Amazon River - Knowledge

1756: 1948: 1486: 1243: 2168: 4710: 1544:) where he was searching supplies for his men. By the time he and his men reached another village, many of them were sick from hunger and eating "noxious plants", and near death. Seven men died in that village. His men threatened to mutiny if the expedition turned back to attempt to rejoin Pizarro, the party being over 100 leagues downstream at this point. He accepted to change the purpose of the expedition to discover new lands in the name of the king of Spain, and the men built a larger boat in which to navigate downstream. After a journey of 600 km (370 mi) down the Napo River, they reached a further major confluence, at a point near modern 5082:, has led to a devastating increase in water temperatures, reaching 39.1 degrees Celsius, causing the demise of 125 Amazon river dolphins. This event displays the deteriorating environmental conditions and indicates the increasing vulnerability of the river's ecosystem. In recent years, the Amazon River has experienced historically low water levels, the lowest in over a century. Brazil, the primary custodian of this invaluable natural resource, grapples with the challenges of mitigating the effects of this drought on communities and ecosystems, further emphasizing the urgency of sustainable environmental management and conservation efforts. 4826: 1653: 1567: 2285: 12363: 1956: 5091: 11713: 10886: 2085: 11609: 11736: 11288: 10983: 1739: 12386: 11502: 11191: 11662: 11260: 10937: 4611: 12256: 11433: 7910:

Rodolfo P.; Dias, Rodolfo J. S.; Siegle, Eduardo; Figueiredo, Alberto G.; Pereira, Renato C.; Leal, Camellia V.; Hajdu, Eduardo; Asp, Nils E.; Gregoracci, Gustavo B.; Neumann-Leitão, Sigrid; Yager, Patricia L.; Francini-Filho, Ronaldo B.; Fróes, Adriana; Campeão, Mariana; Silva, Bruno S.; Moreira, Ana P.B.; Oliveira, Louisi; Soares, Ana C.; Araujo, Lais; Oliveira, Nara L.; Teixeira, João B.; Valle, Rogerio A.B.; Thompson, Cristiane C.; Rezende, Carlos E.; Thompson, Fabiano L. (1 April 2016).

2312: 2495:(3,899 mi) and 6,992 km (4,345 mi) long. It is often said to be "at least" 6,575 km (4,086 mi) long. The Nile is reported to be anywhere from 5,499 to 7,088 km (3,417 to 4,404 mi). Often it is said to be "about" 6,650 km (4,130 mi) long. There are several factors that can affect these measurements, such as the position of the geographical source and the mouth, the scale of measurement, and the length measuring techniques (for details see also 12447: 11553: 11214: 877: 2378: 10960: 50: 2077: 2061: 12312: 12000: 11967: 11802: 11456: 11339: 11168: 11077: 10786: 12475: 12208: 11410: 1400: 12028: 11934: 6994: 4501: 1925: 12340: 12152: 11479: 11377: 10644: 4302: 2477: 12279: 12071: 11850: 65: 12508: 11779: 11311: 11021: 12414: 11690: 11530: 7008: 4744: 6980: 4887: 12109: 11911: 11873: 11145: 11049: 12180: 1723: 5102: 4666: 1772: 4556: 9737: 2510:. The Amazon's length was calculated as 6,992 km (4,345 mi), taking the Apacheta Creek as its source. Using the same techniques, the length of the Nile was calculated as 6,853 km (4,258 mi), which is longer than previous estimates but still shorter than the Amazon. The results were reached by measuring the Amazon downstream to the beginning of the tidal estuary of 4868: 6966: 8615: 1360:("Indian dark earth"). Because of the terra preta, indigenous communities were able to make land fertile and thus sustainable for the large-scale agriculture needed to support their large populations and complex social structures. Further research has hypothesized that this practice began around 11,000 years ago. Some say that its effects on 8204: 4817:). Sometimes known as the "river wolf," it is one of South America's top carnivores. Because of habitat destruction and hunting, its population has dramatically decreased. It is now listed on Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), which effectively bans international trade. 2155:. From this point to the confluence of the Ucayali and the Marañón, some 1,600 km (990 mi), the forested banks are just above the water and are inundated long before the river attains its maximum flood stage. The low river banks are interrupted by only a few hills, and the river enters the enormous 4312:

Not all of the Amazon's tributaries flood at the same time of the year. Many branches begin flooding in November and might continue to rise until June. The rise of the Rio Negro starts in February or March and begins to recede in June. The Madeira River rises and falls two months earlier than most of

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is usually said to be the longest river in the world, with a length of about 6,650 km, and the Amazon the second longest river in the world, with a length of at least 6,400 km. In 2007 and 2008, some scientists claimed that the Amazon has a length of 6,992 km and was longer than the Nile, whose

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In the 1960s, economic exploitation of the Amazon basin was seen as a way to fuel the "economic miracle" occurring at the time. This resulted in the development of "Operation Amazon", an economic development project that brought large-scale agriculture and ranching to Amazonia. This was done through

1973:

Four centuries after the European discovery of the Amazon river, the total cultivated area in its basin was probably less than 65 km (25 sq mi), excluding the limited and crudely cultivated areas among the mountains at its extreme headwaters. This situation changed dramatically during

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in the Yangtze River, scientists are worried that constructing more dams in the Amazon will harm its biodiversity in the same way by "blocking fish-spawning runs, reducing the flows of vital oil nutrients and clearing forests". Damming the Amazon River could potentially bring about the "end of free

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However, in the 1970s the government took a new approach with the National Integration Program (PIN). A large-scale colonization program saw families from northeastern Brazil relocated to the "land without people" in the Amazon Basin. This was done in conjunction with infrastructure projects mainly

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article, was published, concluding that the Nile is longer than the Amazon by stating a length of 7,088 km (4,404 mi) for the Nile and 6,575 km (4,086 mi) for the Amazon, measured by using a combination of satellite image analysis and field investigations to the source regions.

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across the entire width of the river. This is not because the river would be too wide to bridge; for most of its length, engineers could build a bridge across the river easily. For most of its course, the river flows through the Amazon Rainforest, where there are very few roads and cities. Most of

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From the town of Canaria at the great bend of the Amazon to the Negro, vast areas of land are submerged at high water, above which only the upper part of the trees of the sombre forests appear. Near the mouth of the Rio Negro to Serpa, nearly opposite the river Madeira, the banks of the Amazon are

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nature of each of these rivers, especially in their lower "Abyss" sections. Ultimately, they determined that the most distant point in the Mantaro drainage is nearly 80 km farther upstream compared to Mt. Mismi in the Apurímac drainage, and thus the maximal length of the Amazon river is about

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Although the Amazon river remains undammed, around 412 dams are in operation on the Amazon's tributary rivers. Of these 412 dams, 151 are constructed over six of the main tributary rivers that drain into the Amazon. Since only 4% of the Amazon's hydropower potential has been developed in countries

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basin, especially Peru, decreed the opening of the Amazon to all countries, but they limited this to certain defined points: Tabatinga – on the Amazon; Cametá – on the Tocantins; Santarém – on the Tapajós; Borba – on the Madeira, and Manaus – on the Rio Negro. The Brazilian decree took effect on 7

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The success of the venture called attention to the opportunities for economic exploitation of the Amazon, and a second company soon opened commerce on the Madeira, Purús, and Negro; a third established a line between Pará and Manaus, and a fourth found it profitable to navigate some of the smaller

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At first, navigation was principally confined to the main river; and even in 1857 a modification of the government contract only obliged the company to a monthly service between Pará and Manaus, with steamers of 200 tons cargo capacity, a second line to make six round voyages a year between Manaus

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The population of the Brazilian portion of the Amazon basin in 1850 was perhaps 300,000, of whom about 175,000 were Europeans and 25,000 were slaves. The Brazilian Amazon's principal commercial city, Pará (now Belém), had from 10,000 to 12,000 inhabitants, including slaves. The town of Manáos, now

