518:. Although the synthesis was publicized as a breakthrough in procuring the hard to get medicinal compound from Japanese occupied southeast Asia, in reality it was too long and tedious to adopt on a practical scale. Nevertheless, it was a landmark for chemical synthesis. Woodward's particular insight in this synthesis was to realize that the German chemist Paul Rabe had converted a precursor of quinine called quinotoxine to quinine in 1905. Hence, a synthesis of quinotoxine (which Woodward actually synthesized) would establish a route to synthesizing quinine. When Woodward accomplished this feat, organic synthesis was still largely a matter of trial and error, and nobody thought that such complex structures could actually be constructed. Woodward showed that organic synthesis could be made into a rational science, and that synthesis could be aided by well-established principles of reactivity and structure. This synthesis was the first one in a series of exceedingly complicated and elegant syntheses that he would undertake.
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multicolored chalk. Typically, to begin a lecture, Woodward would arrive and lay out two large white handkerchiefs on the countertop. Upon one would be four or five colors of chalk (new pieces), neatly sorted by color, in a long row. Upon the other handkerchief would be placed an equally impressive row of cigarettes. The previous cigarette would be used to light the next one. His
Thursday seminars at Harvard often lasted well into the night. He had a fixation with blue, and many of his suits, his car, and even his parking space were coloured in blue.
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677:', producing a compound with a defined stereochemistry. While today a typical synthetic route routinely involves such a procedure, Woodward was a pioneer in showing how, with exhaustive and rational planning, one could conduct reactions that were stereoselective. Many of his syntheses involved forcing a molecule into a certain configuration by installing rigid structural elements in it, another tactic that has become standard today. In this regard, especially his syntheses of reserpine and strychnine were landmarks.
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447:'s then widely used textbook of experimental organic chemistry. In 1928, Woodward contacted the Consul-General of the German consulate in Boston (Baron von Tippelskirch ), and through him, managed to obtain copies of a few original papers published in German journals. Later, in his Cope lecture, he recalled how he had been fascinated when, among these papers, he chanced upon Diels and Alder's original communication about the
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reasoning. He showed me that one does not need to specialize. Woodward made great contributions to the strategy of synthesis, to the deduction of difficult structures, to the invention of new chemistry, and to theoretical aspects as well. He taught his students by example the satisfaction that comes from total immersion in our science. I treasure the memory of my association with this remarkable chemist.
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Woodward had an encyclopedic knowledge of chemistry, and an extraordinary memory for detail. Probably the quality that most set him apart from his peers was his remarkable ability to tie together disparate threads of knowledge from the chemical literature and bring them to bear on a chemical problem.
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During his lifetime
Woodward authored or coauthored almost 200 publications, of which 85 are full papers, the remainder comprising preliminary communications, the text of lectures, and reviews. The pace of his scientific activity soon outstripped his capacity to publish all experimental details, and
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Woodward won the Nobel Prize in 1965 for his synthesis of complex organic molecules. He had been nominated a total of 111 times from 1946 to 1965. In his Nobel lecture, he described the total synthesis of the antibiotic cephalosporin, and claimed that he had pushed the synthesis schedule so that it
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among others had investigated the mechanisms of organic reactions, and had come up with empirical rules which could predict reactivity of organic molecules. Woodward was perhaps the first synthetic organic chemist who used these ideas as a predictive framework in synthesis. Woodward's style was the
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In one of his laboratories, his students hung a large black and white photograph of the master from the ceiling, complete with a large blue "tie" appended. There it hung for some years (early 1970s), until scorched in a minor laboratory fire. He detested exercise, could get along with only a few
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in Zurich, a team of almost one hundred students and postdoctoral workers worked for many years on the synthesis of this molecule. The work was finally published in 1973, and it marked a landmark in the history of organic chemistry. The synthesis included almost a hundred steps, and involved the
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Prof. Robert Burns
Woodward, the Harvard chemist who synthesized quinine, cortisone and rauwolfia, has now achieved one of the greatest triumphs in chemistry – the total synthesis of chlorophyll, the green pigment that captures the energy of sunlight for the creation of the food for all things
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I owe a lot to R. B. Woodward. He showed me that one could attack difficult problems without a clear idea of their outcome, but with confidence that intelligence and effort would solve them. He showed me the beauty of modern organic chemistry, and the relevance to the field of detailed careful
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Many of
Woodward's syntheses were described as spectacular by his colleagues and before he did them, it was thought by some that it would be impossible to create these substances in the lab. Woodward's syntheses were also described as having an element of art in them, and since then, synthetic
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His lectures frequently lasted for three or four hours. His longest known lecture defined the unit of time known as the "Woodward", after which his other lectures were deemed to be so many "milli-Woodwards" long. In many of these, he eschewed the use of slides and drew structures by using
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from 1937 to 1938, and remained at
Harvard in various capacities for the rest of his life. In the 1960s, Woodward was named Donner Professor of Science, a title that freed him from teaching formal courses so that he could devote his entire time to research.
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characteristic rigorous planning and analyses that had always characterised
Woodward's work. This work, more than any other, convinced organic chemists that the synthesis of any complex substance was possible, given enough time and planning (see also
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Robert Burns
Woodward and the Art of Organic Synthesis: To Accompany an Exhibit by the Beckman Center for the History of Chemistry (Publication / Beckman Center for the History of Chemistry); Mary E. Bowden; Chemical Heritage Foundation, March
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or the particular configuration of molecules in three-dimensional space. Most natural products of medicinal importance are effective, for example as drugs, only when they possess a specific stereochemistry. This creates the demand for
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much of the work in which he participated was not published until a few years after his death. Woodward trained more than two hundred Ph.D. students and postdoctoral workers, many of whom later went on to distinguished careers.
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and Avery Adrian Morton, although it is not clear whether he actually took any of their advice. After a short postdoctoral stint at the
University of Illinois, he took a Junior Fellowship at
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Federman Neto, A.; Pelegrino, A. C.; Darin, V. A. (2004). "Ferrocene: 50 Years of
Transition Metal Organometallic Chemistry — From Organic and Inorganic to Supramolecular Chemistry".
