 20705: 20686: 20681: 20634: 20541: 20479: 20459: 20447: 20403: 20206: 20186: 20174: 20037: 19918: 19635: 19498: 19490: 19204: 19143: 19072: 18692: 18603: 18527: 18468: 18317: 18294: 18197: 18170: 18155: 18121: 18047: 18007: 17997: 17722: 17649: 17619: 17482: 17437: 17432: 17304: 16782: 16767: 16762: 16567: 16298: 16217: 16157: 16016: 15994: 15979: 15434: 15394: 15326: 15261: 15186: 15181: 14953: 14876: 14823: 14618: 14613: 14502: 14361: 14310: 14270: 14240: 14235: 14230: 14220: 14142: 14089: 14082: 14067: 14062: 13986: 13914: 13808: 13730: 13626: 13593: 13487: 13444: 13436: 13269: 13240: 13207: 13199: 13169: 13042: 13019: 12063: 12025: 11936: 11891: 11848: 11310: 9501:

Emperors of Rome: The Story of Imperial Rome from Julius Caesar to the Last Emperor

7732: 7692: 7477: 7420: 7139: 7064: 6996: 6955: 6939: 6927: 6751:, Rome had relatively few architectural innovations until the end of the Republic. 6432: 6198: 6112: 6071: 5954: 5896: 5765: 5704: 5700: 5600: 5572: 5514: 5041: 4931: 4861:

than the Roman army. Prior to the middle of the 3rd century BC, officials known as

4793: 4613: 4457: 4446: 4361: 4080: 3867: 3863: 3803: 3799: 3635: 3566: 3467: 3386: 3184: 3109: 3102: 2830: 2818: 2751: 2729: 2716: 2573: 2565: 2515: 2450: 2311: 1755: 1751: 1644: 1490: 1260: 1117: 1082: 1066: 1050: 854: 518: 489: 254: 208: 113: 20005: 12180:

Artman, John:"Ancient Rome- Independent Learning Unit", page 26, Good Apple, 1991.

11433:

by David Woods. De Imperatoribus Romanis. 2 February 1999. Retrieved 4 April 2007.

11271: 10387:

by Glenn R. Storey. HighBeam Research. 1 December 1997. Retrieved 22 April 2007.;

7603:(1993). "Population Growth and Technological Change: One Million B.C. to 1990" in 7522: 3156: 745:; the Romans attributed the creation of their first popular organisations and the 23443: 23383: 23268: 23116: 23111: 23089: 23009: 22963: 22720: 22674: 22572: 22549: 22532: 22505: 22290: 21736: 21704: 21699: 21679: 21542: 21502: 21472: 21455: 21415: 21400: 21385: 21316: 21301: 21218: 21198: 21071: 20843: 20833: 20828: 20823: 20720: 20644: 20506: 20025: 19923: 19808: 19708: 19615: 19158: 19103: 18961: 18804: 18709: 18547: 18485: 18473: 18463: 17958: 17948: 17857: 17644: 17552: 17540: 17534: 17386: 17207: 17177: 17120: 17100: 16777: 16689: 16684: 16603: 16598: 16451: 16419: 16303: 15836: 15529: 15341: 15321: 15281: 15216: 15166: 15161: 15036: 14986: 14894: 14728: 14708: 14628: 14077: 13902: 13734: 13605: 13337: 13319: 12881: 12793: 12607: 12473: 12463: 12330: 12202: 11637: 11576: 11545: 11518: 11488: 11468: 11249: 11154: 10949: 10756: 10286: 9728: 9064: 8539: 8525: 8425: 8399: 8353: 8189: 8178: 7801: 7781: 7761: 7628: 7595: 7587:

an average of figures from different sources as listed at the US Census Bureau's

7576: 7251: 7213: 7096: 7070: 6841: 6777: 6733: 6729: 6232: 6228: 6020: 5982: 5904: 5797: 5740: 5728: 5664: 5612: 5604: 5426: 5404: 5350:("ninth (hour)"), which referred to 3 pm in ancient Rome. The Romans had clocks ( 5236: 5178: 5062: 5057: 4881: 4850: 4550: 4451: 4429: 4372: 3928: 3492: 3416:, the political, economic, cultural, and religious center of the city during the 3408: 3098: 2900: 2806: 2786: 2625: 2577: 2569: 2527: 2519: 2501: 2303: 2221: 2209: 2160: 2156: 2103: 2096: 2057: 2051: 1780: 1616: 1486: 1397: 1349: 1320:("allies" in Latin) requested Roman citizenship and voting rights. The reformist 1212: 1149: 1125: 1054: 926: 613: 535: 497: 241: 31: 21594: 13649:

Social struggles in Archaic Rome: New perspectives on the conflict of the orders

13191: 12192:

Artman, John::"Ancient Rome- Independent Learning Unit", p. 26, Good Apple,1991.

11810: 9600: 8819: 8392: 7652: 6655:

and not rivalled again until the 19th and 20th centuries. An example of this is

5840:

with martial skills being a prized attribute. Whereas modern societies consider

5743:, the gods were not personified, but were vaguely defined sacred spirits called 3491:("Citizen Law") was the body of common laws that applied to Roman citizens. The 2720:

give many accounts of his notorious extravagance. Elagabalus adopted his cousin

2605:

and military expenditures were the root of the financial crisis that marked the

1983:

and massacred the druids: men, women and children, destroyed the shrine and the

1803:. Under Augustus' reign, Roman literature grew steadily in what is known as the 23473: 23393: 23348: 23288: 23253: 23045: 22958: 22863: 22771: 22562: 22396: 22319: 22219: 22115: 22109: 21709: 21684: 21557: 21552: 21537: 21532: 21467: 21462: 21445: 21410: 21203: 21181: 21125: 21064: 20976: 20923: 20893: 20838: 20745: 20619: 20566: 20526: 20196: 20191: 20042: 19942: 19898: 19850: 19798: 19752: 19720: 19678: 19655: 19331: 18843: 18656: 18559: 18532: 17852: 17816: 17761: 17654: 17577: 17475: 17469: 17401: 17381: 17135: 17095: 16837: 16541: 16430: 16293: 16011: 15584: 15226: 14961: 14909: 14881: 14828: 14813: 14793: 14608: 14583: 14540: 14530: 14356: 14330: 14260: 14245: 14210: 14170: 13931: 13707:

Wade, Lizzie (8 November 2019). "Immigrants from the Middle East shaped Rome".

13203: 7680: 7600: 7588: 7500: 7287: 7191:

Interest in studying, and idealising, ancient Rome became prevalent during the

7156: 7112: 7053: 7023: 6963: 6959: 6951: 6897: 6883: 6874:, which were used for both hygienic and social purposes. Many Roman houses had 6755: 6710: 6686: 6640: 6615: 6611: 6425: 6358: 6217: 6144: 5962: 5824: 5793: 5756: 5631: 5596: 5588: 5484: 5468: 5396: 5376: 5315: 5206: 5195: 5156: 5151: 5121: 5049: 4927: 4919: 4757: 4466: 4436: 4397: 3992: 3957: 3910: 3906: 3894: 3757: 3669: 3627: 3417: 3382: 3366: 3226: 3032: 3004: 2973: 2969: 2810: 2785:

There were 26 emperors in a 49-year period, a signal of political instability.

2486: 2463: 2370: 2366: 2299: 2234:, extended the occupation in Britannia (modern-day England, Wales and southern 2107: 1963: 1872: 1851:. Augustus died in 14 AD, but the empire's glory continued after his era. 1636: 1612: 1376:

and one more consulship, which began the crisis and decline of Roman Republic.

1373: 1345: 1238: 1106: 1078: 974: 835: 776: 594: 463: 380: 369: 341: 170: 138: 86: 13232: 13095:

by T.J. Luce, 1998. Oxford World's Classics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

7458:

There are several different estimates for the population of the Roman Empire.

5222:

had moral and legal duties towards all family members. Even the most despotic

4157: 23488: 23428: 23313: 23228: 23173: 23033: 22953: 22848: 22698: 22691: 22584: 22537: 22430: 22286: 21903: 21741: 21245: 21119: 21091: 20848: 20489: 20059: 19747: 19725: 19584: 19337: 19138: 18920: 18667: 18645: 18542: 18537: 18322: 18282: 17826: 17634: 17442: 16799: 16468: 16392: 16308: 16237: 16207: 16187: 16036: 15959: 15949: 15850: 15116: 15086: 15001: 14535: 14512: 14325: 14180: 14165: 14112: 13919: 13535: 13252: 12560:

date for the founding of the Republic, 200 years from the defeat of Hannibal.

12037: 11860: 11836: 11738: 11572: 11044:, p. 25; Boardman, John ed., The Oxford History of Classical Art, 1993, OUP, 10174: 10164: 10004: 8693: 8280: 7746: 7704: 7431:

List of archaeologically attested women from the ancient Mediterranean region

7258: 7229: 7196: 7059: 7001: 6923: 6888: 6366: 6362: 6213: 6202: 5977:, and other materials. Several examples of Roman painting have been found at 5970: 5820: 5576: 5502: 5400: 5053: 4987: 4923: 4780: 4774: 4441: 4413: 4341: 4004: 3841: 3455: 3433: 3246: 2996: 2984: 2961: 2842: 2755: 2746: 2620:, c. 199, Severus, Julia Domna, Caracalla and Geta, whose face is erased 2617: 2586: 2475: 2429: 2323: 2204:("the deified Claudius"), both initiated by Nero. Buildings destroyed by the 2087: 1885: 1838: 1759: 1694:

brought about a two-century period colloquially referred to by Romans as the

1678: 1640: 1620: 1498: 1435: 700: 648: 636: 629: 625: 602: 566: 481: 365: 128: 22255: 13440: 13341: 12849: 12797: 10327: 9992: 9920: 9218:

Altri nomi e appellativi relazionati allo status dell'Italia in epoca romana

8346: 8309: 8044: 6530: 5326: 4736:. Field armies included regiments recruited from allied tribes and known as 3786: 2560:

and his wife Marcia in late 192 AD. The following year is known as the

1823:

developed a rich literature, and were close friends of Augustus. Along with

75: 23463: 23263: 23168: 23014: 22988: 22897: 22579: 22567: 22515: 22475: 22470: 22334: 21276: 21131: 20966: 20773: 20578: 20348: 19952: 19818: 19767: 19367: 19247: 19168: 18773: 18662: 18569: 18564: 18517: 18436: 18067: 17862: 17794: 17789: 17779: 17602: 17464: 17105: 16892: 16757: 16531: 16526: 16488: 16385: 15934: 15874: 15594: 15454: 14899: 14848: 14803: 14798: 14650: 14460: 14346: 14290: 14285: 14057: 13941: 13742: 13458: 12885: 11578:

Ancient Rome: From the Early Republic to the Assassination of Julius Caesar

10984: 8502: 7580: 7572: 7525:

estimates 65 (while mentioning several other estimates between 55 and 120).

7225: 6875: 6835: 6783: 6737: 6706: 6682: 6664: 6636: 6508: 6486:(also used by the Christian clergy) began to spread throughout the empire. 6474: 6467: 6428: 6221: 6197:, on the June panel from a 3rd-century mosaic depicting the months, in the 6049: 5828: 5782: 5668: 5616: 5495: 5415: 5110: 5079: 5017: 5002: 4752: 4703: 4627: 4548:, c. 122 BC; the altar shows two Roman infantrymen equipped with long 3997: 3960:, embracing one's wife in public. Later, under the reforms of the dictator 3949: 3932: 3882: 3859: 3677: 3664: 3631: 3610: 3421: 3310: 3282: 3129: 2931:(in the West). To adjust the economy, Diocletian made several tax reforms. 2548:: "(Rome has transformed) from a kingdom of gold to one of iron and rust." 2523: 2481: 2270: 2137:. The destruction of the city was the culmination of the Roman campaign in 1984: 1968: 1932: 1860: 1747: 1660: 1577: 1550: 1353: 1297: 1252: 1228: 1182: 1174: 1153: 1121: 1038: 907: 880: 870: 746: 712: 598: 570: 400: 373: 349: 323: 148: 95: 15939: 11895: 11430: 10188: 7737: 7720: 7505:

Contours of the World Economy, 1–2030 AD. Essays in Macro-Economic History

6813: 6043: 5981:, and from these art historians divide the history of Roman painting into 5410:

The Romans had several ways of tracking years. One widespread way was the

3501:) were the people who had jurisdiction over cases involving citizens. The 23403: 23151: 23146: 23138: 23123: 22948: 22853: 22664: 22500: 22465: 22445: 22425: 22403: 22368: 21829: 21694: 20868: 20808: 20778: 20131: 19762: 18971: 18876: 18838: 18625: 18554: 18441: 17931: 17806: 17756: 17681: 17255: 17202: 17145: 16283: 15389: 15011: 14833: 14723: 14117: 13466: 12837: 12646: 12642: 11209:, Oxford University Press: American Philological Association, 2004, p. 20 10666:

For a discussion of hoplite tactics and their sociocultural setting, see

10395:. Vol. 29, No. 2 (April 1934), pp. 101–116. Retrieved 22 April 2007. 9580: 9038:"The Glory of Italy and Rome's Universal Destiny in Strabo's Geographika" 9023: 7315: 7204:"began the modern study of Roman history in the English-speaking world". 7163: 6967: 6830: 6652: 6512: 6354: 6248: 6135:, took up the project and opened the first public library in Rome in the 6116: 6101: 5488: 5255: 5147: 5090: 5086: 4958:

changed the Italian landscape, and by the 1st century BC, vast grape and

4870: 4725: 4351: 4242: 3976: 3972: 3919: 3749: 3609:); a man who was the first of his family to hold the consulship, such as 3479: 3459: 3413: 3302: 3278: 3165: 3008: 2707: 2641: 2594: 2541: 2510: 2333:

Nerva abdicated and died in 98 AD, and was succeeded by the general

2265: 2000: 1988: 1948: 1890: 1624: 1556: 1537: 1516: 1503: 1463: 1274:

and refused to give the equestrian class a larger say in the government.

1271: 1265: 1256: 1113: 985:

in strategic areas, thereby establishing stable control over the region.

664: 617: 547: 501: 474: 432: 384: 19415: 16261: 12519:

The Shaping of Western Civilization: From Antiquity To the Enlightenment

11883: 11746: 11722: 11061: 9105:

Corpus Iuris Civilis, Italia non erat provincia, sed domina provinciarum

8289:. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 850. 7803:

American Republicanism: Roman Ideology in the United States Constitution

7618:

Between 343 BC and 241 BC, the Roman army fought in every year but five.

6398:

was abandoned completely over the course of the years. The mid-day meal

4990:

was practised, but farm productivity was low, around 1 ton per hectare.

4611:

tactics. It was small and organised in five classes (in parallel to the

3935:

represented an oligarchic institution, which acted as an advisory body.

3812: 1897:

in 26 AD, and left control of the city of Rome in the hands of the

22934: 22922: 22892: 22858: 22798: 22480: 20126: 19735: 19017: 18994: 18458: 17987: 17902: 17867: 17832: 17744: 17659: 17419: 17412: 17359: 17339: 17284: 17249: 17242: 17187: 17152: 17015: 16493: 16400: 16167: 16152: 16142: 16071: 16051: 15614: 15554: 15519: 15311: 15246: 15236: 15131: 15016: 14904: 14487: 14455: 14200: 14127: 13959: 13954: 13770: 13758: 12045: 12013: 11852: 11022:

A Catalogue of the Late Antique Gold Glass in the British Museum (PDF).

8702:. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 912. 8593: 8334: 7712: 7425: 6861: 6818: 6678: 6579: 6436: 6323: 6296: 6005: 5841: 5812: 5716: 5636: 5624: 5174: 5143: 5106: 4967: 4955: 4866: 4858: 4835: 4801: 4800:

During the later stages of the Imperial period (beginning perhaps with

4684: 4598: 4587: 4555: 4382: 4147: 4103: 4050: 4046: 3988: 3940: 3771: 3619: 3542: 3390: 3128:

were never expelled from the Empire nor assimilated. The next emperor,

3055: 3024: 2946: 2909: 2878: 2822: 2794: 2703: 2673: 2612: 2471: 2441: 2349:. He undertook an ambitious public building program in Rome, including 2231: 2064: 2028: 2012: 2008: 1843: 1776: 1695: 1393: 1247: 1010: 994: 660: 644: 551: 17001: 13844: 13212: 12272:. Encyclopedia Romana. University of Chicago. Retrieved 19 April 2007. 11473:. Vol. 1 (12th ed.). McGraw-Hill/Dushkin. 2002. p. 68. 9618: 5444: 5430:, which counted years from the mythical foundation of Rome in 753 BC. 3927:

traditionally could only be passed by a vote of the Popular assembly (

3777: 3027:. To celebrate his victories and Christianity's relevance, he rebuilt 1740:) gathered almost all the republican powers under his official title, 1237:

Foreign dominance led to internal strife. Senators became rich at the

883:, which was initially an advisory council of the ranking nobility, or 23368: 23205: 22940: 22902: 22495: 22309: 21096: 19241: 19184: 18848: 18352: 17734: 17686: 17596: 17583: 17370: 17299: 17272: 17267: 17236: 17182: 17130: 17065: 17060: 16953: 16700: 16639: 16227: 16121: 15644: 15639: 15599: 15524: 15494: 15474: 15351: 15291: 15201: 15151: 15146: 15071: 15031: 14919: 14889: 14698: 14573: 14366: 14250: 14225: 14104: 10244: 9345: 8616: 7118: 7027:. Other major works of Imperial times were that of Livy and Tacitus. 6935: 6879: 6771: 6763: 6702: 6604: 6600: 6575: 6559: 6504: 6335: 6276: 6140: 6081: 6037:, and played an important part in many aspects of Roman life. In the 6016: 5936: 5892: 5749:. Romans also believed that every person, place or thing had its own 5584: 5538: 5460: 5419: 5094: 4979: 4942: 4831: 4738: 4709: 4698: 4638: 4367: 4014: 3914: 3866:, which could endorse and ratify laws suggested by the King; and the 3762: 3713: 3685: 3594: 3445: 3238: 3230: 3188: 3105: 3028: 3000: 2916: 2890: 2802: 2790: 2778: 2664: 2652: 2598: 2545: 2440:), abandoning Trajan's conquests. Hadrian's army crushed a revolt in 2410: 2402: 2242: 2213: 2191: 2143: 2130: 2115: 2092: 2024: 2016: 2004: 1784: 1450:. He formed them into a new informal alliance including himself, the 1416: 1410: 1291: 1287: 1208: 1098: 938: 762: 720: 449: 404: 327: 19038: 13700:

Public office in early Rome: Ritual procedure and political practice

13411:"Ancient Rome: A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean" 12029: 7719:

Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006).

7696: 7208:

was a founder of the examination of ancient Roman history and wrote

5849:), a sense of duty to one's people, moderation and avoiding excess ( 5715:

sits at Mercury's feet; a Roman fresco from the eastern wall of the

5630:

While Latin remained the main written language of the Roman Empire,

5262:, one of the most important features of Rome's economy and society. 3349:. In the west, Slavic populations penetrated deep into the Balkans. 2420: 23358: 23054: 22875: 22703: 22618: 22557: 22520: 21814: 21296: 21101: 21044: 20783: 20768: 20763: 20664: 19698: 19693: 19362: 19288: 19123: 18999: 18989: 18979: 18953: 18902: 18866: 18002: 17784: 17676: 17629: 17589: 17571: 17491: 17426: 17406: 17376: 17349: 17344: 17329: 17319: 17289: 17197: 17192: 17140: 17115: 17110: 17075: 17040: 17035: 17030: 17025: 16546: 16483: 16424: 16328: 16147: 16101: 16076: 16006: 15914: 15899: 15894: 15869: 15604: 15589: 15579: 15564: 15479: 15469: 15439: 15429: 15424: 15414: 15316: 15231: 15111: 15096: 15026: 15006: 14996: 14991: 14971: 14770: 14351: 14315: 14205: 14132: 13964: 11604: 11602: 11600: 11598: 10288:

Before the Normans: Southern Italy in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries

9604: 8276:"Punic Wars § The Interval between the First and Second Wars" 7172: 7151: 7107: 7047: 7031: 6917: 6592: 6583: 6483: 6479: 6386:, the main meal of the day, and at nightfall a light supper called 6327: 6319: 6308: 6264: 6256: 6089: 6012: 5997: 5696: 5579:

relies little on word order, conveying meaning through a system of

5564: 5372: 5298: 5154:

on the medallion may indicate either the name of the artist or the

5082:

value was an estimated one-third greater than its intrinsic value.

5075: 4763: 4747:

overall command of a Roman general, but led by their own officers.

4009: 3965: 3890: 3871: 3850: 3807: 3602: 3578: 3555: 3374: 3354: 3318: 3210: 3137: 3020: 3016: 2980: 2950: 2941: 2936: 2924: 2920: 2874: 2854: 2846: 2798: 2766: 2711: 2698: 2537: 2467: 2398: 2386: 2327: 2326:(Hispania Baetica). The Nerva-Antonine dynasty came to an end with 2246: 2235: 2217: 2200: 2167: 2148: 1972: 1924: 1920: 1912: 1876: 1864: 1824: 1800: 1792: 1742: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1674: 1604: 1520: 1442:, who had financed much of his earlier career, and Crassus' rival, 1313: 1305: 1190: 1090: 1086: 1042: 966: 937:, who now extended their power in the Italian peninsula beyond the 895: 875: 579:

Archaeological evidence of settlement around Rome starts to emerge

424: 284: 13244: 11222:, Cornell University Press, 1986, pp. 30, 40–41.; Galinsky, Karl, 9037: 6803: 6799: 6762:

in the late 3rd century BC. It was a powerful cement derived from

5973:, though Roman literature includes mentions of paintings on wood, 5455:

Life in ancient Rome revolved around the city of Rome, located on

5102: 4021:. Some historians have cited this as a significant reason for the 3466:). Roman law as preserved in Justinian's codes continued into the 2390: 2315: 23273: 23128: 23040: 21076: 21037: 19730: 19455: 19409: 19378: 19325: 19305: 19189: 19118: 19098: 19062: 17936: 17639: 17546: 17459: 17314: 17090: 16202: 16192: 16111: 16081: 16066: 16026: 15924: 15624: 15619: 15609: 15574: 15569: 15559: 15504: 15489: 15306: 15301: 15286: 15256: 15211: 15191: 15171: 15126: 14858: 14713: 14492: 14300: 14295: 14185: 8274: 7134: 7042: 6870: 6865: 6690: 6632: 6555: 6448: 6350: 6331: 6315: 6304: 6288: 6252: 6120: 6097: 6093: 6055: 5993: 5978: 5949: 5932: 5778: 5724: 5712: 5620: 5530: 5518: 5480: 5388: 5355: 5010: 4978:

in North Africa provided a continuous supply of grains. In turn,

4975: 4890: 4877: 4787: 4769: 4687:, the tactical organisation of the Army continued to evolve. The 4669: 4657: 4651: 4644: 4632: 4608: 4603: 4132: 3984: 3742: 3734: 3640: 3537: 3266: 3262: 3222: 3063: 2838: 2834: 2629: 2490: 2458: 2406: 2374: 2346: 2342: 2307: 2295: 1992: 1901: 1455: 1282: 1278: 1145: 1058: 970: 903: 891: 806: 559: 416: 174: 19031: 13826:

resources for students from the Courtenay Middle School Library.

12353:"Muddy Find Shows How Foreign Timber Helped Build Ancient Rome." 11675: 11595: 10480: 10478: 10476: 5549:, whose assistance they sought and whose interests they upheld. 4966:

farmers, who were unable to match the imported grain price. The

2691:

points to the edict as a fundamental turning point, after which

2063:("ruler of the provinces"), and – especially in relation to the 1049:

In the 3rd century BC Rome faced a new and formidable opponent:

27:

Roman civilisation from the 8th century BC to the 5th century AD

23293: 21584: 20423: 19401: 19390: 19384: 19319: 19294: 19275: 19264: 19228: 19199: 19194: 19163: 19148: 19047: 19009: 17708: 17565: 17447: 17219: 17085: 16629: 16371: 16365: 16278: 16212: 16197: 16172: 15954: 15879: 15634: 15514: 15444: 15384: 15379: 15346: 15106: 15091: 15041: 15021: 14443: 14320: 14215: 13519:

Roman historical myths: The regal period in Augustan literature

13262:"The Attitude of the Roman Emperors towards Language Practices" 10812: 10539: 10537: 10535: 10533: 10531: 10529: 10527: 10525: 9141:

Italy: the absolute center of the Republic and the Roman Empire

8687: 8427:

Twenty-six Centuries of Agrarian Reform: A Comparative Analysis

8201: 6787: 6767: 6588: 6567: 6563: 6539: 6535: 6516: 6373:, and "elaborate means were invented to assure its freshness". 6343: 6284: 6280: 6268: 6244: 6227:

The ancient Roman diet included many items that are staples of

6206: 6160: 6061: 6024: 5989: 5966: 5863: 5770: 5522: 5459:. The city had a vast number of monumental structures like the 5045: 5033: 4994: 4963: 4823: 4579: 4222: 4018: 3980: 3886: 3745: 3614: 3250: 3192: 3121: 3012: 2905: 2858: 2725: 2334: 2291: 2274: 2250: 2195: 1947:, son of Agrippina and her former husband, since Claudius' son 1829: 1812: 1808: 1788: 1309: 1211:, who ultimately marched on Rome twice, established himself as 1186: 1071: 899: 756: 751: 678: 673: 668: 605:

dating to the middle of the 8th century BC. Starting from

485: 436: 428: 420: 392: 13691:

Early Rome and Latium: Economy and society c. 1000–500 BC

11160: 6380:

was served at dawn. At mid-day to early afternoon, Romans ate

3836:

History of citizenship § Roman conceptions of citizenship

3680:, an intermediary level between full citizens and foreigners ( 3428:

urban centers, with population of 10,000 and more and several

3273:, son of Orestes. This event of 476, usually marks the end of 3209:

The situation became more critical in 408, after the death of

2935:

use a disguised form of Republic, as the other emperors since

2695:

was "effectively a new state masquerading under an old name".

2110:, and so a new emperor had to arise. After the turmoil in the 1251:

reduced the availability of paid work. Income from war booty,

755:

asserted that all Latins descended from the titular character

684: 23258: 23248: 23243: 22715: 22710: 21562: 21086: 21059: 19703: 19486: 19356: 19348: 19283: 19258: 19153: 19133: 19108: 18984: 18943: 17309: 17080: 17070: 17050: 16498: 16222: 16046: 16001: 15989: 15974: 15919: 15419: 15141: 14868: 14160: 13092: 11888:

The History of the Library in Western Civilization, Volume II

11068:, 11–18. Oxford, Malden & Carlton: Blackwell Publishing. 10921:

Sabin, Philip; van Wees, Hans; Whitby, Michael, eds. (2007).

10762: 10230: 10228: 10226: 8020: 7996: 7913: 6893: 6852:

to supply water to cities and industrial sites and to aid in

6790:

took the Empire by storm after samples were retrieved during

6591:.Children entertained themselves with toys and such games as 6463: 6300: 6240: 6236: 6194: 5974: 5774: 5745: 5688: 5580: 5568: 5558: 5517:

classes lived in the city center, packed into apartments, or

5510: 5498: 5403:

and in 8 BC, Sextilis was renamed to Augustus (August) after

5250: 4971: 4959: 4732: 4567: 3598: 3298: 3242: 3125: 2965: 2870: 2633: 2414: 2287: 2257:. He was murdered following a plot within his own household. 2183: 2134: 2044: 1996: 1976: 1959: 1928: 1894: 1837:. Augustus continued the changes to the calendar promoted by 934: 915: 813: 735: 412: 396: 185: 11811:"Library - Ancient Rome, Collections, Archives | Britannica" 11687: 11393:

The Encyclopedia Americana: A Library of Universal Knowledge

10859:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 201–217 (Plate 12.2 on p. 204). 10522: 10195: 5226:

was expected to consult senior members of his household and

3058:

was the western capital from 286 to 330, until the reign of

1324:

supported their legal process but was assassinated, and the

954:

remarked "With iron, not with gold, Rome buys her freedom."

620:. By the sixth century BC, the Romans were constructing the 466:, and their similar cultures and societies are known as the 23388: 21054: 20211: 19688: 19372: 19313: 19128: 17055: 17045: 16379: 16232: 15629: 15196: 15136: 14718: 14094: 13656:

Rosenstein, Nathan S.; Morstein-Marx, Robert, eds. (2006).

13084: 12331:"Roman Concrete: The Ascent, Summit, and Decline of an Art" 11663: 10670:

The Western Way of War: Infantry Battle in Classical Greece

10461: 8820:

Johann Jakob Herzog; John Henry Augustus Bomberger (1858).

7926: 7924: 7922: 7076: 7005: 6807: 6748: 6741: 6443: 6382: 6370: 6292: 6272: 6260: 5808: 5200: 5186: 5170: 5071: 5037: 4940:

Workers at a cloth-processing shop, in a painting from the

3845: 3551: 3393:

coast. The Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire collapsed when

3254: 3234: 2602: 2494: 2437: 2413:, he withdrew due to health issues, and in 117, he died of 2187: 2171: 1944: 1834: 1816: 1727: 1608: 1389: 1094: 831: 643:, offspring of Mars and a princess of the mythical city of 353: 166: 65: 13171:

Of Arms and Men: A History of War, Weapons, and Aggression

12138:

Art, Culture, and Cuisine: Ancient and Medieval Gastronomy

12104:

Art, Culture, and Cuisine: Ancient and Medieval Gastronomy

11723:""Public Libraries" in Ancient Rome: Ideology and Reality" 11570: 11490:

Look Back to Get Ahead: Life Lessons from History's Heroes

11400: 10824: 10779: 10777: 10686: 10597: 10223: 9963:

Gibbon, Edward (1906). "Chapter XX". In Bury, J.B. (ed.).

8405: 8151: 8149: 8147: 8100: 7856: 5643:), Latin was never able to replace Greek, a legacy of the 5005:

and paid labour. However, foreign wars and conquests made

1599:, Antony, the eastern provinces, and Octavian remained in 1053:, the other major power in the Western Mediterranean. The 961:

the other peoples on the Italian peninsula, including the

16041: 14190: 12143: 12120:

Around the Roman Table: Food and Feasting in Ancient Rome

11699: 10519:

by Steven Kreis. 11 October 2006. Retrieved 2 April 2007.

10364:

by Korkut Ozgen. Theottomans.org. Retrieved 3 April 2007.

9926: 8008: 6856:. By the third century, the city of Rome was supplied by 6713:, remain as testaments to Roman engineering and culture. 6334:) only appeared in Europe following the discovery of the 5639:. In the eastern part of the Roman Empire (and later the 4805: 2493:, which still contains the largest unreinforced concrete 933:

In the 4th century BC, Rome had come under attack by the

930:(tribal assembly), which elected less important offices. 857:

and various representative assemblies was established. A

23520:

States and territories disestablished in the 5th century

15831: 12899:. Vol. III: Caesar and Christ. Simon and Schuster. 12188: 12186: 11486: 11396:. Encyclopedia Americana Corporation. 1919. p. 644. 11326: 10902: 10554: 10552: 7984: 7972: 7960: 7948: 7936: 7919: 7868: 7820: 7627:

Later in Christian liturgy, "noon" came to describe the

4767:(often posted as deputies to field commanders), then as 2750:

The Roman Empire suffered internal schisms, forming the

879:, or military command. The consuls had to work with the 23373: 13655: 13631:

Patricians and plebeians: The origin of the Roman state

13541:

The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

13324:

The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World

11475:... where compassion was regarded as a moral defect ... 11384:

The history of the decline and fall of the Roman Empire

11362: 10774: 10709:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 245–249. 10707:

As the Romans Did: A Sourcebook in Roman Social History

10349:

The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

10056:"Un dittico imperiale: Oriente e Occidente dopo il 395" 10042:

The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

9987:

The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

9965:

The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

9832:

The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

9623:

The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

8445: 8402:

by Jona Lendering. Livius.org. Retrieved 24 March 2007.

