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1075:, a single sheet printed in double columns on both sides. It was written in the form of a dialogue between a Whig and a Tory (later Trimmer and Observator), with the bias on the side of the latter. During the six years of its existence, L'Estrange wrote with a consistent fierceness, meeting his enemies with personal attacks characterised by sharp wit. One of his main targets was Titus Oates, whose false allegations eventually brought about his conviction for perjury in 1685. The
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1236:: "It wounds the very heart of me, for I do solemnly protest in the presence of Almighty God that I knew nothing of it. As I was born and brought up in the communion of the church of England, so I have been true to it ever since, with a firm resolution with God's assistance to continue in the same to my life's end."
917:, the astrologer and occultist, had commented on the connection between comets and the death of princes in a draft to his 1670 almanac: comets indicated, wrote Lilly, "some dreadful matter at hand," and were "a prediction of the fall of kings and tyrants." The latter comment was removed from the draft by L'Estrange.
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which employed the language of anti-Court rhetoric for his own ends, and ultimately a 1680 Council of State hearing focused more on his reputation than on the substance of the Popish Plot. Oates's increasingly deranged accusations discredited his plots by the end of 1681 while attempts to replace the
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was no longer a mouthpiece for the Court, but represented a provincial
Toryism appealing to staunch former Cavaliers like L'Estrange who felt embittered by the Court's pandering to Oates, equivocation towards Whigs, and failure to reward their loyalty. After years dedicated to suppressing the press,
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led to a huge increase in demand for accurate and detailed news reporting from the literate public, which L'Estrange failed to satisfy. His publications were dominated by anti-Nonconformist rants and advertising, with readers believing his use of a large typeface covered up a lack of substance. This
928:
L'Estrange lacked
Berkenhead's independence and owed his position to Bennet's patronage. Within the periodicals he acted in favour of the Court's increasingly intolerant policy towards Nonconformity, with frequent and lengthy attacks on Nonconformist writers coupled with demands for information with
871:
officers and soldiers to suppress their activities. He soon came to be known as the "Bloodhound of the Press." His careful monitoring and control of nonconformist ideas and opinions succeeded not only in checking seditious publications, but also in limiting political controversy and reducing debate.
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in 1683 filled L'Estrange with a powerful sense of vindication as several leading Whigs were implicated in an assassination plot against
Charles II. His obsession with detecting subliminal messages in print between plotters and earlier assertions of a 'Presbyterian Plot' directed by shadowy cliques
1244:
L'Estrange has evaded sustained scholarly attention until recently. Until an essay anthology used his life and works as a way to explore wider issues of
Restoration culture and politics, he has not received much attention in his own right. The one full length biography used L'Estrange as a vehicle
993:
attacked what they saw as growing
Catholic and tyrannical tendencies at Court. Marvell coined the phrase 'Popery and Arbitrary Government' in a 1677 polemic which argued that excessive Catholic influence at court would lead to a 'Catholic' system of government based on superstition and tyrannical
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of Shaw, Berkshire. After her death in April 1694, he wrote to his grand-nephew: "Play and gaming company have been the ruin of her wretched self, her husband, and her family, and she dies with a broken heart...but...after all, never any creature lost a dearer wife." Only two of their children
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filled L'Estrange with ill-concealed glee and emboldened him to settle old scores as Titus Oates was increasingly the prime subject of his attacks. Throughout this period L'Estrange argued that there was no Popish Plot, with the only conspiracy being a
Nonconformist one of the sort depicted in
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who 'trimmed' between the Tory and Whig factions. This represented the culmination of a career-long tendency to attack moderates who craved respectability but were not wholly loyal to the Court and Tory cause. L'Estrange had long feared 'moderate' Presbyterians who enabled extremists and this
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As
Licenser and Surveyor, L'Estrange was charged with the prevention of the publication of dissenting writings, and authorised to search the premises of printers and booksellers on the merest suspicion of dissension. L'Estrange excelled at this, hunting down hidden presses and enlisting peace
1224:
survived into adulthood: Roger (who survived his father by just three months) and
Margery, an 'addle-headed and stubborn' child (her cousin, Nicholas L'Estrange, writing of "Her ignorant, rude and ill-behviour both to her father and to myself ..." in 1700). In February 1702 (
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From late 1665 to 1679 L'Estrange's polemical and literary output was limited. The 'satire boom' of the late 1660s took up much of his time in censorious duties, while he remained a prominent figure at Court. In particular he spent much time acting as a conduit between the
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regards to 'libellous' printing. His diatribes gave free publicity to
Nonconformist printers, but he also achieved some success in suppressing the prints after around 1664, particularly after the Nonconformist publishers Thomas Brewster and Nathan Dover died in prison.