1649:." Fritz reasoned that the Marañón is the largest river branch one encounters when journeying upstream, and lies farther to the west than any other tributary of the Amazon. For most of the 18th–19th centuries and into the 20th century, the Marañón was generally considered the source of the Amazon. 7909:

Moura, Rodrigo L.; Amado-Filho, Gilberto M.; Moraes, Fernando C.; Brasileiro, Poliana S.; Salomon, Paulo S.; Mahiques, Michel M.; Bastos, Alex C.; Almeida, Marcelo G.; Silva, Jomar M.; Araujo, Beatriz F.; Brito, Frederico P.; Rangel, Thiago P.; Oliveira, Braulio C.V.; Bahia, Ricardo G.; Paranhos,

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The length of the Amazon River is usually said to be "at least" 6,400 km (4,000 mi), but reported values lie anywhere between 6,275 and 7,025 km (3,899 and 4,365 mi). The length measurements of many rivers are only approximations and differ from each other because many factors

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The Amazon River has an average discharge of about 215,000–230,000 m/s (7,600,000–8,100,000 cu ft/s)—approximately 6,591–7,570 km (1,581–1,816 cu mi) per year, greater than the next seven largest independent rivers combined. Two of the top ten rivers by discharge are

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to several potential source points in the uppermost Mantaro river were measured, which enabled them to determine that the Cordillera Rumi Cruz was the most distant source of water in the Mantaro basin (and therefore in the entire Amazon basin). The most accurate measurement method was direct GPS

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Many settlements grew along the road from Brasília to Belém with the highway and National Integration Program, however, the program failed as the settlers were unequipped to live in the delicate rainforest ecosystem. This, although the government believed it could sustain millions, instead could

1860:

became a thriving, cosmopolitan center of commerce. Foreign companies settled in Iquitos, from where they controlled the extraction of rubber. In 1851 Iquitos had a population of 200, and by 1900 its population reached 20,000. In the 1860s, approximately 3,000 tons of rubber were being exported

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The quantity of water released by the Amazon to the Atlantic Ocean is enormous: up to 300,000 m/s (11,000,000 cu ft/s) in the rainy season, with an average of 209,000 m/s (7,400,000 cu ft/s) from 1973 to 1990. The Amazon is responsible for about 20% of the Earth's

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The first direct foreign trade with Manaus commenced around 1874. Local trade along the river was carried on by the English successors to the Amazonas Company—the Amazon Steam Navigation Company—as well as numerous small steamboats, belonging to companies and firms engaged in the rubber trade,

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is the world's longest river has gone on for many years, the historic consensus of geographic authorities has been to regard the Amazon as the second longest river in the world, with the Nile being the longest. However, the Amazon has been reported as being anywhere between 6,275 km

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Only about 10% of the Amazon's water enters downstream of Óbidos, very little of which is from the northern slope of the valley. The drainage area of the Amazon basin above Óbidos city is about 5,000,000 km (1,900,000 sq mi), and, below, only about 1,000,000 km

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in the world, with an area of approximately 7,000,000 km (2,700,000 sq mi). The portion of the river's drainage basin in Brazil alone is larger than any other river's basin. The Amazon enters Brazil with only one-fifth of the flow it finally discharges into the

4802:), also known as "seacow", is found in the northern Amazon River basin and its tributaries. It is a mammal and a herbivore. Its population is limited to freshwater habitats, and, unlike other manatees, it does not venture into saltwater. It is classified as vulnerable by the 2095:

The most distant source of the Amazon was thought to be in the Apurímac river drainage for nearly a century. Such studies continued to be published even as recently as 1996, 2001, 2007, and 2008, where various authors identified the snowcapped 5,597 m (18,363 ft)

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and altering the colour of the ocean surface over an area up to 2,500,000 km (970,000 sq mi) in extent. For centuries ships have reported fresh water near the Amazon's mouth yet well out of sight of land in what otherwise seemed to be the open ocean.

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entering the ocean. The river pushes a vast plume of fresh water into the ocean. The plume is about 400 km (250 mi) long and between 100 and 200 km (62 and 124 mi) wide. The fresh water, being lighter, flows on top of the seawater, diluting the

2439:, would still give the mouth of the Amazon a width of over 180 km (112 mi). If only the river's main channel is considered, between the islands of Curuá (state of Amapá) and Jurupari (state of Pará), the width falls to about 15 km (9.3 mi). 2144:

80 km longer than previously thought. Contos continued downstream to the ocean and finished the first complete descent of the Amazon river from its newly identified source (finishing November 2012), a journey repeated by two groups after the news spread.

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The Amazon River serves as a vital lifeline for more than 47 million people in its basin and faces a multitude of challenges that threaten both its ecosystem and the indigenous communities dependent on its resources. According to the Office of the

1977:

Wary of foreign exploitation of the nation's resources, Brazilian governments in the 1940s set out to develop the interior, away from the seaboard where foreigners owned large tracts of land. The original architect of this expansion was president

1533:); the party stopped for a few weeks to build a boat just upriver from this confluence. They continued downriver through an uninhabited area, where they could not find food. Orellana offered and was ordered to follow the Napo River, then known as 2534:

Newspaper that it could be considered that the Amazon was the longest river in the world. However, according to the above sources, none of the two results was published, and questions were raised about the researchers' methodology. In 2009, a

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is the major city and port at the mouth of the river at the Atlantic Ocean. The definition of where exactly the mouth of the Amazon is located, and how wide it is, is a matter of dispute, because of the area's peculiar geography. The

4328:. More than half of the water in the Amazon downstream of Manacapuru is below sea level. In its lowermost section, the Amazon's depth averages 20 to 50 m (66 to 164 ft), in some places as much as 100 m (330 ft). 2442:

The plume generated by the river's discharge covers up to 1.3 million km and is responsible for muddy bottoms influencing a wide area of the tropical north Atlantic in terms of salinity, pH, light penetration, and sedimentation.

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drainage. A variety of methods were used to compare the lengths of the Mantaro river vs. the Apurímac river from their most distant source points to their confluence, showing the longer length of the Mantaro. Then distances from

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The Amazon River and its tributaries are characterised by extensive forested areas that become flooded every rainy season. Every year, the river rises more than 9 m (30 ft), flooding the surrounding forests, known as

1537:("Cinnamon River"), and return with food for the party. Based on intelligence received from a captive native chief named Delicola, they expected to find food within a few days downriver by ascending another river to the north. 7075:

article, published in 2009, states a length of 7,088 km for the Nile and 6,575 km for the Amazon, measured by using a combination of satellite image analysis and field investigations to the source regions. According to the

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streams. In that same period, the Amazonas Company was increasing its fleet. Meanwhile, private individuals were building and running small steam craft of their own on the main river as well as on many of its tributaries.

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bedrock shields, blocked the river and caused the Amazon Basin to become a vast inland sea. Gradually, this inland sea became a massive swampy, freshwater lake and the marine inhabitants adapted to life in freshwater.

7226: 1563:) are fairly common in that part of the Amazon and Pizarro probably saw some of these. The expedition reached the mouth of the Amazon on 24 August 1542, demonstrating the practical navigability of the Great River. 460:

215,000 m/s (7,600,000 cu ft/s)–230,000 m/s (8,100,000 cu ft/s)(Period: 2003–2015) (Period: 1972–2003)206,000 m/s (7,300,000 cu ft/s)(Basin size: 5,956,000 km

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Lundberg, J.G. & B. Chernoff (1992). "A Miocene fossil of the Amazonian fish Arapaima (Teleostei, Arapaimidae) from the Magdalena River region of Colombia--Biogeographic and evolutionary implications".