8192:

by Jona Lendering. Livius.org. Retrieved 21 March 2007.

7844: 7832: 7264:

The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

7201:

The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

7160:(a series of biographies of famous Roman and Greek men) 6390:. With the increased importation of foreign foods, the 6353:. Fish was more common than meat, with a sophisticated 5619:, which significantly differed from Classical Latin in 5001:

The economy of the early Republic was largely based on

4554:

and a cavalryman with his horse. All are shown wearing

3810:

school (where the teacher, usually Greek, was called a

3450:

The roots of the legal principles and practices of the

2829:

separated from the rest of the Roman state to form the

2341:, winning territories roughly equivalent to modern-day 2286:

from 96 AD to 192 AD included the "five good emperors"

2249:. As emperor, Domitian showed the characteristics of a 2182:, in 69 AD, four emperors were enthroned in turn: 512: 13775:

Projecting the Past: Ancient Rome, Cinema, and History

12224: 12222: 12220: 10618: 10616: 10614: 10612: 10517:

Lecture 13: A Brief Social History of the Roman Empire

9340: 9338: 8985:

Making Europe: The Story of the West, Volume I to 1790

6075:, and in these settings is known to have featured the 5097:

between Roman regions, but increased with the rise of

2765:: the Roman state was plagued by civil wars, external 2238:) and reformed the tax system. He died in 79 AD. 1827:, he sponsored patriotic poems, such as Virgil's epic 1615:. By the end of the Triumvirate, Antony was living in 1510: 504:, as well as more grandiose monuments and facilities. 383:

settlement, traditionally dated to 753 BC, beside the

352:

civilisation from the founding of the Italian city of

13617:

Kraus, Christina Shuttleworth; Woodman, A.J. (1997).

13409:

Antonio, Margaret L.; et al. (8 November 2019).

12183: 12176: 12174: 12172: 11963:

Public Libraries and Literary Culture in Ancient Rome

10798:

Power and Process Under the Republican 'Constitution'

10549: 9316: 9314: 8945:

In the Name of Rome: The Men Who Won the Roman Empire

8466:

A history of Rome, to the establishment of the empire

6104:

suggest that the Romans had a sex-saturated culture.

3019:

during 306–308. In 324 he defeated another tetrarch,

2624:

Severus was enthroned after invading Rome and having

1304:

was not able to defeat and capture the Numidian king

873:, who together exercised executive authority such as 671:

recounted this legend in his classical epic poem the

612:, the Romans started to drain the valley between the 376:(27 BC–476 AD) until the fall of the western empire. 21017: 13318: 13266:

Social Factors in the Latinization of the Roman West

13192:"Language Policies in the Roman Republic and Empire" 12461: 10891: 10889: 9641: 8462: 8086:. Translated by Luce, T.J. Oxford World's Classics. 7461: 7351: 7004:

wrote his own accounts of his military campaigns in

6786:

soon after its invention in Syria about 50 BC.

3862:, which acted as an advisory body for the King; the 1875:, Augustus appointed her son from another marriage, 1592:

involved were executed, although Lucius was spared.

19970:

Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia

13719:

American Association for the Advancement of Science

13425:

American Association for the Advancement of Science

13376:. translated by David Macrae. Editions Minerva S.A. 11412: 11066:

Late Antique and Medieval Art of the Medieval World

10920: 9335: 8800: 6904:; however, lead content would have been minimised. 6864:. Romans were particularly famous for their public 5210:(father of the family), who held lawful authority ( 3938:

In the Republic, the Senate held actual authority (

3923:, which literally translates to "public business". 3854:) was likely absolute. He was also the head of the 3712:was extended to all free-born men in the Empire by 3593:, who could trace their ancestry to one of the 100 3074: 1935:; his most important deed was the beginning of the 1531:, Caesar's best friend, he legally established the 1379: 480:, the inspiration for modern republics such as the 415:, Southern Europe, and most of Western Europe, the 13350: 13168: 13018: 12815: 12807:A History of Rome Down to the Reign of Constantine 12471: 12169: 11543: 10284: 9311: 8493:Plutarch, Life of Caesar. Retrieved 1 October 2011 8079: 3023:, and controlled all the empire, as it was before 1061:asked for Carthage's help in their conflicts with 13501:Ancient Rome: The archaeology of the eternal city 12079:Cuisine and Culture: A History of Food and People 11614: 11441: 11439: 11226:, Princeton University Press, 1998, pp. 130–132, 10886: 9910:Epitome: From Diocletian to the death of Galerius 8868: 8060:by George Long, M.A. Appearing on pp. 723–724 of 7177:History of the Roman Empire since Marcus Aurelius 6000:(27 BC – 14 AD), and rejected the 5965:influences, and surviving examples are primarily 5607:, an artificial and highly stylised and polished 4884:using a troop of about 40 marines in lieu of the 2761:A disastrous scenario emerged after the death of 1951:had not reached manhood upon his father's death. 910:. The magistracies were originally restricted to 23486: 13268:(1 ed.). Oxford: Oxford Academic: 258–285. 12856: 12335:Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences 11516: 10924:The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare 10570: 10484: 10373: 10311: 10213: 10148: 10016: 9035: 8933:. Amberley Publishing Limited. 2014. p. 27. 8750: 8365: 7718: 6982: 3913:resulted in an unusual mixture of democracy and 3301:during the Middle Ages. During the 6th century, 2504:, known as the Philosopher, was the last of the 1746:, and diminished the political influence of the 1432:quickly arrested and executed the main leaders. 22203: 12981:The Fall of Carthage: The Punic Wars 265–146 BC 12285:, University of California Press, 1986, p. 216. 12132: 12130: 12128: 12114: 12112: 9056: 6720:, which is grouped with Greek traditions into " 2991: 2544:identifies his reign as the beginning of Roman 2163:. Many fled to areas around the Mediterranean. 1651:. Now Egypt was conquered by the Roman Empire. 496:feats, such as the empire-wide construction of 13472:Dio's Rome, Volume V., Books 61–76 (AD 54–211) 13408: 13109:Ancient Rome: A Military and Political History 12515: 12243: 12241: 11636:Grout, Donald Jay; Palisca, Claude V. (1988). 11523:. Hackett Publishing Company. pp. 21–28. 11436: 11224:Augustan Culture: An Interpretive Introduction 10512: 10510: 8635:The International Standard Bible Encyclopaedia 8441: 8439: 8437: 8388: 8386: 7763:A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution 7532:Marcus Aurelius: Warrior, Philosopher, Emperor 6053:were used to give various commands, while the 5773:took care of the cults of various gods, while 3975:, and collected taxes through the practice of 2735: 2556:Commodus was killed by a conspiracy involving 1714:. The emperors of this dynasty were Augustus, 1643:. Octavian annihilated Egyptian forces in the 1438:reconciled the two most powerful men in Rome: 1414:(who hoped for the support of the people) and 869:. The most important magistrates were the two 22285: 22271: 21003: 19471: 18789: 18368: 16987: 16716: 15817: 13860: 13498: 13166: 12936:The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic 12140:, University of Chicago Press (2001), p. 187. 12122:, University of Chicago Press (2005), p. 209. 12106:, University of Chicago Press (2001), p. 188. 11631: 11629: 11550:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 3–20. 11380: 10391:by Whitney J. Oates. Originally published in 9713: 9711: 9283: 9186:Historiae Mundi. Studies in Universal History 9042:Historiae Mundi. Studies in Universal History 8917:Brief History: Brief History of Great Britain 8430:. University of California Press. p. 34. 8347:Rome: The Conquest of the Hellenistic Empires 8043:. Washington State University. Archived from 7783:Democratization in the South: The Jagged Wave 7721:"East-West Orientation of Historical Empires" 7507:. Oxford University Press. pp. 51, 120. 6754:In the 1st century BC, Romans started to use 6724:". Although there were many differences from 5190:), based on blood ties, a common ancestry or 4522: 3848:. In military matters, the king's authority ( 3806:. At the age of 16, some students went on to 2125:undertaken during the Flavian period was the 1962:, where he encountered stiff resistance. The 914:, but were later opened to common people, or 845:, when the last of the seven kings of Rome, 21406:Patria del Friuli (Patriarchate of Aquileia) 18803: 18752:Wars of the fall of the Western Roman Empire 13616: 13499:Coulston, J. C.; Dodge, Hazel, eds. (2000). 13348: 13302:The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Rome 13260:Rochette, Bruno (2023). Mullen, Alex (ed.). 13035:The New Roman Empire: A History of Byzantium 12892: 12751: 12522:. University of Toronto Press. p. 203. 12505: 12125: 12109: 11882:Staikos, Konstantinos Sp (25 October 2021), 11693: 11681: 11669: 11635: 11608: 11344: 11220:The Family in Ancient Rome: New Perspectives 11182:The Family in Ancient Rome: New Perspectives 11166: 10977:"A Market Economy in the Early Roman Empire" 10543: 10467: 10201: 9932: 9818: 9816: 9575: 9573: 9519:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. 2005. p. 9221:(in Italian). Bloomsbury. 20 November 2013. 8597: 8411: 8106: 8026: 7779: 6507:combat was strictly a spectator sport. This 5886: 5120:Some economists consider the Roman Empire a 4601:influenced by Greek civilisation, a citizen 3558:; the statue features an inscription in the 1758:and his reforms in the military, creating a 918:. Republican voting assemblies included the 169:(and others during the late Empire, notably 13570: 13548: 13534: 13465: 13000:Cities of Vesuvius: Pompeii and Herculaneum 12975: 12953: 12238: 11445: 10927:. Cambridge University Press. p. 231. 10818: 10768: 10692: 10507: 10175:Romulus Augustulus (475–476 AD) – Two Views 9638:from UNRV History. Retrieved 12 March 2007. 9099: 8434: 8383: 8216: 8062:A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities 7903: 7786:. Manchester University Press. p. 11. 7760:Furet, François; Ozouf, Mona, eds. (1989). 7653:"ancient Rome | Facts, Maps, & History" 6775: 6402:became a light meal to hold one over until 6322:(aubergine) were introduced later from the 6107: 5346:) stem. The English word "noon" comes from 4845:; exhibited in the Pius-Clementine Museum ( 4718: 4688: 3676:Allied foreign cities were often given the 2508:. He was a stoic philosopher and wrote the 2409:). After defeating a Parthian revolt and a 2074: 2068: 2055: 1576:. The Second Triumvirate was marked by the 1446:(anglicised as Pompey), to whom he married 1101:war of attrition, a strategy propounded by 1009:Territorial changes over the course of the 760: 472: 63: 22278: 22264: 21010: 20996: 19478: 19464: 18796: 18782: 18375: 18361: 16994: 16980: 16723: 16709: 15824: 15810: 13867: 13853: 13503:. Oxford University School of Archaeology. 13492:Rome and environs: An archaeological guide 13322:; Saller, Richard P.; Morris, Ian (2007). 12777: 12428: 11626: 11387:. printed for J.J. Tourneisen. p. 91. 10983:. Economy History Services. Archived from 10854: 10639: 10637: 10635: 10257: 10127:"The Germanic Invasions of Western Europe" 9708: 9516:The Encyclopedia of Christianity, Volume 4 8849: 8794: 8613:The Julio-Claudian Dynasty (27 BC – 68 AD) 8598:Langley, Andrew; Souza, de Philip (1996). 8273:Caspari, Maximilian Otto Bismarck (1911). 7990: 7978: 7966: 7954: 7942: 7930: 7899: 7874: 7862: 7850: 7838: 7826: 7759: 6829:With solid foundations and good drainage, 4529: 4515: 3684:), which gave their citizens rights under 3548:National Archaeological Museum of Florence 1833:and historiographical works like those of 1654: 1627:for a Roman statesman. Following Antony's 1477:River and invaded Rome in 49 BC. The 1177:, a general who dramatically reformed the 890:Other magistrates of the Republic include 364:in the 5th century AD. It encompasses the 330:during the latter half of the 6th century. 74: 13528:Dionysius and the history of Archaic Rome 13448: 13273: 13211: 13029: 12782:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 12778:Boatwright, Mary T.; et al. (2012). 12626: 12283:Roman circuses: arenas for chariot racing 12075: 11348: 11205:Frier, Bruce W., and McGinn, Thomas A.J. 10947: 10587: 10585: 10583: 10165:"Roman Emperors – DIR Romulus Augustulus" 9813: 9570: 9444:. Infobase Publishing. 2006. p. 406. 9268: 8531:Auguste vu par lui-même et par les autres 7766:. Harvard University Press. p. 793. 7736: 7679: 7492:Bevölkerung der griechisch-römischen Welt 6542:, showing women playing sports, from the 6330:peppers, and maize (the modern source of 3979:. Government positions such as quaestor, 3917:. The word republic comes from the Latin 3874:and holiday schedule for the next month. 3197:The Sack of Rome by the Barbarians in 410 3097:, Rome lost decisive battles against the 3042:, who under the influence of his adviser 2884: 2526:, died in 169 AD, probably from the 2381:without consulting Rome, Trajan declared 2260: 1701: 1641:war between Octavian and Antony broke out 1584:: after a revolt led by Antony's brother 616:and Palatine Hills, where today sits the 423:, and much of the Middle East, including 13840:Gallery of the Ancient Art: Ancient Rome 13664: 13646: 13625: 13604: 13598:The archaeology of early Rome and Latium 13592: 13507: 13486: 13259: 13230: 13189: 13125: 12590: 12011: 11520:Daily Life in Ancient Rome: A Sourcebook 11448:"Bread and Circuses in Rome and America" 11368: 11356: 11352: 11332: 11320: 11316: 11300:, English translation 2000, pp. 109–114 10881:I Santuari del Lazio in età repubblicana 10789: 10603: 10186: 9796:. Boise State University. Archived from 9250:"Antico appellativo dell'Italia romana: 9171: 9137: 9062: 8919:. Infobase Publishing. 2009. p. 34. 8623:. October 2000. Retrieved 18 March 2007. 8260:New historical atlas and general history 8014: 7912:, and the other a potsherd found in the 7589:Historical Estimates of World Population 6812: 6631: 6529: 6499: 6496:History of physical training and fitness 6419: 6188: 5969:used to adorn the walls and ceilings of 5942: 5922: 5682: 5494:In the capital city of Rome, there were 5443: 5330:and it is from this word that the terms 5163: 5137: 5016: 4935: 4817: 4597:) was, like those of other contemporary 4561: 4540: 4043:Structural history of the Roman military 3876: 3733: 3536: 3407: 2955: 2923:(in the West), and two junior emperors, 2899: 2745: 2646: 2611: 2480: 2419: 2264: 2086: 1853: 1664: 1462:; the Triumvirate disintegrated. Caesar 1383: 1032: 1018: Roman possessions and close allies 1004: 704: 586:. Large-scale organisation appears only 21361:Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca 18817:With correspondence to modern geography 18523:Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula 13874: 13697: 13016: 12836: 12295: 12018:Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome 11881: 11834: 11564: 11261: 11185:. Cornell University Press. p. 7. 11034:the Egyptian dialect of the inscription 10845:, pp. 295–296 Also chapters 23–24. 10795: 10704: 10632: 10417: 9803: 9790:"Crisis of the Third Century (235–285)" 9753: 9579: 8651: 8509:. 5 July 2004. Retrieved 21 March 2007. 8299: 8272: 8155: 8002: 7799: 7553:McEvedy, Colin; Jones, Richard (1978). 7012:in part to impress his contemporaries. 6511:shows combatants and referee, from the 6489: 6147:in Trajan's Forum and libraries in the 3148:, both of which were Theodosius' sons. 2777:. The old Roman values had fallen, and 1428:—a resounding failure since the consul 1057:began in 264 BC, when the city of 1001:Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula 853:and a system based on annually elected 624:on the Capitoline and expanding to the 80:Territories of the Roman civilisation: 14: 23505:8th-century BC establishments in Italy 23487: 18382: 16730: 13637: 13383:World Mythology: The Illustrated Guide 13380: 13371: 13299: 13106: 13063: 12959:The Roman Army at War: 100 BC – AD 200 12932: 12822:. The Johns Hopkins University Press. 12813: 12684: 12542: 12393: 12328: 12228: 12153:, John Wiley & Sons (2009), p. 93. 11985: 11923: 11921: 11716: 11714: 11418: 11406: 11218:Rawson, Beryl, "The Roman Family", in 11178: 11138: 11122: 10896: 10842: 10830: 10807: 10752: 10741: 10729: 10667: 10655: 10643: 10622: 10580: 10558: 10339: 10234: 10187:Mathisen, Ralph A. (8 February 1998). 10032: 9977: 9962: 9944: 9890: 9822: 9616: 9320: 8682: 8307: 8073: 8038: 7780:Luckham, Robin; White, Gordon (1996). 6357:and large-scale industries devoted to 5834: 5769:, was the head of the state religion. 5675:Constantine the Great and Christianity 5168:A funerary relief with members of the 3585:) above them, and free-born citizens ( 3345:. In the following century, the Arabs 2514:. He defeated barbarian tribes in the 2039:failed, but in 68 AD the armies under 1649:Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide 1221:attempting to restore the prerogatives 318: Whilst the deposition of Emperor 22259: 20991: 19459: 18777: 18356: 16975: 16704: 15805: 13848: 13757: 13688: 13525: 13144: 12997: 12913: 12659: 12632: 12605: 12595:. Harmondsworth: Penguin. p. 24. 12409: 12156: 11705: 11581:. Taylor & Francis. p. 382. 11470:Annual Editions: Western Civilization 11056:, Vol. 72, (2004), pp. 203–230, 10974: 10908: 10783: 10447:(in Italian). Jaca Book. p. 59. 10442: 10264:. James Clarke & Co. p. 26. 9787: 9726: 9344: 9332:Josephus, The Wars of the Jews VI.9.3 8374:Fall of the Roman Republic, 133–27 BC 8257: 8220: 8051: 6839:system of way stations, known as the 6643:built in c. 19 BC. It is a 6096:, paintings, and sculptures found in 6059:(possibly a trumpet or horn) and the 6027:, usually depicting Roman victories. 3597:at the founding of the city, and the 3297:and became the most stable Christian 3281:. The Roman noble and former emperor 3265:defeated and killed Orestes, invaded 2809:caused a devaluation of Roman coins. 2208:were rebuilt, and he revitalised the 2065:first centuries of imperial stability 1939:. Claudius was poisoned by his wife, 800:, one of the founders of the Republic 796:, a bust traditionally identified as 538:, now illustrating the legend that a 315: 20016:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy 18631:Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain 13769: 13706: 12893:Durant, Will; Durant, Ariel (1944). 12804: 12721: 12545:Ancient History: Evidence and Models 12351:Choi, Charles Q. (4 December 2019). 11960: 11085:Parkin, Tim, & Pomeroy, Arthur, 11054:Papers of the British School at Rome 10954:. J. Paul Getty Museum. p. 11. 10502:Society and Politics in Ancient Rome 10291:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 9647: 9294:"Augustus Caesar and the Pax Romana" 9138:Bleicken, Jochen (15 October 2015). 9044:. London: Duckworth. pp. 87–101 8637:. Howard-Severance Company. p. 8423: 8333: 8234:"Cassius Dio – Fragments of Book 11" 7675: 7673: 7416:List of Roman civil wars and revolts 6435:in Rome, c. 410 AD, depicting Saint 6235:discussed more than 30 varieties of 5800:became increasingly associated with 5707:stands and gestures. On the left is 5414:, which identified years by the two 5113:, spanning the entire length of the 4986:were Italy's main exports. Two-tier 3187:on Roman Empire between AD 100–500. 2663:Upon the death of Severus, his sons 1302:Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus 513:Early Italy and the founding of Rome 298:Collapse of the Western Roman Empire 13516: 12809:(2nd ed.). St. Martin's Press. 12639:Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi) 11918: 11841:Libraries & the Cultural Record 11720: 11711: 11087:Roman Social History, a Sourcebook, 8961:. 27 September 2016. Archived from 8824:. Lindsay & Blakiston. p. 8656:. The Boston book company. p. 8632: 6716:The Romans were renowned for their 6185:Food and dining in the Roman Empire 5479:, marketplaces, functional sewers, 5320:Roman consul § Consular dating 3881:Representation of a sitting of the 3565:Roman society is largely viewed as 2597:—resented being excluded from the " 1511:Octavian and the Second Triumvirate 1328:revolted against the Romans in the 812:Italy in 400 BC, just prior to the 628:located between the Capitoline and 458:Ancient Rome is often grouped into 24: 19485: 18939:Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium 16260: 13401: 13275:10.1093/oso/9780198887294.003.0012 13047:10.1093/oso/9780197549322.001.0001 12916:Warfare in Roman Europe AD 350–425 12780:The Romans: From Village to Empire 12468:. The University of Chicago Press. 11493:. Arcade Publishing. p. 174. 9851:The Lives of the Thirty Pretenders 9601:Past pandemics that ravaged Europe 9423:"Cassius Dio — Epitome of Book 68" 8906:Claudius By Barbara Levick. p. 77. 8122:, from which the pound is derived. 7605:The Quarterly Journal of Economics 7494:(in German). Duncker. p. 507. 7482:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1984.tb00552.x 7462:Scheidel, Saller & Morris 2007 6922:Ancient Rome is the progenitor of 6806:rivers in what is now the city of 6376:Traditionally, a breakfast called 6041:, musical instruments such as the 5853:), forgiveness and understanding ( 3716:in 212, with the exception of the 3522: 3347:captured southern Italy and Sicily 3305:reconquered the Italian peninsula 3285:continued to rule as emperor from 2551: 2322:), and that of Marcus Aurelius in 2273:reached its greatest extent under 2082: 1156:became the dominant people of the 663:. They landed on the banks of the 25: 23536: 23469:Western European and Others Group 22170:United Provinces of Central Italy 13783: 13658:A companion to the Roman Republic 13642:. University of California Press. 13610:Rome and the unification of Italy 13530:. University of California Press. 13512:. University of California Press. 13494:. University of California Press. 13349:Ward-Perkins, John Bryan (1994). 13196:A Companion to the Latin Language 12512:. C. Scribner's Sons. p. 85. 12434: 11487:Jackson, Michael Anthony (2004). 11243:Latin Online: Series Introduction 11000:"Masterpieces. Desiderius' Cross" 10122:History of the Later Roman Empire 10115:History of the Later Roman Empire 10108:History of the Later Roman Empire 10101:History of the Later Roman Empire 9291: 9068:Rome and the Unification of Italy 9063:Keaveney, Arthur (January 1987). 9036:A. Fear; P. Liddel, eds. (2010). 8652:Sherman, Charles Phineas (1917). 8615:. by the Department of Greek and 8340:History of the Later Roman Empire 7725:Journal of World-Systems Research 7670: 7555:Atlas of world population history 7464:, p. 2 estimates 60 million. 7274:History of the Later Roman Empire 6977: 5595:, which was in turn based on the 5305: 3830:History of the Roman Constitution 3667:) and women reached freedom from 3369:invasions ultimately led Emperor 3089:. Under the last emperors of the 2174:and fought as a commander in the 1103:Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus 715:of dancer and musicians from the 681:is destined to found a new Troy. 622:Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus 21019:List of historic states of Italy 20972: 20971: 20960: 19037: 19030: 18764:Military history of ancient Rome 13612:(2nd ed.). Bristol Phoenix. 13510:A critical history of early Rome 12933:Flower, Harriet I., ed. (2004). 12761:Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome 12715: 12703: 12678: 12653: 12599: 12584: 12565: 12536: 12499: 12455: 12443:from the original on 26 May 2012 12412:Roman Aqueducts and Water Supply 12403: 12361: 12345: 12322: 12288: 12275: 12263: 12195: 12096: 12069: 12052: 12005: 11988:"Libraries in the Ancient World" 11979: 11954: 11875: 11828: 11803: 11778: 11753: 11537: 11510: 11480: 11461: 11424: 11374: 11290: 11278: 11255: 11236: 11212: 11199: 11172: 11148: 11099: 11079: 10991: 10968: 10941: 10914: 10873: 10848: 10836: 10746: 10723: 10698: 10660: 10504:, BiblioBazaar, LLC, 2009, p. 41 10494: 10436: 10411: 10398: 10367: 10355: 10333: 10321: 10278: 10251: 10180: 10157: 10091: 10070: 10048: 10026: 9998: 9971: 9956: 9938: 9914: 9902: 9884: 9856: 9838: 9781: 9763: 9720: 9683: 9668: 9653: 9629: 9503:. Hachette UK. 2014. p. 64. 9442:Encyclopedia of European Peoples 9184:. In A. Fear; P. Liddel (eds.). 9172:Morcillo, Martha García (2010). 8947:. Hachette UK. 2010. p. 30. 8602:. Candle Wick Press. p. 14. 8446:William Harrison De Puy (1893). 7886:Mellor, Ronald and McGee Marni, 7621: 7612: 7401:Regions in Greco-Roman antiquity 7368: 7354: 6848:The Romans constructed numerous 5679:State church of the Roman Empire 5533:. These people, provided with a 5521:, which were almost like modern 5085:Horses were expensive and other 4498: 4058: 4035:Military history of ancient Rome 3893:, from a 19th-century fresco by 3173: 3164: 3155: 3087:fall of the Western Roman Empire 3081:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 3075:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 2432:in Scotland and Northern England 1380:Caesar and the First Triumvirate 1197: 1167: 1139: 805: 785: 558: 527: 22152:Provisional Government of Milan 20701:Orders, decorations, and medals 18747:Civil wars of the Third Century 13702:. University of Michigan Press. 13647:Raaflaub, Kurt A., ed. (2004). 13128:Chronicle of the Roman Republic 13107:Mackay, Christopher S. (2004). 12609:SPQR: A History of Ancient Rome 12606:Beard, Mary (20 October 2015). 12375:. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc 11965:. University of Chicago Press. 11547:Sexual Morality in Ancient Rome 11287:. p. 2. Retrieved 2 April 2007. 11262:Calvert, J.B. (8 August 1999). 10385:The population of ancient Rome. 10235:Hooker, Richard (6 June 1999). 9794:History of Western Civilization 9730:SPQR: A History of Ancient Rome 9727:Beard, Mary (20 October 2015). 9610: 9594: 9552: 9537: 9507: 9493: 9478: 9463: 9448: 9434: 9415: 9403: 9384: 9358: 9326: 9277: 9242: 9209: 9165: 9131: 9093: 9029: 9017: 8991: 8977: 8951: 8937: 8923: 8909: 8900: 8881: 8862: 8843: 8813: 8779: 8760: 8725: 8706: 8676: 8664: 8645: 8626: 8606: 8583: 8564: 8545: 8512: 8496: 8485: 8482:. BBC. Retrieved 21 March 2007. 8473: 8456: 8417: 8359: 8327: 8308:Hooker, Richard (6 June 1999). 8293: 8266: 8251: 8226: 8210: 8195: 8165: 8125: 8112: 8067: 8039:Hooker, Richard (6 June 1999). 8032: 7893: 7880: 7342:SPQR: A History of Ancient Rome 7212:, tracing the period until the 6482:, the first emperor) while the 6139:. Emperors Augustus, Tiberius, 5939:dated to the mid-1st century BC 5789:became increasingly prominent. 5703:sits on her throne. Behind her 5354:), which included giant public 5089:were slower. Mass trade on the 4946:of Veranius Hypsaeus in Pompeii 3116:, against the Persians and the 2813:came at this time as well. The 2178:. Following the turmoil of the 2019:respectively) before they were 1999:. The rebels sacked and burned 1735: 593:, with the first graves in the 21351:City of Fiume and its District 13689:Smith, Christopher J. (1996). 13326:. Cambridge University Press. 13111:. Cambridge University Press. 12939:. Cambridge University Press. 12744: 12645:Public Library. Archived from 12329:Winter, Thomas Nelson (1979). 11517:Harvey, Brian K., ed. (2016). 11207:A Casebook on Roman Family Law 10080:New York: Thomas Dunne Books. 9100:Billanovich, Giuseppe (2008). 7753: 7645: 7452: 7443: 7329:Caesar: The Life of a Colossus 7311:The History of the Roman World 7247:Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum 6892:, was used to drain the local 6701:. Many monuments, such as the 5913:Art collection in ancient Rome 5160:who is absent in the portrait. 4826:depicted in a relief from the 3377:, eventually resulting in the 3341:, and soon presented a direct 3003:in 312. In 313, he issued the 2166:Vespasian was a general under 2073:("governor of the world") and 1975:), the last stronghold of the 1971:to the sacred island of Mona ( 1805:Golden Age of Latin Literature 1738: 27 BC – AD 14 887:, but grew in size and power. 13: 1: 23510:5th-century disestablishments 21786:County of Apulia and Calabria 21292:Campagna e Marittima Province 13374:Life in Rome in Ancient Times 12818:Everyday Life in Ancient Rome 12462:Jacob Dorsey Forrest (1906). 12014:"The Roman Library at Timgad" 11155:Family Values in Ancient Rome 11076:, p. 17, Figure 1.3 on p. 18. 10895:This paragraph is based upon 10857:A Companion to the Roman Army 10705:Shelton, Jo-Ann, ed. (1998). 10672:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 10668:Hanson, Victor Davis (1989). 10422:. Profile Books. p. 32. 10133:. August 1996. Archived from 9776:The Life of Alexander Severus 9733:. Profile. pp. 529–530. 9351:The Twelve Caesars: Vespasian 9252:Italia Omnium Terrarum Parens 9110:(in Italian). Roberto Pesce. 8654:Roman law in the modern world 8519:Coins of the Emperor Augustus 8463:Henry George Liddell (1855). 8074:Livius, Titus (Livy) (1998). 7800:Sellers, Mortimer N. (1994). 7638: 7021:of Suetonius, and Plutarch's 6983:Primary and secondary sources 6744:, which was derived from the 6621: 6520: 6361:. The Romans also engaged in 5777:were trusted with taking the 5755:, or divine soul. During the 5611:from the 1st century BC, the 5198:, some powerful families, or 4839: 4813: 4761:, would have served first as 4649:, a force of light infantry ( 4591: 4546:Altar of Domitius Ahenobarbus 4393:Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes 3840:Initially, Rome was ruled by 3819: 3741:fresco of a young man with a 3696:and able to take part in the 3233:claimed the southern part of 2953:) and started the Tetrarchy. 2895: 2314:), that of Antoninus Pius in 1991:staged a revolt led by queen 1588:, more than 300 senators and 1360:and killed the other consul, 988: 945:, defeated the Romans at the 839: 739: 606: 587: 580: 356:in the 8th century BC to the 36:Ancient Rome (disambiguation) 14439:Frontiers and fortifications 13814:Resources in other libraries 13735:10.1126/science.366.6466.673 13130:. Thames & Hudson, Ltd. 13089:The Rise of Rome, Books 1–5, 12593:Caesar: The Conquest of Gaul 12509:History of modern philosophy 12149:Maguelonne Toussaint-Samat, 10571:Duiker & Spielvogel 2001 10485:Duiker & Spielvogel 2001 10374:Duiker & Spielvogel 2001 10312:Duiker & Spielvogel 2001 10214:Duiker & Spielvogel 2001 10189:"Roman Emperors – DIR Nepos" 10149:Duiker & Spielvogel 2001 10017:Duiker & Spielvogel 2001 9412:. Retrieved 29 October 2011. 8801:John Charles Tarver (1902). 8751:Duiker & Spielvogel 2001 8366:Duiker & Spielvogel 2001 8258:Labberton, Robert Henlopen. 7890:p. 15 (Cited 15 March 2009). 7490:Beloch, Karl Julius (1886). 7384:Outline of classical studies 7232:period popular at the time. 5603:consists almost entirely of 4888:. Ships were commanded by a 4828:Temple of Fortuna Primigenia 4307:Frontiers and fortifications 3781:, where a teacher (called a 3723: 3692:("with vote"; enrolled in a 3533:Status in Roman legal system 3529:Social class in ancient Rome 2992:Constantine and Christianity 2968:, Germany (then part of the 2489:, built during the reign of 2424:Map showing the location of 2324:Colonia Claritas Iulia Ucubi 1943:in 54 AD. His heir was 1673:, 1st century AD, depicting 977:colony, enlisted the aid of 639:, attributing their city to 635:The Romans themselves had a 597:'s necropolis, along with a 448:and then to an increasingly 439:. That empire was among the 7: 22188:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia 22182:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 22134:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza 21312:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza 20741:Water supply and sanitation 20165:Italian geographical region 20033:Monarchy and the World Wars 19975:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 19861:War of the Sicilian Vespers 19514:Timeline of Italian history 19438:UNESCO World Heritage Sites 18885:Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa 14498:Decorations and punishments 13674:(5th ed.). Routledge. 13633:. Cornell University Press. 13353:Roman Imperial Architecture 13175:. Oxford University Press. 13025:. David McKay Company, Inc. 12961:. Oxford University Press. 12918:. Oxford University Press. 12870:(3rd ed.). Wadsworth. 12763:. Oxford University Press. 12726:. Oxford University Press. 12612:. Profile. pp. 15–16. 12547:. ACLS History. p. 9. 12472:William Cunningham (1900). 12249:"Daily Life: Entertainment" 12166:, JHU Press (1988), p. 148. 12012:Pfeiffer, Homer F. (1931). 11835:Houston, George W. (2008). 11544:Langlands, Rebecca (2006). 10796:Brennan, Correy T. (2004). 10730:Oakley, Stephen P. (2004). 10285:Kreutz, Barbara M. (1996). 10241:Washington State University 8835:. M. Bailey. 1881. p. 8596:. Retrieved 12 March 2007; 8314:Washington State University 8082:The Rise of Rome, Books 1–5 7535:. Random House. p. 3. 