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of 1662 which purged the Church of
England of its Presbyterian ministers led to Berkenhead's downfall to L'Estrange's benefit. Likewise, Nicholas was subject to an involuntary early retirement at the expense of Bennet who became a favoured statesman of Charles II.
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L'Estrange began writing a periodical aimed at a mass audience. He maintained an educational and paternalistic stance, arguing the paper was necessary to 'set the masses right' after seditious printings had turned them against their natural superiors.
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at the first event in 1678. The viol remained a lifelong love and throughout his career L'Estrange was known as 'Noll's Fiddler' after accusations he had played music for Oliver Cromwell before 1658, with the implication he was an unprincipled 'hack'.
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The dialogue format lent itself to being read aloud in public spaces, while the aggressive diatribes amused an audience who above all revelled in the drama and vitriol of Restoration politics. The execution in 1681 of the hardline Whig pamphleteer
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L'Estrange spent the first two years of the Restoration settling old scores against figures associated with the previous regime and bolstering his credentials as a Royalist writer and courtier. A typical pamphlet of this phase in his career was
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to harangue his opponents and act as a voice for a popular provincial Toryism during the 'Tory Reaction' of 1681–85. Despite serving as an MP from 1685 to 1689 his stock fell under James II's reign as his staunch hostility to religious
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repression. This played on contemporary Anglo-Scottish worldviews which relied on a construction of Catholicism as essentially foreign, tyrannical, and irrational or superstitious. The failure of Charles II's foreign policy in the
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which directly adopted the language of Whig anti-Catholicism by depicting Nonconformists as agents of the Pope who sought to attack the existing social order and introduce their own tyrannical regime, invoking memories of the
1041:'s confederates took up an increasing amount of his time. A rare concession to public feeling saw L'Estrange not attack Oates openly during the time of greatest hysteria in 1680–81, but attacks on related figures such as
945:, who wrested him from this lucrative post. Muddiman had worked under L'Estrange and used his free use of the postal service to send copies of his unofficial newsletters alongside the two official titles. The diarist
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Duke of York as heir with the Duke of Monmouth likewise failed. This period represented a major victory for the pro-Court faction, becoming known as 'Tories', but L'Estrange found himself increasingly out of favour.
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This episode damaged his reputation at Court, as did his increasingly vitriolic 'bantering' towards Oates's allies which ultimately inflamed the public mood. L'Estrange had damaged his case with works such as
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for a study into the 17th-century press, rather than as a character study of one of the few figures to be involved in English politics from the Civil War to the Glorious Revolution. His biographer,
1187:, among several other fabulists. The style is idiomatic and each fable is accompanied by a short moral and a longer reflection, which set the format for fable collections for the next century.
760:
under Royalist control. Roger L'Estrange's subsequent activities as a Royalist conspirator lead to him spending time in prison under sentence of death. He later played a leading role in the
874:
There were, however, notable excesses. Under L'Estrange, the antennae of state censorship prickled at the very mention of the monarch and he famously objected to the following lines from
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As a reward for his propaganda and his alignment with Bennet's rising star, L'Estrange was granted a warrant to seize seditious books or pamphlets in 1662 and in recognition of his
242:
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he directly appealed to provincial English patriotism, accusing London-based Whigs of using sophistry to attack the Crown to which loyal Englishmen owed their allegiance.