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For an imaginative new approach to the synthesis of complex organic molecules and, especially, for his brilliant syntheses of strychnine, reserphine, lysergic acid, and chlorophyll.
455:(MIT), but neglected his formal studies badly enough to be excluded at the end of the 1934 fall term. MIT readmitted him in the 1935 fall term, and by 1936 he had received the
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in the elucidation of the structure of natural products. Woodward collected together a large amount of empirical data, and then devised a series of rules later called the
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chemists have always looked for elegance as well as utility in synthesis. His work also involved the exhaustive use of the then newly developed techniques of
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Robert Burns
Woodward: Architect and Artist in the World of Molecules; Otto Theodor Benfey, Peter J. T. Morris, Chemical Heritage Foundation, April 2001.
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inspiration for the work of hundreds of successive synthetic chemists who synthesized medicinally important and structurally complex natural products.
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This marriage, which lasted until 1972, produced a daughter, and a son: Crystal Elisabeth (b. 1947), and Eric Richard Arthur (b. 1953).
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Craig, G. Wayne (2011). "The Woodward Research Institute, Robert Burns Woodward (1917–1979) and Chemistry behind the Glass Door".
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and chemical degradation to determine the structures of complicated molecules. Notable among these structure determinations were
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In 1938, he married Irja Pullman; they had two daughters: Siiri Anna (b. 1939) and Jean Kirsten (b. 1944). In 1946, he married
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North Jersey Section American Chemical Society – see section Current & Past Recipients of the Leo Hendrik Baekeland Award
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at Oxford and then investigated by other groups, as well (e.g., Shell). Woodward at first endorsed an incorrect tricyclic (
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The first major contribution of Woodward's career in the early 1940s was a series of papers describing the application of
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which grew into an industrially very significant field. Wilkinson won the Nobel Prize for this work in 1973, along with
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in 1962, and membership in academies around the world. He was also a consultant to many companies such as Polaroid,
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fused, amino bridged oxazinone) structure put forth by the penicillin group at Peoria. Subsequently, he put his
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Todd, L.; Cornforth, J.; T., A. R.; C., J. W. (1981). "Robert Burns Woodward. 10 April 1917-8 July 1979".
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In the early 1960s, Woodward began work on what was the most complex natural product synthesized to date—
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George B. Kauffman (2004). "Organic Synthesizer par excellence – On the 25th Anniversary of His Death".
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For his work, Woodward received many awards, honors and honorary doctorates, including election to the
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Remembering organic chemistry legend Robert Burns Woodward Famed chemist would have been 100 this year
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Philippe Hiberty and NguyĂŞn Trong Anh, Editions Ecole Polytechnique Renaud-Bray (2008) p.115
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http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/woodward-robert-b.pdf
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By Bethany Halford C&EN Volume 95 Issue 15 | pp. 28–34 Issue Date: April 10, 2017
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Putnam, Robert C. (2001). Benfey, Otto Theodor; Turnbull Morris, Peter John (eds.).
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Woodward R. B.; Sondheimer F.; Taub D. (1951). "The Total Synthesis of Cortisone".
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Hanbury Memorial Medal from The Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain in 1970
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on the penicillin project. Although often given credit for proposing the
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Pius XI Gold Medal, from the Pontifical Academy of Sciences in 1969
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Video podcast of Robert Burns Woodward talking about cephalosporin
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in his sleep. At the time, he was working on the synthesis of an
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The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1965 – Robert B. Woodward Biography
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Landmarks in Organo-Transition Metal Chemistry: A Personal View
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on the beta-lactam structure, all of this in opposition to the
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Roger Adams Medal, from the American Chemical Society in 1961
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In the early 1950s, Woodward, along with the British chemist
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A synthetic attack on the oestrone problem PhD dissertation
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While at Harvard, Woodward took on the directorship of the
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would be completed around the time of the Nobel ceremony.
838:. Woodward formulated his ideas (which were based on the
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1882:"Robert Burns Woodward 1917–1979: A Biographical Memoir"
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Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences
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Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1956
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Recent Advances in the Chemistry of Natural Products
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Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
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During World War II, Woodward was an advisor to the
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while he attended a public primary school, and then
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2047:Robert Burns Woodward: Three Score Years and Then?
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459:degree. Only one year later, MIT awarded him the
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377:(April 10, 1917 – July 8, 1979) was an American
2100:including the Nobel Lecture, December 11, 1965
538:Culminating in the 1930s, the British chemists
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1680:(3919) (published February 6, 1970): 825–831.
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424:His father was one of the many victims of the
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2087:Science History Institute Digital Collections
1382:Elkan Blout (2001). "Robert Burns Woodward".
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1411:. Chemical Heritage Foundation. p. 12.
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503:In 1944, with his post doctoral researcher,
30:For other people named Robert Woodward, see
2083:Notes from Robert Burns Woodward's Seminars
1869:American Chemical Society – Chicago Section
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944:Learn how and when to remove this message
601:Learn how and when to remove this message
507:, Woodward reported the synthesis of the
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4706:/ Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah /
1999:Journal of the American Chemical Society
992:Some of his best-known students include
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1628:. Springer Science. pp. 161–163.
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1408:Reminiscences From Junior High School
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4183:The Generation Twenty-Five and Under
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1469:
1043:
922:adding citations to reliable sources
889:
583:adding citations to reliable sources
554:
5337:National Medal of Science laureates
1598:"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1973"
1201:Woodward also received over twenty
1196:
972:. A student of his said about him:
24:
5352:People from Belmont, Massachusetts
1913:Introduction Ă la chimie quantique
1289:hours of sleep every night, was a
166:Woodward–Doering quinine synthesis
25:
5388:
2076:
1879:
1755:The Right Place at the Right Time
1534:; Rosenblum, M.; Whiting, M. C.;
1466:
1279:
1122:from the United States in 1964 ("
551:Organic syntheses and Nobel Prize
2359:
1955:
1258:
1173:AMA Scientific Achievement Award
1165:Pierre Bruylants Medal from the
894:
878:, from 1966 to 1971, and of the
559:
32:Robert Woodward (disambiguation)
5297:20th-century American educators
1947:
1925:
1903:
1873:
1862:
1850:
1825:
1800:
1775:
1656:
1642:
1615:
1590:
1563:
1538:(1952). "The Structure of Iron
1357:Woodward, Robert Burns (1937).