7470:Review of Income and Wealth 7347: 6546:, Italy, Roman province of 5961:Roman painting styles show 5654: 5552: 4962:estates had supplanted the 4119:Decorations and punishments 4028: 4023:decline of the Roman Empire 3708:of 91–88 BC, and full 3546:, c. 100 BC, from the 2742:Crisis of the Third Century 2736:Crisis of the Third Century 2607:Crisis of the Third Century 1473:To avoid this fate, Caesar 1185:to handle invasions of the 1181:and was repeatedly elected 1152:in the 2nd century BC, the 965:. The last threat to Roman 770: 283:• Octavian proclaimed 10: 23541: 22128:Duchy of Modena and Reggio 22122:Duchy of Massa and Carrara 21523:Prince-Bishopric of Trento 21493:Duchy of Modena and Reggio 21478:Duchy of Massa and Carrara 20660:Inventions and discoveries 20070:Fall of the Fascist regime 20053:Fourth War of Independence 20011:Expedition of the Thousand 20001:Second War of Independence 19445:Legacy of the Roman Empire 18267:Constantine XI Palaiologos 18218:Andronikos III Palaiologos 18105:Nikephoros III Botaneiates 16319:Lucius Tarquinius Superbus 16258: 15405:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 13980:historiography of the fall 13765:. Oxford University Press. 13693:. Oxford University Press. 13651:(2nd ed.). Blackwell. 13621:. Oxford University Press. 13576:Caesar: Life of a Colossus 13521:. Oxford University Press. 13204:10.1002/9781444343397.ch30 13167:O'Connell, Robert (1989). 13150:Carthage Must be Destroyed 11992:World History Encyclopedia 11639:A history of western music 11285:Classical Latin Supplement 11107:American Historical Review 10879:Coarelli, Filippo (1987), 9993:Constantine I (306–337 AD) 8959:"Gaius Suetonius Paulinus" 8869:Sir William Smith (1890). 8621:Metropolitan Museum of Art 8380:. Retrieved 24 March 2007. 8118:These are literally Roman 8041:"Rome: The Roman Republic" 7088:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 6986: 6914:Legacy of the Roman Empire 6911: 6625: 6493: 6413: 6409: 6326:, and tomatoes, potatoes, 6174: 6170: 6149:Temple of Apollo Palatinus 6069:between fights and in the 5916: 5890: 5823:, with the signing of the 5672: 5658: 5556: 5437: 5433: 5309: 5260:client-patron relationship 5146:portrait of a family from 5131: 5074:began debasing the silver 5066:) had a face value of one 4913: 4909: 4032: 3971:The Republic had no fixed 3833: 3823: 3727: 3526: 3443: 3403: 3124:(364–378); the victorious 3078: 2983:built during the reign of 2888: 2739: 2451:Provincia Syria Palaestina 2393:, organised a province of 2330:, son of Marcus Aurelius. 2316:Colonia Agusta Nemausensis 1658: 1544:In 42 BC, the Senate 1290:) and equestrian classes ( 1255:in the new provinces, and 998: 992: 774: 698: 694: 677:, where the Trojan prince 657:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 516: 507: 66:Senatus Populusque Romanus 29: 23239:Anglo-Portuguese Alliance 23219: 23137: 22974: 22809: 22680:Standard Average European 22548: 22377: 22297: 22240:Free Territory of Trieste 22100: 22030: 21969: 21952: 21876: 21813: 21776: 21758:Principality of Benevento 21750: 21727: 21672: 21661: 21603: 21573: 21325: 21275: 21229: 21160: 21147: 21110: 21025: 20956: 20754: 20600: 20591: 20455: 20446: 20434:Security and intelligence 20307: 20298: 20160: 20151: 20094: 20021:Third War of Independence 19996:First War of Independence 19983: 19876: 19785: 19666: 19603: 19522: 19506: 19497: 19433: 19400: 19347: 19304: 19274: 19227: 19218: 19177: 19086: 19055: 19046: 19028: 19008: 18970: 18952: 18929: 18911: 18893: 18875: 18857: 18829: 18822: 18815: 18760: 18705:Roman conquest of Britain 18676: 18390: 18343: 18275: 18240:Andronikos IV Palaiologos 18208:Andronikos II Palaiologos 18033:Constantine IX Monomachos 17721: 17618: 17501: 17328: 17166: 17014: 16939: 16891: 16836: 16798: 16738: 16650: 16612: 16586: 16555: 16514: 16442: 16358: 16337: 16314:Lucius Tarquinius Priscus 16271: 16135: 15860: 15843: 15786:External wars and battles 15653: 15547: 15360: 14952: 14945: 14867: 14779: 14684: 14559: 14511: 14389: 14339: 14278: 14269: 14151: 14103: 14023: 13940: 13910: 13901: 13883: 13809:Resources in your library 13698:Stewart, Roberta (1998). 13578:. Yale University Press. 13572:Goldsworthy, Adrian Keith 13550:Goldsworthy, Adrian Keith 13357:. Yale University Press. 13126:Matyszak, Philip (2003). 13017:Haywood, Richard (1971). 12977:Goldsworthy, Adrian Keith 12955:Goldsworthy, Adrian Keith 12896:The Story of Civilization 12689:. Yale University Press. 12439:. University of Chicago. 12437:"Lead Poisoning and Rome" 12304:. Prentice Hall. p. 12082:. John Wiley & Sons. 12076:Civitello, Linda (2011). 11431:Theodosius I (379–395 AD) 10408:(Cambridge, 1996) 174–183 10406:Metropolis and Hinterland 8805:. A. Constable. pp. 8480:Julius Caesar (100–44 BC) 8452:. Werner Co. p. 760. 7806:. NYU Press. p. 90. 7394:Timeline of Roman history 6907: 6472:. At the Late Empire the 6369:raised in the fishery at 5887:Art, music and literature 5817:persecution of Christians 5127: 3730:Education in ancient Rome 3120:cost the life of emperor 3035:("City of Constantine"). 3011:. He was defeated by the 2908:depicting the profile of 2562:Year of the Five Emperors 2401:and the Parthian capital 2180:Year of the Four Emperors 2116:Titus Flavius Vespasianus 2112:Year of the Four Emperors 2079:("parent of all lands"). 1908:(from 31 to 37 AD). 1388:Landing of the Romans in 488:. It achieved impressive 379:Ancient Rome began as an 311: 307: 294: 281: 264: 251: 247: 237: 191: 181: 162: 121: 73: 59: 54: 45: 23379:Lancaster House Treaties 22869:Christian existentialism 22829:Ancient Roman philosophy 22819:Ancient Greek philosophy 22146:Italian United Provinces 21498:Principality of Piombino 21287:Patrimony of Saint Peter 20112:Istrian–Dalmatian exodus 20107:Institutional referendum 18203:Michael VIII Palaiologos 16573:Rape of the Sabine Women 13834:University of Notre Dame 13832:OpenCourseWare from the 13671:From the Gracchi to Nero 13231:Rochette, Bruno (2018). 13190:Rochette, Bruno (2011). 12685:Levick, Barbara (1993). 12358:. Retrieved 22 May 2020. 11694:Adkins & Adkins 1998 11682:Adkins & Adkins 1998 11670:Adkins & Adkins 1998 11609:Adkins & Adkins 1998 11345:Adkins & Adkins 1998 11167:Adkins & Adkins 1998 11089:Routledge, 2007, p. 72. 11004:Fondazione Brescia Musei 10948:Heseltine, John (2005). 10544:Adkins & Adkins 1998 10468:Adkins & Adkins 1998 10202:Durant & Durant 1944 9951:De Mortibus Persecutorum 9897:De Mortibus Persecutorum 9410:Titus Flavius Domitianus 8590:Augustus (63 BC – AD 14) 8507:De Imperatoribus Romanis 8503:Augustus (31 BC – 14 AD) 8412:Adkins & Adkins 1998 8107:Adkins & Adkins 1998 8027:Adkins & Adkins 1998 7436: 7241:Roman constitutional law 6794:'s campaigns in Greece. 6663:guarded technologies as 6628:Ancient Roman technology 6416:Clothing in ancient Rome 6157:Temple of Divus Augustus 6155:in the Roman Forum, the 6108:Literature and Libraries 6047:(a long trumpet) or the 5661:Religion in ancient Rome 5615:of the Roman Empire was 4954:and trade. Agricultural 4857:Less is known about the 4422:Claustra Alpium Iuliarum 4407:Danube–Iller–Rhine Limes 4077:Military of ancient Rome 4039:Military of ancient Rome 4007:was portrayed as only a 3901:, home to Italy's Senate 3462:around 530 AD (see 3456:Law of the Twelve Tables 3398:conquered Constantinople 3343:threat to Constantinople 3313:, and southern Hispania 2841:. In that same year the 1769:Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa 1692:reform of the government 1525:Roman naming conventions 1109:in October 202 BC. 23515:Classical civilizations 23157:Equality before the law 22364:Romano-Germanic culture 22234:Italian Social Republic 21909:Principality of Taranto 21801:Principality of Taranto 21763:Principality of Salerno 21518:Bishopric of Tarantasia 21341:Bishopric of Bressanone 21258:Duchy of the Pentapolis 20635:Emigration and diaspora 19844:Guelphs and Ghibellines 19829:the Sardinian Judicates 19440:; Proposed; in Danger 19234:Palestinian territories 18402:Roman conquest of Italy 18058:Eudokia Makrembolitissa 17692:Tiberius II Constantine 16578:Battle of Lacus Curtius 15781:Roman–Iranian relations 14256:Optimates and populares 13830:History of ancient Rome 13763:Rome: An Empire's Story 13554:The Complete Roman Army 13508:Forsythe, Gary (2005). 13441:10.1126/science.aay6826 13039:Oxford University Press 12998:Grant, Michael (2005). 12814:Casson, Lionel (1998). 12660:Grant, Michael (1987). 12591:Handford, S.A. (1951). 12516:Michael Burger (2008). 11941:2027/njp.32101076187390 11727:Libraries & Culture 10883:. NIS, Rome, pp. 35–84. 10646:The Roman Army and Navy 10347:. In Bury, J.B. (ed.). 10340:Gibbon, Edward (1906). 10040:. In Bury, J.B. (ed.). 10033:Gibbon, Edward (1906). 9985:. In Bury, J.B. (ed.). 9978:Gibbon, Edward (1906). 9921:Diocletian (284–305 AD) 9830:. In Bury, J.B. (ed.). 9823:Gibbon, Edward (1906). 9621:. In Bury, J.B. (ed.). 9617:Gibbon, Edward (1906). 9585:"Epitome of Book LXXII" 8699:Encyclopædia Britannica 8424:Tuma, Elias H. (1965). 8286:Encyclopædia Britannica 7888:The Ancient Roman World 7657:Encyclopædia Britannica 7594:13 October 2013 at the 7523:Roman Empire Population 7389:Outline of ancient Rome 6900:, which contributed to 6810:in present-day France. 6671:Roman civil engineering 6544:Villa Romana del Casale 5957:, Italy, circa 40–30 BC 5919:Ancient Rome (painting) 5909:Theatre of ancient Rome 5807:Beginning with Emperor 5440:Culture of ancient Rome 5177:, late 1st century BC, 5027:Apollodorus of Damascus 4838:), which was built 4505:Ancient Rome portal 3381:by participants of the 2558:Quintus Aemilius Laetus 2363:Apollodorus of Damascus 2045:Servius Sulpicius Galba 1958:, to invade modern-day 1954:Nero sent his general, 1904:(until 31 AD) and 1671:Augustus of Prima Porta 1655:Empire – the Principate 1629:Donations of Alexandria 1554:; Octavian thus became 1529:Marcus Aemilius Lepidus 1440:Marcus Licinius Crassus 1426:Catilinarian conspiracy 1116:kingdoms of Greece and 1037:The Roman siege of the 314: 213:constitutional republic 23319:Eastern European Group 22908:Continental philosophy 22839:Judeo-Christian ethics 22824:Hellenistic philosophy 22305:Cradle of civilization 22140:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 21914:Terra Sancti Benedicti 21818:(from the 9th century) 21528:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 20517:Science and technology 20465:Italian regions by GDP 20266:Marine protected areas 19938:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 18980:Aelia Augusta Aeclanum 18213:Michael IX Palaiologos 16949:Conflict of the Orders 16265: 15833:Ancient Roman religion 15791:Civil wars and revolts 15057:Sextus Pompeius Festus 14704:Conflict of the Orders 14063:Legislative assemblies 13526:Gabba, Emilio (1991). 13300:Scarre, Chris (1995). 12255:. 1998. Archived from 12164:The Ancient Roman City 11721:Dix, T. Keith (1994). 11381:Edward Gibbon (1787). 11323:, p. 114-115,118. 11179:Rawson, Beryl (1987). 10644:Potter, David (2004). 10418:Gawande, Atul (2014). 10389:The Population of Rome 10328:Basil II (AD 976–1025) 10237:"The Byzantine Empire" 10169:www.roman-emperors.org 10076:Lapham, Lewis (1997). 9565:Life of Antoninus Pius 9188:. London: Bloomsbury. 9180:Omnium Terrarum Parens 8310:"Rome: The Punic Wars" 8005:, pp. 215 et seq. 7904: 7685:Social Science History 7529:McLynn, Frank (2011). 7411:List of Roman emperors 7406:List of ancient Romans 7297:Barthold Georg Niebuhr 7206:Barthold Georg Niebuhr 6826: 6792:Lucius Cornelius Sulla 6776: 6766:, and soon supplanted 6722:Classical architecture 6648: 6551: 6527: 6439: 6229:modern Italian cooking 6209: 5958: 5940: 5929:Villa of the Mysteries 5732: 5545:among the upper class 5505:, from which the word 5452: 5181: 5161: 5134:Family in ancient Rome 5029: 4947: 4854: 4719: 4689: 4583: 4559: 3902: 3753: 3562: 3513:sg. Praetor Peregrinus 3468:Byzantine Roman Empire 3439: 3424: 3379:Sack of Constantinople 3327:conquest of the Levant 2988: 2912: 2885:Empire – The Tetrarchy 2758: 2660: 2621: 2498: 2433: 2284:Nerva–Antonine dynasty 2278: 2261:Nerva–Antonine dynasty 2176:First Jewish-Roman War 2099: 2076:omnium terrarum parens 2075: 2069: 2056: 1868: 1708:Julio-Claudian dynasty 1702:Julio-Claudian dynasty 1681: 1619:, ruled by his lover, 1570:Gaius Cassius Longinus 1458:and was killed in the 1444:Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus 1405: 1358:Lucius Cornelius Cinna 1338:Lucius Cornelius Sulla 1207:, leader of the rival 1089:, who marched through 1046: 1030: 761: 723: 653:Marcus Terentius Varro 473: 64: 34:. For other uses, see 23439:Three Seas Initiative 23414:Pacific Islands Forum 23279:British–Irish Council 23027:Greek Orthodox Church 22486:Industrial Revolution 22456:Scientific Revolution 22158:Republic of San Marco 21940:Crown Colony of Malta 21768:Principality of Capua 21508:Marquisate of Saluzzo 21371:County of Santa Fiora 21033:Etruscan civilization 20716:Public administration 19824:the Holy Roman Empire 18732:Domitian's Dacian War 18651:Liberators' civil war 18307:Thessalonian emperors 18301:Trapezuntine emperors 18262:John VIII Palaiologos 18257:Manuel II Palaiologos 18228:John VI Kantakouzenos 18144:Andronikos I Komnenos 17981:Constantine Lekapenos 17009:and empresses regnant 16264: 15500:Simplicius of Cilicia 15252:Quintus Curtius Rufus 14481:Siege in Ancient Rome 14090:Executive magistrates 13638:Potter, T.W. (1987). 13556:. Thames and Hudson. 13517:Fox, Matthew (1996). 13372:Werner, Paul (1978). 13064:Keegan, John (1993). 12722:Syme, Ronald (2002). 12543:Finley, M.I. (2008). 12506:Kuno Fischer (1887). 12494:Value of the classics 12296:Zeidman, Bob (2011). 11896:10.1163/9789004473508 11790:www.perseus.tufts.edu 11765:www.perseus.tufts.edu 11248:29 April 2015 at the 10975:Temin, Peter (2001). 10351:. Fred de Fau and Co. 10131:University of Calgary 10078:The End of the World. 10044:. Fred de Fau and Co. 10005:Honorius (395–423 AD) 9989:. Fred de Fau and Co. 9967:. Fred de Fau and Co. 9834:. Fred de Fau and Co. 9703:The Life of Caracalla 9625:. Fred de Fau and Co. 8873:. J. Murray. p. 8684:Pelham, Henry Francis 8538:19 March 2009 at the 8505:by Garrett G. Fagan. 8398:7 August 2014 at the 8238:penelope.uchicago.edu 8183:Pyrrhus of Epirus (3) 8177:14 April 2016 at the 8172:Pyrrhus of Epirus (2) 7738:10.5195/JWSR.2006.369 7557:. New York: Penguin. 7307:Howard Hayes Scullard 7254:, became milestones. 7222:The History of Romans 6816: 6758:widely. Concrete was 6635: 6533: 6503: 6431:from the basilica of 6423: 6192: 6181:Ancient Rome and wine 6177:Ancient Roman cuisine 6033:was largely based on 5946: 5926: 5901:Music of ancient Rome 5686: 5673:Further information: 5599:. Although surviving 5537:, and entertained by 5447: 5281:) of their husbands' 5167: 5152:The Greek inscription 5141: 5020: 4939: 4821: 4565: 4544: 4388:Neckar-Odenwald Limes 4203:Technological history 3880: 3846:Senate and the people 3834:Further information: 3737: 3660:Women in ancient Rome 3540: 3454:may be traced to the 3411: 3400:on 29 May 1453. 3277:and beginning of the 3201:Joseph-Noël Sylvestre 3095:Valentinianic dynasty 3091:Constantinian dynasty 3046:attempted to restore 2959: 2903: 2749: 2650: 2615: 2484: 2423: 2377:appointed a king for 2361:, with the architect 2268: 2127:siege and destruction 2121:The most significant 2090: 1941:Agrippina the Younger 1937:conquest of Britannia 1919:and his grand-nephew 1857: 1668: 1580:of many senators and 1430:Marcus Tullius Cicero 1387: 1036: 1008: 708: 601:on the bottom of the 517:Further information: 453:military dictatorship 372:(509–27 BC), and the 216:(509 BC–476 AD, only 182:Common languages 23434:Special Relationship 22844:Christian philosophy 22789:Western Christianity 22451:Age of Enlightenment 22325:Hellenistic Kingdoms 21954:French Revolutionary 21894:State of the Presidi 21618:Republic of Florence 21590:Domini di Terraferma 21240:Exarchate of Ravenna 21138:Western Roman Empire 21082:Nuragic civilization 20944:World Heritage Sites 20399:Council of Ministers 20137:Coronavirus pandemic 19535:Currency and coinage 18737:Trajan's Dacian Wars 18422:Roman–Hernician wars 18245:John VII Palaiologos 18193:Theodore II Laskaris 18053:Constantine X Doukas 17993:Nikephoros II Phokas 16458:Interpretatio graeca 15510:Stephanus Byzantinus 15415:Eusebius of Caesaria 15277:Sidonius Apollinaris 14967:Ammianus Marcellinus 14306:Tribune of the plebs 13627:Mitchell, Richard E. 13381:Willis, Roy (2000). 13067:A History of Warfare 12914:Elton, Hugh (1996). 12724:The Roman Revolution 12410:Hodge, A.T. (1992). 12136:Phyllis Pray Bober, 12102:Phyllis Pray Bober, 11961:Boyd, C. E. (1915). 11268:University of Denver 11264:"The Latin Alphabet" 10759:period (200–235 AD). 10500:Frank Frost Abbott, 10443:Rossi, Lino (1981). 10261:Armies of Pestilence 10247:on 24 February 1999. 9879:The Life of Claudius 9869:The Life of Aurelian 9107:, Feltrinelli, p.363 8987:. 2013. p. 162. 8803:Tiberius, the tyrant 8188:3 March 2016 at the 7362:Civilizations portal 7320:The Roman Revolution 7182:Ammianus Marcellinus 6989:Roman historiography 6972:Age of Enlightenment 6924:Western civilisation 6675:military engineering 6490:Games and recreation 6454:Western Roman Empire 6239:, 40 kinds of pear, 6133:Gaius Asinius Pollio 5792:As contact with the 5641:Eastern Roman Empire 5535:free supply of grain 5362:) and water clocks ( 5099:Roman maritime trade 4847:Museo Pio-Clementino 4655:), and the cavalry ( 4378:Lower Germanic Limes 4277:Strategy and tactics 4212:Military engineering 4114:Unit types and ranks 3798:) taught them about 3464:Corpus Juris Civilis 3430:military settlements 3395:Mehmed the Conqueror 3142:Western Roman Empire 3134:Eastern Roman Empire 3118:Battle of Adrianople 3052:Hellenistic religion 2365:. He remodelled the 2243:gladiatorial combats 1773:Nero Claudius Drusus 1566:Marcus Junius Brutus 1493:, and Pompey's son, 1422:tribune of the plebs 1370:second march on Rome 1334:Lucius Julius Caesar 1322:Marcus Livius Drusus 1281:brothers, a pair of 1217:massacring opponents 1144:After defeating the 1063:Hiero II of Syracuse 867:separation of powers 717:Tomb of the Leopards 599:clay and timber wall 395:culture of southern 362:Western Roman Empire 114:Eastern Roman Empire 105:Western Roman Empire 23459:West Nordic Council 23324:Eastern Partnership 22913:Analytic philosophy 22614:Classical tradition 22436:Early modern period 22392:Classical antiquity 22387:European Bronze Age 22228:Free State of Fiume 22176:Kingdom of Sardinia 21919:Neapolitan Republic 21867:Kingdom of Sardinia 21862:Republic of Sassari 21690:Catepanate of Italy 21613:Republic of Cospaia 21436:Duchy of Montferrat 21431:March of Montferrat 21366:County of Guastalla 21266:Exarchate of Africa 20475:Automotive industry 20414:Metropolitan cities 19960:Early Modern period 19933:Kingdom of Sardinia 19884:Italian city-states 18636:Roman–Parthian Wars 18427:Roman–Volscian wars 18407:Roman–Etruscan Wars 18176:Theodore I Laskaris 18161:Alexios III Angelos 18139:Alexios II Komnenos 18063:Romanos IV Diogenes 18018:Romanos III Argyros 17964:Romanos I Lekapenos 16866:reforms of Augustus 16658:Classical mythology 16479:Theology of victory 16324:Kings of Alba Longa 15686:Distinguished women 15337:Velleius Paterculus 15177:Nicolaus Damascenus 15157:Marcellus Empiricus 14546:Republican currency 13727:2019Sci...366..673W 13433:2019Sci...366..708A 13239:(1/2018): 107–128. 13237:Lingue e Linguaggio 13070:. Alfred A. Knopf. 12862:Spielvogel, Jackson 12490:Andrew Fleming West 12369:"Roman road system" 12162:John E. Stambaugh, 12058:J. Carson Webster, 11708:, pp. 130–134. 11684:, pp. 349–350. 11611:, pp. 350–352. 11409:, pp. 166–168. 11319:, p. 263,268; 11028:(most likely by an 11026:gold glass portrait 10833:, pp. 245–252. 10821:, pp. 121–125. 10393:Classical Philology 10258:Bray, R.S. (2004). 9695:, LXXVIII, 22–23.; 8850:Compendium (1858). 8672:The Age of Augustus 8633:Orr, James (1915). 8524:25 May 2009 at the 8343:. MacMillan and Co. 8223:, pp. 175–176. 7376:Ancient Rome portal 7302:Michael Rostovtzeff 7193:Italian Renaissance 6645:World Heritage Site 6067:Roman amphitheatres 5835:Ethics and morality 5796:increased, the old 5721:House of the Vettii 5691:: in the center is 5541:, were enrolled as 5450:seven hills of Rome 4902:) were part of the 4876:As compared with a 4373:Lauter Valley Limes 3508:praetores peregrini 3499:sg. Praetor Urbanus 3363:Battle of Manzikert 3339:Arab–Byzantine wars 3331:conquest of Armenia 3323:Plague of Justinian 3307:from the Ostrogoths 3295:Western counterpart 3275:Classical antiquity 3219:Visigoths sack Rome 3110:Julian the Apostate 2929:Flavius Constantius 2775:economic depression 2769:, political chaos, 2021:crushed by Paulinus 1981:attacked the island 1710:was established by 1479:Battle of Pharsalus 1475:crossed the Rubicon 1436:Gaius Julius Caesar 1118:revolts in Hispania 1026:Carthaginian Empire 969:in Italy came when 947:Battle of the Allia 863:checks and balances 584: 1000 BC 550:'s imprisonment in 460:classical antiquity 455:during the Empire. 22918:Post-structuralism 22881:Christian humanism 22511:Universal suffrage 22058:Lucca and Piombino 21935:Malta Protectorate 21899:Duke of San Donato 21653:Republic of Ancona 21575:Republic of Venice 21488:Duchy of Mirandola 21376:Duchy of Guastalla 21214:Duchy of Tridentum 21194:Duchy of Benevento 21161:Barbarian kingdoms 20537:Telecommunications 19904:Maritime republics 19261:: Emmaus Nicopolis 19244:: Aelia Capitolina 19056:Of legion veterans 18913:Gallia Narbonensis 18895:Gallia Lugdunensis 18859:Britannia Inferior 18831:Britannia Superior 18742:Roman–Persian Wars 18641:Caesar's civil war 18513:Roman–Seleucid war 18412:Roman-Aequian wars 18384:Ancient Roman wars 18295:Britannic emperors 18289:Palmyrene emperors 18223:John V Palaiologos 18166:Alexios IV Angelos 18115:Constantine Doukas 18110:Alexios I Komnenos 18098:Constantine Doukas 18081:Michael VII Doukas 18043:Michael VI Bringas 17609:Romulus Augustulus 17232:Trebonianus Gallus 17225:Herennius Etruscus 17007:Byzantine emperors 16732:Roman Constitution 16266: 15460:Phlegon of Tralles 15267:Seneca the Younger 14741:Naming conventions 14471:Personal equipment 14004:Later Roman Empire 13031:Kaldellis, Anthony 12805:Cary, Max (1967). 12649:on 24 August 2014. 12633:Liukkonen, Petri. 12478:. University Press 11986:Cartwright, Mark. 11853:10.1353/lac.0.0032 11815:www.britannica.com 11010:on 19 October 2021 10911:, pp. 99–101. 10732:The Early Republic 9636:Five Good Emperors 9607:. 7 November 2005. 9603:by Verity Murphy. 9545:Historia Augusta, 9394:The Twelve Caesars 9375:The Twelve Caesars 9174:"The Roman Italy: 9001:The Twelve Caesars 8891:The Twelve Caesars 8770:The Twelve Caesars 8735:The Twelve Caesars 8716:The Twelve Caesars 8555:The Twelve Caesars 8352:1 May 2011 at the 8335:Bury, John Bagnell 8219:, pp. 25–26; 7325:Adrian Goldsworthy 7124:The Twelve Caesars 7102:Naturalis Historia 7054:Bellum Jugurthinum 7018:The Twelve Caesars 6827: 6726:Greek architecture 6649: 6587:meant patronising 6552: 6528: 6440: 6340:Columbian Exchange 6210: 5959: 5941: 5927:Frescoes from the 5733: 5645:Hellenistic period 5567:of the Romans was 5543:clients of patrons 5539:gladiatorial games 5453: 5182: 5162: 5030: 4948: 4855: 4742:. By 400 AD, 4695:cohortes equitatae 4614:comitia centuriata 4595: 500 BC 4584: 4560: 4474:Limes Tripolitanus 4095:Structural history 3903: 3826:Roman Constitution 3754: 3563: 3425: 3371:Alexios I Komnenos 3315:from the Visigoths 3215:Theodosian dynasty 3112:was killed in the 3108:: in 363, emperor 2989: 2927:(in the East) and 2913: 2759: 2679:Edict of Caracalla 2661: 2657:Capitoline Museums 2622: 2522:. His co-emperor, 2506:Five Good Emperors 2499: 2434: 2320:Gallia Narbonensis 2279: 2227:Naturalis Historia 2206:Great Fire of Rome 2198:and the temple of 2100: 2033:Great Fire of Rome 1956:Suetonius Paulinus 1899:praetorian prefect 1869: 1682: 1574:Battle of Philippi 1533:Second Triumvirate 1519:. Soon afterward, 1406: 1245:and the growth of 1205:L. Cornelius Sulla 1047: 1045:in Spain in 133 BC 1031: 921:comitia centuriata 843: 509 BC 743: 625 BC 738:, was constructed 724: 610: 650 BC 591: 800 BC 571:its fortifications 446:classical republic 368:(753–509 BC), the 320:Romulus Augustulus 224:absolute monarchy 23482: 23481: 23309:Council of Europe 23211:International law 23164:Constitutionalism 23022:Eastern Orthodoxy 22528:Post–Cold War era 22461:Age of Revolution 22315:Greco-Roman world 22253: 22252: 22249: 22248: 22096: 22095: 22063:Massa and Carrara 21948: 21947: 21925:Hospitaller Malta 21884:Kingdom of Naples 21878:Kingdom of Sicily 21809: 21808: 21719:Duchy of Sorrento 21638:Republic of Genoa 21633:Republic of Siena 21628:Republic of Massa 21623:Republic of Lucca 21356:County of Gorizia 21346:Corsican Republic 21327:Holy Roman Empire 20985: 20984: 20952: 20951: 20587: 20586: 20522:Southern question 20442: 20441: 20374:Political parties 20322:Foreign relations 20294: 20293: 20147: 20146: 19868:Kingdom of Naples 19856:Kingdom of Sicily 19453: 19452: 19429: 19428: 19425: 19424: 19254:Caesarea Maritima 19178:Possible colonies 19068:Caesarea Maritima 19026: 19025: 18985:Castra Taurinorum 18931:Germania Inferior 18771: 18770: 18727:Jewish–Roman wars 18599:Sulla's civil war 18593:Bellum Octavianum 18481:Illyro-Roman Wars 18454:Roman–Gallic wars 18432:Roman–Sabine wars 18350: 18349: 18188:John III Vatatzes 18134:Manuel I Komnenos 17873:Michael I Rangabe 17717: 17716: 17559:Petronius Maximus 17158:Severus Alexander 17126:Septimius Severus 16969: 16968: 16916:(post Diocletian) 16906:(post Diocletian) 16861:reforms of Caesar 16698: 16697: 16675:Etruscan religion 16289:Romulus and Remus 16272:Legendary figures 16256: 16255: 15905:Castor and Pollux 15799: 15798: 15761:Pontifices maximi 15543: 15542: 15400:Diogenes Laërtius 15222:Pliny the Younger 14977:Asconius Pedianus 14937:Romance languages 14809:Civil engineering 14551:Imperial currency 14424:Political control 14385: 14384: 14019: 14018: 13790:Library resources 13681:978-0-4150-2527-0 13594:Holloway, R. Ross 13585:978-0-3001-2689-1 13563:978-0-5000-5124-5 13488:Coarelli, Filippo 13392:978-1-8645-8089-1 13385:. Ken Fin Books. 13364:978-0-3000-5292-3 13333:978-0-5217-8053-7 13311:978-0-1405-1329-5 13304:. Penguin Books. 13285:978-0-1988-8729-4 13223:978-1-4051-8605-6 13182:978-0-1950-5359-3 13159:978-0-1410-1809-6 13137:978-0-5000-5121-4 13118:978-0-5218-0918-4 13077:978-0-3945-8801-8 13056:978-0-1975-4932-2 13021:The Ancient World 13009:978-1-8988-0045-3 13002:. Phoenix Press. 12990:978-0-3043-6642-2 12968:978-0-1981-5057-2 12946:978-0-5210-0390-2 12925:978-0-1981-5241-5 12906:978-1-5673-1023-8 12877:978-0-5345-7168-9 12829:978-0-8018-5992-2 12789:978-0-1997-3057-5 12770:978-0-1951-2332-6 12733:978-0-1928-0320-7 12696:978-0-3000-5831-4 12662:The World of Rome 12635:"Theodor Mommsen" 12619:978-1-8476-5441-0 12554:978-1-5974-0534-8 12529:978-1-5511-1432-3 12356:InsideScience.org 12315:978-0-1370-3533-5 12259:on 30 April 2007. 12151:A History of Food 12089:978-0-4704-0371-6 11972:978-1-1648-3397-0 11905:978-9-0044-7350-8 11649:978-0-3939-5627-6 11588:978-0-4152-2459-8 11557:978-0-5218-5943-1 11530:978-1-5851-0796-4 11500:978-1-5597-0727-5 11446:Astore, William. 11306:978-0-2710-2001-3 11232:978-0-6910-5890-0 11192:978-0-8014-9460-4 11169:, pp. 39–40. 11095:978-0-4154-2675-6 11074:978-1-4051-2071-5 11030:Alexandrian Greek 10981:Abstract Archives 10961:978-0-7112-2552-7 10934:978-0-5217-8274-6 10866:978-1-4051-2153-8 10786:, pp. 89–96. 10771:, pp. 36–37. 10606:, pp. 16–42. 10454:978-8-8164-0071-9 10429:978-1-8466-8582-8 10298:978-0-8122-1587-8 10271:978-0-2271-7240-7 10137:on 12 August 2013 9933:Ward-Perkins 1994 9908:Joannes Zonaras, 9740:978-1-8476-5441-0 9530:978-0-8028-2416-5 9298:The History Guide 9066:Arthur Keaveney: 8871:Abaeus-Dysponteus 8378:Purdue University 8093:978-0-1928-2296-3 8029:, pp. 41–42. 8017:, pp. 43–44. 7865:, pp. 31–32. 7813:978-0-8147-8005-3 7793:978-0-7190-4942-2 7773:978-0-6741-7728-4 7542:978-1-4464-4933-2 7514:978-0-1992-2721-1 7270:John Bagnall Bury 7210:The Roman History 7092:Roman Antiquities 6854:their agriculture 6657:insulated glazing 6469:pileus pannonicus 6137:Atrium Libertatis 6025:relief sculptures 5699:and on the right 5649:Romance languages 5609:literary language 5593:Etruscan alphabet 5591:was based on the 5509:derives. The low 5312:Roman timekeeping 5256:be lawfully freed 5014:slave ownership. 4916:Roman agriculture 4723:for infantry and 4539: 4538: 4490: 4489: 4481:Limes Mauretaniae 4336:Limes Britannicus 4297: 4296: 4261:Political history 4251: 4250: 4171: 4170: 3739:Roman portraiture 3710:Roman citizenship 3617:, was known as a 3577:) at the bottom, 3560:Etruscan language 3554:while engaged in 3335:conquest of Egypt 3241:was taken by the 3114:Battle of Samarra 2863:Claudius Gothicus 2833:, ruled by Queen 2815:Plague of Cyprian 2763:Alexander Severus 2722:Severus Alexander 2591:Pannonia Superior 2582:Septimius Severus 2446:Bar Kokhba revolt 2369:and extended the 2216:. The historians 2123:military campaign 2095:, founder of the 2023:. Boadicea, like 1917:Tiberius Gemellus 1633:gave to Cleopatra 1460:Battle of Carrhae 1452:First Triumvirate 1158:Mediterranean Sea 1130:Scipio Aemilianus 1028:and close allies 979:Pyrrhus of Epirus 959:gradually subdued 847:Tarquin the Proud 794:Capitoline Brutus 641:Romulus and Remus 544:Romulus and Remus 468:Greco-Roman world 389:Italian Peninsula 338: 337: 272:Tarquin the Proud 201:absolute monarchy 55:753 BC–476/480 AD 16:(Redirected from 23532: 23354:EU Customs Union 22886:Secular humanism 22834:Christian ethics 22784:East–West Schism 22767:Physical culture 22491:Great Divergence 22441:Age of Discovery 22280: 22273: 22266: 22257: 22256: 22214:Kingdom of Italy 22201: 22200: 21967: 21966: 21796:County of Sicily 21791:County of Aversa 21714:Byzantine Sicily 21700:Theme of Lucania 21670: 21669: 21648:Republic of Pisa 21643:Republic of Noli 21513:Duchy of Spoleto 21483:Duchy of Merania 21381:Kingdom of Italy 21307:Duchy of Ferrara 21252:Duchy of Perugia 21231:Byzantine Empire 21209:Duchy of Spoleto 21176:Ostrogothic rule 21158: 21157: 21026:Pre-Roman period 21012: 21005: 20998: 20989: 20988: 20975: 20974: 20967:Italy portal 20964: 20963: 20904:National symbols 20598: 20597: 20453: 20452: 20305: 20304: 20158: 20157: 20038:Kingdom of Italy 19965:Napoleonic Italy 19504: 19503: 19480: 19473: 19466: 19457: 19456: 19225: 19224: 19205:Emmaus Nicopolis 19073:Aelia Capitolina 19053: 19052: 19041: 19034: 18827: 18826: 18798: 18791: 18784: 18775: 18774: 18693:Marcomannic Wars 18604:Mithridatic Wars 18528:Celtiberian Wars 18417:Roman–Latin wars 18377: 18370: 18363: 18354: 18353: 18198:John IV Laskaris 18171:Alexios V Doukas 18156:Isaac II Angelos 18122:John II Komnenos 18048:Isaac I Komnenos 18008:Constantine VIII 17998:John I Tzimiskes 17725:Byzantine Empire 17499: 17498: 16996: 16989: 16982: 16973: 16972: 16856:reforms of Sulla 16725: 16718: 16711: 16702: 16701: 16568:Founding of Rome 16338:Legendary beings 16299:Tullus Hostilius 16136:Abstract deities 15995:Lares Familiares 15858: 15857: 15826: 15819: 15812: 15803: 15802: 15751:Magistri equitum 15666:Cities and towns 15659: 15585:Constantinopolis 15395:Diodorus Siculus 15327:Valerius Maximus 15262:Seneca the Elder 15182:Nonius Marcellus 14950: 14949: 14503:Hippika gymnasia 14466:Infantry tactics 14372:Consular tribune 14362:Magister equitum 14311:Military tribune 14276: 14275: 14236:Pontifex maximus 14231:Princeps senatus 14221:Magister militum 13987:Byzantine Empire 13908: 13907: 13869: 13862: 13855: 13846: 13845: 13778: 13766: 13754: 13703: 13694: 13685: 13661: 13652: 13643: 13634: 13622: 13619:Latin historians 13613: 13606:Keaveney, Arthur 13601: 13589: 13567: 13545: 13531: 13522: 13513: 13504: 13495: 13483: 13481: 13479: 13469:(January 2004). 