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to attack the Restoration court and the existing social order in order to pursue their own political ends. Following the Exclusion Crisis and the failure of the nascent
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of France as a role model for absolutist rule. Marvell and like-minded figures coalesced into the Whig faction during the Exclusion Crisis and advocated the removal of
1049:
became a heavy part of his work. Prance's accusation that L'Estrange was a Catholic led to a genuine fear for his safety and contributed towards his brief exile in
920:
In addition to these duties as press censor, L'Estrange began his journalistic career in earnest in 1663, when he was granted control over the official periodicals
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of 1688 and the collapse of the Restoration political order heralded the end of L'Estrange's career in public life, although his greatest translation work, that of
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he was appointed Surveyor of the Press the following year. Thereafter, also appointed Licenser of the Press, he retained both positions until the lapse of the
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954:
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he accused Marvell and other figures of playing to popular fears in order to sow social disorder and advance their own causes. His most striking work was
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1249:, argued that L'Estrange's works had no literary merit beyond as an example of vitriolic ranting taken to an art form. He followed the Whig historian
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until Cromwell died in 1658. By 1659, he was already making his presence as a Royalist known. He printed several pamphlets supporting a return of
1730:
Hinds, Peter (2002). "Roger L'Estrange, the Rye House Plot, and the regulation of political discourse in late Seventeenth-century London".
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and press censor. Throughout his life L'Estrange was frequently mired in controversy and acted as a staunch ideological defender of King
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The Licensing of the Press Act lapsed at a dangerous time for the Restoration regime, which now contended with the twin crises of the
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finally seemed proven correct. With the Whig faction broken by the Plot's discovery and execution of several prominent Whigs such as
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during 1680. An anonymous woodcut of the time mocked L'Estrange as 'Towzer', the Court's attack dog fleeing to his master the Pope.
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445:
851:, with L'Estrange coming under Bennet's patronage. The failure of Berkenhead to stem the tide of Nonconformist printing after the
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729:, serving as a Member of Parliament in a seat under their control. He was probably home-schooled for a time before attending
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989:. With no official post to censor 'libels' or attack critics of the Court, L'Estrange returned to polemic. Writers such as
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who characterised L'Estrange as little more than a bully and apologist for the Restoration court with a talent for abuse.
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with the Netherlands aligned English politics against France, while figures like Marvell feared Charles II saw
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1703) her father wrote to a friend, Sir Christopher Calthorpe, concerning the departure of Margery from the
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1153:, he lost all his offices and was arrested several times on suspicion of involvement in plots against him.
1010:, an open Catholic, from the royal succession in favour of the Protestant illegitimate son of Charles II,
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764:. This was defeated by parliamentarian troops and he fled to the Continent, finding refuge in Holland.
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noted approvingly that Muddiman's new titles included 'no folly' in contrast to L'Estrange's works.
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An account of the growth of knavery under the pretended fears of arbitrary government and popery..
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conflicted with James's goals of religious tolerance for both Catholics and Nonconformists. The
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Sir Roger L'Estrange: a contribution to the history of the press in the seventeenth century
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Writing and Religion in England, 1558-1689: Studies in Community-Making and Cultural Memory
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He also waged a struggle for official titles and courtly influence with the journalist Sir
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era. His works played a key role in the emergence of a distinct 'Tory' bloc during the
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faction to disinherit James, Duke of York in favour of Charles II's illegitimate son
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English pamphleteer and author, and staunch defender of royalist claims (1616–1704)
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The Popish Plot presented greater dangers to L'Estrange. From 1680 his attacks on
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662:(later King James II), placing them as fanatics who misused contemporary popular
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of Catholics, which put him at odds with the policy of the new king. After the
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during this period. They acted as proxies for a wider courtly struggle between
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Black Bartholomew's Day: Preaching, Polemic, and Restoration Nonconformity
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Love, Harold (28 April 2013). Johnson, Anthony W.; Sell, Roger D. (eds.).
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in formulating press regulation policy and repressing 'libellous' prints.
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L'Estrange inverted the language of Whiggish opposition to the Court. In
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Protestantism and National Identity: Britain and Ireland c.1650-c.1850
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L'Estrange now turned to writing again, and published translations of
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Considerations and Proposals in Order to the Regulation of the Press
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against the Scots. They later fought for the Royalist side in the
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Constituencies beginning with "W" – Leigh Rayment's Peerage Page
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Whig interlocuter with the Trimmer, a moderate figure such as
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An Account of the Growth of Popery and Arbitrary Government
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In 1702, he completed his acclaimed English translation of
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of 1679–81. Perhaps his best known polemical pamphlet was
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Abbott, Wilbur Cortez (1941). "The Restoration Press".