983:
570:needs additional citations for
385:and the determination of their
5357:Recipients of the Copley Medal
5292:20th-century American chemists
1524:
1492:
1481:
1398:
1375:
1350:
1058:American Philosophical Society
823:devised rules (now called the
653:, and by meticulous planning.
13:
1:
5362:20th-century American writers
2085:taken by Robert E. Kohler in
2070:Robert Burns Woodward Patents
1296:
1245:University of Western Ontario
880:Weizmann Institute of Science
484:
5332:Nobel laureates in Chemistry
1891:. The National Academy Press
1889:National Academy of Sciences
1694:10.1126/science.167.3919.825
1054:National Academy of Sciences
807:total synthesis of Vitamin B
27:American chemist (1917–1979)
7:
1088:Leo Hendrik Baekeland Award
868:Woodward Research Institute
141:Vitamin B12 total synthesis
10:
5393:
5327:Wesleyan University people
5317:Harvard University faculty
5131:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
4044:Hungarian Freedom Fighters
1150:Société chimique de France
1032:(Columbia University) and
663:nuclear magnetic resonance
651:physical organic chemistry
505:William von Eggers Doering
393:on theoretical studies of
146:Woodward cis-hydroxylation
29:
5342:American organic chemists
4861:
4564:
4330:
3995:
3985:The American Fighting-Man
3788:
3675:
3644:
3613:
3589:
3565:
3546:
3165:
2866:
2607:
2368:
2357:
2148:
1759:American Chemical Society
1263:
1120:National Medal of Science
1092:American Chemical Society
675:stereoselective synthesis
522:Later work and its impact
389:. He worked closely with
359:
320:
304:
286:
276:
266:
259:
224:National Medal of Science
184:
176:Prévost–Woodward reaction
121:
102:
83:
57:
48:
41:
5307:American science writers
5302:American Nobel laureates
4955:Cyril Norman Hinshelwood
4702:: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr.
3283:Venkatraman Ramakrishnan
2562:Wendell Meredith Stanley
2142:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
1130:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
1068:. Other awards include:
958:Cambridge, Massachusetts
885:
763:organometallic chemistry
405:Early life and education
399:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
232:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
208:William H. Nichols Medal
95:Cambridge, Massachusetts
5367:Time Person of the Year
5211:Frederick Charles Frank
4923:John Edensor Littlewood
4200:The Apollo 8 Astronauts
1937:April 27, 2012, at the
1783:"Robert Burns Woodward"
1223:University of Cambridge
1157:Order of the Rising Sun
852:Woodward–Hoffmann rules
825:Woodward–Hoffmann rules
426:1918 influenza pandemic
171:Woodward–Hoffmann rules
4159:Martin Luther King Jr.
3681:Nobel Prize recipients
3646:Physiology or Medicine
3447:Emmanuelle Charpentier
3435:M. Stanley Whittingham
2406:Hans von Euler-Chelpin
1737:10.1002/hlca.201100077
1725:Helvetica Chimica Acta
1584:10.1002/chin.200443242
1328:10.1098/rsbm.1981.0025
848:Extended HĂĽckel method
827:) for elucidating the
716:structure proposed by
535:
530:Woodward talked about
5083:Robert Burns Woodward
4616:The Good Samaritans:
3913:Franklin D. Roosevelt
3853:Franklin D. Roosevelt
3837:Franklin D. Roosevelt
3556:Robert Burns Woodward
2817:Christian B. Anfinsen
2457:Frédéric Joliot-Curie
2092:Robert Burns Woodward
2031:Robert Burns Woodward
1932:Robert Burns Woodward
1251:University of Louvain
1167:University of Louvain
733:infrared spectroscopy
726:X-ray crystallography
659:infrared spectroscopy
529:
441:Quincy, Massachusetts
411:Boston, Massachusetts
409:Woodward was born in
397:. He was awarded the
366:Robert Burns Woodward
151:Woodward modification
43:Robert Burns Woodward
5123:Rodney Robert Porter
4733:The Silence Breakers
4600:The American Soldier
4581:The Whistleblowers:
4439:The Endangered Earth
4221:The Middle Americans
4175:William Westmoreland
4068:Dwight D. Eisenhower
3937:Dwight D. Eisenhower
3479:Karl Barry Sharpless
2976:Dudley R. Herschbach
2801:Luis Federico Leloir
1969:adding missing items
1837:search.amphilsoc.org
1833:"APS Member History"
1753:Roberts, J. (1990).
1650:"Nomination Archive"
1542:-Cyclopentadienyl".
1022:Christopher S. Foote
918:improve this section
812:has been published.
682:War Production Board
579:improve this article
449:Diels–Alder reaction
5035:Nevill Francis Mott
4798:Volodymyr Zelenskyy
3782:Persons of the Year
3471:Carolyn R. Bertozzi
3383:Jean-Pierre Sauvage
3120:Jens Christian Skou
3088:F. Sherwood Rowland
3000:Charles J. Pedersen
2964:Herbert A. Hauptman
2657:Vincent du Vigneaud
2274:Richard Willstätter
2158:Jacobus van 't Hoff
2011:10.1021/ja01152a551
1686:1970Sci...167..825H
1622:Werner, H. (2008).
1557:10.1021/ja01128a527
1229:Brandeis University
1211:Wesleyan University
1136:Willard Gibbs Award
831:of the products of
480:Research and career
457:Bachelor of Science
387:molecular structure
315:Avery Adrian Morton
240:Willard Gibbs Award
135:Molecular structure
5251:John Maynard Smith
5003:Tadeusz Reichstein
4363:Ayatollah Khomeini
4028:John Foster Dulles
3660:André Michel Lwoff
3623:Sin-Itiro Tomonaga
3431:John B. Goodenough
3359:William E. Moerner
3239:Richard R. Schrock
3211:Roderick MacKinnon
3183:K. Barry Sharpless
3008:Johann Deisenhofer
2837:Geoffrey Wilkinson
2833:Ernst Otto Fischer
2757:Robert S. Mulliken
2693:Jaroslav HeyrovskĂ˝
2641:Hermann Staudinger
2461:Irène Joliot-Curie
2094:on Nobelprize.org
2033:on Nobelprize.org
1967:; you can help by
1505:The New York Times
1274:the Polaroid Corp.