1809:) the task of putting it into effect. He organised the "Companhia de Navegação e Comércio do Amazonas" in Rio de Janeiro in 1852; in the following year it commenced operations with four small steamers, the 4422:, sea levels dropped and the great Amazon lake rapidly drained and became a river, which would eventually become the disputed world's longest, draining the most extensive area of rainforest on the planet. 2032:

like Brazil, more damming projects are underway and hundreds more are planned. After witnessing the negative effects of environmental degradation, sedimentation, navigation and flood control caused by the

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Since colonial times, the Portuguese portion of the Amazon basin has remained a land largely undeveloped by agriculture and occupied by indigenous people who survived the arrival of European diseases.

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out to sea, thus the Amazon does not form a true delta. The great deltas of the world are all in relatively protected bodies of water, while the Amazon empties directly into the turbulent Atlantic.

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may have developed social stratification and supported a population of 100,000 people. To achieve this level of development, the indigenous inhabitants of the Amazon rainforest altered the forest's

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is found in shallow waters in the Amazon basin. One of the world's largest species of snake, the anaconda spends most of its time in the water with just its nostrils above the surface. Species of

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of the upper Orinoco, which flows southward into the Rio Negro, which in turn flows into the Amazon. The Casiquiare is the largest river on earth that links two major river systems, a so-called

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The Trans-Amazonian Highway's three pioneering highways were completed within ten years but never fulfilled their promise. Large portions of the Trans-Amazonian and its accessory roads, such as

11225: 4771:, and it can grow to lengths of up to 2.6 m (8.5 ft). The colour of its skin changes with age; young animals are gray, but become pink and then white as they mature. The dolphins use 2354:

In the lower reaches of the river, the north bank consists of a series of steep, table-topped hills extending for about 240 km (150 mi) from opposite the mouth of the Xingu as far as

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and the use of fire. Scientists argue that by burning areas of the forest repeatedly, the indigenous people caused the soil to become richer in nutrients. This created dark soil areas known as

7425:"EAUX, GLACIERS & CHANGEMENTS CLIMATIQUES DANS LES ANDES TROPICALES - Institut Français d'Études Andines - Institut Français de Recherche Scientifique pour le Développement en Cooperation" 2009:), are derelict and impassable in the rainy season. Small towns and villages are scattered across the forest, and because its vegetation is so dense, some remote areas are still unexplored. 10769: 4343:, Peru, 3,600 km (2,200 mi) from the sea. Smaller riverboats can reach 780 km (480 mi) higher, as far as Achual Point. Beyond that, small boats frequently ascend to the 8413: 8764: 7053:

determine the calculated river length, such as the position of the geographical source and the mouth, the scale of measurement, and the length measuring techniques (for details see also

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The Amazon basin, the largest in the world, covers about 40% of South America, an area of approximately 7,050,000 km (2,720,000 sq mi). It drains from west to east, from

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in a series of gentle curves before they bend to the southwest, and, abutting upon the lower Tapajós, merge into the bluffs which form the terrace margin of the Tapajós river valley.

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With a population of 1.9 million people in 2014, Manaus is the largest city on the Amazon. Manaus alone makes up approximately 50% of the population of the largest Brazilian state of

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measurement obtained by kayak descent of each of the rivers from their source points to their confluence (performed by Contos). Obtaining these measurements was difficult given the

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Regarding the initial mission of finding cinnamon, Pizarro reported to the king that they had found cinnamon trees, but that they could not be profitably harvested. True cinnamon (

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Although the Ucayali–Marañón confluence is the point at which most geographers place the beginning of the Amazon River proper, in Brazil the river is known at this point as the

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Figueiredo, J.; Hoorn, C.; van der Ven, P.; Soares, E. (2009). "Late Miocene onset of the Amazon River and the Amazon deep-sea fan: Evidence from the Foz do Amazonas Basin".

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were the earliest evidence of habitation; they represent piles of human refuse (waste) and are mainly dated between 7500 BC and 4000 BC. They are associated with

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De Orellana took about 57 men, the boat, and some canoes and left Pizarro's troops on 26 December 1541. However, De Orellana missed the confluence (probably with the

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overland to the mouth of the Amazon, investigating many of its tributaries, including the Rio Negro, and covering a distance of over 10,000 km (6,200 mi).

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Early scientific, zoological, and botanical exploration of the Amazon River and basin took place from the 18th century through the first half of the 19th century.

11569: 1465:. The name Amazonas is thought to be taken from the native warriors that attacked this expedition, mostly women, that reminded De Orellana of the mythical female 12486: 8691: 7431: 2412:

is some 325 km (202 mi) wide. In this case, the width of the mouth of the river is usually measured from Cabo Norte, the cape located straight east of

1350: 12496: 8902: 7601: 12491: 11650: 11118: 4939:), which is a predator and very similar to the arapaima, but only reaches a length of 120 cm (47 in). Also present in large numbers is the notorious 1303: 8448: 1548:, and then followed the upper Amazon, now known as the Solimões, for a further 1,200 km (746 mi) to its confluence with the Rio Negro (near modern 9584: 528:

230,000 m/s (8,100,000 cu ft/s) (Basin size: 6,743,000 km (2,603,000 sq mi) to 7,000,000 km (2,700,000 sq mi)

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has been calculated as between 20 and 26 m (66 and 85 ft). At Manacapuru, the Amazon's water level is only about 24 m (79 ft) above

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flowed west, as part of a proto-Amazon-Congo river system, from the interior of present-day Africa when the continents were connected, forming western

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After about 700 km (430 mi), the Apurímac then joins Río Mantaro to form the Ene, which joins the Perene to form the Tambo, which joins the

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The Amazon proper runs mostly through Brazil and Peru, and is part of the border between Colombia and Peru. It has a series of major tributaries in

12641: 8987: 7100: 5074:, a tribe of approximately 29,000, struggles to preserve their land, culture, and traditional way of life due to encroaching illegal gold miners, 12592: 10821: 9059: 8677: 8402: 7845: 2527: 9633: 7555: 12692: 9997: 9889: 9156:"Basin-Scale River Runoff Estimation From GRACE Gravity Satellites, Climate Models, and in Situ Observations: A Case study in the Amazon Basin" 8772: 8323: 4803: 10362: 9529: 9191: 8834: 12717: 10614: 10532: 10450: 8380: 7588: 7586: 2523: 10393: 9232: 11945: 7788: 9795: 8717: 7689: 7583: 4943:, an omnivorous fish that congregates in large schools and may attack livestock. There are approximately 30 to 60 species of piranha. The 9333: 9302: 9206: 8811: 7351: 7349: 4921:, one of the largest freshwater fish in the world, with a length of up to 15 feet (4.6 m). Another Amazonian freshwater fish is the 1641:

must be the source of the Amazon, noting on his 1707 map that the Marañón "has its source on the southern shore of a lake that is called

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and then, after a sharp turn back, following tidal canals surrounding the isle of Marajó and finally including the marine waters of the

9759: 8070: 8002: 4335:, 1,500 km (930 mi) upriver from the mouth. Smaller ocean vessels below 9000 tons and with less than 5.5 m (18 ft) 1222:

studies suggest that for millions of years the Amazon River used to flow in the opposite direction - from east to west. Eventually the

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There is ample evidence that the areas surrounding the Amazon River were home to complex and large-scale indigenous societies, mainly

628:(Period: 1971–2000)173,272.6 m/s (6,119,060 cu ft/s) (Period: 1928–1996)176,177 m/s (6,221,600 cu ft/s) 10859: 7375: 10659: 4955:, just one of more than 1200 species of catfish in the Amazon basin. Other catfish 'walk' overland on their ventral fins, while the 2112:

emerges from Nevado Mismi, joins Quebrada Apacheta and soon forms Río Lloqueta which becomes Río Hornillos and eventually joins the

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15 m (49 ft) to 45 m (148 ft) (Middle Amazon); 20 m (66 ft) to 50 m (160 ft) (Lower Amazon)

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epoch between 11.8 million and 11.3 million years ago and took its present shape approximately 2.4 million years ago in the Early

2588:("flooded forests"). The Amazon's flooded forests are the most extensive example of this habitat type in the world. In an average 10051:"Bull Sharks, Carcharhinus leucus, In Coastal Estuaries | Center for Environmental Communication | Loyola University New Orleans" 9090: 4857: 4699: 2343:(390,000 sq mi) (around 20%), exclusive of the 1,400,000 km (540,000 sq mi) of the Tocantins basin. The 2140: 1947: 640:(Period: 1928–1996)75,602 m/s (2,669,900 cu ft/s) (Period: 1903–2023)95,000 m/s (3,400,000 cu ft/s) 10688:

Hecht, Susanna, et al. "The Amazon in motion: Changing politics, development strategies, peoples, landscapes, and livelihoods."