1523:(New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1994), p. 173
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Roger L'Estrange and the Making of Restoration Culture
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A Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature
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and attacked various Commonwealth writers, including
717:. His mother ran the estate and his father served as
634:(17 December 1616 – 11 December 1704) was an English
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In 1653, he returned to England, with a pardon from
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literature and his lifelong passion for playing the
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Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society
1532:Ken Simpson, 'The Apocalypse in Paradise Lost', in
19:For the similarly named 13th-century nobleman, see
1506:Joad Raymond, 'The Literature of Controversy', in
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1999:
1312:"Fables of Aesop and other eminent mythologists"
1179:(1669). This notably included nearly all of the
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847:who contended for influence in the regime under
1510:, ed. Thomas N. Corns (Blackwell, 2003), p. 209
957:, who had extensive censorship duties, and the
787:for his role in philosophically justifying the
1864:. Vol. 33. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
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1619:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 34–35.
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985:and the hysteria generated by the fabricated
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1443:, London: J. M. Dent & Sons – via
1392:. Manchester University Press. p. 186.
1133:from 1685 to 1689. However, though a fierce
902:On half the Nations, and with fear of change
356:
1778:Hist. MSS Comm. 11th Report pt. vii. p.112.
1113:represented a natural culmination of them.
896:Shorn of his Beams, or from behind the Moon
748:In 1639, both father and son fought in the
1450:
1334:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. pp. 411–.
1172:, besides his master-work of this period,
619:
605:
43:
1573:"Diary of Samual Pepys, 22 November 1665"
1219:L'Estrange married Anne, daughter of Sir
1787:Norfolk Record Office, le Strange Papers
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899:In dim Eclips disastrous twilight sheds
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1632:The Committee, or Popery in Masquerade
1587:Noll's Fiddler Running from Parliament
1494:
1482:
1461:Anne Dunan-Page and Beth Lynch (eds),
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1129:and became a member of parliament for
1110:George Savile, 1st Marquess of Halifax
968:found his concert series, playing the
937:left him vulnerable to an intrigue by
893:Looks through the Horizontal misty Air
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1383:
1381:
1327:
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1288:
1847:
1521:Milton and the Revolutionary Reader
1279:
1197:. Additionally he wrote a 'Key' to
1019:An Account of the Growth of Knavery
841:Henry Bennet, 1st Earl of Arlington
656:An Account of the Growth of Knavery
13:
1912:Works by or about Roger L'Estrange
849:Edward Hyde, 3rd Earl of Clarendon
725:of Norfolk, and was allied to the
14:
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2038:17th-century English male writers
1869:
1378:
1285:
1012:James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth
1928:
1887:
1875:
1861:Dictionary of National Biography
1704:"The Observator". 13 April 1681.
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955:Worshipful Company of Stationers
735:Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge
674:, L'Estrange used his newspaper
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171:Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge
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964:At this period, too, he helped
709:, Norfolk, the youngest son of
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1177:and Other Eminent Mythologists
824:, who had edited the official
762:1648 Royalist uprising in Kent
1:
1921:Works by Roger L'Estrange
1820:
1559:The King's Journalist 1659-89
977:Crisis and reaction – 1679–85
820:a lengthy diatribe attacking
701:Roger L'Estrange was born at
696:
54:
2033:17th-century English writers
1465:(Aldershot, Ashgate, 2008),
7:
1927:(public domain audiobooks)
1534:Milton and the Ends of Time
1203:, a 17th-century satire by
1069:In 1681 L'Estrange founded
828:from 1655 under Cromwell's
799:Restoration years – 1660–79
693:, saw publication in 1692.
672:James, 1st Duke of Monmouth
571:Traditionalist conservatism
10:
2074:
1715:L'Estrange, Roger (1681).
1689:L'Estrange, Roger (1680).
1662:L'Estrange a Papist proved
1645:L'Estrange, Roger (1680).
1630:L'Estrange, Roger (1680).
1370:L'Estrange, Roger (1660).
1355:L'Estrange, Roger (1660).
1310:L'Estrange, Roger (1692).
1295:L'Estrange, Roger (1678).
1104:, L'Estrange replaced the
1028:Rule of the Major-Generals
865:Licensing of the Press Act
783:in a 1660 pamphlet titled
49:Portrait of L'Estrange by
18:
1981:
1960:Member of Parliament for
1958:
1945:
1938:
1903:Works by Roger L'Estrange
1851:"L'Estrange, Roger"
1768:Available on Google Books
1589:. 1680. pp. Drawing.