1247:in Canada in 1968;
1217:Harvard University
1078:Franklin Institute
994:Robert M. Williams
862:Woodward Institute
844:molecular orbitals
819:synthesis, he and
794:Albert Eschenmoser
767:Ernst Otto Fischer
752:Geoffrey Wilkinson
540:Christopher Ingold
536:
473:Harvard University
469:James Flack Norris
437:Quincy High School
395:chemical reactions
311:James Flack Norris
281:Harvard University
156:Woodward synthesis
18:Robert B. Woodward
5269:
5268:
5107:Peter D. Mitchell
5019:Alexander R. Todd
4931:Macfarlane Burnet
4854:Copley Medallists
4820:
4819:
4802:Spirit of Ukraine
4502:Pope John Paul II
4479:The Peacemakers:
4455:George H. W. Bush
4447:Mikhail Gorbachev
4431:Mikhail Gorbachev
4275:Susan Brownmiller
4191:Lyndon B. Johnson
4167:Lyndon B. Johnson
4076:U.S. Scientists:
4060:Charles de Gaulle
4052:Nikita Khrushchev
4004:Mohammed Mosaddeq
3977:Winston Churchill
3905:Winston Churchill
3797:Charles Lindbergh
3745:
3744:
3580:Mikhail Sholokhov
3504:
3503:
3487:Moungi G. Bawendi
3407:Richard Henderson
3251:Roger D. Kornberg
3219:Aaron Ciechanover
3052:Rudolph A. Marcus
2956:Robert Merrifield
2892:Peter D. Mitchell
2665:Cyril Hinshelwood
2426:Friedrich Bergius
2350:Richard Zsigmondy
2266:Theodore Richards
2214:Ernest Rutherford
2055:Aldrichimica Acta
1985:
1984:
1812:www.nasonline.org
1808:"Robert Woodward"
1768:978-0-8412-1766-9
1635:978-0-387-09847-0
1545:J. Am. Chem. Soc.
1253:in Belgium, 1970.
1044:Honors and awards
956:Woodward died in
954:
953:
946:
611:
610:
603:
445:Ludwig Gattermann
363:
362:
327:Christopher Foote
321:Doctoral students
271:Organic chemistry
261:Scientific career
252:
244:
236:
228:
130:organic syntheses
16:(Redirected from
5384:
5262:
5254:
5246:
5238:
5230:
5222:
5214:
5206:
5198:
5190:
5182:
5174:
5166:
5158:
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5110:
5102:
5094:
5086:
5078:
5075:Frederick Sanger
5070:
5062:
5054:
5046:
5038:
5030:
5022:
5014:
5006:
4998:
4990:
4982:
4974:
4966:
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4942:
4934:
4926:
4918:
4910:
4907:Patrick Blackett
4902:
4894:
4886:
4878:
4870:
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4840:
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4805:
4793:
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4694:
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4670:
4662:
4654:
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4638:
4630:
4628:
4611:
4603:
4595:
4593:
4576:
4573:Rudolph Giuliani
4557:
4549:
4541:
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4513:
4505:
4497:
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4410:
4402:
4390:
4382:
4374:
4366:
4358:
4350:
4342:
4323:
4321:
4307:Billie Jean King
4273:American Women:
4268:
4260:
4252:
4240:
4232:
4224:
4216:
4214:
4194:
4186:
4178:
4170:
4162:
4154:
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4138:
4136:
4118:William Shockley
4094:Joshua Lederberg
4090:Donald A. Glaser
4071:
4063:
4055:
4047:
4039:
4031:
4023:
4015:
4007:
3988:
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3972:
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3908:
3900:
3892:
3884:
3872:
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3856:
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3840:
3832:
3824:
3816:
3808:
3800:
3772:
3765:
3758:
3749:
3748:
3683:
3629:Julian Schwinger
3531:
3524:
3517:
3508:
3507:
3497:
3495:Alexei I. Ekimov
3481:
3475:Morten P. Meldal
3465:
3453:
3441:
3425:
3409:
3399:Jacques Dubochet
3393:
3377:
3361:
3345:
3329:
3323:Robert Lefkowitz
3317:
3309:
3293:
3287:Thomas A. Steitz
3277:
3261:
3253:
3245:
3235:Robert H. Grubbs
3229:
3213:
3201:
3185:
3158:
3156:Hideki Shirakawa
3142:
3134:
3122:
3106:
3090:
3074:
3066:
3054:
3046:
3044:Richard R. Ernst
3038:
3030:
3018:
3002:
2986:
2970:
2958:
2950:
2942:
2934:
2922:
2920:Frederick Sanger
2906:
2900:Herbert C. Brown
2894:
2886:
2878:
2876:William Lipscomb
2859:
2847:
2839:
2827:
2811:
2809:Gerhard Herzberg
2803:
2795:
2783:
2775:
2759:
2751:
2743:
2735:
2723:
2711:
2703:
2695:
2687:
2685:Frederick Sanger
2679:
2671:
2669:Nikolay Semyonov
2659:
2651:
2643:
2635:
2623:
2621:Glenn T. Seaborg
2600:
2588:
2580:
2572:
2564:
2548:
2546:Artturi Virtanen
2540:
2532:
2530:George de Hevesy
2524:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2503:
2491:
2483:
2471:
2463:
2451:
2443:
2442:
2436:
2428:
2416:
2408:
2396:
2388:
2386:Heinrich Wieland
2380:
2378:Theodor Svedberg
2363:
2362:
2352:
2344:
2343:
2337:
2329:
2321:
2313:
2305:
2304:
2298:
2290:
2289:
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2282:
2276:
2268:
2260:
2252:
2240:
2232:
2224:
2216:
2208:
2200:
2192:
2190:Adolf von Baeyer
2184:
2176:
2174:Svante Arrhenius
2168:
2160:
2131:
2124:
2117:
2108:
2107:
2099:
2038:
2027:
2014:
1980:
1977:
1959:
1958:
1952:
1942:
1929:
1923:
1911:
1907:
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1594:
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1560:
1551:(8): 2125–2126.