13462: 13452: 13396: 13377: 13368: 13356: 13345: 13320:Scheidel, Walter 13315: 13296: 13294: 13292: 13277: 13256: 13227: 13215: 13186: 13174: 13163: 13141: 13122: 13091:translated from 13081: 13060: 13026: 13024: 13013: 12994: 12972: 12950: 12929: 12910: 12889: 12853: 12833: 12821: 12810: 12801: 12774: 12738: 12737: 12719: 12713: 12707: 12701: 12700: 12682: 12676: 12675: 12657: 12651: 12650: 12630: 12624: 12623: 12603: 12597: 12596: 12588: 12582: 12569: 12563: 12562: 12540: 12534: 12533: 12513: 12503: 12497: 12487: 12485: 12483: 12469: 12459: 12453: 12452: 12450: 12448: 12432: 12426: 12425: 12407: 12401: 12391: 12385: 12384: 12382: 12380: 12365: 12359: 12349: 12343: 12342: 12326: 12320: 12319: 12303: 12292: 12286: 12279: 12273: 12267: 12261: 12260: 12245: 12236: 12226: 12215: 12214: 12212: 12210: 12199: 12193: 12190: 12181: 12178: 12167: 12160: 12154: 12147: 12141: 12134: 12123: 12116: 12107: 12100: 12094: 12093: 12073: 12067: 12064:Hermitage Museum 12056: 12050: 12049: 12009: 12003: 12002: 12000: 11998: 11983: 11977: 11976: 11958: 11952: 11951: 11949: 11947: 11925: 11916: 11915: 11914: 11912: 11879: 11873: 11872: 11832: 11826: 11825: 11823: 11821: 11807: 11801: 11800: 11798: 11796: 11782: 11776: 11775: 11773: 11771: 11757: 11751: 11750: 11718: 11709: 11703: 11697: 11691: 11685: 11679: 11673: 11667: 11661: 11660: 11658: 11656: 11633: 11624: 11618: 11612: 11606: 11593: 11592: 11568: 11562: 11561: 11541: 11535: 11534: 11514: 11508: 11507: 11484: 11478: 11477: 11465: 11459: 11458: 11456: 11454: 11443: 11434: 11428: 11422: 11416: 11410: 11404: 11398: 11397: 11388: 11378: 11372: 11366: 11360: 11342: 11336: 11330: 11324: 11314: 11308: 11294: 11288: 11282: 11276: 11275: 11274:on 3 April 2007. 11270:. 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Archived from 10995: 10989: 10988: 10987:on 15 June 2010. 10972: 10966: 10965: 10945: 10939: 10938: 10918: 10912: 10906: 10900: 10899:, pp. 76–78 10893: 10884: 10877: 10871: 10870: 10852: 10846: 10840: 10834: 10828: 10822: 10819:Goldsworthy 1996 10816: 10810: 10805: 10793: 10787: 10781: 10772: 10769:Goldsworthy 1996 10766: 10760: 10750: 10744: 10739: 10727: 10721: 10720: 10702: 10696: 10693:Goldsworthy 1996 10690: 10684: 10683: 10664: 10658: 10653: 10641: 10630: 10620: 10607: 10601: 10595: 10589: 10578: 10568: 10562: 10556: 10547: 10541: 10520: 10514: 10505: 10498: 10492: 10482: 10471: 10465: 10459: 10458: 10440: 10434: 10433: 10415: 10409: 10402: 10396: 10371: 10365: 10359: 10353: 10352: 10346: 10345:(Online version) 10337: 10331: 10325: 10319: 10309: 10303: 10302: 10282: 10276: 10275: 10255: 10249: 10248: 10243:. Archived from 10232: 10221: 10211: 10205: 10199: 10193: 10192: 10184: 10178: 10172: 10161: 10155: 10146: 10144: 10142: 10095: 10089: 10074: 10068: 10067: 10065: 10063: 10052: 10046: 10045: 10039: 10038:(Online version) 10030: 10024: 10014: 10008: 10002: 9996: 9990: 9984: 9983:(Online version) 9975: 9969: 9968: 9960: 9954: 9953: 9942: 9936: 9930: 9924: 9918: 9912: 9906: 9900: 9899: 9888: 9882: 9875:Historia Augusta 9865:Historia Augusta 9860: 9854: 9847:Historia Augusta 9842: 9836: 9835: 9829: 9828:(Online version) 9820: 9811: 9801: 9788:Skip Knox, E.L. 9785: 9779: 9772:Historia Augusta 9767: 9761: 9751: 9745: 9744: 9724: 9718: 9715: 9706: 9699:Historia Augusta 9687: 9681: 9672: 9666: 9657: 9651: 9645: 9639: 9633: 9627: 9626: 9614: 9608: 9598: 9592: 9591: 9577: 9568: 9561:Historia Augusta 9556: 9550: 9541: 9535: 9534: 9511: 9505: 9504: 9497: 9491: 9490:, LXVIII, 17–30. 9482: 9476: 9467: 9461: 9452: 9446: 9445: 9438: 9432: 9426: 9419: 9413: 9407: 9401: 9388: 9382: 9362: 9356: 9355: 9342: 9333: 9330: 9324: 9318: 9309: 9308: 9306: 9304: 9292:Kreis, Stephen. 9281: 9275: 9272: 9266: 9265: 9263: 9261: 9246: 9240: 9239: 9237: 9235: 9213: 9207: 9206: 9204: 9202: 9169: 9163: 9162: 9160: 9158: 9135: 9129: 9128: 9126: 9124: 9097: 9091: 9090: 9088: 9086: 9060: 9054: 9053: 9051: 9049: 9033: 9027: 9021: 9015: 8995: 8989: 8988: 8981: 8975: 8974: 8972: 8970: 8955: 8949: 8948: 8941: 8935: 8934: 8927: 8921: 8920: 8913: 8907: 8904: 8898: 8885: 8879: 8878: 8866: 8860: 8859: 8847: 8841: 8840: 8829: 8817: 8811: 8810: 8798: 8792: 8783: 8777: 8764: 8758: 8748: 8742: 8729: 8723: 8710: 8704: 8703: 8691: 8689:"Augustus" 8680: 8674: 8668: 8662: 8661: 8649: 8643: 8642: 8630: 8624: 8610: 8604: 8603: 8587: 8581: 8568: 8562: 8549: 8543: 8533:by Juliette Reid 8516: 8510: 8500: 8494: 8489: 8483: 8477: 8471: 8470: 8460: 8454: 8453: 8443: 8432: 8431: 8421: 8415: 8409: 8403: 8390: 8381: 8363: 8357: 8344: 8331: 8325: 8324: 8322: 8320: 8297: 8291: 8290: 8278: 8270: 8264: 8263: 8255: 8249: 8248: 8246: 8244: 8230: 8224: 8217:Goldsworthy 2006 8214: 8208: 8207: 8199: 8193: 8169: 8163: 8153: 8142: 8139:Life of Camillus 8129: 8123: 8116: 8110: 8104: 8098: 8097: 8085: 8071: 8065: 8055: 8049: 8048: 8036: 8030: 8024: 8018: 8012: 8006: 8000: 7994: 7988: 7982: 7976: 7970: 7964: 7958: 7952: 7946: 7940: 7934: 7928: 7917: 7907: 7897: 7891: 7884: 7878: 7872: 7866: 7860: 7854: 7848: 7842: 7836: 7830: 7824: 7818: 7817: 7797: 7777: 7757: 7751: 7750: 7740: 7716: 7677: 7668: 7667: 7665: 7663: 7649: 7632: 7625: 7619: 7616: 7610: 7607:108(3): 681–716. 7584: 7549: 7518: 7495: 7485: 7456: 7450: 7447: 7421:Byzantine Empire 7378: 7373: 7372: 7371: 7364: 7359: 7358: 7357: 7228:highlighted the 7129:De Vita Caesarum 7065:De Bello Gallico 7048:Bellum Catilinae 6997:Historia Augusta 6948:political system 6882:, and a complex 6781: 6550:, 4th century AD 6526:–3rd century AD. 6525: 6522: 6433:Santa Pudenziana 6199:Hermitage Museum 6113:Latin literature 5955:Villa Boscoreale 5947:Woman playing a 5897:Latin literature 5861:), and loyalty ( 5766:Pontifex Maximus 5601:Latin literature 5577:grammar of which 4932:Roman metallurgy 4882:boarding tactics 4863:duumviri navales 4844: 4841: 4794:legatus legionis 4722: 4692: 4596: 4593: 4531: 4524: 4517: 4503: 4502: 4501: 4362:Limes Germanicus 4312: 4311: 4289:Infantry tactics 4282: 4281: 4238:Triumphal arches 4208: 4207: 4189:Wars and battles 4181:Campaign history 4100: 4099: 4062: 4061: 4055: 4054: 3804:Roman literature 3772:political figure 3768:Roman traditions 3752:, 1st century AD 3494:praetores urbani 3387:Empire of Nicaea 3311:from the Vandals 3271:Romulus Augustus 3177: 3168: 3159: 2837:and centered on 2831:Palmyrene Empire 2819:Syria Palaestina 2752:Palmyrene Empire 2730:Germanic peoples 2717:Historia Augusta 2574:Pescennius Niger 2566:Helvius Pertinax 2516:Marcomannic Wars 2312:Hispania Baetica 2078: 2072: 2062: 1756:Praetorian Guard 1752:equestrian class 1750:by boosting the 1748:senatorial class 1739: 1737: 1645:Battle of Actium 1491:Cato the Younger 1201: 1171: 1150:Seleucid Empires 1083:Second Punic War 1023: 1017: 861:set a series of 844: 841: 838:was established 809: 798:L. Junius Brutus 789: 766: 744: 741: 611: 608: 592: 589: 585: 582: 567:early settlement 562: 531: 519:Founding of Rome 478: 331: 255:Founding of Rome 231: 221: 205: 155: 145: 135: 111: 102: 93: 84: 78: 69: 43: 42: 21: 23540: 23539: 23535: 23534: 23533: 23531: 23530: 23529: 23500:Ancient history 23485: 23484: 23483: 23478: 23444:UKUSA Agreement 23384:Lublin Triangle 23269:Baltic Assembly 23221: 23215: 23133: 22970: 22805: 22675:Eurolinguistics 22544: 22533:Information age 22506:Interwar period 22373: 22293: 22284: 22254: 22245: 22199: 22102: 22101:Post-Napoleonic 22092: 22026: 21962: 21956: 21944: 21886: 21882: 21881:(1130–1816) and 21880: 21872: 21817: 21805: 21772: 21746: 21737:Emirate of Bari 21723: 21710:Theme of Sicily 21705:Duchy of Naples 21680:Duchy of Amalfi 21665: 21657: 21605: 21604:Other Republics 21599: 21577: 21569: 21563:County of Tenda 21543:County of Savoy 21503:Duchy of Reggio 21473:Duchy of Mantua 21401:March of Friuli 21333: 21331: 21329: 21321: 21317:Duchy of Urbino 21302:Duchy of Castro 21279: 21271: 21225: 21219:Duchy of Tuscia 21199:Duchy of Friuli 21162: 21153: 21151: 21149: 21143: 21122:(753 BC–509 BC) 21106: 21021: 21016: 20986: 20981: 20961: 20948: 20919:Public holidays 20750: 20696:Life expectancy 20583: 20438: 20354:Law enforcement 20290: 20143: 20090: 20079:Social Republic 20043:Colonial Empire 20026:Capture of Rome 19979: 19872: 19781: 19674:Ancient peoples 19662: 19599: 19560:Historic states 19518: 19493: 19484: 19454: 19449: 19421: 19396: 19387:: Philippopolis 19343: 19316:: Arca Caesarea 19300: 19270: 19232: 19220: 19214: 19173: 19082: 19042: 19036: 19035: 19022: 19004: 18966: 18962:Augusta Emerita 18948: 18925: 18907: 18889: 18871: 18853: 18818: 18811: 18802: 18772: 18767: 18756: 18722:Civil war of 69 18710:Boudican revolt 18679: 18672: 18548:Cantabrian Wars 18486:Macedonian Wars 18393: 18386: 18381: 18351: 18346: 18339: 18283:Gallic emperors 18271: 17959:Constantine VII 17740:Constantine III 17727: 17724: 17713: 17622: 17614: 17553:Valentinian III 17541:Constantius III 17535:Priscus Attalus 17519:Constantine III 17505: 17497: 17387:Valerius Valens 17332: 17324: 17170: 17162: 17121:Didius Julianus 17101:Marcus Aurelius 17018: 17010: 17000: 16970: 16965: 16935: 16887: 16832: 16794: 16734: 16729: 16699: 16694: 16690:Myth and ritual 16685:Greek mythology 16646: 16608: 16604:Pignora imperii 16599:Parabiago Plate 16582: 16551: 16510: 16444: 16438: 16420:Sibylline Books 16354: 16333: 16304:Servius Tullius 16267: 16252: 16131: 15847: 15839: 15830: 15800: 15795: 15657: 15655: 15649: 15539: 15375:Aëtius of Amida 15356: 15342:Verrius Flaccus 15322:Valerius Antias 15282:Silius Italicus 15217:Pliny the Elder 15162:Marcus Aurelius 15037:Cornelius Nepos 14987:Aurelius Victor 14941: 14863: 14775: 14709:Secessio plebis 14680: 14555: 14507: 14381: 14335: 14265: 14147: 14099: 14015: 13936: 13897: 13879: 13873: 13820: 13819: 13818: 13798: 13797: 13793: 13786: 13781: 13682: 13586: 13564: 13477: 13475: 13404: 13402:Further reading 13399: 13393: 13365: 13334: 13312: 13290: 13288: 13286: 13224: 13183: 13160: 13138: 13119: 13078: 13057: 13010: 12991: 12969: 12947: 12926: 12907: 12878: 12858:Duiker, William 12838:Cornell, Tim J. 12830: 12790: 12771: 12747: 12742: 12741: 12734: 12720: 12716: 12708: 12704: 12697: 12683: 12679: 12672: 12658: 12654: 12631: 12627: 12620: 12604: 12600: 12589: 12585: 12570: 12566: 12555: 12541: 12537: 12530: 12504: 12500: 12481: 12479: 12460: 12456: 12446: 12444: 12433: 12429: 12422: 12408: 12404: 12392: 12388: 12378: 12376: 12367: 12366: 12362: 12350: 12346: 12327: 12323: 12316: 12293: 12289: 12281:John Humphrey, 12280: 12276: 12268: 12264: 12247: 12246: 12239: 12227: 12218: 12208: 12206: 12201: 12200: 12196: 12191: 12184: 12179: 12170: 12161: 12157: 12148: 12144: 12135: 12126: 12117: 12110: 12101: 12097: 12090: 12074: 12070: 12057: 12053: 12030:10.2307/4238558 12010: 12006: 11996: 11994: 11984: 11980: 11973: 11959: 11955: 11945: 11943: 11927: 11926: 11919: 11910: 11908: 11906: 11880: 11876: 11833: 11829: 11819: 11817: 11809: 11808: 11804: 11794: 11792: 11784: 11783: 11779: 11769: 11767: 11759: 11758: 11754: 11719: 11712: 11704: 11700: 11692: 11688: 11680: 11676: 11668: 11664: 11654: 11652: 11650: 11634: 11627: 11619: 11615: 11607: 11596: 11589: 11571:Mathew Dillon; 11569: 11565: 11558: 11542: 11538: 11531: 11515: 11511: 11501: 11485: 11481: 11467: 11466: 11462: 11452: 11450: 11444: 11437: 11429: 11425: 11417: 11413: 11405: 11401: 11390: 11379: 11375: 11367: 11363: 11355:, p. 562; 11351:, p. 289; 11347:, p. 203; 11343: 11339: 11335:, pp. 108. 11331: 11327: 11315: 11311: 11296:József Herman, 11295: 11291: 11283: 11279: 11260: 11256: 11250:Wayback Machine 11241: 11237: 11217: 11213: 11204: 11200: 11193: 11177: 11173: 11165: 11161: 11153: 11149: 11137: 11133: 11121: 11117: 11104: 11100: 11084: 11080: 11013: 11011: 10998: 10996: 10992: 10973: 10969: 10962: 10946: 10942: 10935: 10919: 10915: 10907: 10903: 10894: 10887: 10878: 10874: 10867: 10853: 10849: 10841: 10837: 10829: 10825: 10817: 10813: 10794: 10790: 10782: 10775: 10767: 10763: 10751: 10747: 10728: 10724: 10717: 10703: 10699: 10691: 10687: 10680: 10665: 10661: 10642: 10633: 10621: 10610: 10602: 10598: 10592:Roman Education 10590: 10581: 10569: 10565: 10557: 10550: 10542: 10523: 10515: 10508: 10499: 10495: 10483: 10474: 10466: 10462: 10455: 10441: 10437: 10430: 10416: 10412: 10403: 10399: 10372: 10368: 10360: 10356: 10344: 10338: 10334: 10326: 10322: 10310: 10306: 10299: 10283: 10279: 10272: 10256: 10252: 10233: 10224: 10212: 10208: 10200: 10196: 10185: 10181: 10171:. 23 July 2022. 10163: 10162: 10158: 10140: 10138: 10125: 10096: 10092: 10075: 10071: 10061: 10059: 10054: 10053: 10049: 10037: 10031: 10027: 10015: 10011: 10003: 9999: 9982: 9976: 9972: 9961: 9957: 9943: 9939: 9931: 9927: 9919: 9915: 9907: 9903: 9889: 9885: 9861: 9857: 9843: 9839: 9827: 9821: 9814: 9786: 9782: 9768: 9764: 9752: 9748: 9741: 9725: 9721: 9716: 9709: 9688: 9684: 9673: 9669: 9658: 9654: 9646: 9642: 9634: 9630: 9615: 9611: 9599: 9595: 9578: 9571: 9557: 9553: 9547:Life of Hadrian 9542: 9538: 9531: 9513: 9512: 9508: 9499: 9498: 9494: 9483: 9479: 9468: 9464: 9453: 9449: 9440: 9439: 9435: 9427:; Cassius Dio, 9421: 9420: 9416: 9408: 9404: 9389: 9385: 9363: 9359: 9343: 9336: 9331: 9327: 9319: 9312: 9302: 9300: 9282: 9278: 9273: 9269: 9259: 9257: 9248: 9247: 9243: 9233: 9231: 9229: 9215: 9214: 9210: 9200: 9198: 9196: 9170: 9166: 9156: 9154: 9152: 9136: 9132: 9122: 9120: 9118: 9098: 9094: 9084: 9082: 9080: 9061: 9057: 9047: 9045: 9034: 9030: 9024:Nero (54–68 AD) 9022: 9018: 8996: 8992: 8983: 8982: 8978: 8968: 8966: 8965:on 13 July 2021 8957: 8956: 8952: 8943: 8942: 8938: 8931:England Invaded 8929: 8928: 8924: 8915: 8914: 8910: 8905: 8901: 8886: 8882: 8867: 8863: 8848: 8844: 8833:The Chautauquan 8831: 8818: 8814: 8799: 8795: 8784: 8780: 8765: 8761: 8749: 8745: 8730: 8726: 8711: 8707: 8681: 8677: 8669: 8665: 8650: 8646: 8631: 8627: 8611: 8607: 8600:The Roman Times 8588: 8584: 8569: 8565: 8550: 8546: 8540:Wayback Machine 8526:Wayback Machine 8517: 8513: 8501: 8497: 8490: 8486: 8478: 8474: 8461: 8457: 8444: 8435: 8422: 8418: 8410: 8406: 8400:Wayback Machine 8391: 8384: 8364: 8360: 8354:Wayback Machine 8332: 8328: 8318: 8316: 8298: 8294: 8271: 8267: 8256: 8252: 8242: 8240: 8232: 8231: 8227: 8215: 8211: 8200: 8196: 8190:Wayback Machine 8179:Wayback Machine 8170: 8166: 8154: 8145: 8130: 8126: 8117: 8113: 8105: 8101: 8094: 8072: 8068: 8056: 8052: 8047:on 14 May 2011. 8037: 8033: 8025: 8021: 8013: 8009: 8001: 7997: 7991:Boatwright 2012 7989: 7985: 7979:Boatwright 2012 7977: 7973: 7967:Boatwright 2012 7965: 7961: 7955:Boatwright 2012 7953: 7949: 7943:Boatwright 2012 7941: 7937: 7931:Boatwright 2012 7929: 7920: 7902:, p. 35. " 7900:Boatwright 2012 7898: 7894: 7885: 7881: 7875:Boatwright 2012 7873: 7869: 7863:Boatwright 2012 7861: 7857: 7851:Boatwright 2012 7849: 7845: 7839:Boatwright 2012 7837: 7833: 7827:Boatwright 2012 7825: 7821: 7814: 7794: 7774: 7758: 7754: 7717: 7697:10.2307/1170959 7681:Taagepera, Rein 7678: 7671: 7661: 7659: 7651: 7650: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7635: 7626: 7622: 7617: 7613: 7601:Kremer, Michael 7596:Wayback Machine 7565: 7552: 7543: 7528: 7515: 7501:Maddison, Angus 7499: 7489: 7467: 7457: 7453: 7448: 7444: 7439: 7374: 7369: 7367: 7360: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7283:The Roman World 7252:Theodor Mommsen 7235:History of Rome 7214:First Punic war 7197:Edward Gibbon's 7168:Historia Romana 7097:Pliny the Elder 7082:Ab urbe condita 7071:De Bello Civili 7008:and during the 6991: 6985: 6980: 6920: 6912:Main articles: 6910: 6880:indoor plumbing 6842:cursus publicus 6778:De architectura 6740:, and from the 6639:in France is a 6630: 6624: 6523: 6498: 6492: 6418: 6412: 6247:, garlic, some 6233:Pliny the Elder 6187: 6175:Main articles: 6173: 6153:Temple of Peace 6110: 5921: 5915: 5905:Roman sculpture 5891:Main articles: 5889: 5837: 5741:Greek mythology 5681: 5671: 5665:Roman mythology 5659:Main articles: 5657: 5613:spoken language 5605:Classical Latin 5573:Italic language 5561: 5555: 5501:on the elegant 5442: 5436: 5427:ab urbe condita 5412:consular dating 5405:Augustus Caesar 5385:named week days 5322: 5308: 5248:slavery called 5237:infant exposure 5212:patria potestas 5179:Vatican Museums 5136: 5130: 5056:. The original 5023:Trajan's Market 4934: 4914:Main articles: 4912: 4867:First Punic War 4851:Vatican Museums 4842: 4816: 4607:that practised 4594: 4535: 4499: 4497: 4492: 4491: 4486: 4458:Limes Sarmatiae 4452:Anastasian Wall 4430:Pannonian Limes 4309: 4299: 4298: 4293: 4279: 4269: 4268: 4267: 4263: 4253: 4252: 4247: 4233: 4205: 4195: 4194: 4193: 4183: 4173: 4172: 4167: 4142: 4128: 4097: 4087: 4059: 4053: 4033:Main articles: 4031: 3929:Comitia Tributa 3907:class struggles 3864:Comitia Curiata 3838: 3832: 3824:Main articles: 3822: 3732: 3726: 3698:comitia tributa 3535: 3527:Main articles: 3525: 3523:Class structure 3448: 3442: 3406: 3309:, North Africa 3253:, chief of the 3207: 3206: 3205: 3204: 3180: 3179: 3178: 3170: 3169: 3161: 3160: 3144:, commanded by 3099:Sasanian Empire 3083: 3077: 3048:Classical Roman 2994: 2987:(r. 306–337 AD) 2898: 2893: 2887: 2865:(268–270), who 2845:was created by 2787:Maximinus Thrax 2744: 2738: 2626:Didius Julianus 2578:Clodius Albinus 2570:Didius Julianus 2564:, during which 2554: 2552:Severan dynasty 2528:Antonine Plague 2520:Parthian Empire 2518:as well as the 2502:Marcus Aurelius 2359:Trajan's Column 2355:Trajan's Market 2304:Marcus Aurelius 2263: 2222:Pliny the Elder 2161:John of Giscala 2157:Simon bar Giora 2097:Flavian dynasty 2085: 2083:Flavian dynasty 2052:Roman provinces 2037:Calpurnius Piso 1979:. His soldiers 1915:, his grandson 1734: 1704: 1663: 1657: 1647:in 31 BC. 1617:Ptolemaic Egypt 1603:and controlled 1586:Lucius Antonius 1517:Marcus Antonius 1513: 1495:Gnaeus Pompeius 1487:Metellus Scipio 1398:English Channel 1382: 1362:Gnaeus Octavius 1235: 1234: 1233: 1232: 1231: 1202: 1194: 1193: 1172: 1142: 1126:Third Punic War 1093:to the Italian 1055:First Punic War 1029: 1021: 1019: 1015: 1003: 997: 991: 927:comitia tributa 842: 827: 826: 825: 824: 823: 810: 802: 801: 790: 779: 773: 742: 703: 697: 692: 690: 609: 590: 583: 577: 576: 575: 574: 573: 563: 555: 554: 536:Capitoline Wolf 532: 521: 515: 510: 441:largest empires 431:, and parts of 334: 300: 287: 274: 257: 242:Ancient history 226:(27 BC–476 AD, 225: 215: 203: 158: 153: 151: 143: 141: 133: 131: 117: 116: 109: 107: 100: 98: 91: 89: 82: 50: 39: 32:History of Rome 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 23538: 23528: 23527: 23525:Former empires 23522: 23517: 23512: 23507: 23502: 23497: 23480: 23479: 23477: 23476: 23474:Westernization 23471: 23466: 23461: 23456: 23454:Visegrád Group 23451: 23446: 23441: 23436: 23431: 23426: 23421: 23416: 23411: 23406: 23401: 23396: 23394:Nordic Council 23391: 23386: 23381: 23376: 23371: 23366: 23361: 23356: 23351: 23346: 23341: 23336: 23331: 23326: 23321: 23316: 23311: 23306: 23301: 23296: 23291: 23289:Bucharest Nine 23286: 23281: 23276: 23271: 23266: 23261: 23256: 23254:Arctic Council 23251: 23246: 23241: 23236: 23231: 23225: 23223: 23217: 23216: 23214: 23213: 23208: 23203: 23202: 23201: 23196: 23191: 23186: 23181: 23176: 23166: 23161: 23160: 23159: 23149: 23143: 23141: 23135: 23134: 23132: 23131: 23126: 23121: 23120: 23119: 23114: 23109: 23104: 23099: 23098: 23097: 23092: 23087: 23082: 23072: 23067: 23062: 23052: 23051: 23050: 23049: 23048: 23038: 23037: 23036: 23031: 23030: 23029: 23019: 23018: 23017: 23007: 23006: 23005: 22980: 22978: 22972: 22971: 22969: 22968: 22967: 22966: 22956: 22951: 22946: 22945: 22944: 22932: 22931: 22930: 22920: 22915: 22910: 22905: 22900: 22895: 22890: 22889: 22888: 22883: 22873: 22872: 22871: 22864:Existentialism 22861: 22856: 22851: 22846: 22841: 22836: 22831: 22826: 22821: 22815: 22813: 22807: 22806: 22804: 22803: 22802: 22801: 22796: 22791: 22786: 22776: 22775: 22774: 22764: 22763: 22762: 22757: 22747: 22746: 22745: 22735: 22730: 22729: 22728: 22723: 22718: 22708: 22707: 22706: 22696: 22695: 22694: 22684: 22683: 22682: 22677: 22667: 22662: 22657: 22652: 22651: 22650: 22640: 22635: 22634: 22633: 22623: 22622: 22621: 22611: 22610: 22609: 22599: 22594: 22593: 22592: 22582: 22577: 22576: 22575: 22570: 22565: 22554: 22552: 22546: 22545: 22543: 22542: 22541: 22540: 22535: 22525: 22524: 22523: 22518: 22513: 22508: 22503: 22498: 22493: 22488: 22483: 22478: 22473: 22468: 22463: 22458: 22453: 22448: 22443: 22438: 22428: 22423: 22422: 22421: 22416: 22411: 22401: 22400: 22399: 22397:Late antiquity 22389: 22383: 22381: 22375: 22374: 22372: 22371: 22366: 22361: 22356: 22351: 22350: 22349: 22348: 22347: 22342: 22332: 22327: 22322: 22312: 22307: 22301: 22299: 22295: 22294: 22283: 22282: 22275: 22268: 22260: 22251: 22250: 22247: 22246: 22244: 22243: 22237: 22231: 22225: 22224: 22223: 22220:Italian Empire 22210: 22208: 22198: 22197: 22191: 22185: 22179: 22173: 22167: 22164:Roman Republic 22161: 22155: 22149: 22143: 22137: 22131: 22125: 22119: 22116:Duchy of Lucca 22113: 22110:Duchy of Genoa 22106: 22104: 22098: 22097: 22094: 22093: 22091: 22090: 22085: 22080: 22075: 22070: 22065: 22060: 22055: 22050: 22045: 22040: 22034: 22032: 22028: 22027: 22025: 22024: 22019: 22014: 22009: 22004: 21999: 21994: 21989: 21984: 21979: 21973: 21971: 21964: 21950: 21949: 21946: 21945: 21943: 21942: 21937: 21932: 21927: 21922: 21916: 21911: 21906: 21901: 21896: 21890: 21888: 21874: 21873: 21871: 21870: 21864: 21859: 21854: 21853: 21852: 21847: 21842: 21837: 21832: 21821: 21819: 21811: 21810: 21807: 21806: 21804: 21803: 21798: 21793: 21788: 21782: 21780: 21774: 21773: 21771: 21770: 21765: 21760: 21754: 21752: 21748: 21747: 21745: 21744: 21739: 21733: 21731: 21725: 21724: 21722: 21721: 21716: 21707: 21702: 21697: 21692: 21687: 21685:Duchy of Gaeta 21682: 21676: 21674: 21667: 21663:Southern Italy 21659: 21658: 21656: 21655: 21650: 21645: 21640: 21635: 21630: 21625: 21620: 21615: 21609: 21607: 21606:(c. 1000–1797) 21601: 21600: 21598: 21597: 21592: 21587: 21581: 21579: 21571: 21570: 21568: 21567: 21566: 21565: 21560: 21558:County of Nice 21555: 21553:Duchy of Aosta 21550: 21545: 21540: 21533:Savoyard state 21530: 21525: 21520: 21515: 21510: 21505: 21500: 21495: 21490: 21485: 21480: 21475: 21470: 21468:Duchy of Milan 21465: 21463:Duchy of Ivrea 21460: 21459: 21458: 21453: 21448: 21443: 21438: 21433: 21428: 21423: 21418: 21413: 21408: 21403: 21398: 21393: 21388: 21378: 21373: 21368: 21363: 21358: 21353: 21348: 21343: 21337: 21335: 21323: 21322: 21320: 21319: 21314: 21309: 21304: 21299: 21294: 21289: 21283: 21281: 21273: 21272: 21270: 21269: 21263: 21262: 21261: 21255: 21249: 21236: 21234: 21227: 21226: 21224: 21223: 21222: 21221: 21216: 21211: 21206: 21204:Duchy of Ivrea 21201: 21196: 21185: 21179: 21173: 21170:Odoacer's rule 21166: 21164: 21155: 21145: 21144: 21142: 21141: 21135: 21134:(27 BC–395 AD) 21129: 21128:(509 BC–27 BC) 21126:Roman Republic 21123: 21116: 21114: 21108: 21107: 21105: 21104: 21099: 21094: 21089: 21084: 21079: 21074: 21069: 21068: 21067: 21065:Cisalpine Gaul 21057: 21052: 21047: 21042: 21041: 21040: 21029: 21027: 21023: 21022: 21015: 21014: 21007: 21000: 20992: 20983: 20982: 20980: 20979: 20969: 20957: 20954: 20953: 20950: 20949: 20947: 20946: 20941: 20936: 20931: 20926: 20921: 20916: 20911: 20906: 20901: 20896: 20891: 20886: 20881: 20876: 20871: 20866: 20861: 20856: 20851: 20846: 20841: 20836: 20831: 20826: 20821: 20816: 20811: 20806: 20801: 20796: 20791: 20786: 20781: 20776: 20771: 20766: 20760: 20758: 20752: 20751: 20749: 20748: 20743: 20738: 20733: 20728: 20723: 20718: 20713: 20708: 20703: 20698: 20693: 20692: 20691: 20690: 20689: 20674: 20673: 20672: 20662: 20657: 20652: 20647: 20642: 20637: 20632: 20627: 20622: 20617: 20612: 20607: 20601: 20595: 20589: 20588: 20585: 20584: 20582: 20581: 20576: 20571: 20570: 20569: 20564: 20559: 20549: 20544: 20539: 20534: 20529: 20527:Stock exchange 20524: 20519: 20514: 20509: 20504: 20499: 20494: 20493: 20492: 20487: 20477: 20472: 20467: 20462: 20456: 20450: 20444: 20443: 20440: 20439: 20437: 20436: 20431: 20429:Municipalities 20426: 20421: 20416: 20411: 20406: 20401: 20396: 20389:Prime Minister 20386: 20376: 20371: 20366: 20361: 20356: 20351: 20346: 20341: 20340: 20339: 20329: 20324: 20319: 20314: 20308: 20302: 20296: 20295: 20292: 20291: 20289: 20288: 20283: 20278: 20276:Regional parks 20273: 20271:National parks 20268: 20263: 20258: 20253: 20248: 20243: 20238: 20233: 20232: 20231: 20221: 20220: 20219: 20214: 20209: 20199: 20194: 20189: 20184: 20183: 20182: 20180:Climate change 20172: 20167: 20161: 20155: 20149: 20148: 20145: 20144: 20142: 20141: 20140: 20139: 20134: 20129: 20124: 20119: 20114: 20109: 20098: 20096: 20092: 20091: 20089: 20088: 20087: 20086: 20081: 20072: 20067: 20062: 20057: 20056: 20055: 20045: 20040: 20030: 20029: 20028: 20023: 20018: 20013: 20008: 20003: 19998: 19987: 19985: 19981: 19980: 19978: 19977: 19972: 19967: 19962: 19957: 19956: 19955: 19945: 19943:Duchy of Savoy 19940: 19935: 19930: 19929: 19928: 19927: 19926: 19921: 19916: 19911: 19901: 19896: 19891: 19880: 19878: 19874: 19873: 19871: 19870: 19865: 19864: 19863: 19853: 19851:Lombard League 19848: 19847: 19846: 19841: 19836: 19831: 19826: 19821: 19816: 19811: 19806: 19801: 19789: 19787: 19783: 19782: 19780: 19779: 19778: 19777: 19776: 19775: 19773:Western Empire 19765: 19760: 19758:Roman conquest 19755: 19750: 19740: 19739: 19738: 19733: 19728: 19723: 19718: 19713: 19712: 19711: 19706: 19701: 19696: 19691: 19686: 19679:Italic peoples 19670: 19668: 19664: 19663: 19661: 19660: 19659: 19658: 19653: 19648: 19643: 19638: 19633: 19628: 19623: 19618: 19607: 19605: 19601: 19600: 19598: 19597: 19592: 19587: 19582: 19577: 19572: 19567: 19562: 19557: 19552: 19547: 19542: 19537: 19532: 19526: 19524: 19520: 19519: 19517: 19516: 19510: 19508: 19501: 19495: 19494: 19483: 19482: 19475: 19468: 19460: 19451: 19450: 19448: 19447: 19441: 19434: 19431: 19430: 19427: 19426: 19423: 19422: 19420: 19419: 19413: 19406: 19404: 19398: 19397: 19395: 19394: 19388: 19382: 19376: 19370: 19365: 19360: 19353: 19351: 19345: 19344: 19342: 19341: 19335: 19329: 19323: 19317: 19310: 19308: 19302: 19301: 19299: 19298: 19292: 19286: 19280: 19278: 19272: 19271: 19269: 19268: 19262: 19256: 19251: 19245: 19238: 19236: 19222: 19219:Locations with 19216: 19215: 19213: 19212: 19207: 19202: 19197: 19192: 19187: 19181: 19179: 19175: 19174: 19172: 19171: 19166: 19161: 19156: 19151: 19146: 19141: 19136: 19131: 19126: 19121: 19116: 19111: 19106: 19101: 19096: 19090: 19088: 19087:Of late Empire 19084: 19083: 19081: 19080: 19075: 19070: 19065: 19059: 19057: 19050: 19044: 19043: 19029: 19027: 19024: 19023: 19021: 19020: 19014: 19012: 19006: 19005: 19003: 19002: 18997: 18992: 18987: 18982: 18976: 18974: 18968: 18967: 18965: 18964: 18958: 18956: 18950: 18949: 18947: 18946: 18941: 18935: 18933: 18927: 18926: 18924: 18923: 18917: 18915: 18909: 18908: 18906: 18905: 18899: 18897: 18891: 18890: 18888: 18887: 18881: 18879: 18873: 18872: 18870: 18869: 18863: 18861: 18855: 18854: 18852: 18851: 18846: 18844:Lindum Colonia 18841: 18835: 18833: 18824: 18820: 18819: 18816: 18813: 18812: 18801: 18800: 18793: 18786: 18778: 18769: 18768: 18761: 18758: 18757: 18755: 18754: 18749: 18744: 18739: 18734: 18729: 18724: 18719: 18714: 18713: 18712: 18702: 18701: 18700: 18695: 18684: 18682: 18674: 18673: 18671: 18670: 18665: 18660: 18657:Bellum Siculum 18653: 18648: 18643: 18638: 18633: 18628: 18623: 18622: 18621: 18616: 18611: 18601: 18596: 18589: 18588: 18587: 18582: 18577: 18567: 18562: 18560:Jugurthine War 18557: 18552: 18551: 18550: 18545: 18540: 18535: 18533:Lusitanian War 18530: 18520: 18515: 18510: 18509: 18508: 18503: 18498: 18493: 18483: 18478: 18477: 18476: 18471: 18466: 18456: 18451: 18450: 18449: 18444: 18439: 18434: 18429: 18424: 18419: 18414: 18409: 18398: 18396: 18394:Roman Republic 18388: 18387: 18380: 18379: 18372: 18365: 18357: 18348: 18347: 18344: 18341: 18340: 18338: 18337: 18336: 18335: 18330: 18320: 18315: 18310: 18304: 18298: 18292: 18286: 18279: 18277: 18273: 18272: 18270: 18269: 18264: 18259: 18254: 18242: 18237: 18225: 18220: 18215: 18210: 18205: 18200: 18195: 18190: 18185: 18173: 18168: 18163: 18158: 18153: 18141: 18136: 18131: 18119: 18107: 18102: 18078: 18060: 18055: 18050: 18045: 18040: 18038:Theodora (III) 18035: 18030: 18025: 18020: 18015: 18010: 18005: 18000: 17995: 17990: 17985: 17961: 17956: 17951: 17946: 17934: 17929: 17917: 17905: 