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and Tabatinga, and a third, two trips a month between Pará and Cametá. This was the first step in opening up the vast interior.

1591:, may have made the second descent of the Amazon. Historians are uncertain whether the river he descended was the Amazon or the 784: 10849: 9213:

Edward, Anthony; Antoine, Gandel; Nicolas, Goatiot; Christophe, Proisy; Mead A., Allison; Franck, Dolique; F., Fromard (2010).

2335:. At Óbidos, a bluff 17 m (56 ft) above the river is backed by low hills. The lower Amazon seems to have once been a 10139: 8471: 7450:"Hydrological Control on the Temporal Variability of Trace Element Concentration in the Amazon River and its Main Tributaries" 587:(Period: 1998–2023)298,400 m/s (10,540,000 cu ft/s) (Year: 2022)406,000 m/s (14,300,000 cu ft/s) 300: 9969: 9861: 9822: 9731: 9698: 9296: 9265: 8967: 8685: 8640: 8317: 8198: 7996: 7890: 2503: 1076:

of the Amazon river. The Amazon represents 20% of the global riverine discharge into oceans. The Amazon basin is the largest

10502: 8867: 8646: 10759: 8020: 7160: 4794:), also a dolphin species, is found both in the rivers of the Amazon basin and in the coastal waters of South America. The 9515: 1794:

Manaus, at the mouth of the Rio Negro, had a population between 1,000 and 1,500. All the remaining villages, as far up as

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revolt (1835–1840) was directed against the white ruling class. It is estimated that from 30% to 40% of the population of

1755: 577:(Period: 1998–2023)82,160 m/s (2,901,000 cu ft/s) 46,130 m/s (1,629,000 cu ft/s)(Year: 2023) 12585: 10854: 10814: 10558: 8599: 8046: 7286: 4684: 4457: 1836:

On 31 July 1867, the government of Brazil, constantly pressed by the maritime powers and by the countries encircling the

1576: 4367:, with a leading wave that can be up to 7.6 m (25 ft) high and travel up to 800 km (500 mi) inland. 2151:

to form the Ucayali. After the confluence of Apurímac and Ucayali, the river leaves Andean terrain and is surrounded by

12267: 9387: 8067:"Amazon| Origin And Meaning Of Amazon By Online Etymology Dictionary". 2018. Etymonline.Com. Accessed 15 October 2018. 7424: 1688: 11156: 10476: 9420: 8668: 1625:

and religious settlements were established along the banks of primary rivers and tributaries for trade, slaving , and

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The main river and tributaries are (sorted in order from the confluence of Ucayali and Marañón rivers to the mouth):

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De Orellana traveled across the Amazon in 1541, more than 3 million indigenous people lived around the Amazon. These

223: 10764: 9931: 9551: 8443: 7722: 2186:. The river systems and flood plains in Brazil, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, and Venezuela, whose waters drain into the 1602:

was the first European to travel up the entire river. He arrived in Quito in 1637, and returned via the same route.

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Jianli, Chen; Byron, Tapley; Matt, Rodell; Ki-Weon, Seo; Clark, Wilson; Bridget K., Scanlon; Yadu, Pokhrel (2020).

8894: 8263: 4909:. More than 5,600 species were known as of 2011, and approximately fifty new species are discovered each year. The 2506:

published a news article on their webpage, claiming that the Amazon River was 140 km (87 mi) longer than

1288:

formed an essential contribution to the social and religious development of higher-altitude civilizations like the

12163: 8438: 11612: 11398: 9569: 9489: 1310:. Artificial earth platforms for entire villages are the second type of mounds. They are best represented by the 986: 12130: 11899: 11889: 12578: 12196: 11978: 11133: 10807: 4418:

from the west and the Amazon began to flow eastward, leading to the emergence of the Amazon rainforest. During

1861:

annually, and by 1911 annual exports had grown to 44,000 tons, representing 9.3% of Peru's exports. During the

11365: 4634: 4579: 4524: 4469: 2522:, the Amazon's length was calculated as 6,800 km (4,200 mi) by a Brazilian scientist. In June 2007, 1877:

navigating the Negro, Madeira, Purús, and many other tributaries, such as the Marañón, to ports as distant as

12259: 11574: 11541: 11518: 11490: 11467: 11444: 11436: 11393: 11350: 11322: 11276: 10683: 10332: 10284: 4848:, that are related to alligators and other crocodilians, also inhabit the Amazon as do varieties of turtles. 1672: 10780:

Research on the influence of the Amazon River on the Atlantic Ocean at the University of Southern California

10258: 7595:"Assessing the performance of global hydrological models for capturing peak river flows in the Amazon basin" 4709: 12374: 12168: 12059: 11922: 10014:

Fish Conservation: A Guide to Understanding and Restoring Global Aquatic Biodiversity and Fishery Resources

9215:"The Amazon-infuenced high mud-supply shores of South America: A review of mud bank-shoreline interactions" 9022: 7753: 4967:

or "goliath catfish", can reach 3.6 m (12 ft) in length and 200 kg (440 lb) in weight.

4722: 4695: 1530: 1453:, to the mouth of the river. In this journey, Orellana baptized some of the affluents of the Amazonas like 1338: 17: 10703: 8355: 1414: 12697: 10584: 9902: 7358:"Seasonal assessment of groundwater quality in the cities of Itacoatiara and Manacapuru (Amazon, Brazil)" 1806: 1391:

in 1770 when they began a series of widespread attacks on Brazilian settlements along the Amazon River."

1242: 982: 12712: 11955: 11678: 11673: 10232: 389:

10 km (6.2 mi) to 14 km (8.7 mi) (Lower Amazon); 340 km (210 mi) (estuary)

12677: 12450: 12087: 11828: 11823: 11556: 11217: 11093: 11088: 10206: 9129: 9063: 7401: 7119: 6567:

6,400 km (4,000 mi) (6,275 to 7,025 km (3,899 to 4,365 mi)) – Amazon, South America

2167: 2126: 2055: 2017: 1932: 1726: 1208: 1119:

The name Rio Amazonas was reportedly given after native warriors attacked a 16th-century expedition by

12727: 10774: 9067: 7814: 7684: 7077: 2541: 11884: 11108: 9629: 8991: 4622: 4350:

Annual flooding occurs in late northern latitude winter at high tide when the incoming waters of the

1982:, with the demand for rubber from the Allied forces in World War II providing funding for the drive. 12120: 11833: 10745: 7549: 6235: 5833: 4567: 2432: 2365:

On the south bank, above the Xingu, a line of low bluffs bordering the floodplain extends nearly to

1611: 10358: 9615: 7054: 4935: 2496: 1085:, yet already has a greater flow at this point than the discharge of any other river in the world. 337:(Amazon–Ucayali–Tambo–Ené– Apurimac 6,400 km (4,000 mi) to 6,500 km (4,000 mi) 10606: 10524: 10442: 8842: 8376: 12702: 12601: 12049: 11970: 11861: 11757: 11701: 11620: 11342: 11080: 10385: 10310: 9655:

Cravalho, Michael A. (1999). "Shameless Creatures: an Ethnozoology of the Amazon River Dolphin".