1528:
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1513:
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1422:
1402:
1396:
1391:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1354:
1348:
1347:
1311:
1203:honorary degrees
1197:Honorary degrees
1074:John Scott Medal
1014:Steven A. Benner
1006:William R. Roush
1002:Stuart Schreiber
949:
942:
938:
935:
929:
898:
890:
760:transition metal
606:
599:
595:
592:
586:
563:
555:
514:, used to treat
498:Woodward's rules
376:
347:William R. Roush
342:Stuart Schreiber
306:Doctoral advisor
300:
250:
242:
234:
226:
220:
212:
204:
196:
161:Woodward's rules
90:
67:
65:
53:
39:
38:
21:
5392:
5391:
5387:
5386:
5385:
5383:
5382:
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5265:
5257:
5249:
5243:James Lighthill
5241:
5233:
5225:
5217:
5209:
5203:James D. Watson
5201:
5193:
5185:
5177:
5169:
5161:
5153:
5145:
5137:
5129:
5121:
5113:
5105:
5097:
5089:
5081:
5073:
5067:Dorothy Hodgkin
5065:
5057:
5049:
5041:
5033:
5025:
5017:
5009:
5001:
4993:
4985:
4977:
4969:
4961:
4953:
4945:
4939:Harold Jeffreys
4937:
4929:
4921:
4913:
4905:
4897:
4891:E. T. Whittaker
4889:
4881:
4873:
4865:
4857:
4851:
4821:
4816:
4808:
4796:
4788:
4776:
4768:
4743:Jamal Khashoggi
4741:The Guardians:
4740:
4739:
4731:
4723:
4715:
4698:
4697:
4689:
4681:
4673:
4667:Mark Zuckerberg
4665:
4657:
4649:
4641:
4633:
4615:
4614:
4606:
4598:
4591:Sherron Watkins
4580:
4579:
4571:
4560:
4552:
4544:
4532:
4524:
4516:
4508:
4500:
4478:
4477:
4469:
4461:
4453:
4445:
4437:
4429:
4421:
4413:
4407:Peter Ueberroth
4405:
4393:
4385:
4377:
4369:
4361:
4353:
4345:
4337:
4326:
4279:Kathleen Byerly
4272:
4271:
4263:
4255:
4245:Henry Kissinger
4243:
4235:
4227:
4219:
4198:
4197:
4189:
4181:
4173:
4165:
4157:
4151:Pope John XXIII
4149:
4143:John F. Kennedy
4141:
4134:Robert Woodward
4130:James Van Allen
4075:
4074:
4066:
4058:
4050:
4042:
4034:
4026:
4020:Konrad Adenauer
4018:
4010:
4002:
3991:
3983:
3975:
3969:Harry S. Truman
3967:
3961:George Marshall
3959:
3953:James F. Byrnes
3951:
3945:Harry S. Truman
3943:
3935:
3929:George Marshall
3927:
3919:
3911:
3903:
3895:
3887:
3877:Chiang Kai-shek
3875:
3867:
3859:
3851:
3845:Hugh S. Johnson
3843:
3835:
3827:
3821:Mohandas Gandhi
3819:
3811:
3805:Walter Chrysler
3803:
3795:
3784:
3776:
3746:
3741:
3679:
3671:
3656:(Great Britain)
3640:
3637:(United States)
3635:Richard Feynman
3631:(United States)
3609:
3606:(United States)
3585:
3561:
3558:(United States)
3542:
3535:
3505:
3500:
3484:
3468:
3459:David MacMillan
3456:
3451:Jennifer Doudna
3444:
3428:
3412:
3396:
3387:Fraser Stoddart
3380:
3371:Paul L. Modrich
3364:
3348:
3332:
3320:
3312:
3307:Ei-ichi Negishi
3299:Richard F. Heck
3296:
3280:
3267:Osamu Shimomura
3264:
3256:
3248:
3232:
3216:
3204:
3188:
3175:William Knowles
3172:
3161:
3152:Alan MacDiarmid
3145:
3137:
3125:
3109:
3104:Richard Smalley
3093:
3080:Paul J. Crutzen
3077:
3069:
3057:
3049:
3041:
3033:
3021:
3005:
2996:Jean-Marie Lehn
2989:
2973:
2961:
2953:
2945:
2937:
2925:
2909:
2897:
2889:
2881:
2873:
2862:
2857:Vladimir Prelog
2850:
2842:
2830:
2814:
2806:
2798:
2786:
2778:
2762:
2754:
2749:Robert Woodward
2746:
2741:Dorothy Hodgkin
2738:
2726:
2714:
2706:
2698:
2690:
2682:
2674:
2662:
2654:
2646:
2638:
2626:
2614:
2603:
2591:
2586:William Giauque
2583:
2575:
2570:Robert Robinson
2567:
2554:James B. Sumner
2551:
2543:
2535:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2501:Leopold RuĹľiÄŤka
2497:Adolf Butenandt
2494:
2486:
2474:
2466:
2454:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2434:Irving Langmuir
2431:
2419:
2411:
2399:
2391:
2383:
2375:
2364:
2360:
2355:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2332:
2324:
2319:Frederick Soddy
2316:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2271:
2263:
2255:
2246:Victor Grignard
2243:
2235:
2227:
2222:Wilhelm Ostwald
2219:
2211:
2203:
2195:
2187:
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2171:
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2155:
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1939:Wayback Machine
1930:
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1668:Woodward, R. B.
1661:
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1536:Woodward, R. B.
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1363:(Thesis). MIT.