1413:Surveyor of the Imprimery
1251:Thomas Babington Macaulay
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890:As when the Sun new ris'n
556:Spanish American royalism
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2018:English male journalists
1717:Notes on Stephen College
1600:Marvell, Andrew (1677).
1557:Muddiman, J. G. (1923).
1256:
1121:In 1685, L'Estrange was
922:The Public Intelligencer
431:1st Viscount Bolingbroke
366:Conservative corporatism
1546:"Newes". 28 April 1664.
1388:Appleby, David (2008).
754:First English Civil War
664:anti-Catholic sentiment
317:Traditional Catholicism
2053:People from Hunstanton
1660:Prance, Miles (1679).
1615:Claydon, Tony (1998).
934:Second Anglo-Dutch War
812:
446:1st Duke of Wellington
357:
2023:English MPs 1685–1687
1940:Parliament of England
1796:Sloane MS 4222, p. 14
1744:10.1093/library/3.1.3
1691:L'Estrange his appeal
1508:A Companion to Milton
1095:The discovery of the
1091:Popery in Masquerade.
996:Third Anglo-Dutch War
806:
771:and lived quietly in
646:'s regime during the
426:1st Earl of Rochester
416:1st Earl of Clarendon
371:Divine right of kings
1985:Lord William Powlett
1894:Roger L'Estrange
1884:at Wikimedia Commons
1848:Lee, Sidney (1893).
1431:Cousin, John William
1185:Laurentius Abstemius
1143:religious toleration
1023:Popery in Masquerade
715:Sir Hamon L'Estrange
632:Sir Roger L'Estrange
67:Member of Parliament
2048:English translators
1519:Sharon Achinstein,
1435:Estrange, Sir Roger
1147:Glorious Revolution
1008:James, Duke of York
905:Perplexes Monarchs.
687:Glorious Revolution
660:James, Duke of York
352:Cavalier Parliament
193:Newspaper publisher
51:John Michael Wright
33:The Right Honorable
1892:Works by or about
1561:. pp. 164–66.
1158:Seneca the Younger
813:
2058:Le Strange family
2028:Pardon recipients
1996:
1995:
1982:Succeeded by
1954:Sir John Cloberry
1907:Project Gutenberg
1880:Media related to
1341:978-1-4094-7559-0
1230:Church of England
1209:English Civil War
1141:, he opposed the
939:Joseph Williamson
822:Marchamont Nedham
723:Deputy Lieutenant
629:
628:
466:Winston Churchill
270:Counterrevolution
216:
215:
2065:
1946:Preceded by
1936:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1916:Internet Archive
1891:
1882:Roger l'Estrange
1879:
1865:
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1813:. pp. i–ix.
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1403:
1385:
1376:
1375:
1367:
1361:
1360:
1357:No Blinde Guides
1352:
1346:
1345:
1325:
1316:
1315:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1292:
1283:
1277:
1194:Flavius Josephus
1063:Citt and Bumpkin
1032:Citt and Bumpkin
998:and the ensuing
983:Exclusion Crisis
785:No Blinde Guides
727:dukes of Norfolk
711:Alice L'Estrange
652:Exclusion Crisis
621:
614:
607:
490:
461:G. K. Chesterton
441:3rd Earl of Bute
421:Roger L'Estrange
405:
362:
341:
254:
245:
234:
218:
217:
207:English Royalist
198:Military service
160:
156:Hamon L'Estrange
154:
150:Hamon le Strange
122:
119:11 December 1704
107:17 December 1616
106:
104:
92:Personal details
81:
56:
47:
37:Roger L'Estrange
28:
27:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2062:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1973:
1965:
1956:
1952:
1929:
1872:
1823:
1818:
1807:Kitchin, George
1804:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1777:
1773:
1766:
1762:
1755:
1751:
1728:
1724:
1713:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1687:
1683:
1676:The Timeservers
1674:
1673:
1669:
1658:
1654:
1643:
1639:
1628:
1624:
1613:
1609:
1598:
1594:
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1477:
1460:
1451:
1422:
1418:
1411:
1407:
1400:
1386:
1379:
1368:
1364:
1353:
1349:
1342:
1326:
1319:
1308:
1304:
1293:
1286:
1278:
1263:
1259:
1242:
1217:
1175:Fables of Aesop
1119:
1102:William Russell
1086:Stephen College
979:
845:Edward Nicholas
837:John Berkenhead
818:A Rope for Pol,
801:
769:Oliver Cromwell
703:Hunstanton Hall
699:
625:
596:
595:
591:Veronese Easter
491:
488:
481:
480:
456:Stanley Baldwin
406:
403:
396:
395:
386:Oxford Movement
342:
339:
332:
331:
306:Noblesse oblige
290:Interventionism
255:
253:Characteristics
252:
232:
223:Politics series
192:
158:
152:
136:Political party
120:
108:
102:
100:
82:
77:
68:
58:
38:
35:
24:
21:Roger Lestrange
17:
12:
11:
5:
2071:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
1994:
1993:
1990:Francis Morley
1983:
1980:
1977:Charles Hanses
1957:
1949:James Annesley
1947:
1943:
1942:
1934:
1933:
1918:
1909:
1900:
1885:
1871:
1870:External links
1868:
1867:
1866:
1845:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1798:
1789:
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1760:
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1707:
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1538:
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1405:
1398:
1377:
1372:A rope for Pol
1362:
1347:
1340:
1317:
1302:
1284:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1247:George Kitchin
1241:
1238:
1234:church of Rome
1216:
1213:
1118:
1115:
1097:Rye House Plot
1072:The Observator
991:Andrew Marvell
978:
975:
966:Thomas Britton
959:House of Lords
943:Henry Muddiman
911:
910:
909:
908:
907:
906:
903:
900:
897:
894:
891:
853:Great Ejection
811:of 11 May 1681
809:The Observator
800:
797:
698:
695:
691:Aesop's Fables
677:The Observator
627:
626:
624:
623:
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566:Tory socialism
563:
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489:Related topics
487:
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463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
436:Samuel Johnson
433:
428:
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394:
393:
388:
383:
378:
376:Family Compact
373:
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359:Château Clique
354:
349:
343:
340:General topics
338:
337:
334:
333:
330:
329:
324:
319:
314:
312:Traditionalism
309:
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123:(aged 87)
117:
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110:Old Hunstanton
98:
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40:
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9:
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2:
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2024:
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2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
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2003:
1991:
1986:
1979:
1978:
1972:
1968:
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1535:
1529:
1522:
1516:
1509:
1503:
1497:, p. 44.
1496:
1491:
1485:, p. 35.
1484:
1479:
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1471:9780754658009
1468:
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1221:Thomas Dolman
1212:
1210:
1206:
1205:Samuel Butler
1202:
1201:
1196:
1195:
1192:The works of
1188:
1186:
1182:
1181:Hecatomythium
1178:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1152:
1149:in favour of
1148:
1144:
1140:
1139:High Anglican
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1114:
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1103:
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1013:
1009:
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1000:rapprochement
997:
992:
988:
984:
974:
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962:
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948:
944:
940:
935:
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927:
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915:William Lilly
904:
901:
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895:
892:
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880:Paradise Lost
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862:
857:
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833:
831:
827:
823:
819:
810:
807:L'Estrange's
805:
796:
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790:
786:
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765:
763:
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751:
750:Bishops' Wars
746:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
694:
692:
688:
684:
683:nonconformism
679:
678:
673:
669:
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444:
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439:
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429:
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424:
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417:
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412:
411:Robert Filmer
409:
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367:
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328:
325:
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318:
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244:
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236:
235:
229:
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208:
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201:
196:
188:
185:
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172:
169:
167:
163:
157:
151:
148:
144:
141:
138:
134:
130:
126:
118:
114:
111:
99:
95:
90:
86:
80:
75:
72:
65:
61:
52:
46:
41:
34:
29:
26:
22:
1975:
1959:
1859:
1832:
1828:
1810:
1801:
1792:
1783:
1774:
1763:
1752:
1735:
1731:
1725:
1716:
1710:
1699:
1690:
1684:
1675:
1670:
1664:. p. 3.
1661:
1655:
1646:
1640:
1634:. p. 1.