9228: 7511: 4512: 2584: 2327:

The Lower Amazon begins where the darkly colored waters of the Rio Negro meets the sandy-colored

1991: 1787: 1684: 1418: 1388: 1154: 1094: 10963: 8403:"Camila Loureiro Dias, "Maps and Political Discourse: The Amazon River of Father Samuel Fritz," 7815:"Correct placement of the most distant source of the Amazon River in the Mantaro River drainage" 7780: 5113:, twelve of which are over 1,500 km (930 mi) long. Some of the more notable ones are: 10844: 9788: 7679: 6035: 4833: 2461: 1678: 1172: 764: 11128: 11103: 9812: 9317: 9286: 8807: 12682: 12672: 12667: 12031: 11640: 10725: 10714: 10012: 9959: 9851: 9255: 8957: 8307: 7021: 6076: 4735:. In addition to thousands of species of fish, the river supports crabs, algae, and turtles. 4398:

phase of the Andean chain started. This tectonic movement is caused by the subduction of the

3536: 3491: 2536: 2359: 1704: 1518: 1442: 1120: 418: 366: 142: 12315: 12003: 11805: 11716: 11459: 11171: 10889: 9767: 8632:

The Fate of the Forest: Developers, Destroyers, and Defenders of the Amazon, Updated Edition

8068: 7986: 7882: 2355: 2284: 1652: 1637:, an apostle of the Omagus established some forty mission villages. Fritz proposed that the 1566: 1387:, breaking the tribe down into much smaller groups ... first came to the attention of 12549: 12389: 12343: 12155: 11665: 11505: 11482: 11380: 11355: 11263: 11194: 11004: 10940: 10902: 10093: 9926: 9451: 9371: 9167: 8153: 7925: 7829: 7639: 7202: 7080:, as of 2020, the length of the Amazon remains open to interpretation and continued debate. 6003: 5968: 4906: 4825: 4760: 4747: 4403: 2596:, the flooded area of the Amazon basin rises to 350,000 km (140,000 sq mi). 2272:

lands, which are never more than 5 m (16 ft) above low river, into many islands.

1805:

sanctioned a law authorizing steam navigation on the Amazon and gave the Viscount of Mauá (

1694: 1364:

and regional climate explain the otherwise inexplicable band of lower rainfall through the

1330: 1289: 1277: 347:

7,000,000 km (2,700,000 sq mi) 6,743,000 km (2,603,000 sq mi)

12478: 12211: 11739: 11413: 11360: 11291: 11202: 10986: 7423:

Pierre, Ribstein; Bernard, Francou; Anne, Coudrain Ribstein; Philippe, Mourguiart (1995).

7371: 1559:) is not native to South America. Other related cinnamon-containing plants (of the family 1250:

fishing at the Amazon river. The arapaima has been on Earth for at least 23 million years.

8: 12282: 12074: 12054: 11853: 11271: 10948: 10897: 7322: 7320: 7318: 7316: 7314: 7104: 6683: 5050: 5042: 4772: 4355: 4344: 3541: 3495: 2567: 2531: 2519: 1621:

In what is currently in Brazil, Ecuador, Bolivia, Colombia, Peru, and Venezuela, several

1114: 1057: 970: 554: 155: 89: 12362: 11937: 10097: 9455: 9375: 9171: 8157: 8117: 7929: 7833: 7643: 7449: 7206: 7191:"Pinpointing the sources and measuring the lengths of the principal rivers of the world" 2431:

A more conservative measurement excluding the Pará river estuary, from the mouth of the

2366: 1762: 12511: 12458: 12229: 12016: 10733: 10655: 10116: 10081: 9991: 9883: 9672: 9467: 9383: 9183: 8255: 8169: 7946: 7911: 7218: 6655: 6613: 5280: 5193: 5178: 5158: 5090: 5046: 4898: 2563: 2465: 2320: 2296: 2226: 2206: 2088: 2038: 1940: 1802: 1700: 1656: 1638: 1454: 1098: 1049: 1029: 744: 724: 11179: 8868:"Studies from INPE indicate that the Amazon River is 140 km longer than the Nile" 7666:

As well as being the largest river , the Amazon River is home to many species of fish.

7311: 6167: 4394:. 80 million years ago, the two continents split. Fifteen million years ago, the main 2544:, the final length of the Amazon remains open to interpretation and continued debate. 1955: 848: 616:(800 km upstream of mouth – Basin size: 4,704,076 km (1,816,254 sq mi)) 12612: 12553: 12417: 12397: 12039: 11782: 11752: 11693: 11533: 11314: 11024: 10121: 10018: 9965: 9857: 9818: 9727: 9323: 9292: 9261: 9214: 9187: 8963: 8681: 8636: 8605: 8339: 8313: 8247: 8194: 7992: 7951: 7886: 7875: 7657: 7357: 7327: 7190: 7027: 5953: 5545: 4795: 4728: 3340: 2809: 2633: 2485: 2332: 2288: 2156: 2129:, however, identifies the most distant source of the Amazon as actually being in the 1960: 1334: 1311: 1273: 1053: 151: 128: 12191: 9471: 7222: 6093: 5533: 4321: 2113: 1979: 1384: 1045: 1021: 997: 772: 684: 613: 557:(704 km upstream of mouth; Basin size: 5,232,764 km (2,020,381 sq mi) 422: 189: 160: 12430: 12135: 12112: 11914: 11894: 11876: 11421: 11148: 11052: 11037: 10111: 10101: 10082:"Metagenomics of the water column in the pristine upper course of the Amazon river" 9664: 9459: 9379: 9175: 9120: 9118: 8239: 8161: 7941: 7933: 7916: 7837: 7647: 7210: 6971: 6526: 5986: 5930: 5637: 5123: 4983: 4952: 2625: 2592:, 110,000 km (42,000 sq mi) of land are water-covered, while in the 2084: 2033: 1438: 1110: 962: 932: 926: 897: 808: 760: 11712: 10885: 9690: 6641: 6151: 2218: 1422: 844: 756: 748: 740: 12636: 12621: 12183: 12044: 11735: 11724: 11287: 10982: 10790: 10498: 10165:"Amazon River falls to lowest in over 100 years as Brazil struggles with drought" 10106: 9909: 9799: 8871: 8630: 8476: 8362: 8074: 7559: 7483: 6999: 6592: 6438: 6372: 6098: 5687: 5208: 4918: 4395: 3339:

Average discharge (Q - 173,000 m/s) and sediment load (S - 754 x 10 ton/year) at

2344: 2268:, all connected by a complicated system of natural canals, cutting the low, flat 2076: 2025: 1588: 1496: 1260: 1223: 1153:"warriors", a word attested indirectly through a derivation, a denominal verb in 1143: 1139: 1128: 1105:

part of the river is still known by that name, as well as the Brazilian state of

891: 860: 776: 511: 205: 10779: 9356: 9115: 8016: 7356:

Anderson da Silva, Layes; Marcondes Silva, E. Silva; Genilson Pereira, Santana.