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1199:
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1146:Lavoisier Medal
1046:
1010:Scripps-Florida
986:
950:
939:
933:
930:
915:
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864:
829:stereochemistry
818:
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722:Dorothy Hodgkin
718:Robert Robinson
670:stereochemistry
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379:organic chemist
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5347:Stereochemists
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5319:
5314:
5309:
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5299:
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5289:
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5259:Alan Battersby
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5187:Sydney Brenner
5183:
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5171:CĂ©sar Milstein
5167:
5163:Michael Atiyah
5159:
5151:
5147:Rudolf Peierls
5143:
5135:
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5119:
5115:John Cornforth
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5051:W. V. D. Hodge
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4583:Cynthia Cooper
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4554:George W. Bush
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4489:Nelson Mandela
4485:F. W. de Klerk
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3582:(Soviet Union)
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3339:Michael Levitt
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3271:Martin Chalfie
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3116:John E. Walker
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3019:
3016:Hartmut Michel
3003:
2992:Donald J. Cram
2987:
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2932:Roald Hoffmann
2923:
2916:Walter Gilbert
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2895:
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2884:Ilya Prigogine
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2853:John Cornforth
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2821:Stanford Moore
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2769:Ronald Norrish
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2077:External links
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2020:Chem. Educator
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1731:(6): 923–946.
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1602:nobelprize.org
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1508:. July 3, 1960
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2649:Linus Pauling
2645:
2642:
2637:
2634:
2633:Richard Synge
2630:
2629:Archer Martin
2625:
2622:
2618:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2587:
2582:
2579:
2578:Arne Tiselius
2574:
2571:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2558:John Northrop
2555:
2550:
2547:
2542:
2539:
2534:
2531:
2526:
2519:
2512:
2505:
2502:
2498:
2493:
2490:
2485:
2482:
2478:
2473:
2470:
2465:
2462:
2458:
2453:
2450:
2445:
2438:
2435:
2430:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2415:
2410:
2407:
2403:
2402:Arthur Harden
2398:
2395:
2394:Adolf Windaus
2390:
2387:
2382:
2379:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2351:
2346:
2339:
2336:
2331:
2328:
2327:Francis Aston
2323:
2320:
2315:
2312:
2307:
2300:
2297:
2292:
2285:
2278:
2275:
2270:
2267:
2262:
2259:
2258:Alfred Werner
2254:
2251:
2250:Paul Sabatier
2247:
2242:
2239:
2234:
2231:
2226:
2223:
2218:
2215:
2210:
2207:
2202:
2199:
2198:Henri Moissan
2194:
2191:
2186:
2183:
2178:
2175:
2170:
2167:
2162:
2159:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2132:
2127:
2125:
2120:
2118:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2050:David Dolphin
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1979:
1970:
1966:
1963:This list is
1961:
1954:
1953:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1928:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1906:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1870:
1865:
1858:
1853:
1838:
1834:
1828:
1813:
1809:
1803:
1788:
1784:
1778:
1770:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1749:
1747:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1719:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1659:
1652:. April 2020.
1651:
1645:
1637:
1631:
1627:
1626:
1618:
1607:September 12,
1603:
1599:
1593:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1532:Wilkinson, G.
1527:
1520:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1500:"Chlorophyll"
1495:
1489:
1484:
1477:
1472:
1470:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1440:
1428:
1420:
1418:9780941901253
1414:
1410:
1409:
1401:
1395:
1389:
1385:
1378:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1361:
1353:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1301:
1294:
1292:
1286:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1259:Personal life
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1108:Royal Society
1105:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1056:in 1953, the
1055:
1052:in 1948, the
1051:
1041:
1037:
1035:
1034:David Dolphin
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
998:Yoshito Kishi
995:
990:
979:
975:
974:
973:
971:
967:
963:
959:
948:
945:
937:
927:
923:
919:
913:
912:
908:
903:This section
901:
897:
892:
891:
883:
881:
877:
873:
869:
859:
857:
856:Kenichi Fukui
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
834:
830:
826:
822:
813:
811:
804:
803:Yoshito Kishi
800:
795:
791:
774:
770:
768:
764:
761:
757:
753:
748:
746:
742:
738:
737:santonic acid
734:
729:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
688:structure of
687:
683:
678:
676:
671:
667:
664:
660:
654:
652:
648:
644:
643:cephalosporin
640:
636:
632:
631:lysergic acid
628:
624:
620:
616:
605:
602:
594:
584:
580:
574:
573:
568:This section
566:
562:
557:
556:
548:
545:
541:
533:
528:
519:
517:
513:
510:
506:
501:
499:
495:
492:
477:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
429:
427:
422:
420:
416:
412:
402:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
375:
371:
367:
358:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
324:
323:
319:
316:
312:
309:
307:
303:
296:
295:
291:
289:
285:
282:
279:
275:
272:
269:
265:
262:
258:
249:
246:
241:
238:
233:
230:
225:
222:
217:
214:
209:
206:
201:
198:
193:
190:
189:
187:
183:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
137:determination
136:
133:
131:
127:
126:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
105:
101:
96:
86:
82:
77:
76:Massachusetts
73:
60:
56:
52:
47:
40:
37:
33:
19:
5219:Frank Fenner
5099:Derek Barton
5082:
5027:Norman Pirie
4995:Bernard Katz
4979:Alan Hodgkin
4867:David Keilin
4810:Taylor Swift
4758:
4725:Donald Trump
4704:Kent Brantly
4691:Pope Francis
4683:Barack Obama
4659:Ben Bernanke
4651:Barack Obama
4565:2001–present
4534:Bill Clinton
4526:Andrew Grove
4471:Bill Clinton
4387:The Computer
4339:Jimmy Carter
4315:Carol Sutton
4283:Alison Cheek
4229:Willy Brandt
4208:Frank Borman
4133:
4114:Emilio Segrè
3889:Adolf Hitler
3829:Pierre Laval
3779:
3711:
3555:
3423:George Smith
3303:Akira Suzuki
3259:Gerhard Ertl
3243:Yves Chauvin
3191:John B. Fenn
3179:Ryoji Noyori
3166:2001–present
3140:Ahmed Zewail
3100:Harold Kroto
3084:Mario Molina
3012:Robert Huber
2984:John Polanyi
2968:Jerome Karle
2904:Georg Wittig
2789:Derek Barton
2781:Lars Onsager
2748:
2733:Giulio Natta
2729:Karl Ziegler
2721:John Kendrew
2489:Richard Kuhn
2414:Hans Fischer
2230:Otto Wallach
2166:Emil Fischer
2101:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2023:
2019:
2002:
1998:
1973:
1948:Bibliography
1927:
1905:
1893:. Retrieved
1888:
1875:
1864:
1852:
1842:November 14,
1840:. Retrieved
1836:
1827:
1817:November 14,
1815:. Retrieved
1811:
1802:
1792:November 14,
1790:. Retrieved
1786:
1777:
1754:
1728:
1724:
1718:
1677:
1671:
1667:
1664:Hoffmann, R.