17900: 17888: 17870: 17865: 17860: 17855: 17853:Constantine VI 17850: 17845: 17829: 17824: 17819: 17817:Theodosius III 17814: 17809: 17804: 17792: 17787: 17782: 17777: 17762:Constantine IV 17759: 17754: 17742: 17737: 17731: 17729: 17719: 17718: 17715: 17714: 17712: 17711: 17706: 17694: 17689: 17684: 17679: 17674: 17669: 17657: 17652: 17647: 17642: 17637: 17632: 17626: 17624: 17620:Eastern Empire 17616: 17615: 17613: 17612: 17605: 17600: 17593: 17586: 17581: 17574: 17569: 17562: 17555: 17550: 17543: 17538: 17531: 17515: 17509: 17507: 17503:Western Empire 17496: 17495: 17488: 17476:Magnus Maximus 17472: 17470:Valentinian II 17467: 17462: 17457: 17450: 17445: 17440: 17435: 17430: 17423: 17416: 17409: 17404: 17402:Constantius II 17399: 17397:Constantine II 17394: 17389: 17384: 17379: 17374: 17367: 17362: 17357: 17352: 17347: 17342: 17336: 17334: 17326: 17325: 17323: 17322: 17317: 17312: 17307: 17302: 17297: 17292: 17287: 17282: 17277: 17265: 17260: 17252: 17247: 17229: 17217: 17205: 17200: 17195: 17190: 17185: 17180: 17174: 17172: 17164: 17163: 17161: 17160: 17155: 17150: 17138: 17133: 17128: 17123: 17118: 17113: 17108: 17103: 17098: 17096:Antoninus Pius 17093: 17088: 17083: 17078: 17073: 17068: 17063: 17058: 17053: 17048: 17043: 17038: 17033: 17028: 17022: 17020: 17019:27 BC – AD 235 17012: 17011: 16999: 16998: 16991: 16984: 16976: 16967: 16966: 16964: 16963: 16962: 16961: 16951: 16945: 16943: 16937: 16936: 16934: 16933: 16928: 16923: 16918: 16913: 16908: 16903: 16897: 16895: 16889: 16888: 16886: 16885: 16880: 16875: 16870: 16869: 16868: 16863: 16858: 16848: 16842: 16840: 16838:Roman Republic 16834: 16833: 16831: 16830: 16825: 16820: 16815: 16810: 16804: 16802: 16796: 16795: 16793: 16792: 16787: 16786: 16785: 16780: 16775: 16770: 16760: 16755: 16750: 16744: 16742: 16736: 16735: 16728: 16727: 16720: 16713: 16705: 16696: 16695: 16693: 16692: 16687: 16682: 16677: 16672: 16671: 16670: 16660: 16654: 16652: 16648: 16647: 16645: 16644: 16643: 16642: 16637: 16632: 16622: 16616: 16614: 16610: 16609: 16607: 16606: 16601: 16596: 16590: 16588: 16584: 16583: 16581: 16580: 16575: 16570: 16565: 16559: 16557: 16553: 16552: 16550: 16549: 16544: 16542:Pythagoreanism 16539: 16537:Peripateticism 16534: 16529: 16524: 16518: 16516: 16512: 16511: 16509: 16508: 16507: 16506: 16501: 16496: 16486: 16481: 16476: 16471: 16466: 16461: 16454: 16448: 16446: 16440: 16439: 16437: 16436: 16435: 16434: 16431:The Golden Ass 16422: 16417: 16416: 16415: 16403: 16398: 16397: 16396: 16389: 16377: 16376: 16375: 16362: 16360: 16356: 16355: 16353: 16352: 16350:Barnacle goose 16347: 16341: 16339: 16335: 16334: 16332: 16331: 16326: 16321: 16316: 16311: 16306: 16301: 16296: 16294:Numa Pompilius 16291: 16286: 16281: 16275: 16273: 16269: 16268: 16259: 16257: 16254: 16253: 16251: 16250: 16245: 16240: 16235: 16230: 16225: 16220: 16215: 16210: 16205: 16200: 16195: 16190: 16185: 16180: 16175: 16170: 16165: 16160: 16155: 16150: 16145: 16139: 16137: 16133: 16132: 16130: 16129: 16124: 16119: 16114: 16109: 16104: 16099: 16094: 16089: 16084: 16079: 16074: 16069: 16064: 16059: 16054: 16049: 16044: 16039: 16034: 16029: 16024: 16019: 16014: 16009: 16004: 15999: 15998: 15997: 15987: 15982: 15977: 15972: 15967: 15962: 15957: 15952: 15947: 15942: 15937: 15932: 15927: 15922: 15917: 15912: 15907: 15902: 15897: 15892: 15887: 15882: 15877: 15872: 15867: 15861: 15855: 15841: 15840: 15829: 15828: 15821: 15814: 15806: 15797: 15796: 15794: 15793: 15788: 15783: 15778: 15773: 15768: 15763: 15758: 15753: 15748: 15743: 15738: 15733: 15728: 15723: 15718: 15713: 15708: 15703: 15698: 15693: 15688: 15683: 15678: 15673: 15668: 15662: 15660: 15651: 15650: 15648: 15647: 15642: 15637: 15632: 15627: 15622: 15617: 15612: 15607: 15602: 15597: 15592: 15587: 15582: 15577: 15572: 15567: 15562: 15557: 15551: 15549: 15545: 15544: 15541: 15540: 15538: 15537: 15532: 15527: 15522: 15517: 15512: 15507: 15502: 15497: 15492: 15487: 15482: 15477: 15472: 15467: 15462: 15457: 15452: 15447: 15442: 15437: 15432: 15427: 15422: 15417: 15412: 15407: 15402: 15397: 15392: 15387: 15382: 15377: 15372: 15366: 15364: 15358: 15357: 15355: 15354: 15349: 15344: 15339: 15334: 15329: 15324: 15319: 15314: 15309: 15304: 15299: 15294: 15289: 15284: 15279: 15274: 15269: 15264: 15259: 15254: 15249: 15244: 15239: 15234: 15229: 15227:Pomponius Mela 15224: 15219: 15214: 15209: 15204: 15199: 15194: 15189: 15184: 15179: 15174: 15169: 15164: 15159: 15154: 15149: 15144: 15139: 15134: 15129: 15124: 15119: 15114: 15109: 15104: 15099: 15094: 15089: 15084: 15079: 15074: 15069: 15064: 15059: 15054: 15049: 15044: 15039: 15034: 15029: 15024: 15019: 15014: 15009: 15004: 14999: 14994: 14989: 14984: 14979: 14974: 14969: 14964: 14962:Aelius Donatus 14958: 14956: 14947: 14943: 14942: 14940: 14939: 14934: 14933: 14932: 14930:Ecclesiastical 14927: 14922: 14917: 14912: 14907: 14902: 14897: 14892: 14884: 14879: 14873: 14871: 14865: 14864: 14862: 14861: 14856: 14851: 14846: 14841: 14836: 14831: 14826: 14821: 14816: 14811: 14806: 14801: 14796: 14791: 14785: 14783: 14777: 14776: 14774: 14773: 14768: 14763: 14758: 14753: 14748: 14743: 14738: 14733: 14732: 14731: 14721: 14716: 14711: 14706: 14701: 14696: 14690: 14688: 14682: 14681: 14679: 14678: 14673: 14671:Toys and games 14668: 14663: 14658: 14653: 14648: 14643: 14642: 14641: 14631: 14626: 14621: 14616: 14611: 14606: 14601: 14596: 14591: 14586: 14581: 14576: 14571: 14565: 14563: 14557: 14556: 14554: 14553: 14548: 14543: 14538: 14533: 14528: 14523: 14517: 14515: 14509: 14508: 14506: 14505: 14500: 14495: 14490: 14485: 14484: 14483: 14478: 14473: 14468: 14463: 14453: 14448: 14447: 14446: 14436: 14431: 14426: 14421: 14416: 14411: 14406: 14401: 14395: 14393: 14387: 14386: 14383: 14382: 14380: 14379: 14374: 14369: 14364: 14359: 14354: 14349: 14343: 14341: 14337: 14336: 14334: 14333: 14328: 14323: 14318: 14313: 14308: 14303: 14298: 14293: 14288: 14282: 14280: 14273: 14267: 14266: 14264: 14263: 14258: 14253: 14248: 14243: 14238: 14233: 14228: 14223: 14218: 14213: 14211:Vigintisexviri 14208: 14203: 14198: 14193: 14188: 14183: 14178: 14173: 14171:Cursus honorum 14168: 14163: 14157: 14155: 14149: 14148: 14146: 14145: 14140: 14135: 14130: 14125: 14120: 14115: 14109: 14107: 14101: 14100: 14098: 14097: 14092: 14087: 14086: 14085: 14080: 14075: 14070: 14060: 14055: 14050: 14045: 14040: 14035: 14029: 14027: 14021: 14020: 14017: 14016: 14014: 14013: 14012: 14011: 14001: 14000: 13999: 13994: 13984: 13983: 13982: 13977: 13970:Western Empire 13967: 13962: 13957: 13952: 13946: 13944: 13938: 13937: 13935: 13934: 13929: 13928: 13927: 13917: 13911: 13905: 13899: 13898: 13896: 13895: 13890: 13884: 13881: 13880: 13872: 13871: 13864: 13857: 13849: 13843: 13842: 13837: 13827: 13817: 13816: 13811: 13806: 13800: 13799: 13788: 13787: 13785: 13784:External links 13782: 13780: 13779: 13767: 13755: 13704: 13695: 13686: 13680: 13666:Scullard, H.H. 13662: 13653: 13644: 13635: 13623: 13614: 13602: 13590: 13584: 13568: 13562: 13546: 13536:Gibbon, Edward 13532: 13523: 13514: 13505: 13496: 13484: 13463: 13405: 13403: 13400: 13398: 13397: 13391: 13378: 13369: 13363: 13346: 13332: 13316: 13310: 13297: 13284: 13257: 13228: 13222: 13187: 13181: 13164: 13158: 13146:Miles, Richard 13142: 13136: 13123: 13117: 13104: 13082: 13076: 13061: 13055: 13027: 13014: 13008: 12995: 12989: 12973: 12967: 12951: 12945: 12930: 12924: 12911: 12905: 12890: 12876: 12854: 12834: 12828: 12811: 12802: 12788: 12775: 12769: 12757:Adkins, Roy A. 12753:Adkins, Lesley 12748: 12746: 12743: 12740: 12739: 12732: 12714: 12711:online edition 12702: 12695: 12677: 12670: 12652: 12625: 12618: 12598: 12583: 12579:Life of Marius 12575:Parallel Lives 12564: 12553: 12535: 12528: 12498: 12496:. 1917. p. 185 12454: 12435:Grout, James. 12427: 12420: 12402: 12386: 12373:Britannica.com 12360: 12344: 12321: 12314: 12287: 12274: 12270:Circus Maximus 12262: 12237: 12216: 12194: 12182: 12168: 12155: 12142: 12124: 12118:Patrick Faas, 12108: 12095: 12088: 12068: 12051: 12004: 11978: 11971: 11953: 11917: 11904: 11874: 11847:(3): 247–269. 11827: 11802: 11777: 11752: 11733:(3): 282–296. 11710: 11698: 11696:, p. 300. 11686: 11674: 11662: 11648: 11625: 11621:Roman Painting 11613: 11594: 11587: 11563: 11556: 11536: 11529: 11509: 11499: 11479: 11460: 11435: 11423: 11411: 11399: 11373: 11361: 11359:, p. 283. 11349:Kaldellis 2023 11337: 11325: 11309: 11289: 11277: 11254: 11235: 11211: 11198: 11191: 11171: 11159: 11147: 11131: 11115: 11098: 11078: 10990: 10967: 10960: 10940: 10933: 10913: 10901: 10885: 10872: 10865: 10847: 10835: 10823: 10811: 10788: 10773: 10761: 10745: 10722: 10715: 10697: 10685: 10678: 10659: 10631: 10608: 10596: 10579: 10563: 10548: 10546:, p. 211. 10521: 10506: 10493: 10472: 10460: 10453: 10435: 10428: 10410: 10397: 10366: 10354: 10332: 10320: 10304: 10297: 10277: 10270: 10250: 10222: 10206: 10204:, p. 670. 10194: 10179: 10156: 10090: 10069: 10047: 10035:"Chapter XXVI" 10025: 10009: 9997: 9980:"Chapter XVII" 9970: 9955: 9937: 9925: 9913: 9901: 9883: 9855: 9837: 9812: 9800:on 3 May 2007. 9780: 9762: 9746: 9739: 9719: 9707: 9682: 9680:, LXXVI, 9–12. 9667: 9652: 9650:, p. 704. 9640: 9628: 9609: 9593: 9569: 9551: 9536: 9529: 9506: 9492: 9477: 9462: 9447: 9433: 9414: 9402: 9383: 9357: 9334: 9325: 9310: 9284:O'Connell 1989 9276: 9267: 9241: 9227: 9208: 9194: 9164: 9150: 9144:. Penguin UK. 9130: 9116: 9092: 9078: 9072:. Croom Helm. 9055: 9028: 9016: 8990: 8976: 8950: 8936: 8922: 8908: 8899: 8880: 8861: 8842: 8812: 8793: 8778: 8759: 8743: 8724: 8705: 8694:Chisholm, Hugh 8675: 8663: 8644: 8625: 8605: 8582: 8578:Life of Antony 8574:Parallel Lives 8563: 8544: 8511: 8495: 8484: 8472: 8469:. p. 305. 8455: 8433: 8416: 8404: 8393:Eques (Knight) 8382: 8358: 8326: 8292: 8281:Chisholm, Hugh 8265: 8250: 8225: 8209: 8194: 8164: 8143: 8135:Parallel Lives 8124: 8111: 8099: 8092: 8066: 8050: 8031: 8019: 8007: 7995: 7983: 7971: 7959: 7947: 7935: 7918: 7892: 7879: 7867: 7855: 7843: 7831: 7829:, p. 519. 7819: 7812: 7792: 7772: 7752: 7669: 7643: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7634: 7633: 7620: 7611: 7609: 7608: 7598: 7585: 7563: 7550: 7541: 7526: 7520: 7513: 7497: 7487: 7465: 7451: 7441: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7434: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7397: 7396: 7391: 7380: 7379: 7365: 7349: 7346: 7345: 7344: 7335: 7322: 7313: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7288:Barbara Levick 7285: 7276: 7267: 7189: 7188: 7179: 7170: 7161: 7157:Parallel Lives 7149: 7132: 7116: 7113:The Jewish War 7105: 7094: 7085: 7074: 7057: 7040: 7024:Parallel Lives 6987:Main article: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6978:Historiography 6976: 6909: 6906: 6898:lead poisoning 6756:Roman concrete 6641:Roman aqueduct 6626:Main article: 6623: 6620: 6616:Circus Maximus 6612:Chariot racing 6491: 6488: 6426:Paleochristian 6411: 6408: 6359:oyster farming 6307:, olives, and 6172: 6169: 6145:Ulpian Library 6109: 6106: 6039:Roman military 5971:country villas 5888: 5885: 5836: 5833: 5825:Edict of Milan 5761:Roman religion 5757:Roman Republic 5737:Roman religion 5687:Punishment of 5656: 5653: 5597:Greek alphabet 5557:Main article: 5554: 5551: 5489:country villas 5481:bath complexes 5465:Trajan's Forum 5438:Main article: 5435: 5432: 5397:Numa Pompilius 5377:seven-day week 5316:Roman calendar 5307: 5306:Time and dates 5304: 5283:pater familias 5275:pater familias 5267:pater familias 5241:pater familias 5224:pater familias 5220:pater familias 5207:pater familias 5201:Gentes Maiores 5196:Roman Republic 5157:pater familias 5132:Main article: 5129: 5126: 5122:market economy 5050:precious metal 4928:Roman currency 4920:Roman commerce 4911: 4908: 4822:A Roman naval 4815: 4812: 4758:cursus honorum 4572:reconstruction 4537: 4536: 4534: 4533: 4526: 4519: 4511: 4508: 4507: 4494: 4493: 4488: 4487: 4485: 4484: 4477: 4470: 4467:Limes Arabicus 4462: 4461: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4437:Limes Alutanus 4433: 4432: 4426: 4425: 4417: 4416: 4410: 4409: 4403: 4402: 4401: 4400: 4398:Wetterau Limes 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4375: 4370: 4357: 4356: 4355: 4354: 4349: 4347:Hadrian's Wall 4344: 4331: 4330: 4329: 4328: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4304: 4301: 4300: 4295: 4294: 4292: 4291: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4274: 4271: 4270: 4265: 4264: 4259: 4258: 4255: 4254: 4249: 4248: 4246: 4245: 4240: 4234: 4232: 4231: 4226: 4218: 4215: 4214: 4206: 4201: 4200: 4197: 4196: 4192: 4191: 4185: 4184: 4179: 4178: 4175: 4174: 4169: 4168: 4166: 4165: 4160: 4154: 4151: 4150: 4144: 4143: 4141: 4140: 4135: 4129: 4127: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4110: 4107: 4106: 4098: 4093: 4092: 4089: 4088: 4079: 4073: 4072: 4064: 4063: 4030: 4027: 3958:Cato the Elder 3911:Roman Republic 3899:Palazzo Madama 3895:Cesare Maccari 3868:Comitia Calata 3856:state religion 3821: 3818: 3728:Main article: 3725: 3722: 3702:sine suffragio 3670:pater familias 3628:class division 3524: 3521: 3452:ancient Romans 3444:Main article: 3441: 3438: 3405: 3402: 3383:Fourth Crusade 3269:and dethroned 3182: 3181: 3172: 3171: 3163: 3162: 3154: 3153: 3152: 3151: 3150: 3079:Main article: 3076: 3073: 3033:Constantinople 3005:Edict of Milan 2993: 2990: 2974:Gallia Belgica 2970:Roman province 2897: 2894: 2889:Main article: 2886: 2883: 2873:invaders, and 2811:Hyperinflation 2740:Main article: 2737: 2734: 2553: 2550: 2487:Pantheon, Rome 2464:Antoninus Pius 2455:Hadrian's Wall 2426:Hadrian's Wall 2383:war on Parthia 2371:Circus Maximus 2351:Trajan's Forum 2300:Antoninus Pius 2277:in AD 117 2262: 2259: 2255:Roman religion 2201:Divus Claudius 2108:Roman Republic 2084: 2081: 1873:Livia Drusilla 1703: 1700: 1659:Main article: 1656: 1653: 1637:Queen of Kings 1635:the title of " 1512: 1509: 1464:conquered Gaul 1381: 1378: 1346:Mithridates VI 1209:optimate party 1203: 1196: 1195: 1179:Roman military 1173: 1166: 1165: 1164: 1163: 1162: 1141: 1138: 1107:Battle of Zama 1079:Roman Republic 1041:stronghold of 1020: 1014: 993:Main article: 990: 987: 983:Roman colonies 836:Roman Republic 811: 804: 803: 791: 784: 783: 782: 781: 780: 777:Roman Republic 775:Main article: 772: 769: 699:Main article: 696: 693: 683: 630:Aventine Hills 595:Esquiline Hill 564: 557: 556: 533: 526: 525: 524: 523: 522: 514: 511: 509: 506: 464:ancient Greece 462:together with 370:Roman Republic 342:historiography 336: 335: 333: 332: 312: 309: 308: 305: 304: 301: 295: 292: 291: 288: 282: 279: 278: 275: 265: 262: 261: 258: 252: 249: 248: 245: 244: 239: 238:Historical era 235: 234: 233: 232: 222: 206: 195: 189: 188: 183: 179: 178: 171:Constantinople 164: 160: 159: 157: 156: 154:(27 BC–476 AD) 146: 136: 125: 123: 119: 118: 108: 99: 90: 87:Roman Republic 81: 79: 71: 70: 57: 56: 52: 51: 46: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 23537: 23526: 23523: 23521: 23518: 23516: 23513: 23511: 23508: 23506: 23503: 23501: 23498: 23496: 23493: 23492: 23490: 23475: 23472: 23470: 23467: 23465: 23462: 23460: 23457: 23455: 23452: 23450: 23447: 23445: 23442: 23440: 23437: 23435: 23432: 23430: 23427: 23425: 23422: 23420: 23419:PROSUR/PROSUL 23417: 23415: 23412: 23410: 23407: 23405: 23402: 23400: 23397: 23395: 23392: 23390: 23387: 23385: 23382: 23380: 23377: 23375: 23372: 23370: 23367: 23365: 23362: 23360: 23357: 23355: 23352: 23350: 23347: 23345: 23342: 23340: 23337: 23335: 23332: 23330: 23327: 23325: 23322: 23320: 23317: 23315: 23314:Craiova Group 23312: 23310: 23307: 23305: 23302: 23300: 23297: 23295: 23292: 23290: 23287: 23285: 23282: 23280: 23277: 23275: 23272: 23270: 23267: 23265: 23262: 23260: 23257: 23255: 23252: 23250: 23247: 23245: 23242: 23240: 23237: 23235: 23232: 23230: 23229:ABCANZ Armies 23227: 23226: 23224: 23218: 23212: 23209: 23207: 23204: 23200: 23197: 23195: 23192: 23190: 23187: 23185: 23182: 23180: 23177: 23175: 23172: 23171: 23170: 23167: 23165: 23162: 23158: 23155: 23154: 23153: 23150: 23148: 23145: 23144: 23142: 23140: 23136: 23130: 23127: 23125: 23122: 23118: 23115: 23113: 23110: 23108: 23105: 23103: 23100: 23096: 23093: 23091: 23088: 23086: 23083: 23081: 23078: 23077: 23076: 23073: 23071: 23068: 23066: 23063: 23061: 23058: 23057: 23056: 23053: 23047: 23044: 23043: 23042: 23039: 23035: 23034:Protestantism 23032: 23028: 23025: 23024: 23023: 23020: 23016: 23013: 23012: 23011: 23008: 23004: 23000: 22997: 22996: 22995: 22992: 22991: 22990: 22987: 22986: 22985: 22982: 22981: 22979: 22977: 22973: 22965: 22962: 22961: 22960: 22957: 22955: 22954:Sovereigntism 22952: 22950: 22947: 22943: 22942: 22938: 22937: 22936: 22933: 22929: 22926: 22925: 22924: 22921: 22919: 22916: 22914: 22911: 22909: 22906: 22904: 22901: 22899: 22896: 22894: 22891: 22887: 22884: 22882: 22879: 22878: 22877: 22874: 22870: 22867: 22866: 22865: 22862: 22860: 22857: 22855: 22852: 22850: 22849:Scholasticism 22847: 22845: 22842: 22840: 22837: 22835: 22832: 22830: 22827: 22825: 22822: 22820: 22817: 22816: 22814: 22812: 22808: 22800: 22797: 22795: 22792: 22790: 22787: 22785: 22782: 22781: 22780: 22777: 22773: 22770: 22769: 22768: 22765: 22761: 22758: 22756: 22753: 22752: 22751: 22748: 22744: 22741: 22740: 22739: 22736: 22734: 22731: 22727: 22724: 22722: 22719: 22717: 22714: 22713: 22712: 22709: 22705: 22702: 22701: 22700: 22697: 22693: 22690: 22689: 22688: 22685: 22681: 22678: 22676: 22673: 22672: 22671: 22668: 22666: 22663: 22661: 22658: 22656: 22653: 22649: 22646: 22645: 22644: 22641: 22639: 22636: 22632: 22629: 22628: 22627: 22624: 22620: 22617: 22616: 22615: 22612: 22608: 22605: 22604: 22603: 22600: 22598: 22595: 22591: 22588: 22587: 22586: 22583: 22581: 22578: 22574: 22571: 22569: 22566: 22564: 22561: 22560: 22559: 22556: 22555: 22553: 22551: 22547: 22539: 22538:War on terror 22536: 22534: 22531: 22530: 22529: 22526: 22522: 22519: 22517: 22514: 22512: 22509: 22507: 22504: 22502: 22499: 22497: 22494: 22492: 22489: 22487: 22484: 22482: 22479: 22477: 22474: 22472: 22469: 22467: 22464: 22462: 22459: 22457: 22454: 22452: 22449: 22447: 22444: 22442: 22439: 22437: 22434: 22433: 22432: 22431:Modern period 22429: 22427: 22424: 22420: 22417: 22415: 22412: 22410: 22407: 22406: 22405: 22402: 22398: 22395: 22394: 22393: 22390: 22388: 22385: 22384: 22382: 22380: 22376: 22370: 22367: 22365: 22362: 22360: 22357: 22355: 22352: 22346: 22343: 22341: 22338: 22337: 22336: 22333: 22331: 22328: 22326: 22323: 22321: 22318: 22317: 22316: 22313: 22311: 22308: 22306: 22303: 22302: 22300: 22296: 22292: 22288: 22287:Western world 22281: 22276: 22274: 22269: 22267: 22262: 22261: 22258: 22241: 22238: 22235: 22232: 22229: 22226: 22221: 22218: 22217: 22215: 22212: 22211: 22209: 22207: 22202: 22195: 22192: 22189: 22186: 22183: 22180: 22177: 22174: 22171: 22168: 22165: 22162: 22159: 22156: 22153: 22150: 22147: 22144: 22141: 22138: 22135: 22132: 22129: 22126: 22123: 22120: 22117: 22114: 22111: 22108: 22107: 22105: 22099: 22089: 22086: 22084: 22081: 22079: 22076: 22074: 22071: 22069: 22066: 22064: 22061: 22059: 22056: 22054: 22051: 22049: 22046: 22044: 22041: 22039: 22036: 22035: 22033: 22029: 22023: 22020: 22018: 22015: 22013: 22010: 22008: 22005: 22003: 22000: 21998: 21995: 21993: 21990: 21988: 21985: 21983: 21980: 21978: 21975: 21974: 21972: 21968: 21965: 21960: 21955: 21951: 21941: 21938: 21936: 21933: 21931: 21928: 21926: 21923: 21920: 21917: 21915: 21912: 21910: 21907: 21905: 21904:Duchy of Sora 21902: 21900: 21897: 21895: 21892: 21891: 21889: 21885: 21879: 21875: 21868: 21865: 21863: 21860: 21858: 21855: 21851: 21848: 21846: 21843: 21841: 21838: 21836: 21833: 21831: 21828: 21827: 21826: 21823: 21822: 21820: 21816: 21812: 21802: 21799: 21797: 21794: 21792: 21789: 21787: 21784: 21783: 21781: 21779: 21775: 21769: 21766: 21764: 21761: 21759: 21756: 21755: 21753: 21749: 21743: 21742:Muslim Sicily 21740: 21738: 21735: 21734: 21732: 21730: 21726: 21720: 21717: 21715: 21711: 21708: 21706: 21703: 21701: 21698: 21696: 21693: 21691: 21688: 21686: 21683: 21681: 21678: 21677: 21675: 21671: 21668: 21664: 21660: 21654: 21651: 21649: 21646: 21644: 21641: 21639: 21636: 21634: 21631: 21629: 21626: 21624: 21621: 21619: 21616: 21614: 21611: 21610: 21608: 21602: 21596: 21593: 21591: 21588: 21586: 21583: 21582: 21580: 21576: 21572: 21564: 21561: 21559: 21556: 21554: 21551: 21549: 21546: 21544: 21541: 21539: 21536: 21535: 21534: 21531: 21529: 21526: 21524: 21521: 21519: 21516: 21514: 21511: 21509: 21506: 21504: 21501: 21499: 21496: 21494: 21491: 21489: 21486: 21484: 21481: 21479: 21476: 21474: 21471: 21469: 21466: 21464: 21461: 21457: 21454: 21452: 21449: 21447: 21444: 21442: 21439: 21437: 21434: 21432: 21429: 21427: 21424: 21422: 21419: 21417: 21414: 21412: 21409: 21407: 21404: 21402: 21399: 21397: 21394: 21392: 21389: 21387: 21384: 21383: 21382: 21379: 21377: 21374: 21372: 21369: 21367: 21364: 21362: 21359: 21357: 21354: 21352: 21349: 21347: 21344: 21342: 21339: 21338: 21336: 21328: 21324: 21318: 21315: 21313: 21310: 21308: 21305: 21303: 21300: 21298: 21295: 21293: 21290: 21288: 21285: 21284: 21282: 21278: 21274: 21267: 21264: 21259: 21256: 21253: 21250: 21247: 21246:Duchy of Rome 21244: 21243: 21241: 21238: 21237: 21235: 21232: 21228: 21220: 21217: 21215: 21212: 21210: 21207: 21205: 21202: 21200: 21197: 21195: 21192: 21191: 21189: 21186: 21183: 21180: 21177: 21174: 21171: 21168: 21167: 21165: 21159: 21156: 21146: 21139: 21136: 21133: 21130: 21127: 21124: 21121: 21120:Roman Kingdom 21118: 21117: 21115: 21113: 21109: 21103: 21100: 21098: 21095: 21093: 21092:Magna Graecia 21090: 21088: 21085: 21083: 21080: 21078: 21075: 21073: 21070: 21066: 21063: 21062: 21061: 21058: 21056: 21053: 21051: 21048: 21046: 21043: 21039: 21036: 21035: 21034: 21031: 21030: 21028: 21024: 21020: 21013: 21008: 21006: 21001: 20999: 20994: 20993: 20990: 20978: 20970: 20968: 20959: 20958: 20955: 20945: 20942: 20940: 20937: 20935: 20932: 20930: 20927: 20925: 20922: 20920: 20917: 20915: 20912: 20910: 20907: 20905: 20902: 20900: 20897: 20895: 20892: 20890: 20887: 20885: 20882: 20880: 20877: 20875: 20872: 20870: 20867: 20865: 20862: 20860: 20857: 20855: 20852: 20850: 20847: 20845: 20842: 20840: 20837: 20835: 20832: 20830: 20827: 20825: 20822: 20820: 20817: 20815: 20812: 20810: 20807: 20805: 20802: 20800: 20797: 20795: 20792: 20790: 20787: 20785: 20782: 20780: 20777: 20775: 20772: 20770: 20767: 20765: 20762: 20761: 20759: 20757: 20753: 20747: 20744: 20742: 20739: 20737: 20734: 20732: 20729: 20727: 20724: 20722: 20719: 20717: 20714: 20712: 20709: 20707: 20704: 20702: 20699: 20697: 20694: 20688: 20685: 20684: 20683: 20680: 20679: 20678: 20675: 20671: 20668: 20667: 20666: 20663: 20661: 20658: 20656: 20653: 20651: 20648: 20646: 20643: 20641: 20638: 20636: 20633: 20631: 20628: 20626: 20623: 20621: 20618: 20616: 20613: 20611: 20608: 20606: 20603: 20602: 20599: 20596: 20594: 20590: 20580: 20577: 20575: 20572: 20568: 20565: 20563: 20560: 20558: 20555: 20554: 20553: 20550: 20548: 20545: 20543: 20540: 20538: 20535: 20533: 20530: 20528: 20525: 20523: 20520: 20518: 20515: 20513: 20510: 20508: 20505: 20503: 20500: 20498: 20495: 20491: 20488: 20486: 20483: 20482: 20481: 20478: 20476: 20473: 20471: 20468: 20466: 20463: 20461: 20458: 20457: 20454: 20451: 20449: 20445: 20435: 20432: 20430: 20427: 20425: 20422: 20420: 20417: 20415: 20412: 20410: 20407: 20405: 20402: 20400: 20397: 20394: 20390: 20387: 20384: 20380: 20377: 20375: 20372: 20370: 20367: 20365: 20362: 20360: 20357: 20355: 20352: 20350: 20347: 20345: 20342: 20338: 20335: 20334: 20333: 20330: 20328: 20325: 20323: 20320: 20318: 20315: 20313: 20310: 20309: 20306: 20303: 20301: 20297: 20287: 20284: 20282: 20279: 20277: 20274: 20272: 20269: 20267: 20264: 20262: 20259: 20257: 20254: 20252: 20249: 20247: 20244: 20242: 20239: 20237: 20234: 20230: 20227: 20226: 20225: 20222: 20218: 20215: 20213: 20210: 20208: 20205: 20204: 20203: 20200: 20198: 20195: 20193: 20190: 20188: 20185: 20181: 20178: 20177: 20176: 20173: 20171: 20168: 20166: 20163: 20162: 20159: 20156: 20154: 20150: 20138: 20135: 20133: 20130: 20128: 20125: 20123: 20122:Years of Lead 20120: 20118: 20117:Economic Boom 20115: 20113: 20110: 20108: 20105: 20104: 20103: 20100: 20099: 20097: 20093: 20085: 20082: 20080: 20076: 20073: 20071: 20068: 20066: 20063: 20061: 20060:Fascist Italy 20058: 20054: 20051: 20050: 20049: 20046: 20044: 20041: 20039: 20036: 20035: 20034: 20031: 20027: 20024: 20022: 20019: 20017: 20014: 20012: 20009: 20007: 20006:Niçard exodus 20004: 20002: 19999: 19997: 19994: 19993: 19992: 19989: 19988: 19986: 19982: 19976: 19973: 19971: 19968: 19966: 19963: 19961: 19958: 19954: 19951: 19950: 19949: 19946: 19944: 19941: 19939: 19936: 19934: 19931: 19925: 19922: 19920: 19917: 19915: 19912: 19910: 19907: 19906: 19905: 19902: 19900: 19897: 19895: 19892: 19890: 19887: 19886: 19885: 19882: 19881: 19879: 19875: 19869: 19866: 19862: 19859: 19858: 19857: 19854: 19852: 19849: 19845: 19842: 19840: 19837: 19835: 19832: 19830: 19827: 19825: 19822: 19820: 19817: 19815: 19812: 19810: 19807: 19805: 19802: 19800: 19796: 19795: 19794: 19791: 19790: 19788: 19784: 19774: 19771: 19770: 19769: 19766: 19764: 19761: 19759: 19756: 19754: 19751: 19749: 19746: 19745: 19744: 19741: 19737: 19734: 19732: 19729: 19727: 19726:Magna Graecia 19724: 19722: 19719: 19717: 19714: 19710: 19707: 19705: 19702: 19700: 19697: 19695: 19692: 19690: 19687: 19685: 19682: 19681: 19680: 19677: 19676: 19675: 19672: 19671: 19669: 19665: 19657: 19654: 19652: 19649: 19647: 19644: 19642: 19639: 19637: 19634: 19632: 19629: 19627: 19624: 19622: 19619: 19617: 19614: 19613: 19612: 19609: 19608: 19606: 19602: 19596: 19593: 19591: 19588: 19586: 19583: 19581: 19578: 19576: 19573: 19571: 19568: 19566: 19563: 19561: 19558: 19556: 19553: 19551: 19548: 19546: 19543: 19541: 19538: 19536: 19533: 19531: 19528: 19527: 19525: 19521: 19515: 19512: 19511: 19509: 19505: 19502: 19500: 19496: 19492: 19488: 19481: 19476: 19474: 19469: 19467: 19462: 19461: 19458: 19446: 19442: 19439: 19436: 19435: 19432: 19417: 19414: 19411: 19408: 19407: 19405: 19403: 19399: 19392: 19389: 19386: 19383: 19380: 19377: 19374: 19371: 19369: 19366: 19364: 19361: 19358: 19355: 19354: 19352: 19350: 19346: 19339: 19336: 19333: 19330: 19327: 19324: 19321: 19318: 19315: 19312: 19311: 19309: 19307: 19303: 19296: 19293: 19290: 19287: 19285: 19282: 19281: 19279: 19277: 19273: 19266: 19263: 19260: 19257: 19255: 19252: 19249: 19246: 19243: 19240: 19239: 19237: 19235: 19230: 19226: 19223: 19217: 19211: 19208: 19206: 19203: 19201: 19198: 19196: 19193: 19191: 19188: 19186: 19183: 19182: 19180: 19176: 19170: 19167: 19165: 19164:Philippopolis 19162: 19160: 19157: 19155: 19152: 19150: 19147: 19145: 19142: 19140: 19137: 19135: 19132: 19130: 19129:Arca Caesarea 19127: 19125: 19122: 19120: 19117: 19115: 19112: 19110: 19107: 19105: 19102: 19100: 19097: 19095: 19092: 19091: 19089: 19085: 19079: 19076: 19074: 19071: 19069: 19066: 19064: 19061: 19060: 19058: 19054: 19051: 19049: 19045: 19040: 19033: 19019: 19016: 19015: 19013: 19011: 19007: 19001: 18998: 18996: 18993: 18991: 18988: 18986: 18983: 18981: 18978: 18977: 18975: 18973: 18969: 18963: 18960: 18959: 18957: 18955: 18951: 18945: 18942: 18940: 18937: 18936: 18934: 18932: 18928: 18922: 18921:Narbo Martius 18919: 18918: 18916: 18914: 18910: 18904: 18901: 18900: 18898: 18896: 18892: 18886: 18883: 18882: 18880: 18878: 18874: 18868: 18865: 18864: 18862: 18860: 18856: 18850: 18847: 18845: 18842: 18840: 18837: 18836: 18834: 18832: 18828: 18825: 18821: 18814: 18810: 18806: 18799: 18794: 18792: 18787: 18785: 18780: 18779: 18776: 18766: 18765: 18759: 18753: 18750: 18748: 18745: 18743: 18740: 18738: 18735: 18733: 18730: 18728: 18725: 18723: 18720: 18718: 18715: 18711: 18708: 18707: 18706: 18703: 18699: 18696: 18694: 18691: 18690: 18689: 18688:Germanic wars 18686: 18685: 18683: 18681: 18675: 18669: 18668:War of Actium 18666: 18664: 18661: 18659: 18658: 18654: 18652: 18649: 18647: 18646:War of Mutina 18644: 18642: 18639: 18637: 18634: 18632: 18629: 18627: 18624: 18620: 18617: 18615: 18612: 18610: 18607: 18606: 18605: 18602: 18600: 18597: 18595: 18594: 18590: 18586: 18583: 18581: 18578: 18576: 18573: 18572: 18571: 18568: 18566: 18563: 18561: 18558: 18556: 18553: 18549: 18546: 18544: 18543:Sertorian War 18541: 18539: 18538:Numantine War 18536: 18534: 18531: 18529: 18526: 18525: 18524: 18521: 18519: 18516: 18514: 18511: 18507: 18504: 18502: 18499: 18497: 18494: 18492: 18489: 18488: 18487: 18484: 18482: 18479: 18475: 18472: 18470: 18467: 18465: 18462: 18461: 18460: 18457: 18455: 18452: 18448: 18445: 18443: 18440: 18438: 18435: 18433: 18430: 18428: 18425: 18423: 18420: 18418: 18415: 18413: 18410: 18408: 18405: 18404: 18403: 18400: 18399: 18397: 18395: 18389: 18385: 18378: 18373: 18371: 18366: 18364: 18359: 18358: 18355: 18342: 18334: 18331: 18329: 18326: 18325: 18324: 18321: 18319: 18316: 18314: 18311: 18308: 18305: 18302: 18299: 18296: 18293: 18290: 18287: 18284: 18281: 18280: 18278: 18274: 18268: 18265: 18263: 18260: 18258: 18255: 18252: 18251: 18246: 18243: 18241: 18238: 18235: 18234: 18229: 18226: 18224: 18221: 18219: 18216: 18214: 18211: 18209: 18206: 18204: 18201: 18199: 18196: 18194: 18191: 18189: 18186: 18183: 18182: 18177: 18174: 18172: 18169: 18167: 18164: 18162: 18159: 18157: 18154: 18151: 18150: 18145: 18142: 18140: 18137: 18135: 18132: 18129: 18128: 18123: 18120: 18117: 18116: 18111: 18108: 18106: 18103: 18100: 18099: 18094: 18093: 18088: 18087: 18082: 18079: 18076: 18075: 18070: 18069: 18064: 18061: 18059: 18056: 18054: 18051: 18049: 18046: 18044: 18041: 18039: 18036: 18034: 18031: 18029: 18026: 18024: 18021: 18019: 18016: 18014: 18011: 18009: 18006: 18004: 18001: 17999: 17996: 17994: 17991: 17989: 17986: 17983: 17982: 17977: 17976: 17971: 17970: 17965: 17962: 17960: 17957: 17955: 17952: 17950: 17947: 17944: 17943: 17938: 17935: 17933: 17930: 17927: 17926: 17921: 17920:Theodora (II) 17918: 17915: 17914: 17909: 17906: 17904: 17901: 17898: 17897: 17892: 