7152: 6585: 6407: 6071: 6053: 5751: 5228: 4610: 2613:

The Atlantic has sufficient wave and tidal energy to carry most of the Amazon's

2408:

If the Pará river and the Marajó island ocean frontage are included, the Amazon

2398: 2222: 1337:

settlements created highly developed civilizations. For instance, pre-Columbian

840: 768: 736: 12646: 12463: 12385: 12300: 12239: 12219: 12140: 11983: 11661: 11645: 11501: 11388: 11259: 11190: 11009: 10936: 9511: 8472:"Cabanagem (1835–1840): Uma das mais sangrentas rebeliões do período regencial" 6690: 6648: 6599: 6509: 5669: 5138: 5133: 5054: 5038: 4930: 4829: 4419: 4407: 4351: 2265: 2254: 2238: 2214: 2148: 2121: 1885: 1853: 1744: 1710: 1599: 1541: 1470: 1446: 1408: 1376: 1372: 1361: 1231: 1082: 1077: 1008:'s most distant source until a 2014 study found it to be the headwaters of the 752: 630:(Period: 01/01/1997–31/12/2015)178,193.9 m/s (6,292,860 cu ft/s) 447: 379:

3 km (1.9 mi) (Middle Amazon); 5 km (3.1 mi) (Lower Amazon)

274: 11608: 10554: 8042: 7214: 6606: 6578: 6475: 6470: 5720: 5704: 5188: 5148: 2381:

Satellite image of the mouth of the Amazon River, from the north looking south

1462: 1109:, which contains part of the Amazon. It later became known as Rio Amazonas in 868: 864: 832: 697:(Period: 01/01/1997–31/12/2015) 105,720 m/s (3,733,000 cu ft/s) 12661: 12323: 12255: 12011: 11432: 10794: 10709:

Schulze, Frederik, and Georg Fischer. "Brazilian history as global history."

10680:

In search of the Amazon: Brazil, the United States and the nature of a region

10663: 10650: 9514:(in Spanish). Servicio Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas por el Estado. 8251: 8091: 7661: 6985: 6676: 6634: 6571: 6183: 6019: 5848: 5300: 5218: 5183: 5153: 5128: 5034: 5030: 5018: 4979: 4768: 4649: 4636: 4594: 4581: 4539: 4526: 4484: 4471: 2575: 2311: 2234: 2130: 2101: 1776: 1592: 1296:. Early human settlements were typically based on low-lying hills or mounds. 1265: 1255: 1227: 1192: 1025: 1017: 1009: 978: 836: 804: 780: 315: 302: 238: 225: 8243: 7506: 7504: 7502: 7500: 7498: 7355: 6388: 6356: 5771: 2812:

gauge station; Period from 1969 to 2018: 5,520 km/a (175,000 m/s)

2518:

bay in its entire length. According to an earlier article on the webpage of

2468:, the second-largest tributary of the Amazon, just before their confluence. 2390: 856: 824: 515: 12626: 11747: 11065: 10700:

The rise and fall of the Amazon rubber industry: an historical anthropology

10672:. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 783–90. 10472: 10125: 9412: 7955: 7937: 6541: 6453: 6321: 6216: 5736: 5556: 5143: 5118: 5075: 5026: 4971: 4732: 4336: 2645: 2629: 2553: 2348: 2097: 2069: 1837: 1634: 1622: 1584: 1489: 1411: 1365: 1005: 1001: 876: 812: 507: 193: 70: 55: 12570: 12446: 11552: 11213: 9961:

A World of Rivers: Environmental Change on Ten of the World's Great Rivers

9853:

A World of Rivers: Environmental Change on Ten of the World's Great Rivers

9547: 8356:

Francisco de Orellana Francisco de Orellana (Spanish explorer and soldier)

7447: 2377: 2339:

of the Atlantic Ocean, the waters of which washed the cliffs near Óbidos.

1615: 12631: 12425: 10959: 9221: 9179: 7714: 7495: 7476: 7072: 7013: 6669: 6662: 6627: 6492: 6270: 5881: 5817: 5362: 5344: 5223: 5203: 5168: 4994:) has been reported 4,000 km (2,500 mi) up the Amazon River at 4879: 4810: 4717:, an important species in Amazonian fisheries, breeds in the Amazon River 4426: 4399: 4380: 2421: 2246: 2242: 2109: 2060: 2006: 1862: 1607: 1449:

to travel from the origins of the upstream river basins, situated in the

1355: 1326: 1307: 1293: 1269: 1073: 852: 828: 816: 728: 269: 49: 11247: 10799: 10770:

Amazon Alive: Light & Shadow documentary film about the Amazon river

8259: 8227: 5094: 2413: 2328: 2316: 2300: 2181: 1106: 12311: 11999: 11966: 11801: 11455: 11338: 11167: 11076: 10765:

A photographic journey up the Amazon River from its mouth to its source

9676: 9565: 9155: 8309:

The Indians of Central and South America: an ethnohistorical dictionary

8173: 7841: 7652: 7627: 6304: 6250: 5394: 5173: 4987: 4902: 4890: 4387: 4358: 4317: 2601: 2593: 2589: 2292: 2250: 2152: 2135: 1893: 1889: 1845: 1642: 1626: 1526: 1522: 1458: 1281: 1135: 792: 788: 732: 680: 365:

700 m (2,300 ft) (Upper Amazon); 1.5 km (0.93 mi) (

12474: 12207: 11409: 11299: 11060: 10280: 9463: 8990:(2007 ed.). Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia. Archived from 6620: 5198: 4944: 4753:

Along with the Orinoco, the Amazon is one of the main habitats of the

4500: 2331:(the upper Amazon), and for over 6 km (3.7 mi) these waters 1884:

By the turn of the 20th century, the exports of the Amazon basin were

1646: 12027: 11933: 11767: 11513: 8439:"Charles-Marie de La Condamine (French naturalist and mathematician)" 7628:"A Review of Earth Observation-Based Analyses for Major River Basins" 5539: 5271: 5213: 5110: 5022: 4415: 4325: 2261: 2108:, as the most distant source of the river. From that point, Quebrada 1924: 1849: 1795: 1783: 1510: 1505: 1380: 1165: 1131: 1102: 1041: 146: 133: 12339: 12151: 11478: 11376: 9668: 8835:"Explorers Pinpoint Source of the Amazon (National Geographic News)" 8165: 6327: 5959: 4947:, native to the Amazon River, is a species of parasitic fresh water 4301: 2476: 2436: 2402: 1342: 626:(Period: 1903–2023)165,829.6 m/s (5,856,220 cu ft/s) 164: 12278: 12070: 11849: 10140:"In the Amazon rainforest, an indigenous tribe fights for survival" 7492:

Bd. 23, Nr. 3, Montreal 2010, S. 247–273 (retrieved 19 August 2013)

5071: 4956: 4910: 4871: 4841: 4714: 4517: 4391: 4363: 2614: 2606: 2562:

in Peru, across Brazil to the Atlantic. It gathers its waters from

2213:, and others directly into the Amazon proper. These include rivers 2194: 2065: 1964: 1738: 1514: 1322: 1247: 1180: 1147: 650:(Period: 1928–1996)306,317 m/s (10,817,500 cu ft/s) 110: 12507: 10649:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

9319:

Environmental Geology: Facing the Challenges of Our Changing Earth

8601:

The Economics of Deforestation in the Amazon: Dispelling the Myths

8341:

The European Discovery of America: The Southern Voyages, 1492–1616

4743: 4727:

More than one-third of all known species in the world live in the

2417: 2393:

and the Amazon are connected by a series of river channels called

2385: 2276:

low, until approaching Manaus, they rise to become rolling hills.