1658:
1644:
1624:
1617:
1605:. Retrieved
1592:
1575:
1571:
1565:
1548:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1526:
1517:
1510:. Retrieved
1503:
1494:
1483:
1456:
1407:
1400:
1387:
1383:
1377:
1369:1721.1/12465
1359:
1352:
1319:
1315:
1291:heavy smoker
1287:
1283:
1267:
1200:
1189:Copley Medal
1123:
1082:Philadelphia
1080:and City of
1047:
1038:
1026:Kendall Houk
1020:(Montreal),
991:
987:
984:Publications
976:
970:erythromycin
962:heart attack
955:
940:
931:
916:Please help
904:
867:
865:
814:
784:
771:
749:
730:
710:thiazolidine
702:thiazolidine
679:
666:spectroscopy
655:
612:
597:
588:
577:Please help
572:verification
569:
537:
502:
494:spectroscopy
488:
430:
423:
415:Robert Burns
408:
365:
364:
292:
277:Institutions
260:
248:Copley Medal
89:(1979-07-08)
87:July 8, 1979
36:
5287:1979 deaths
5282:1917 births
5235:Hugh Huxley
5179:Abdus Salam
4963:Paul Fildes
4856:(1951–2000)
4760:The Capital
4757:/ Staff of
4755:Kyaw Soe Oo
4747:Maria Ressa
4379:Lech Wałęsa
4347:Anwar Sadat
4319:Addie Wyatt
4311:Susie Sharp
4299:Carla Hills
4295:Ella Grasso
4287:Jill Conway
4265:King Faisal
4257:John Sirica
4110:Isidor Rabi
4086:John Enders
3539:Nobel Prize
3391:Ben Feringa
3375:Aziz Sancar
3355:Stefan Hell
3351:Eric Betzig
3128:Walter Kohn
3096:Robert Curl
3072:George Olah
3060:Kary Mullis
3036:Elias Corey
3028:Thomas Cech
2980:Yuan T. Lee
2948:Henry Taube
2481:Paul Karrer
2469:Peter Debye
2449:Harold Urey
2335:Fritz Pregl
2296:Fritz Haber
2238:Marie Curie
2005:(8): 4057.
1910:(in French)
1895:January 15,
1519:living. ...
1512:October 13,
1435:|work=
1322:: 628–695.
1106:, from the
1076:, from the
1004:(Harvard),
1000:(Harvard),
882:in Israel.
870:, based at
686:beta-lactam
661:and later,
639:chlorophyll
619:cholesterol
532:Chlorophyll
491:ultraviolet
5276:Categories
5155:Robin Hill
5139:Aaron Klug
5091:Max Perutz
4947:Hans Krebs
4875:Paul Dirac
4622:Bill Gates
4546:Jeff Bezos
4463:Ted Turner
4291:Betty Ford
4212:Jim Lovell
3567:Literature
3227:Irwin Rose
3207:Peter Agre
3132:John Pople
2940:Aaron Klug
2845:Paul Flory
2793:Odd Hassel
2717:Max Perutz
2598:Kurt Alder
2594:Otto Diels
2422:Carl Bosch
1976:March 2022
1965:incomplete
1921:2730214852
1572:ChemInform
1297:References
1179:Cope Award
1104:Davy Medal
1097:Elected a
966:antibiotic
745:terramycin
741:magnamycin
706:imprimatur
690:penicillin
647:colchicine
627:strychnine
485:Early work
216:Davy Medal
64:1917-04-10
4790:Elon Musk
4778:Joe Biden
4538:Ken Starr
4331:1976–2000
3996:1951–1975
3789:1927–1950
3548:Chemistry
3541:laureates
2912:Paul Berg
2867:1976–2000
2608:1951–1975
2538:Otto Hahn
2369:1926–1950
2149:1901–1925
2138:Laureates
2066:(1), 3–9.
1437:ignored (
1427:cite book
1336:0080-4606
1148:from the
1138:from the
960:, from a
934:June 2024
905:does not
836:reactions
799:palytoxin
787:vitamin B
756:ferrocene
728:in 1945.
714:oxazolone
635:reserpine
623:cortisone
591:June 2024
461:doctorate
433:chemistry
401:in 1965.
128:Landmark
4518:David Ho
3668:(France)
3662:(France)
1935:Archived
1710:12243669
1702:17742608
1392:| url =
1344:71742454
1241:in 1966;
1231:in 1965;
1225:in 1964;
1219:in 1957;
1213:in 1945;
1024:(UCLA),
840:symmetry
509:alkaloid
370:ForMemRS
332:Ken Houk
200:ForMemRS
4751:Wa Lone
3625:(Japan)
3615:Physics
2140:of the
1682:Bibcode
1673:Science
1185:in 1973
1175:in 1971
1169:in 1970
1152:in 1968
1140:Chicago
1132:in 1965
1110:in 1959
1036:(UBC).