17889: 17886: 17885: 17880: 17879: 17874: 17871: 17869: 17866: 17864: 17861: 17859: 17856: 17854: 17851: 17849: 17846: 17843: 17842: 17841: 17835: 17834: 17830: 17828: 17827:Constantine V 17825: 17823: 17820: 17818: 17815: 17813: 17812:Anastasius II 17810: 17808: 17805: 17802: 17801: 17796: 17793: 17791: 17788: 17786: 17783: 17781: 17778: 17775: 17774: 17769: 17768: 17763: 17760: 17758: 17755: 17752: 17751: 17746: 17743: 17741: 17738: 17736: 17733: 17732: 17730: 17726: 17720: 17710: 17707: 17704: 17703: 17698: 17695: 17693: 17690: 17688: 17685: 17683: 17680: 17678: 17675: 17673: 17670: 17667: 17666: 17661: 17658: 17656: 17653: 17651: 17648: 17646: 17643: 17641: 17638: 17636: 17635:Theodosius II 17633: 17631: 17628: 17627: 17625: 17621: 17617: 17611: 17610: 17606: 17604: 17601: 17599: 17598: 17594: 17592: 17591: 17587: 17585: 17582: 17580: 17579: 17575: 17573: 17570: 17568: 17567: 17563: 17561: 17560: 17556: 17554: 17551: 17549: 17548: 17544: 17542: 17539: 17537: 17536: 17532: 17529: 17528: 17527: 17521: 17520: 17516: 17514: 17511: 17510: 17508: 17504: 17500: 17494: 17493: 17489: 17486: 17485: 17484: 17478: 17477: 17473: 17471: 17468: 17466: 17463: 17461: 17458: 17456: 17455: 17451: 17449: 17446: 17444: 17443:Valentinian I 17441: 17439: 17436: 17434: 17431: 17429: 17428: 17424: 17422: 17421: 17417: 17415: 17414: 17410: 17408: 17405: 17403: 17400: 17398: 17395: 17393: 17390: 17388: 17385: 17383: 17380: 17378: 17375: 17373: 17372: 17368: 17366: 17365:Constantine I 17363: 17361: 17358: 17356: 17355:Constantius I 17353: 17351: 17348: 17346: 17343: 17341: 17338: 17337: 17335: 17331: 17327: 17321: 17318: 17316: 17313: 17311: 17308: 17306: 17303: 17301: 17298: 17296: 17293: 17291: 17288: 17286: 17283: 17281: 17278: 17275: 17274: 17269: 17266: 17264: 17261: 17258: 17257: 17253: 17251: 17248: 17245: 17244: 17239: 17238: 17233: 17230: 17227: 17226: 17221: 17218: 17215: 17214: 17209: 17206: 17204: 17201: 17199: 17196: 17194: 17191: 17189: 17186: 17184: 17181: 17179: 17176: 17175: 17173: 17169: 17165: 17159: 17156: 17154: 17151: 17148: 17147: 17142: 17139: 17137: 17134: 17132: 17129: 17127: 17124: 17122: 17119: 17117: 17114: 17112: 17109: 17107: 17104: 17102: 17099: 17097: 17094: 17092: 17089: 17087: 17084: 17082: 17079: 17077: 17074: 17072: 17069: 17067: 17064: 17062: 17059: 17057: 17054: 17052: 17049: 17047: 17044: 17042: 17039: 17037: 17034: 17032: 17029: 17027: 17024: 17023: 17021: 17017: 17013: 17008: 17004: 16997: 16992: 16990: 16985: 16983: 16978: 16977: 16974: 16960: 16957: 16956: 16955: 16952: 16950: 16947: 16946: 16944: 16942: 16941:Miscellaneous 16938: 16932: 16929: 16927: 16924: 16922: 16919: 16917: 16914: 16912: 16909: 16907: 16904: 16902: 16899: 16898: 16896: 16894: 16890: 16884: 16881: 16879: 16876: 16874: 16871: 16867: 16864: 16862: 16859: 16857: 16854: 16853: 16852: 16849: 16847: 16844: 16843: 16841: 16839: 16835: 16829: 16826: 16824: 16821: 16819: 16816: 16814: 16811: 16809: 16806: 16805: 16803: 16801: 16800:Roman Kingdom 16797: 16791: 16788: 16784: 16781: 16779: 16776: 16774: 16771: 16769: 16766: 16765: 16764: 16761: 16759: 16756: 16754: 16751: 16749: 16746: 16745: 16743: 16741: 16737: 16733: 16726: 16721: 16719: 16714: 16712: 16707: 16706: 16703: 16691: 16688: 16686: 16683: 16681: 16678: 16676: 16673: 16669: 16666: 16665: 16664: 16661: 16659: 16656: 16655: 16653: 16649: 16641: 16638: 16636: 16633: 16631: 16628: 16627: 16626: 16623: 16621: 16618: 16617: 16615: 16611: 16605: 16602: 16600: 16597: 16595: 16592: 16591: 16589: 16585: 16579: 16576: 16574: 16571: 16569: 16566: 16564: 16561: 16560: 16558: 16554: 16548: 16545: 16543: 16540: 16538: 16535: 16533: 16530: 16528: 16525: 16523: 16520: 16519: 16517: 16513: 16505: 16502: 16500: 16497: 16495: 16492: 16491: 16490: 16487: 16485: 16482: 16480: 16477: 16475: 16472: 16470: 16467: 16465: 16464:Imperial cult 16462: 16460: 16459: 16455: 16453: 16450: 16449: 16447: 16445:and practices 16441: 16433: 16432: 16428: 16427: 16426: 16423: 16421: 16418: 16414: 16413: 16409: 16408: 16407: 16404: 16402: 16399: 16395: 16394: 16393:Metamorphoses 16390: 16388: 16387: 16383: 16382: 16381: 16378: 16374: 16373: 16369: 16368: 16367: 16364: 16363: 16361: 16357: 16351: 16348: 16346: 16343: 16342: 16340: 16336: 16330: 16327: 16325: 16322: 16320: 16317: 16315: 16312: 16310: 16309:Ancus Marcius 16307: 16305: 16302: 16300: 16297: 16295: 16292: 16290: 16287: 16285: 16282: 16280: 16277: 16276: 16274: 16270: 16263: 16249: 16246: 16244: 16241: 16239: 16238:Tranquillitas 16236: 16234: 16231: 16229: 16226: 16224: 16221: 16219: 16216: 16214: 16211: 16209: 16206: 16204: 16201: 16199: 16196: 16194: 16191: 16189: 16186: 16184: 16181: 16179: 16176: 16174: 16171: 16169: 16166: 16164: 16161: 16159: 16156: 16154: 16151: 16149: 16146: 16144: 16141: 16140: 16138: 16134: 16128: 16125: 16123: 16120: 16118: 16115: 16113: 16110: 16108: 16105: 16103: 16100: 16098: 16095: 16093: 16090: 16088: 16085: 16083: 16080: 16078: 16075: 16073: 16070: 16068: 16065: 16063: 16060: 16058: 16055: 16053: 16050: 16048: 16045: 16043: 16040: 16038: 16035: 16033: 16030: 16028: 16025: 16023: 16020: 16018: 16015: 16013: 16010: 16008: 16005: 16003: 16000: 15996: 15993: 15992: 15991: 15988: 15986: 15983: 15981: 15978: 15976: 15973: 15971: 15968: 15966: 15963: 15961: 15958: 15956: 15953: 15951: 15948: 15946: 15943: 15941: 15938: 15936: 15933: 15931: 15928: 15926: 15923: 15921: 15918: 15916: 15913: 15911: 15908: 15906: 15903: 15901: 15898: 15896: 15893: 15891: 15888: 15886: 15883: 15881: 15878: 15876: 15873: 15871: 15868: 15866: 15863: 15862: 15859: 15856: 15853: 15852: 15851:Dii Consentes 15846: 15842: 15838: 15834: 15827: 15822: 15820: 15815: 15813: 15808: 15807: 15804: 15792: 15789: 15787: 15784: 15782: 15779: 15777: 15774: 15772: 15769: 15767: 15764: 15762: 15759: 15757: 15754: 15752: 15749: 15747: 15744: 15742: 15739: 15737: 15734: 15732: 15729: 15727: 15724: 15722: 15719: 15717: 15714: 15712: 15709: 15707: 15704: 15702: 15699: 15697: 15694: 15692: 15689: 15687: 15684: 15682: 15679: 15677: 15674: 15672: 15669: 15667: 15664: 15663: 15661: 15652: 15646: 15643: 15641: 15638: 15636: 15633: 15631: 15628: 15626: 15623: 15621: 15618: 15616: 15613: 15611: 15608: 15606: 15603: 15601: 15598: 15596: 15593: 15591: 15588: 15586: 15583: 15581: 15578: 15576: 15573: 15571: 15568: 15566: 15563: 15561: 15558: 15556: 15553: 15552: 15550: 15546: 15536: 15533: 15531: 15528: 15526: 15523: 15521: 15518: 15516: 15513: 15511: 15508: 15506: 15503: 15501: 15498: 15496: 15493: 15491: 15488: 15486: 15483: 15481: 15478: 15476: 15473: 15471: 15468: 15466: 15463: 15461: 15458: 15456: 15453: 15451: 15448: 15446: 15443: 15441: 15438: 15436: 15433: 15431: 15428: 15426: 15423: 15421: 15418: 15416: 15413: 15411: 15408: 15406: 15403: 15401: 15398: 15396: 15393: 15391: 15388: 15386: 15383: 15381: 15378: 15376: 15373: 15371: 15368: 15367: 15365: 15363: 15359: 15353: 15350: 15348: 15345: 15343: 15340: 15338: 15335: 15333: 15330: 15328: 15325: 15323: 15320: 15318: 15315: 15313: 15310: 15308: 15305: 15303: 15300: 15298: 15295: 15293: 15290: 15288: 15285: 15283: 15280: 15278: 15275: 15273: 15270: 15268: 15265: 15263: 15260: 15258: 15255: 15253: 15250: 15248: 15245: 15243: 15240: 15238: 15235: 15233: 15230: 15228: 15225: 15223: 15220: 15218: 15215: 15213: 15210: 15208: 15205: 15203: 15200: 15198: 15195: 15193: 15190: 15188: 15185: 15183: 15180: 15178: 15175: 15173: 15170: 15168: 15165: 15163: 15160: 15158: 15155: 15153: 15150: 15148: 15145: 15143: 15140: 15138: 15135: 15133: 15130: 15128: 15125: 15123: 15120: 15118: 15117:Julius Paulus 15115: 15113: 15110: 15108: 15105: 15103: 15100: 15098: 15095: 15093: 15090: 15088: 15085: 15083: 15080: 15078: 15075: 15073: 15070: 15068: 15065: 15063: 15060: 15058: 15055: 15053: 15052:Fabius Pictor 15050: 15048: 15045: 15043: 15040: 15038: 15035: 15033: 15030: 15028: 15025: 15023: 15020: 15018: 15015: 15013: 15010: 15008: 15005: 15003: 15000: 14998: 14995: 14993: 14990: 14988: 14985: 14983: 14980: 14978: 14975: 14973: 14970: 14968: 14965: 14963: 14960: 14959: 14957: 14955: 14951: 14948: 14944: 14938: 14935: 14931: 14928: 14926: 14923: 14921: 14918: 14916: 14913: 14911: 14908: 14906: 14903: 14901: 14898: 14896: 14893: 14891: 14888: 14887: 14885: 14883: 14880: 14878: 14875: 14874: 14872: 14870: 14866: 14860: 14857: 14855: 14852: 14850: 14847: 14845: 14842: 14840: 14837: 14835: 14832: 14830: 14827: 14825: 14822: 14820: 14817: 14815: 14812: 14810: 14807: 14805: 14802: 14800: 14797: 14795: 14792: 14790: 14789:Amphitheatres 14787: 14786: 14784: 14782: 14778: 14772: 14769: 14767: 14764: 14762: 14759: 14757: 14754: 14752: 14749: 14747: 14744: 14742: 14739: 14737: 14734: 14730: 14727: 14726: 14725: 14722: 14720: 14717: 14715: 14712: 14710: 14707: 14705: 14702: 14700: 14697: 14695: 14692: 14691: 14689: 14687: 14683: 14677: 14674: 14672: 14669: 14667: 14664: 14662: 14659: 14657: 14654: 14652: 14649: 14647: 14644: 14640: 14637: 14636: 14635: 14632: 14630: 14627: 14625: 14622: 14620: 14617: 14615: 14612: 14610: 14607: 14605: 14602: 14600: 14597: 14595: 14592: 14590: 14587: 14585: 14582: 14580: 14577: 14575: 14572: 14570: 14567: 14566: 14564: 14562: 14558: 14552: 14549: 14547: 14544: 14542: 14539: 14537: 14534: 14532: 14529: 14527: 14526:Deforestation 14524: 14522: 14519: 14518: 14516: 14514: 14510: 14504: 14501: 14499: 14496: 14494: 14491: 14489: 14486: 14482: 14479: 14477: 14476:Siege engines 14474: 14472: 14469: 14467: 14464: 14462: 14459: 14458: 14457: 14454: 14452: 14449: 14445: 14442: 14441: 14440: 14437: 14435: 14432: 14430: 14427: 14425: 14422: 14420: 14417: 14415: 14412: 14410: 14409:Establishment 14407: 14405: 14402: 14400: 14397: 14396: 14394: 14392: 14388: 14378: 14375: 14373: 14370: 14368: 14365: 14363: 14360: 14358: 14355: 14353: 14350: 14348: 14345: 14344: 14342: 14340:Extraordinary 14338: 14332: 14329: 14327: 14326:Promagistrate 14324: 14322: 14319: 14317: 14314: 14312: 14309: 14307: 14304: 14302: 14299: 14297: 14294: 14292: 14289: 14287: 14284: 14283: 14281: 14277: 14274: 14272: 14268: 14262: 14259: 14257: 14254: 14252: 14249: 14247: 14244: 14242: 14239: 14237: 14234: 14232: 14229: 14227: 14224: 14222: 14219: 14217: 14214: 14212: 14209: 14207: 14204: 14202: 14199: 14197: 14194: 14192: 14189: 14187: 14184: 14182: 14179: 14177: 14174: 14172: 14169: 14167: 14164: 14162: 14159: 14158: 14156: 14154: 14150: 14144: 14141: 14139: 14136: 14134: 14131: 14129: 14126: 14124: 14121: 14119: 14116: 14114: 14113:Twelve Tables 14111: 14110: 14108: 14106: 14102: 14096: 14093: 14091: 14088: 14084: 14081: 14079: 14076: 14074: 14071: 14069: 14066: 14065: 14064: 14061: 14059: 14056: 14054: 14051: 14049: 14046: 14044: 14041: 14039: 14036: 14034: 14031: 14030: 14028: 14026: 14022: 14010: 14007: 14006: 14005: 14002: 13998: 13995: 13993: 13990: 13989: 13988: 13985: 13981: 13978: 13976: 13973: 13972: 13971: 13968: 13966: 13963: 13961: 13958: 13956: 13953: 13951: 13948: 13947: 13945: 13943: 13939: 13933: 13930: 13926: 13923: 13922: 13921: 13918: 13916: 13913: 13912: 13909: 13906: 13904: 13900: 13894: 13891: 13889: 13886: 13885: 13882: 13877: 13870: 13865: 13863: 13858: 13856: 13851: 13850: 13847: 13841: 13838: 13835: 13831: 13828: 13825: 13822: 13821: 13815: 13812: 13810: 13807: 13805: 13802: 13801: 13796: 13791: 13776: 13772: 13768: 13764: 13760: 13756: 13752: 13748: 13744: 13740: 13736: 13732: 13728: 13724: 13720: 13716: 13712: 13711: 13705: 13701: 13696: 13692: 13687: 13683: 13677: 13673: 13672: 13667: 13663: 13659: 13654: 13650: 13645: 13641: 13636: 13632: 13628: 13624: 13620: 13615: 13611: 13607: 13603: 13599: 13595: 13591: 13587: 13581: 13577: 13573: 13569: 13565: 13559: 13555: 13551: 13547: 13543: 13542: 13538:(1776–1789). 13537: 13533: 13529: 13524: 13520: 13515: 13511: 13506: 13502: 13497: 13493: 13489: 13485: 13474: 13473: 13468: 13464: 13460: 13456: 13451: 13446: 13442: 13438: 13434: 13430: 13426: 13422: 13418: 13417: 13412: 13407: 13406: 13394: 13388: 13384: 13379: 13375: 13370: 13366: 13360: 13355: 13354: 13347: 13343: 13339: 13335: 13329: 13325: 13321: 13317: 13313: 13307: 13303: 13298: 13287: 13281: 13276: 13271: 13267: 13263: 13258: 13254: 13250: 13246: 13245:10.1418/90426 13242: 13238: 13234: 13229: 13225: 13219: 13214: 13209: 13205: 13201: 13197: 13193: 13188: 13184: 13178: 13173: 13172: 13165: 13161: 13155: 13151: 13147: 13143: 13139: 13133: 13129: 13124: 13120: 13114: 13110: 13105: 13102: 13101:0-1928-2296-9 13098: 13094: 13090: 13086: 13083: 13079: 13073: 13069: 13068: 13062: 13058: 13052: 13048: 13044: 13040: 13036: 13032: 13028: 13023: 13022: 13015: 13011: 13005: 13001: 12996: 12992: 12986: 12982: 12978: 12974: 12970: 12964: 12960: 12956: 12952: 12948: 12942: 12938: 12937: 12931: 12927: 12921: 12917: 12912: 12908: 12902: 12898: 12897: 12891: 12887: 12883: 12879: 12873: 12869: 12868: 12867:World History 12863: 12859: 12855: 12851: 12847: 12844:. Routledge. 12843: 12839: 12835: 12831: 12825: 12820: 12819: 12812: 12808: 12803: 12799: 12795: 12791: 12785: 12781: 12776: 12772: 12766: 12762: 12758: 12754: 12750: 12749: 12735: 12729: 12725: 12718: 12712: 12706: 12698: 12692: 12688: 12681: 12673: 12671:9780452008496 12667: 12663: 12656: 12648: 12644: 12640: 12636: 12629: 12621: 12615: 12611: 12610: 12602: 12594: 12587: 12580: 12576: 12572: 12568: 12561: 12556: 12550: 12546: 12539: 12531: 12525: 12521: 12520: 12511: 12510: 12502: 12495: 12491: 12477: 12476: 12467: 12466: 12458: 12442: 12438: 12431: 12423: 12421:9780715621943 12417: 12414:. Duckworth. 12413: 12406: 12399: 12395: 12390: 12374: 12370: 12364: 12357: 12354: 12348: 12340: 12336: 12332: 12325: 12317: 12311: 12307: 12302: 12301: 12291: 12284: 12278: 12271: 12266: 12258: 12254: 12250: 12244: 12242: 12234: 12230: 12225: 12223: 12221: 12204: 12198: 12189: 12187: 12177: 12175: 12173: 12165: 12159: 12152: 12146: 12139: 12133: 12131: 12129: 12121: 12115: 12113: 12105: 12099: 12091: 12085: 12081: 12080: 12072: 12065: 12061: 12055: 12047: 12043: 12039: 12035: 12031: 12027: 12023: 12019: 12015: 12008: 11993: 11989: 11982: 11974: 11968: 11964: 11957: 11942: 11938: 11934: 11930: 11924: 11922: 11907: 11901: 11897: 11893: 11889: 11885: 11878: 11870: 11866: 11862: 11858: 11854: 11850: 11846: 11842: 11838: 11831: 11816: 11812: 11806: 11791: 11787: 11781: 11766: 11762: 11756: 11748: 11744: 11740: 11736: 11732: 11728: 11724: 11717: 11715: 11707: 11702: 11695: 11690: 11683: 11678: 11672:, p. 89. 11671: 11666: 11651: 11645: 11641: 11640: 11632: 11630: 11622: 11617: 11610: 11605: 11603: 11601: 11599: 11590: 11584: 11580: 11579: 11574: 11573:Lynda Garland 11567: 11559: 11553: 11549: 11548: 11540: 11532: 11526: 11522: 11521: 11513: 11506: 11502: 11496: 11492: 11491: 11483: 11476: 11472: 11471: 11464: 11449: 11442: 11440: 11432: 11427: 11420: 11415: 11408: 11403: 11395: 11394: 11386: 11385: 11377: 11371:, p. 24. 11370: 11369:Matyszak 2003 11365: 11358: 11357:Rochette 2023 11354: 11353:Rochette 2011 11350: 11346: 11341: 11334: 11333:Rochette 2018 11329: 11322: 11321:Rochette 2018 11318: 11317:Rochette 2023 11313: 11307: 11303: 11299: 11293: 11286: 11281: 11273: 11269: 11265: 11258: 11251: 11247: 11244: 11239: 11233: 11229: 11225: 11221: 11215: 11208: 11202: 11194: 11188: 11184: 11183: 11175: 11168: 11163: 11156: 11151: 11144: 11140: 11135: 11128: 11124: 11119: 11113:, 1984, p. 12 11112: 11108: 11102: 11096: 11092: 11088: 11082: 11075: 11071: 11067: 11063: 11059: 11055: 11051: 11050:0-1981-4386-9 11047: 11043: 11042:0-1405-6033-5 11039: 11035: 11031: 11027: 11023: 11009: 11005: 11001: 10994: 10986: 10982: 10978: 10971: 10963: 10957: 10953: 10952: 10951:Roads to Rome 10944: 10936: 10930: 10926: 10925: 10917: 10910: 10905: 10898: 10892: 10890: 10882: 10876: 10868: 10862: 10858: 10851: 10844: 10839: 10832: 10827: 10820: 10815: 10809: 10803: 10799: 10792: 10785: 10780: 10778: 10770: 10765: 10758: 10754: 10749: 10743: 10737: 10733: 10726: 10718: 10716:0-1950-8974-X 10712: 10708: 10701: 10695:, p. 33. 10694: 10689: 10681: 10679:0-3945-7188-6 10675: 10671: 10663: 10657: 10651: 10647: 10640: 10638: 10636: 10628: 10624: 10619: 10617: 10615: 10613: 10605: 10604:Matyszak 2003 10600: 10593: 10588: 10586: 10584: 10576: 10572: 10567: 10561:, p. 31. 10560: 10555: 10553: 10545: 10540: 10538: 10536: 10534: 10532: 10530: 10528: 10526: 10518: 10513: 10511: 10503: 10497: 10490: 10486: 10481: 10479: 10477: 10470:, p. 46. 10469: 10464: 10456: 10450: 10446: 10439: 10431: 10425: 10421: 10414: 10407: 10401: 10394: 10390: 10386: 10384: 10379: 10375: 10370: 10363: 10358: 10350: 10343: 10342:"Chapter LXI" 10336: 10329: 10324: 10317: 10313: 10308: 10300: 10294: 10290: 10289: 10281: 10273: 10267: 10263: 10262: 10254: 10246: 10242: 10238: 10231: 10229: 10227: 10219: 10215: 10210: 10203: 10198: 10190: 10183: 10176: 10170: 10166: 10160: 10154: 10150: 10136: 10132: 10128: 10123: 10119: 10116: 10112: 10109: 10105: 10102: 10098: 10094: 10087: 10086:0-3122-5264-1 10083: 10079: 10073: 10057: 10051: 10043: 10036: 10029: 10022: 10018: 10013: 10006: 10001: 9994: 9988: 9981: 9974: 9966: 9959: 9952: 9948: 9941: 9934: 9929: 9922: 9917: 9911: 9905: 9898: 9894: 9887: 9880: 9876: 9873: 9870: 9866: 9863: 9859: 9853:, III et XXX. 9852: 9848: 9845: 9841: 9833: 9826: 9819: 9817: 9809: 9805: 9799: 9795: 9791: 9784: 9777: 9773: 9770: 9766: 9759: 9755: 9750: 9742: 9736: 9732: 9731: 9723: 9714: 9712: 9704: 9700: 9697: 9694: 9693:Roman History 9691:Cassius Dio, 9690: 9686: 9679: 9678:Roman History 9676:Cassius Dio, 9675: 9671: 9664: 9663:Roman History 9661:Cassius Dio, 9660: 9656: 9649: 9644: 9637: 9632: 9624: 9620: 9613: 9606: 9602: 9597: 9590: 9589:Roman History 9586: 9582: 9576: 9574: 9566: 9562: 9559: 9555: 9548: 9544: 9540: 9532: 9526: 9522: 9518: 9517: 9510: 9502: 9496: 9489: 9488:Roman History 9486:Cassius Dio, 9485: 9481: 9475:, LXVIII, 13. 9474: 9473:Roman History 9471:Cassius Dio, 9470: 9466: 9459: 9458:Roman History 9456:Cassius Dio, 9455: 9451: 9443: 9437: 9430: 9429:Roman History 9424: 9418: 9411: 9406: 9399: 9395: 9391: 9387: 9380: 9376: 9372: 9369: 9368:Roman History 9366:Cassius Dio, 9365: 9361: 9353: 9352: 9347: 9341: 9339: 9329: 9322: 9317: 9315: 9299: 9295: 9289: 9285: 9280: 9271: 9255: 9253: 9245: 9230: 9228:9781472519801 9224: 9220: 9219: 9212: 9197: 9195:9781472519801 9191: 9187: 9183: 9181: 9177: 9176:Rectrix Mundi 9168: 9153: 9151:9780241003909 9147: 9143: 9142: 9134: 9119: 9117:9788896543092 9113: 9109: 9108: 9104: 9096: 9081: 9079:9780709931218 9075: 9071: 9070: 9067: 9059: 9043: 9039: 9032: 9025: 9020: 9013: 9009: 9006: 9002: 8998: 8994: 8986: 8980: 8964: 8960: 8954: 8946: 8940: 8932: 8926: 8918: 8912: 8903: 8896: 8892: 8888: 8884: 8876: 8872: 8865: 8857: 8853: 8846: 8838: 8834: 8827: 8823: 8816: 8808: 8804: 8797: 8790: 8789:Roman History 8787:Cassius Dio, 8786: 8782: 8775: 8771: 8767: 8763: 8756: 8752: 8747: 8740: 8736: 8732: 8728: 8721: 8717: 8713: 8709: 8701: 8700: 8695: 8690: 8685: 8679: 8673: 8667: 8659: 8655: 8648: 8640: 8636: 8629: 8622: 8618: 8614: 8609: 8601: 8595: 8591: 8586: 8579: 8575: 8571: 8567: 8560: 8556: 8552: 8548: 8541: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8527: 8523: 8520: 8515: 8508: 8504: 8499: 8492: 8488: 8481: 8476: 8468: 8467: 8459: 8451: 8450: 8442: 8440: 8438: 8429: 8428: 8420: 8414:, p. 38. 8413: 8408: 8401: 8397: 8394: 8389: 8387: 8379: 8375: 8371: 8367: 8362: 8355: 8351: 8348: 8342: 8341: 8336: 8330: 8315: 8311: 8305: 8301: 8296: 8288: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8269: 8262:. p. 35. 8261: 8254: 8239: 8235: 8229: 8222: 8218: 8213: 8206:. p. 61. 8205: 8198: 8191: 8187: 8184: 8180: 8176: 8173: 8168: 8161: 8157: 8152: 8150: 8148: 8140: 8136: 8132: 8128: 8121: 8115: 8109:, p. 39. 8108: 8103: 8095: 8089: 8084: 8083: 8077: 8070: 8063: 8059: 8054: 8046: 8042: 8035: 8028: 8023: 8016: 8015:Matyszak 2003 8011: 8004: 7999: 7993:, p. 43. 7992: 7987: 7981:, p. 42. 7980: 7975: 7969:, p. 40. 7968: 7963: 7957:, p. 39. 7956: 7951: 7945:, p. 37. 7944: 7939: 7933:, p. 36. 7932: 7927: 7925: 7923: 7915: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7889: 7883: 7877:, p. 32. 7876: 7871: 7864: 7859: 7853:, p. 31. 7852: 7847: 7841:, p. 29. 7840: 7835: 7828: 7823: 7815: 7809: 7805: 7804: 7795: 7789: 7785: 7784: 7775: 7769: 7765: 7764: 7756: 7748: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7730: 7726: 7722: 7714: 7710: 7706: 7702: 7698: 7694: 7690: 7686: 7682: 7676: 7674: 7658: 7654: 7648: 7644: 7630: 7624: 7615: 7606: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7593: 7590: 7586: 7582: 7578: 7574: 7570: 7566: 7564:0-1405-1076-1 7560: 7556: 7551: 7548: 7544: 7538: 7534: 7533: 7527: 7524: 7521: 7519:estimates 48. 7516: 7510: 7506: 7502: 7498: 7496:estimates 54. 7493: 7488: 7486:estimates 55. 7483: 7479: 7475: 7471: 7466: 7463: 7460: 7459: 7455: 7446: 7442: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7386: 7385: 7382: 7381: 7377: 7366: 7363: 7352: 7343: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7333:How Rome fell 7330: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7280: 7279:Michael Grant 7277: 7275: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7265: 7260: 7259:Edward Gibbon 7257: 7256: 7255: 7253: 7249: 7248: 7243: 7242: 7237: 7236: 7231: 7227: 7223: 7219: 7216:. During the 7215: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7202: 7198: 7194: 7187: 7183: 7180: 7178: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7165: 7162: 7159: 7158: 7153: 7150: 7148: 7147: 7142: 7141: 7136: 7133: 7130: 7126: 7125: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7114: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7103: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7083: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7072: 7067: 7066: 7061: 7060:Julius Caesar 7058: 7056: 7055: 7050: 7049: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7038: 7037:The Histories 7033: 7030: 7029: 7028: 7026: 7025: 7020: 7019: 7013: 7011: 7007: 7003: 6999: 6998: 6990: 6975: 6973: 6969: 6965: 6961: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6941: 6937: 6933: 6929: 6925: 6919: 6915: 6905: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6891: 6890: 6889:Cloaca Maxima 6885: 6881: 6877: 6876:flush toilets 6873: 6872: 6867: 6863: 6859: 6855: 6851: 6846: 6844: 6843: 6837: 6836:Roman legions 6832: 6824: 6820: 6815: 6811: 6809: 6805: 6801: 6795: 6793: 6789: 6785: 6780: 6779: 6773: 6769: 6765: 6761: 6757: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6719: 6714: 6712: 6708: 6704: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6668: 6666: 6665:trade secrets 6662: 6658: 6654: 6646: 6642: 6638: 6634: 6629: 6619: 6617: 6613: 6609: 6606: 6602: 6596: 6594: 6590: 6585: 6581: 6577: 6573: 6569: 6565: 6561: 6557: 6549: 6545: 6541: 6537: 6532: 6518: 6514: 6510: 6506: 6502: 6497: 6487: 6485: 6481: 6477: 6476: 6471: 6470: 6465: 6461: 6460: 6455: 6451: 6450: 6445: 6438: 6434: 6430: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6407: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6372: 6368: 6364: 6363:snail farming 6360: 6356: 6352: 6347: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6312: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6286: 6282: 6278: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6225: 6223: 6219: 6215: 6208: 6204: 6203:St Petersburg 6200: 6196: 6191: 6186: 6182: 6178: 6168: 6164: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6128: 6124: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6105: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6086: 6084: 6083: 6078: 6074: 6073: 6068: 6064: 6063: 6058: 6057: 6052: 6051: 6046: 6045: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6028: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6015:. During the 6014: 6009: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5986: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5956: 5952: 5951: 5945: 5938: 5937:Roman artwork 5934: 5930: 5925: 5920: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5884: 5880: 5878: 5874: 5868: 5866: 5865: 5860: 5857:), fairness ( 5856: 5852: 5848: 5843: 5832: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5821:Constantine I 5818: 5814: 5810: 5805: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5790: 5788: 5787:imperial cult 5784: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5767: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5753: 5748: 5747: 5742: 5738: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5676: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5652: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5560: 5550: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5503:Palatine Hill 5500: 5497: 5492: 5490: 5486: 5482: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5431: 5429: 5428: 5423: 5422: 5417: 5413: 5408: 5406: 5402: 5401:Julius Caesar 5398: 5392: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5378: 5374: 5369: 5367: 5366: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5344:post meridiem 5341: 5337: 5336:ante meridiem 5333: 5329: 5328: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5303: 5300: 5296: 5290: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5263: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5252: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5232: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5215: 5213: 5209: 5208: 5203: 5202: 5197: 5194:. During the 5193: 5189: 5188: 5180: 5176: 5173: 5172: 5166: 5159: 5158: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5125: 5123: 5118: 5116: 5115:Mediterranean 5112: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5083: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5064: 5059: 5055: 5054:central Italy 5051: 5047: 5043: 5040:system, with 5039: 5035: 5028: 5024: 5019: 5015: 5012: 5008: 5004: 4999: 4996: 4991: 4989: 4988:crop rotation 4985: 4981: 4977: 4974:, Sicily and 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4945: 4944: 4938: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4924:Roman finance 4921: 4917: 4907: 4905: 4901: 4895: 4893: 4892: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4874: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4852: 4848: 4843: 120 BC 4837: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4820: 4811: 4809: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4796: 4795: 4790: 4789: 4784: 4783: 4778: 4777: 4772: 4771: 4766: 4765: 4760: 4759: 4754: 4748: 4745: 4741: 4740: 4735: 4734: 4728: 4727: 4726:vexillationes 4721: 4716: 4712: 4711: 4706: 4705: 4700: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4662: 4660: 4659: 4654: 4653: 4648: 4646: 4641: 4640: 4635: 4634: 4629: 4625: 4624: 4618: 4616: 4615: 4610: 4606: 4605: 4600: 4589: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4564: 4557: 4553: 4552: 4547: 4543: 4532: 4527: 4525: 4520: 4518: 4513: 4512: 4510: 4509: 4506: 4496: 4495: 4483: 4482: 4478: 4476: 4475: 4471: 4469: 4468: 4464: 4463: 4460: 4459: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4447:Trajan's Wall 4445: 4443: 4442:Limes Moesiae 4440: 4438: 4435: 4434: 4431: 4428: 4427: 4424: 4423: 4419: 4418: 4415: 4414:Norican Limes 4412: 4411: 4408: 4405: 4404: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4365: 4364: 4363: 4359: 4358: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4342:Antonine Wall 4340: 4339: 4338: 4337: 4333: 4332: 4327: 4324: 4323: 4322: 4321: 4317: 4316: 4314: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4302: 4290: 4287: 4286: 4284: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4272: 4262: 4257: 4256: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4235: 4230: 4229:Siege engines 4227: 4225: 4224: 4220: 4219: 4217: 4216: 4213: 4210: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4198: 4190: 4187: 4186: 4182: 4177: 4176: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4155: 4153: 4152: 4149: 4146: 4145: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4130: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4111: 4109: 4108: 4105: 4102: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4075: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4065: 4057: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4026: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4011: 4006: 4005:Roman Emperor 4001: 3999: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3969: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3942: 3936: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3921: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3879: 3875: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3852: 3847: 3843: 3837: 3831: 3827: 3817: 3815: 3814: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3792: 3790: 3789: 3788:magister ludi 3784: 3780: 3779: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3764: 3759: 3751: 3747: 3744: 3740: 3736: 3731: 3721: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3690:cum suffragio 3687: 3683: 3679: 3674: 3672: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3657: 3654: 3649: 3647: 3643: 3642: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3624: 3622: 3621: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3530: 3520: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3509: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3495: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3481: 3476: 3471: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3447: 3437: 3435: 3431: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3410: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3350: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3290: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3176: 3167: 3158: 3149: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3082: 3072: 3070: 3069:ancient world 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3038:The reign of 3036: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2986: 