1399: 1230:, and causing it to switch directions to its current mouth in the 820: 652:(Period: 1903–2023)260,000 m/s (9,200,000 cu ft/s) 12413: 12234: 12224: 11778: 11689: 11529: 11310: 11020: 10254: 8870:. Brazilian National Institute for Space Research. Archived from 8107:"Amazon River", Encarta Encyclopedia, Microsoft Student 2009 DVD. 5079: 4995: 4948: 4940: 4922: 4886: 4875: 4780: 4376: 4340: 2621: 2559: 2409: 2264:, or multiple channels, often very long, with inland and lateral 2210: 2198: 2172: 2119:

A 2014 study by Americans James Contos and Nicolas Tripcevich in

1909: 1905: 1870: 1857: 1630: 1629:

among the indigenous peoples of the vast rainforest, such as the

1545: 1466: 1346: 1219: 1171:: 'to make war' in Persian"), where it appears together with the 1124: 1033: 567:(Period: 1971–2000)191,624 m/s (6,767,100 cu ft/s) 124: 64: 12108: 11910: 11872: 11144: 11048: 10607:"Guapore River (river, South America) – Encyclopædia Britannica" 10202: 9441: 7908: 7189:

Liu, Shaochuang; Lu, P; Liu, D; Jin, P; Wang, W (1 March 2009).

5101: 2425: 2080:

Nevado Mismi, formerly considered to be the source of the Amazon

1722: 1595:, which runs more or less parallel to the Amazon further north. 1437:, because of its freshwater pushing out into the ocean. Another 137: 12179: 11988: 9760:"Giant otter videos, photos and facts – Pteronura brasiliensis" 8959:

Territorial Disputes and Resource Management: A Global Handbook

7812: 7576: 7397: 5163: 5021:

are generally not very well known, even less so for a pristine

4845: 4787: 4665: 4627: 4572: 4375:

The Amazon River originated as a transcontinental river in the

4332: 2648:; Period from 2003 to 2015: 7,200 km/a (230,000 m/s) 2452: 2304: 2230: 2064:

The Amazon was thought to originate from the Apacheta cliff in

1928: 1913: 1866: 1771: 1571: 1549: 1299: 1264:, Amazonian societies were deeply involved in the emergence of 1123:. The warriors were led by women, reminding de Orellana of the 1065: 1037: 286: 169: 114: 9810: 9212: 4555: 3498:(Lower Amazon). Period from 1998/01/01 to 2022/12/31 (Source: 1852:

navigation coupled with the internationally driven demand for

915: 10999: 10228: 8808:"Source of the Amazon River Identificated (Jacek Palkiewicz)" 8765:"Amazon Dams Keep the Lights On But Could Hurt Fish, Forests" 7448:

Seyler, Patrick; Laurence Maurice-Bourgoin; Jean Loup Guyot.

4882:, but these aggressive fish may also pose a danger to humans. 4731:. It is the richest tropical forest in the world in terms of 4406:. The rise of the Andes and the linkage of the Brazilian and 2571: 2457: 2021: 1901: 1878: 1865:

it is estimated that diseases brought by immigrants, such as

1659:

was most famous for his expedition to the Amazon (1848–1859).

1500: 1450: 1383:

expansion (in the 18th century) dislocated and displaced the

1285: 1184: 1158: 10583:. Geography.howstuffworks.com. 30 March 2008. Archived from 10080:

Ghai R, Rodriguez-Valera F, McMahon KD, et al. (2011).

9125: 8187:

Silberman, Neil Asher; Bauer, Alexander A. (November 2012).

7988:

Amazon Sweet Sea: Land, Life, and Water at the River's Mouth

4783:

that turns into a man and seduces maidens by the riverside.

4425:

Paralleling the Amazon River is a large aquifer, dubbed the

1798:, on the Brazilian frontier of Peru, were relatively small. 1717: 1306:; no preceramic shell mounds have been documented so far by 10079: 7775: 7773: 7771: 7067: 7033: 5008:

List of butterflies of the Amazon River basin and the Andes

4867: 4809:

The Amazon and its tributaries are the main habitat of the

4755: 4462: 4414:

Eleven to ten million years ago, waters worked through the

4305: 2507: 2491: 2202: 2105: 2041:" that will cause major social and environmental problems. 1936: 1013: 990: 944: 909: 654:

394,000 m/s (13,900,000 cu ft/s)(Year: 1953)

209: 106: 10443:"Araguaia River (river, Brazil) – Encyclopædia Britannica" 9257:

The Central Amazon Floodplain: Ecology of a Pulsing System

8718:"More than 400 dams planned for the Amazon and headwaters" 2620:

There is a natural water union between the Amazon and the

1747:

opera house in Manaus built in 1896 during the rubber boom

950: 10525:"Tapajos River (river, Brazil) – Encyclopædia Britannica" 8793:

Ellen Wohl, "The Amazon: Rivers of Blushing Dolphins" in

8746:

Ellen Wohl, "The Amazon: Rivers of Blushing Dolphins" in

8142: 7422: 7328:"Issues of local and global use of water from the Amazon" 4429:, the discovery of which was made public in August 2011. 2336: 1897: 938: 903: 11596: 9814:

Historical Biogeography of Neotropical Freshwater Fishes

9612:

Historical Biogeography of Neotropical Freshwater Fishes

9532:(in Spanish). Parques Nacionales Naturales de Colombia. 8934: 8924: 8922: 8920: 8516: 8514: 8512: 8510: 8508: 8506: 8504: 8502: 8500: 7768: 7287:"CORPOAMAZONIA - TRÁMITES PARA APROVECHAMIENTO FORESTAL" 4901:, some of which are popular aquarium specimens like the 4897:

The Amazonian fish fauna is the centre of diversity for

4331:

The main river is navigable for large ocean steamers to

687:(Basin size: 2,147,736 km (829,246 sq mi) 9903:

Megafishes Project to Size Up Real "Loch Ness Monsters"

7490:

Revue des sciences de l'eau / Journal of Water Science.

7184: 7182: 7180: 7178: 7176: 7174: 7172: 7170: 5078:, and malaria. Meanwhile, in 2022, the region's severe 4775:

to navigate and hunt in the river's tricky depths. The

2100:

peak, located roughly 160 km (99 mi) west of

1191:

Other scholars claim that the name is derived from the

10306: 9153: 8797:(Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2011), 279. 7364: 1896:

and a few other products of minor importance, such as

10307:"Agência Nacional de Águas e Saneamento Básico (ANA)" 9037: 8917: 8750:(Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2011), 35. 8576: 8573:

La Republica Oligarchic. Editorial Lexus 2000 p. 925.

8497: 4685:

Biodiversity of Colombia § Amazon natural region

953: 947: 912: 11248:

Architectural, artistic and archaeological treasures

10192:. Time-Life Bücher 1979, 8th German Printing, p. 20. 7972:. Time-Life Bücher 1979, 7th German Printing, p. 19. 7912:"An extensive reef system at the Amazon River mouth" 7626:

Uereyen, Soner; Kuenzer, Claudia (9 December 2019).

7477:

Les apports en eau de l'Amazone à l'Océan Atlantique

7167: 6961: 2464:

linking the cities of Manaus and Iranduba spans the

2190:

and its tributaries, are called the "Upper Amazon".