926:removed
911:sources
833:organic
712:–
615:quinine
534:in 1965
516:malaria
512:quinine
465:estrone
419:Roxbury
374:HonFRSE
5261:(2000)
5253:(1999)
5245:(1998)
5237:(1997)
5229:(1996)
5221:(1995)
5213:(1994)
5205:(1993)
5197:(1992)
5189:(1991)
5181:(1990)
5173:(1989)
5165:(1988)
5157:(1987)
5149:(1986)
5141:(1985)
5133:(1984)
5125:(1983)
5117:(1982)
5109:(1981)
5101:(1980)
5093:(1979)
5085:(1978)
5077:(1977)
5069:(1976)
5061:(1975)
5053:(1974)
5045:(1973)
5037:(1972)
5029:(1971)
5021:(1970)
5013:(1969)
5005:(1968)
4997:(1967)
4989:(1966)
4981:(1965)
4973:(1964)
4965:(1963)
4957:(1962)
4949:(1961)
4941:(1960)
4933:(1959)
4925:(1958)
4917:(1957)
4909:(1956)
4901:(1955)
4893:(1954)
4885:(1953)
4877:(1952)
4869:(1951)
4812:(2023)
4804:(2022)
4792:(2021)
4784:(2020)
4772:(2019)
4764:(2018)
4735:(2017)
4727:(2016)
4719:(2015)
4711:(2014)
4693:(2013)
4685:(2012)
4677:(2011)
4669:(2010)
4661:(2009)
4653:(2008)
4645:(2007)
4637:(2006)
4629:(2005)
4610:(2004)
4602:(2003)
4594:(2002)
4575:(2001)
4556:(2000)
4548:(1999)
4540:(1998)
4528:(1997)
4520:(1996)
4512:(1995)
4504:(1994)
4496:(1993)
4473:(1992)
4465:(1991)
4457:(1990)
4449:(1989)
4441:(1988)
4433:(1987)
4425:(1986)
4417:(1985)
4409:(1984)
4401:(1983)
4389:(1982)
4381:(1981)
4373:(1980)
4365:(1979)
4357:(1978)
4349:(1977)
4341:(1976)
4322:(1975)
4267:(1974)
4259:(1973)
4251:(1972)
4239:(1971)
4231:(1970)
4223:(1969)
4215:(1968)
4193:(1967)
4185:(1966)
4177:(1965)
4169:(1964)
4161:(1963)
4153:(1962)
4145:(1961)
4137:(1960)
4070:(1959)
4062:(1958)
4054:(1957)
4046:(1956)
4038:(1955)
4030:(1954)
4022:(1953)
4014:(1952)
4006:(1951)
3987:(1950)
3979:(1949)
3971:(1948)
3963:(1947)
3955:(1946)
3947:(1945)
3939:(1944)
3931:(1943)
3923:(1942)
3915:(1941)
3907:(1940)
3899:(1939)
3891:(1938)
3883:(1937)
3871:(1936)
3863:(1935)
3855:(1934)
3847:(1933)
3839:(1932)
3831:(1931)
3823:(1930)
3815:(1929)
3807:(1928)
3799:(1927)
3604:UNICEF
3485:2023:
3469:2022:
3457:2021:
3445:2020:
3429:2019:
3413:2018:
3397:2017:
3381:2016:
3365:2015:
3349:2014:
3333:2013:
3321:2012:
3313:2011:
3297:2010:
3281:2009:
3265:2008:
3257:2007:
3249:2006:
3233:2005:
3217:2004:
3205:2003:
3189:2002:
3173:2001:
3146:2000:
3138:1999:
3126:1998:
3110:1997:
3094:1996:
3078:1995:
3070:1994:
3058:1993:
3050:1992:
3042:1991:
3034:1990:
3022:1989:
3006:1988:
2990:1987:
2974:1986:
2962:1985:
2954:1984:
2946:1983:
2938:1982:
2926:1981:
2910:1980:
2898:1979:
2890:1978:
2882:1977:
2874:1976:
2851:1975:
2843:1974:
2831:1973:
2815:1972:
2807:1971:
2799:1970:
2787:1969:
2779:1968:
2763:1967:
2755:1966:
2747:1965:
2739:1964:
2727:1963:
2715:1962:
2707:1961:
2699:1960:
2691:1959:
2683:1958:
2675:1957:
2663:1956:
2655:1955:
2647:1954:
2639:1953:
2627:1952:
2615:1951:
2592:1950:
2584:1949:
2576:1948:
2568:1947:
2552:1946:
2544:1945:
2536:1944:
2528:1943:
2495:1939:
2487:1938:
2475:1937:
2467:1936:
2455:1935:
2447:1934:
2432:1932:
2420:1931:
2412:1930:
2400:1929:
2392:1928:
2384:1927:
2376:1926:
2348:1925:
2333:1923:
2325:1922:
2317:1921:
2309:1920:
2294:1918:
2272:1915:
2264:1914:
2256:1913:
2244:1912:
2236:1911:
2228:1910:
2220:1909:
2212:1908:
2204:1907:
2196:1906:
2188:1905:
2180:1904:
2172:1903:
2164:1902:
2156:1901:
2026:: 1–5.
1919:
1857:Awards
1765:
1708:
1700:
1632:
1578:(43).
1415:
1342:
1334:
1264:Family
1094:, 1955
1084:, 1945
1064:, and
1062:Pfizer
1016:(UF),
724:using
645:, and
299:(1937)
297:
288:Thesis
267:Fields
251:(1978)
243:(1967)
235:(1965)
227:(1964)
219:(1959)
211:(1956)
203:(1956)
195:(1951)
185:Awards
97:, U.S.
78:, U.S.
72:Boston
3712:1965
3591:Peace
3537:1965
1885:(PDF)
1706:S2CID
1340:S2CID
1239:Haifa
1066:Merck
886:Death
872:Basel
694:Merck
439:, in
372:
4618:Bono
3780:Time
3737:1970
3732:1969
3727:1968
3722:1967
3717:1966
3707:1964
3702:1963
3697:1962
3692:1961
3687:1960
3595:1965
3571:1965
2522:1942
2515:1941
2508:1940
2441:1933
2342:1924
2303:1919
2288:1917
2281:1916
2060:1977
1993:1992
1917:ISBN
1897:2017
1844:2022
1819:2022
1794:2022
1763:ISBN
1698:PMID
1630:ISBN
1609:2010
1514:2012
1461:link
1439:help
1413:ISBN
1332:ISSN
1155:The
909:any
907:cite
743:and
696:and
542:and
84:Died
58:Born
4635:You
2007:doi
1971:.
1733:doi
1690:doi
1678:167
1580:doi
1553:doi
1540:Bis
1365:hdl
1324:doi
1237:in
1012:),
920:by
876:MIT
581:by
115:PhD
5278::
4800:/
4780:/
4753:/
4749:/
4745:/
4624:/
4620:/
4589:/
4585:/
4536:/
4491:/
4487:/
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