2985:Constantine I 2982: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2962:Aula Palatina 2958: 2954: 2952: 2948: 2943: 2938: 2932: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2911: 2907: 2902: 2892: 2882: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2843:Gallic Empire 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2783: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2757: 2756:Gallic Empire 2753: 2748: 2743: 2733: 2731: 2728:and also the 2727: 2723: 2719: 2718: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2700: 2696: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2684: 2680: 2675: 2670: 2666: 2658: 2654: 2649: 2645: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2619: 2618:Severan Tondo 2614: 2610: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2549: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2512: 2507: 2503: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2483: 2479: 2477: 2476:Antonine Wall 2473: 2469: 2465: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2431: 2430:Antonine Wall 2427: 2422: 2418: 2416: 2412: 2411:Jewish revolt 2408: 2405:(near modern 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2331: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2276: 2272: 2267: 2258: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2239: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2228: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2202: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2164: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2145: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2119: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2098: 2094: 2089: 2080: 2077: 2071: 2070:rectrix mundi 2066: 2061: 2059: 2053: 2048: 2046: 2042: 2041:Julius Vindex 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2015:, London and 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1985:sacred groves 1982: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1952: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1909: 1907: 1903: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1887: 1886:Pater patriae 1882: 1878: 1874: 1866: 1862: 1861:client states 1856: 1852: 1850: 1846: 1845: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1831: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1807:. Poets like 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1765: 1761: 1760:standing army 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1744: 1731: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1699: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1688: 1680: 1679:Roman emperor 1676: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1652: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1621:Cleopatra VII 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1593: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1578:proscriptions 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1558: 1553: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1540: 1539: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1508: 1506: 1505: 1500: 1499:Ides of March 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1418: 1413: 1412: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1386: 1377: 1375: 1374:dictatorships 1371: 1365: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1284: 1280: 1275: 1273: 1268: 1267: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1249: 1244: 1240: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1200: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1170: 1161: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1140:Late Republic 1137: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1110: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1075: 1073: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1044: 1040: 1035: 1027: 1012: 1007: 1002: 996: 986: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 955: 953: 948: 944: 940: 936: 931: 929: 928: 923: 922: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 888: 886: 882: 878: 877: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 837: 833: 822: 818: 815: 808: 799: 795: 788: 778: 768: 765: 764: 758: 754: 753: 748: 737: 731: 729: 722: 718: 714: 711: 707: 702: 701:Roman Kingdom 682: 680: 676: 675: 670: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 649:Roma Quadrata 646: 642: 638: 637:founding myth 633: 631: 627: 626:Forum Boarium 623: 619: 615: 604: 603:Palatine Hill 600: 596: 572: 568: 561: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 530: 520: 505: 503: 499: 495: 494:architectural 491: 490:technological 487: 483: 482:United States 479: 477: 476: 469: 465: 461: 456: 454: 451: 447: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 409:North African 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 377: 375: 371: 367: 366:Roman Kingdom 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 310: 306: 302: 299: 293: 289: 286: 280: 276: 273: 269: 263: 259: 256: 250: 246: 243: 240: 236: 229: 223: 219: 214: 210: 207: 202: 198: 197: 196: 194: 190: 187: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 165: 161: 150: 147: 140: 137: 130: 127: 126: 124: 120: 115: 106: 97: 88: 77: 72: 68: 67: 62: 58: 53: 49: 44: 41: 37: 33: 19: 23495:Ancient Rome 23464:Western Bloc 23264:AUSCANNZUKUS 23220:Contemporary 23169:Human rights 23015:Latin Church 22989:Christianity 22939: 22898:Conservatism 22743:contemporary 22580:Architecture 22516:World War II 22476:Emancipation 22471:Abolitionism 22359:Romanization 22354:Roman legacy 22335:Roman Empire 22329: 22216:(1861–1946) 22194:Papal States 22022:Transpadania 21595:Stato da Màr 21277:Papal States 21188:Lombard rule 21152:Early Modern 21140:(395–476 AD) 21132:Roman Empire 21112:Ancient Rome 21111: 20804:Architecture 20774:Quattrocento 20731:Social class 20711:Prostitution 20625:Demographics 20547:Trade unions 20490:Central Bank 20332:Human rights 20312:Constitution 20095:Contemporary 20065:World War II 19953:Italian Wars 19877:Early modern 19819:Papal States 19797:Italy under 19743:Ancient Rome 19742: 19368:Dura-Europos 19328:: Heliopolis 19221:modern names 19169:Dura-Europos 18809:Ancient Rome 18808: 18762: 18717:Armenian War 18680:Roman Empire 18663:Perusine War 18655: 18591: 18570:Servile Wars 18565:Cimbrian War 18518:Galatian War 18437:Samnite Wars 18250:Andronikos V 18248: 18231: 18179: 18147: 18125: 18113: 18096: 18090: 18084: 18072: 18066: 17979: 17973: 17967: 17940: 17923: 17911: 17894: 17882: 17876: 17863:Nikephoros I 17838: 17837: 17831: 17798: 17795:Justinian II 17790:Tiberius III 17780:Justinian II 17771: 17765: 17748: 17700: 17672:Anastasius I 17663: 17607: 17603:Julius Nepos 17595: 17588: 17576: 17564: 17557: 17545: 17533: 17524: 17523: 17517: 17490: 17481: 17480: 17474: 17465:Theodosius I 17452: 17425: 17418: 17411: 17382:Maximinus II 17369: 17271: 17254: 17241: 17235: 17223: 17211: 17144: 17106:Lucius Verus 16911:Constitution 16893:Roman Empire 16851:Constitution 16813:Constitution 16753:Constitution 16740:Ancient Rome 16739: 16594:Gubernaculum 16563:Golden Bough 16532:Neoplatonism 16527:Epicureanism 16456: 16429: 16410: 16391: 16384: 16370: 15875:Anna Perenna 15849: 15731:Institutions 15595:Leptis Magna 15548:Major cities 15455:Philostratus 15242:Quadrigarius 15062:Rufus Festus 14925:Contemporary 14646:Romanization 14569:Architecture 14176:Collegiality 14025:Constitution 13876:Ancient Rome 13875: 13824:Ancient Rome 13804:Online books 13795:Ancient Rome 13794: 13777:. Routledge. 13774: 13762: 13714: 13708: 13699: 13690: 13670: 13660:. Blackwell. 13657: 13648: 13639: 13630: 13618: 13609: 13600:. Routledge. 13597: 13575: 13553: 13539: 13527: 13518: 13509: 13500: 13491: 13476:. Retrieved 13471: 13420: 13414: 13382: 13373: 13352: 13323: 13301: 13289:. Retrieved 13265: 13236: 13195: 13170: 13149: 13127: 13108: 13088: 13066: 13037:. New York: 13034: 13020: 12999: 12980: 12958: 12935: 12915: 12895: 12866: 12841: 12817: 12806: 12779: 12760: 12723: 12717: 12705: 12686: 12680: 12661: 12655: 12647:the original 12638: 12628: 12608: 12601: 12592: 12586: 12578: 12574: 12567: 12558: 12544: 12538: 12518: 12508: 12501: 12493: 12480:. Retrieved 12474: 12464: 12457: 12445:. Retrieved 12430: 12411: 12405: 12389: 12377:. Retrieved 12372: 12363: 12355: 12347: 12338: 12334: 12324: 12299: 12290: 12282: 12277: 12265: 12257:the original 12252: 12207:. 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17807:Philippicus 17757:Constans II 17682:Justinian I 17578:Severus III 17526:Constans II 17280:Claudius II 17256:Silbannacus 17203:Gordian III 17178:Maximinus I 17146:Diadumenian 16931:Magistrates 16883:Magistrates 16828:Magistrates 16790:Magistrates 16668:Persecution 16620:Gallo-Roman 16412:Res divinae 16284:Rhea Silvia 15726:Geographers 15410:Dioscorides 15390:Cassius Dio 15012:Cassiodorus 14915:Renaissance 14521:Agriculture 14493:Auxiliaries 14434:Engineering 14271:Magistrates 14123:Citizenship 14118:Mos maiorum 14053:Late Empire 13771:Wyke, Maria 13759:Woolf, Greg 13640:Roman Italy 13478:17 December 13467:Cassius Dio 13427:: 708–714. 13291:22 December 13198:: 549–563. 13152:. Penguin. 12983:. Phoenix. 12745:Works cited 12664:. Penguin. 12643:Kuusankoski 12394:Keegan 1993 12253:SPQR Online 12231:, pp. 12229:Casson 1998 12203:"Dalmatica" 12024:: 157–165. 11997:29 November 11946:29 November 11911:29 November 11820:29 November 11795:29 November 11770:29 November 11419:Willis 2000 11407:Willis 2000 11141:, pp. 11139:Casson 1998 11125:, pp. 11123:Casson 1998 10897:Potter 2004 10843:Mackay 2004 10831:Mackay 2004 10808:Flower 2004 10800:. pp. 10753:Mackay 2004 10742:Flower 2004 10656:Flower 2004 10648:. pp. 10625:, pp. 10623:Keegan 1993 10573:, pp. 10559:Werner 1978 10383:Abstract of 10019:, pp. 9825:"Chapter X" 9806:, pp. 9756:, pp. 9665:, LXXVI, 7. 9619:"Chapter I" 9581:Cassius Dio 9392:Suetonius, 9373:Suetonius, 9321:Scarre 1995 9260:20 November 9234:20 November 9201:20 November 9157:20 November 9123:20 November 9085:20 November 9048:20 November 8999:Suetonius, 8969:21 February 8889:Suetonius, 8791:, LVII, 12. 8768:Suetonius, 8733:Suetonius, 8714:Suetonius, 8553:Suetonius, 8368:, pp. 8302:, pp. 8243:6 September 8158:, pp. 8058:Magistratus 7662:5 September 7316:Ronald Syme 7164:Cassius Dio 6968:Renaissance 6831:Roman roads 6653:Middle Ages 6580:board games 6519:, Germany, 6355:aquaculture 6102:Herculaneum 6035:Greek music 6031:Roman music 5953:, from the 5783:sacred king 5731:(60–79 AD). 5563:The native 5513:and middle 5457:seven hills 5381:Constantine 5148:Roman Egypt 5095:commodities 5091:Roman roads 5068:Roman pound 5025:, built by 4871:quinquereme 4683:During the 4599:city-states 4352:Saxon Shore 3989:magistrates 3977:tax farming 3973:bureaucracy 3920:res publica 3796:grammaticus 3750:Herculaneum 3694:Roman tribe 3636:equestrians 3503:Jus gentium 3480:Jus gentium 3460:Justinian I 3414:Roman Forum 3337:during the 3279:Middle Ages 3136:, ruled by 3009:Middle Ages 2997:Constantine 2708:Cassius Dio 2642:Caledonians 2542:Cassius Dio 2511:Meditations 2395:Mesopotamia 2339:Dacian wars 2001:Camulodunum 1989:East Anglia 1949:Britannicus 1891:Civic Crown 1844:Pax Augusta 1625:Hellenistic 1562:Liberatores 1557:Divi filius 1538:Liberatores 1504:Liberatores 1266:lex Claudia 1261:equestrians 1257:tax farming 1114:Hellenistic 1039:Celtiberian 957:The Romans 855:magistrates 665:Tiber River 618:Roman Forum 475:res publica 433:Mesopotamia 385:River Tiber 144:(509–27 BC) 18:Roman Times 23489:Categories 23424:Rio Treaty 22935:Relativism 22893:Liberalism 22859:Empiricism 22811:Philosophy 22799:Secularism 22750:Philosophy 22687:Literature 22481:Capitalism 22073:Pontecorvo 22031:Monarchies 22017:Subalpinia 21982:Cispadania 21977:Cisalpinia 21959:Napoleonic 21666:(774–1139) 21578:(697–1797) 21280:(754–1870) 21242:(584–751) 21190:(568–774) 20939:Traditions 20929:Television 20914:Philosophy 20879:Literature 20819:Cathedrals 20789:Settecento 20650:Healthcare 20615:Corruption 20610:Censorship 20369:Parliament 20327:Government 20127:Maxi Trial 20075:Resistance 19804:Ostrogoths 19736:Messapians 19621:Villanovan 19611:Prehistory 19604:Prehistory 19443:See also: 19418:: Seleucia 19381:: Laodicea 19267:: Neronias 19114:Heliopolis 19018:Singidunum 18995:Mediolanum 18698:Gothic War 18459:Punic Wars 18447:Social War 18086:Andronikos 18074:Nikephoros 18023:Michael IV 17988:Romanos II 17908:Theophilos 17903:Michael II 17884:Staurakios 17868:Staurakios 17840:Nikephoros 17833:Artabasdos 17745:Heraclonas 17702:Theodosius 17660:Basiliscus 17420:Nepotianus 17413:Magnentius 17407:Constans I 17360:Severus II 17340:Diocletian 17285:Quintillus 17250:Aemilianus 17243:Volusianus 17188:Gordian II 17153:Elagabalus 17016:Principate 16959:Obligation 16926:Assemblies 16878:Assemblies 16823:Assemblies 16773:Centuriate 16763:Assemblies 16613:Variations 16515:Philosophy 16494:Capitolium 16401:Propertius 16168:Averruncus 16153:Aeternitas 16143:Abundantia 16072:Proserpina 15615:Mediolanum 15555:Alexandria 15520:Themistius 15485:Porphyrius 15312:Tertullian 15247:Quintilian 15237:Propertius 15132:Lactantius 15082:Fulgentius 15017:Censorinus 14839:Sanitation 14824:Metallurgy 14781:Technology 14746:Demography 14694:Patricians 14661:Spectacles 14619:Literature 14614:Hairstyles 14451:Technology 14201:Praefectus 14153:Government 14143:Litigation 14128:Auctoritas 14073:Centuriate 13960:Principate 13955:Pax Romana 13915:Foundation 13213:2268/35932 12581:, XI, 5–7. 12573:Plutarch, 12396:, p. 12341:: 137–143. 11933:HathiTrust 11706:Grant 2005 11642:. Norton. 10909:Elton 1996 10784:Elton 1996 10734:. p. 10487:, p. 10404:N.Morley, 10376:, p. 10314:, p. 10216:, p. 10151:, p. 10117:, 6, §3.; 10110:, 6, §4.; 10103:, 8, §2.; 9871:, XXXII.; 9286:, p. 9014:, XXXVIII. 8854:. p. 8753:, p. 8572:Plutarch, 8221:Miles 2011 8141:, XXIX, 2. 8133:Plutarch, 7731:(2): 222. 7639:References 7476:(3): 263. 7426:Roman army 7338:Mary Beard 7218:Napoleonic 7186:Res Gestae 6956:literature 6940:technology 6862:sanitation 6819:Appian Way 6622:Technology 6576:Dice games 6524: 2nd 6494:See also: 6437:Pudentiana 6414:See also: 6378:ientaculum 6324:Arab world 6297:green peas 6255:and other 6006:monochrome 5917:See also: 5842:compassion 5813:Diocletian 5802:Greek gods 5798:Roman gods 5717:triclinium 5637:punic wars 5625:vocabulary 5585:word stems 5547:patricians 5515:equestrian 5499:residences 5477:gymnasiums 5365:clepsydrae 5310:See also: 5265:In law, a 5144:gold glass 5107:Alexandria 4968:annexation 4956:free trade 4859:Roman navy 4836:Palastrina 4814:Roman navy 4802:Diocletian 4776:propraetor 4685:Principate 4674:stipendium 4588:Roman army 4586:The early 4556:chain mail 4383:Main Limes 4051:Roman navy 4047:Roman army 4015:autocratic 3946:patricians 3941:auctoritas 3925:Roman laws 3820:Government 3783:litterator 3706:Social War 3653:proletarii 3646:proletarii 3620:novus homo 3595:patriarchs 3591:patricians 3543:The Orator 3489:Jus civile 3475:Jus civile 3420:and later 3257:. General 3225:conquered 3106:barbarians 3056:Mediolanum 3025:Diocletian 2947:Principate 2910:Diocletian 2896:Diocletian 2879:Diocletian 2823:Asia Minor 2795:Gordian II 2704:Elagabalus 2689:Mary Beard 2674:Alexandria 2472:philosophy 2442:Mauretania 2232:Cappadocia 2029:Christians 2013:Colchester 2009:Verulamium 1889:, and the 1849:Pax Romana 1777:Germanicus 1733:Augustus ( 1696:Pax Romana 1548:Caesar as 1330:Social War 1248:latifundia 1225:Patricians 1146:Macedonian 1011:Punic Wars 999:See also: 995:Punic Wars 989:Punic Wars 973:, a major 912:patricians 885:patricians 661:Trojan War 645:Alba Longa 614:Capitoline 552:Alba Longa 450:autocratic 403:) and the 340:In modern 303:476/480 AD 193:Government 23369:Five Eyes 23364:EU–UK TCA 23206:Democracy 23095:Old Norse 22984:Abrahamic 22941:Peritrope 22923:Tolerance 22903:Socialism 22733:Mythology 22721:Classical 22670:Languages 22648:Astrology 22496:Modernism 22310:Old World 22048:Guastalla 22038:Benevento 21970:Republics 21825:Judicates 21673:Byzantine 21330:and other 21268:(585–698) 21260:(554–752) 21254:(554–752) 21248:(533–751) 21233:(584–751) 21184:(435–534) 21178:(493–553) 21172:(476–493) 21163:(476–774) 21097:Iapygians 20899:Mythology 20874:Libraries 20794:Ottocento 20736:Terrorism 20677:Languages 20630:Education 20552:Transport 20502:Companies 20409:Provinces 20379:President 20344:Judiciary 20317:Elections 20229:Volcanoes 20224:Volcanism 20217:Apennines 20202:Mountains 20170:Peninsula 20153:Geography 20084:Civil War 19809:Byzantium 19716:Etruscans 19651:Canegrate 19646:Golasecca 19631:Rinaldone 19626:Terramare 19616:Neolithic 19412:: Antioch 19393:: Palmyra 19322:: Berytus 19242:Jerusalem 19078:Ptolemais 19000:Placentia 18990:Florentia 18849:Londinium 18328:Classical 18313:Empresses 18297:(286–296) 18291:(267–273) 18285:(260–274) 18028:Michael V 17954:Alexander 17767:Heraclius 17735:Heraclius 17687:Justin II 17597:Glycerius 17584:Anthemius 17454:Procopius 17392:Martinian 17371:Maxentius 17300:Florianus 17273:Saloninus 17268:Gallienus 17237:Hostilian 17213:Philip II 17183:Gordian I 17131:Caracalla 17066:Vespasian 17061:Vitellius 16954:Roman law 16640:Mithraism 16625:Mysteries 16474:Palladium 16452:Festivals 16228:Securitas 16178:Concordia 16122:Vertumnus 15940:Dīs Pater 15837:mythology 15771:Quaestors 15701:Empresses 15691:Dynasties 15681:Dictators 15656:and other 15645:Volubilis 15640:Vindobona 15600:Londinium 15525:Theodoret 15495:Procopius 15475:Polyaenus 15450:Pausanias 15352:Vitruvius 15297:Symmachus 15292:Suetonius 15202:Petronius 15187:Obsequens 15152:Macrobius 15147:Lucretius 15072:Frontinus 15047:Eutropius 15032:Columella 14982:Augustine 14972:Appuleius 14920:Neo-Latin 14895:Classical 14886:Versions 14794:Aqueducts 14736:Patronage 14656:Sexuality 14629:Mythology 14604:Education 14594:Cosmetics 14419:Campaigns 14414:Structure 14367:Decemviri 14226:Imperator 13925:overthrow 13751:207965960 13342:16929915W 13253:1720-9331 12798:25033142M 12379:19 August 12209:12 August 12038:0065-6801 11890:, Brill, 11869:161471143 11861:2166-3033 11739:0894-8631 11453:11 August 11014:2 October 10362:Mehmet II 10062:12 August 9648:Cary 1967 9381:, VII, 3. 9370:, LXVI.; 9346:Suetonius 9274:Suetonius 9010:Tacitus, 8722:, XXI, 1. 8617:Roman Art 8594:bbc.co.uk 8076:"Book II" 7747:1076-156X 7705:0145-5532 7250:, all by 7230:Caesarean 7146:Histories 7119:Suetonius 7010:Civil War 6960:languages 6868:, called 6850:aqueducts 6823:Via Appia 6772:Vitruvius 6764:pozzolana 6734:composite 6703:Colosseum 6687:aqueducts 6601:Colisseum 6560:wrestling 6505:Gladiator 6336:New World 6277:asparagus 6271:, onion, 6259:(such as 6257:brassicas 6141:Vespasian 6082:hydraulis 5935:, Italy, 5893:Roman art 5877:pudicitia 5859:severitas 5855:clementia 5851:moderatio 5485:aqueducts 5471:. It had 5461:Colosseum 5383:. Romans 5352:horologia 5032:Although 4998:workers. 4995:quarrying 4980:olive oil 4943:fullonica 4904:limitanei 4849:) in the 4832:Praeneste 4782:proconsul 4744:foederati 4739:foederati 4710:limitanei 4699:Gallienus 4678:Civil War 4639:principes 4582:/ Germany 4368:Alb Limes 3966:quaestors 3915:oligarchy 3763:paedagogi 3760:, called 3724:Education 3718:dediticii 3714:Caracalla 3686:Roman law 3682:peregrini 3599:plebeians 3446:Roman law 3303:Justinian 3247:Britannia 3239:Gallaecia 3231:Visigoths 3191:entering 3189:Visigoths 3185:invasions 3044:Mardonius 3029:Byzantium 3001:Maxentius 2978:Christian 2917:Tetrarchy 2891:Tetrarchy 2855:Sassanids 2803:Hostilian 2791:Gordian I 2779:Mithraism 2771:pandemics 2767:invasions 2683:dediticii 2665:Caracalla 2655:from the 2653:Caracalla 2638:waged war 2587:Britannia 2546:decadence 2403:Ctesiphon 2214:Colosseum 2192:Vitellius 2144:imperator 2131:Jerusalem 2093:Vespasian 2025:Cleopatra 2017:St Albans 2005:Londinium 1797:Illyricum 1785:Aquitania 1781:Cantabria 1572:, in the 1485:leaders: 1483:optimates 1468:optimates 1417:optimates 1411:populares 1292:optimates 1288:populares 1239:provinces 1099:guerrilla 963:Etruscans 939:Po Valley 916:plebeians 896:quaestors 763:Jus Latii 721:Tarquinia 498:aqueducts 328:Justinian 268:Overthrow 211:diarchic 199:Elective 23429:Schengen 23359:Eurozone 23199:Property 23194:Religion 23085:Frankish 23075:Germanic 23055:Paganism 22976:Religion 22964:European 22876:Humanism 22779:Religion 22738:Painting 22704:Internet 22655:Folklore 22626:Clothing 22597:Calendar 22573:Cyrillic 22558:Alphabet 22521:Cold War 22007:Piedmont 21857:Oristano 21850:Logudoro 21840:Cagliari 21815:Sardinia 21548:Piedmont 21297:Holy See 21148:Medieval 21102:Picentes 21045:Samnites 20977:Category 20864:Internet 20854:Folklore 20784:Seicento 20769:Trecento 20764:Duecento 20726:Religion 20687:Regional 20665:Italians 20640:Gambling 20532:Taxation 20359:Military 20300:Politics 20102:Republic 19889:Florence 19814:Lombards 19753:Republic 19699:Samnites 19694:Picentes 19636:Apennine 19595:Railways 19575:Military 19523:By topic 19507:Overview 19491:articles 19416:Samandağ 19363:Damascus 19359:: Bostra 19297:: Gerasa 19291:: Gadara 19289:Umm Qais 19210:Neronias 19159:Neapolis 19124:Damascus 19104:Seleucia 19094:Laodicea 18954:Hispania 18903:Lugdunum 18867:Eboracum 18805:Colonies 18323:Usurpers 18318:Augustae 18276:See also 18181:Nicholas 18003:Basil II 17800:Tiberius 17785:Leontius 17773:Tiberius 17750:Tiberius 17728:610–1453 17723:Eastern/ 17677:Justin I 17630:Arcadius 17590:Olybrius 17572:Majorian 17513:Honorius 17492:Eugenius 17427:Vetranio 17377:Licinius 17350:Galerius 17345:Maximian 17330:Dominate 17320:Numerian 17290:Aurelian 17263:Valerian 17208:Philip I 17198:Balbinus 17193:Pupienus 17141:Macrinus 17116:Pertinax 17111:Commodus 17076:Domitian 17041:Claudius 17036:Caligula 17031:Tiberius 17026:Augustus 16783:Plebeian 16680:Glossary 16651:See also 16547:Stoicism 16522:Cynicism 16484:Pomerium 16443:Concepts 16425:Apuleius 16345:She-wolf 16329:Hersilia 16248:Victoria 16148:Aequitas 16102:Summanus 16092:Silvanus 16077:Quirinus 16007:Libertas 15970:Hercules 15915:Cloacina 15900:Carmenta 15895:Bona Dea 15870:Angerona 15865:Agenoria 15776:Tribunes 15766:Praetors 15716:Generals 15696:Emperors 15605:Lugdunum 15590:Eboracum 15580:Carthage 15565:Aquileia 15480:Polybius 15470:Plutarch 15440:Libanius 15430:Josephus 15425:Herodian 15317:Tibullus 15232:Priscian 15207:Phaedrus 15167:Manilius 15112:Jordanes 15097:Hydatius 15027:Claudian 15007:Catullus 14997:Boëthius 14992:Ausonius 14910:Medieval 14882:Alphabet 14854:Theatres 14829:Numerals 14814:Concrete 14804:Circuses 14771:Bagaudae 14761:Adoption 14756:Marriage 14729:Assembly 14634:Religion 14609:Folklore 14589:Clothing 14584:Calendar 14541:Currency 14531:Commerce 14429:Strategy 14391:Military 14377:Triumvir 14357:Dictator 14352:Interrex 14331:Governor 14316:Quaestor 14279:Ordinary 14261:Province 14251:Tetrarch 14241:Augustus 14206:Vicarius 14196:Officium 14133:Imperium 14083:Plebeian 14043:Republic 13965:Dominate 13932:Republic 13893:Timeline 13773:(1997). 13761:(2012). 13743:31699914 13717:(6466). 13668:(1982). 13629:(1990). 13608:(2005). 13596:(1994). 13574:(2008). 13552:(2003). 13490:(2007). 13459:31699931 13423:(6466). 13148:(2011). 13033:(2023). 12979:(2006). 12957:(1996). 12886:6786176M 12864:(2001). 12850:31515793 12840:(1995). 12759:(1998). 12687:Claudius 12441:Archived 11747:25542662 11575:(2005). 11246:Archived 11129:, 24–32. 11062:40311081 10141:22 March 9605:BBC News 9398:Domitian 9303:21 March 9007:, XVI.; 8895:Claudius 8776:, LXIII. 8774:Augustus 8739:Augustus 8720:Augustus 8686:(1911). 8559:Augustus 8536:Archived 8522:Archived 8396:Archived 8350:Archived 8337:(1889). 8319:22 March 8186:Archived 8175:Archived 7592:Archived 7581:4292284M 7503:(2007). 7348:See also 7292:Claudius 7173:Herodian 7152:Plutarch 7108:Josephus 7032:Polybius 6970:and the 6964:alphabet 6952:military 6932:religion 6918:Classics 6760:invented 6746:Etruscan 6711:Pantheon 6695:theatres 6661:Artisans 6593:leapfrog 6572:handball 6484:dalmatic 6480:Augustus 6456:was the 6400:prandium 6396:vesperna 6388:vesperna 6351:sausages 6346:fruits. 6338:and the 6328:capsicum 6320:eggplant 6309:cucumber 6305:cardoons 6289:parsnips 6281:radishes 6265:broccoli 6218:Republic 6094:brothels 6090:graffiti 6079:and the 6017:Antonine 6013:idealism 5998:Augustus 5967:frescoes 5779:auspices 5735:Archaic 5697:caduceus 5655:Religion 5589:alphabet 5565:language 5553:Language 5527:collegia 5511:plebeian 5496:imperial 5473:theatres 5469:Pantheon 5467:and the 5421:indictio 5373:nundinum 5356:sundials 5327:meridies 5299:Augustus 5271:potestas 5245:potestas 5192:adoption 5076:denarius 5021:View of 4764:quaestor 4715:legiones 4666:adsiduus 4623:maniples 4163:Admirals 4138:Generals 4069:a series 4067:Part of 4029:Military 4010:princeps 3993:dictator 3985:praefect 3891:Catilina 3889:attacks 3851:Imperium 3808:rhetoric 3579:freedmen 3556:rhetoric 3418:Republic 3375:Crusades 3359:Bulgaria 3355:Basil II 3333:and the 3319:Lombards 3287:Dalmatia 3217:saw the 3211:Stilicho 3146:Honorius 3140:and the 3138:Arcadius 3103:Germanic 3093:and the 3060:Honorius 3021:Licinius 3017:Alamanni 3015:and the 2981:basilica 2951:princeps 2942:Galerius 2937:Augustus 2925:Galerius 2921:Maximian 2904:A Roman 2875:Aurelian 2867:defeated 2851:Valerian 2847:Postumus 2799:Balbinus 2754:and the 2714:and the 2712:Herodian 2699:Macrinus 2651:Bust of 2599:donative 2538:Commodus 2468:rhetoric 2444:and the 2428:and the 2399:Seleucia 2367:Pantheon 2328:Commodus 2247:Domitian 2236:Scotland 2218:Josephus 2168:Claudius 2153:enslaved 2149:Josephus 2104:Flavians 2091:Bust of 1993:Boadicea 1973:Anglesey 1925:Claudius 1921:Caligula 1913:Claudius 1881:princeps 1877:Tiberius 1865:Germania 1825:Maecenas 1801:Pannonia 1793:Dalmatia 1764:princeps 1743:princeps 1724:Claudius 1720:Caligula 1716:Tiberius 1712:Augustus 1687:Augustus 1675:Augustus 1631:, which 1605:Hispania 1521:Octavius 1402:invasion 1314:Teutones 1312:and the 1306:Jugurtha 1283:tribunes 1213:dictator 1191:Teutones 1091:Hispania 1087:Hannibal 1067:Syracuse 1051:Carthage 1043:Numantia 971:Tarentum 967:hegemony 952:Camillus 904:praetors 892:tribunes 876:imperium 865:, and a 817:invasion 771:Republic 713:painting 710:Etruscan 542:suckled 540:she-wolf 425:Anatolia 405:Etruscan 358:collapse 285:Augustus 228:de facto 139:Republic 23274:Benelux 23179:Thought 23129:Atheism 23070:Finnish 23046:Culture 23041:Judaism 23003:Eastern 22999:Western 22994:Culture 22928:Paradox 22794:Decline 22755:Science 22631:History 22619:Studies 22602:Cuisine 22590:Periods 22550:Culture 22379:History 22345:Eastern 22340:Western 22291:culture 22088:Corsica 22078:Tuscany 22043:Etruria 21992:Liguria 21845:Gallura 21835:Arborea 21751:Lombard 21451:Tuscany 21441:Trieste 21077:Ligures 21038:Etruria 20934:Theatre 20909:Palaces 20889:Museums 20859:Gardens 20844:Fashion 20834:Cuisine 20814:Castles 20756:Culture 20706:Poverty 20682:Italian 20593:Society 20574:Welfare 20542:Tourism 20512:Exports 20480:Banking 20460:Economy 20448:Economy 20404:Regions 20286:Valleys 20256:Islands 20236:Beaches 20207:Prealps 20187:Geology 20175:Climate 19839:Normans 19799:Odoacer 19748:Kingdom 19731:Ligures 19667:Ancient 19641:Nuragic 19590:Postage 19565:Judaism 19555:Genetic 19545:Fashion 19540:Economy 19499:History 19410:Antakya 19379:Latakia 19375:: Emesa 19340:: Tyrus 19334:: Sidon 19326:Baalbek 19306:Lebanon 19231:and the 19190:Ascalon 19144:Sebaste 19119:Palmyra 19099:Antioch 19063:Berytus 18333:Eastern 18233:Matthew 18127:Alexios 17975:Stephen 17937:Basil I 17822:Leo III 17697:Maurice 17640:Marcian 17623:395–610 17547:Joannes 17506:395–480 17460:Gratian 17333:284–610 17315:Carinus 17295:Tacitus 17171:235–285 17091:Hadrian 16901:History 16846:History 16808:History 16768:Curiate 16748:History 16663:Decline 16587:Objects 16489:Temples 16469:Charity 16203:Laverna 16193:Fortuna 16183:Feronia 16112:Veritas 16082:Salacia 16067:Priapus 16052:Penates 16032:Neptune 16027:Minerva 16022:Mercury 15985:Jupiter 15925:Dea Dia 15890:Bellona 15845:Deities 15746:Legions 15706:Fiction 15676:Consuls 15671:Climate 15625:Ravenna 15620:Pompeii 15610:Lutetia 15575:Bononia 15570:Berytus 15560:Antioch 15535:Zosimus 15530:Zonaras 15505:Sozomen 15490:Priscus 15465:Photius 15307:Terence 15302:Tacitus 15287:Statius 15272:Servius 15257:Sallust 15212:Plautus 15192:Orosius 15172:Martial 15127:Juvenal 15102:Hyginus 15087:Gellius 14946:Writers 14877:History 14859:Thermae 14849:Temples 14799:Bridges 14766:Slavery 14714:Equites 14686:Society 14666:Theatre 14639:Deities 14599:Cuisine 14579:Bathing 14561:Culture 14536:Finance 14513:Economy 14404:Borders 14399:History 14301:Tribune 14296:Praetor 14186:Legatus 14181:Emperor 14068:Curiate 14038:Kingdom 14033:History 14009:History 13992:decline 13950:History 13920:Kingdom 13903:History 13888:Outline 13723:Bibcode 13721:: 673. 13710:Science 13450:7093155 13429:Bibcode 13416:Science 12447:22 July 12046:4238558 11032:due to 10757:Severan 10627:263–264 9947:"X–XVI" 9567:, V, 4. 9012:Annales 8897:, XVII. 8807:342–428 8696:(ed.). 8370:136–137 8283:(ed.). 7713:1170959 7573:4150954 7140:Annales 7135:Tacitus 7043:Sallust 6928:customs 6894:marshes 6871:thermae 6788:Mosaics 6683:bridges 6589:taverns 6556:jumping 6548:Sicilia 6538:girls" 6459:pallium 6449:paenula 6410:Fashion 6332:polenta 6316:spinach 6285:turnips 6253:cabbage 6214:Kingdom 6171:Cuisine 6121:tragedy 6098:Pompeii 6056:buccina 6021:Severan 6002:realism 5994:masonry 5979:Pompeii 5950:kithara 5933:Pompeii 5873:univira 5771:Flamens 5725:Pompeii 5719:in the 5713:Nephele 5693:Mercury 5621:grammar 5581:affixes 5531:taberna 5523:ghettos 5519:insulae 5434:Culture 5416:consuls 5389:calends 5360:solaria 5038:coinage 4976:Tunisia 4952:farming 4910:Economy 4900:classes 4891:navarch 4878:trireme 4788:legatus 4770:praetor 4753:consuls 4720:auxilia 4690:auxilia 4670:stipend 4658:equites 4652:velites 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