1631:
1625:
1616:
1610:
1601:
1595:
1586:
1581:
1567:
1558:
1552:
1541:
1533:
1528:
1520:
1515:
1507:
1502:
1490:
1478:
1462:
1438:
1419:
1408:
1389:
1371:
1365:
1356:
1350:
1330:
1305:
1296:
1243:
1218:
1198:
1191:
1189:
1180:
1173:
1169:
1161:
1155:
1120:
1117:Later career
1106:Observator's
1105:
1094:
1090:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1068:
1062:
1059:
1047:Israel Tonge
1043:Miles Prance
1036:
1031:
1022:
1018:
1016:
999:
980:
963:
951:
947:Samuel Pepys
931:
925:
921:
919:
912:
879:
873:
869:
860:
858:
834:
830:Protectorate
817:
814:
808:
784:
766:
747:
731:Eton College
700:
675:
655:
631:
630:
576:Ultra-Tories
516:Distributism
511:Conservatism
476:George Grant
471:Enoch Powell
451:Walter Scott
420:
304:
285:High culture
230:
221:Part of the
121:(1704-12-11)
78:
25:
2013:1704 deaths
2008:1616 births
1856:Lee, Sidney
1732:The Library
1495:Abbott 1941
1483:Abbott 1941
1215:Family life
1151:William III
1039:Titus Oates
987:Popish Plot
882:, Book I:
781:John Milton
758:King's Lynn
648:Restoration
636:pamphleteer
546:Reactionary
279:Anglicanism
275:High Church
260:Agrarianism
186:Pamphleteer
128:Nationality
2002:Categories
1962:Winchester
1898:Wikisource
1821:References
1445:Wikisource
1131:Winchester
1077:Observator
777:Charles II
739:Humanistic
707:Hunstanton
697:Early life
644:Charles II
638:, author,
586:Viva Maria
561:Sanfedismo
526:Legitimism
381:Jacobitism
300:Monarchism
265:Classicism
203:Allegiance
189:Translator
177:Occupation
166:Alma mater
103:1616-12-17
71:Winchester
2043:Cavaliers
1835:: 22–54.
1433:(1910), "
1374:. London.
1359:. London.
1299:. London.
1055:The Hague
1051:Edinburgh
1004:Louis XIV
926:The News.
913:In 1668,
867:in 1679.
793:Charles I
733:and then
541:Pink Tory
536:Miguelism
521:High Tory
506:Cristeros
391:Powellism
347:Cavaliers
159:(brother)
146:Relations
83:1685–1689
79:In office
1925:LibriVox
1841:25080347
1809:(1923).
1738:: 3–31.
1280:Lee 1893
1200:Hudibras
1127:James II
1123:knighted
826:newsbook
791:of King
789:regicide
640:courtier
581:Vendéens
551:Red Tory
531:Loyalism
327:Unionism
322:Royalism
295:Loyalism
153:(father)
1914:at the
1858:(ed.).
1678:. 1680.
1232:to the
1207:on the
1170:Offices
773:Norfolk
719:Sheriff
501:Chouans
496:Carlism
404:People
233:Toryism
131:English
1974:With:
1839:
1469:
1428:
1396:
1338:
1240:Legacy
1166:Cicero
1162:Morals
876:Milton
183:Author
1854:. In
1837:JSTOR
1473:, p.1
1257:Notes
1030:. In
1971:1689
1967:1685
1467:ISBN
1394:ISBN
1336:ISBN
1226:N.S.
1164:and
1137:and
1135:Tory
1053:and
1045:and
970:viol
941:and
932:The
924:and
843:and
743:viol
721:and
713:and
668:Whig
140:Tory
116:Died
97:Born
69:for
57:1680
1987:and
1951:and
1923:at
1905:at
1896:at
1740:doi
1437:",
1183:of
1168:'s
1160:'s
1125:by
878:'s
2004::
1833:67
1831:.
1734:.
1452:^
1380:^
1320:^
1287:^
1264:^
1014:.
832:.
795:.
745:.
705:,
225:on
55:c.
53:,
1969:–
1843:.
1746:.
1742::
1736:3
1719:.
1649:.
1604:.
1575:.
1402:.
1344:.
1314:.
1282:.
620:e
613:t
606:v
281:)
277:(
105:)
101:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