7808: 7806: 7147: 7145: 7143: 7141: 7139: 7137: 7135: 7133: 7131: 7129: 4354:are funnelled into the Amazon delta. The resulting 1146:compound * ha-maz-an- "(one) fighting together" or 987:

longest or second-longest river system in the world

941: 935: 906: 900: 9126:"Amazon basin water resources observation service" 8711: 8709: 8338: 8035: 7874: 7674: 7672: 7114: 7112: 10073: 5068:United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights 4308:satellite image of a flooded portion of the river 2570:. Its most remote sources are found on the inter- 2405:, the world's largest combined river/sea island. 1142:. The word Amazon itself may be derived from the 1024:rivers join, and with other tributaries form the 12659: 9486:"Massive River Found Flowing Beneath the Amazon" 7813:James Contos; Nicholas Tripcevich (March 2014). 7803: 7390: 7126: 4978:) and more than 100 species of electric fishes ( 1044:of the Amazon. Brazilians call this section the 81: 38: 10247: 9817:. University of California Press. p. 308. 9782: 9291:. University of California Press. p. 462. 9015:"Amazon Longer Than Nile River, Scientists Say" 8706: 8629:Hecht, Susanna B.; Cockburn, Alexander (2010). 8312:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 57–248. 7746:"Amazon Longer Than Nile River, Scientists Say" 7669: 7525: 7523: 7521: 7109: 6697: 2528:Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics 2162: 1986:a combination of credit and fiscal incentives. 1517:". He was accompanied by his second-in-command 1052:forming what Brazilians call the Amazon at the 481:340,000 m/s (12,000,000 cu ft/s) 10760:Information on the Amazon from Extreme Science 9804: 9478: 8186: 7625: 7246: 7244: 4804:International Union for Conservation of Nature 1503:into the South American interior in search of 1492:'s 1707 map showing the Amazon and the Orinoco 471:180,000 m/s (6,400,000 cu ft/s) 12586: 10815: 8628: 7709: 7707: 4982:) inhabit the Amazon basin. River stingrays ( 4779:is the subject of a legend in Brazil about a 2504:Brazilian Institute for Space Research (INPE) 1912:, live animals) and extracted goods, such as 1004:had been considered for nearly a century the 339:(Amazon–Marañón 5,700 km (3,500 mi) 12542:Nuestro patrimonio – 100 tesoros de Colombia 9089:Molinier M; et al. (22 November 1993). 7518: 7281: 7279: 7277: 5235: 12600: 10883: 9229:"River and Reservoir Watch Version 4.5-146" 8407:Volume 69, Number 1, July 2012, pp. 95–116" 8330: 8292: 8290: 8278: 8228:"The Rise and Fall of the Amazon Chiefdoms" 7991:. University of Texas Press. pp. 1–2. 7512:"River and Reservoir Watch Version 4.5-148" 7241: 7188: 2471: 2435:to Ponta do Navio on the northern coast of 2104:and 700 km (430 mi) southeast of 1919: 1371:Many indigenous tribes engaged in constant 12593: 12579: 10822: 10808: 10414: 9996:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 9888:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 9609: 9582: 9088: 8800: 8564:Historia del Peru, Editorial Lexus. p. 93. 8469: 7704: 7071:length was calculated as 6,853 km. A 5267:(Confluence of Ucayali and Marañón rivers 3490:Average, minimum and maximum discharge at 10829: 10115: 10105: 9811:James S. Albert; Roberto E. Reis (2011). 9610:Albert, J. S.; Reis, R. E., eds. (2011). 9585:"Brazilian Amazon rain forest fact sheet" 8225: 8017:"Apollonius Rhodius, Argonautica, Book 2" 8009: 7945: 7651: 7274: 3343:gauge station (period from 1996 to 2007) 2490:While debate as to whether the Amazon or 1718:Post-colonial exploitation and settlement 1663: 1633:. In the late 1600s, Czech Jesuit Father 1318:are the most recent types of occupation. 12546:Our heritage – 100 treasures of Colombia 10873: 9719: 9654: 9322:. Infobase Publishing. pp. 110–11. 9315: 8758: 8756: 8287: 7980: 7978: 7962: 5100: 5089: 4893:is one of the most popular aquarium fish 4885: 4866: 4824: 4742: 4708: 4300: 2574:plateau, just a short distance from the 2475: 2456:the time, the crossing can be done by a 2376: 2358:. These hills are cut down to a kind of 2310: 2283: 2166: 2083: 2075: 2059: 1954: 1946: 1939:satellite image, surrounded by the dark 1923: 1770: 1721: 1651: 1605:From 1648 to 1652, Portuguese Brazilian 1565: 1484: 1398: 1241: 875: 10722:The Amazon: Rivers of Blushing Dolphins 10383: 10010: 9518:from the original on 13 September 2016. 9305:from the original on 15 September 2015. 9284: 9278: 8862: 8860: 8597: 8377:"A Brief History of Amazon Exploration" 8336: 8326:from the original on 12 September 2015. 8005:from the original on 15 September 2015. 7904: 7902: 7868: 7866: 7544: 7542: 7540: 7060: 6644:, Brazil/Bolivia (tributary of Madeira) 5097:, the section of the upper Amazon River 4858:Category:Birds of the Amazon rainforest 2362:which lies between them and the river. 2260:At some points, the river divides into 2020:. The racial makeup of the city is 64% 1761:Metropolitan Cathedral of Santarém, in 1521:. After 170 km (106 mi), the 1394: 1127:, a tribe of women warriors related to 14: 12660: 10972:Complejo Cultural de la Antigua Aduana 10690:Amazon Assessment Report 2021, Part II 10654: 9274:from the original on 8 September 2015. 9054: 9052: 9043: 8951: 8949: 8940: 8928: 8893:Contos, James (Rocky) (3 April 2014). 8892: 8762: 8618:from the original on 30 November 2017. 8582: 8520: 7725:from the original on 26 September 2010 7571: 7569: 7567: 7468: 7452:. Geological Survey of Brazil (CPRM). 5033:inhabit the river. The most important 2420:, to Ponta da Tijoca near the town of 2037:flowing rivers" and contribute to an " 1552:), which they reached on 3 June 1542. 985:volume of water in the world, and the 12693:International rivers of South America 12574: 12540:Wills, Fernando; et al. (2001). 12539: 12131:Lagunas de la Magdalena y de Santiago 11890:Lagunas de la Magdalena y de Santiago 11595: 11246: 10924: 10923: 10872: 10803: 10561:from the original on 27 December 2010 10386:"Japurá River (river, South America)" 10313:from the original on 11 February 2021 10209:from the original on 11 November 2022 9831:from the original on 19 December 2011 9554:from the original on 30 October 2016. 9536:from the original on 2 February 2017. 9354: 9132:from the original on 8 September 2023 9012: 8976:from the original on 15 October 2015. 8832: 8753: 8593: 8591: 8305: 7984: 7975: 7791:from the original on 24 December 2018 7592: 7229:from the original on 23 December 2018 7163:from the original on 8 November 2020. 7046: 6686:, Peru/Bolivia (tributary of Madeira) 5029:has provided answers to what kind of 1790:, estimated at 100,000 people, died. 1213: 989:, a title which is disputed with the 12718:Rivers of Amazonas (Brazilian state) 11597:National natural parks and treasures 10719: 10535:from the original on 11 January 2011 10287:from the original on 6 November 2022 10281:"Secretaría do Meio Ambiente (SEMA)" 10031:from the original on 8 February 2017 9978:from the original on 2 November 2023 9957: 9870:from the original on 2 November 2023 9849: 9740:from the original on 2 November 2023 9336:from the original on 8 February 2017 9253: 9247: 9235:from the original on 14 October 2023 9194:from the original on 2 November 2023 8857: 8810:. Palkiewicz.com. 19 November 1999. 8715: 8649:from the original on 2 November 2023 8485:from the original on 2 November 2007 8395: 8345:. New York: Oxford University Press. 8207:from the original on 2 November 2023 8124:from the original on 14 October 2023 7899: 7872: 7863: 7851:from the original on 26 January 2021 7607:from the original on 14 October 2023 7537: 7437:from the original on 9 October 2022. 7378:from the original on 14 October 2023 7334:from the original on 14 October 2023 7252:"Where Does the Amazon River Begin?" 5085: 1237: 1036:, forming what countries other than 880:Topography of the Amazon River Basin 11033:Palacio de la Gobernación de Caldas 10711:Bulletin of Latin American Research 10581:"HowStuffWorks "The Ucayali River"" 10339:from the original on 3 October 2012 10235:from the original on 29 August 2020 9530:"Parque Nacional Natural Amacayacu" 9423:from the original on 27 August 2019 9103:from the original on 7 October 2016 9091:"Hydrologie du Bassin de l'Amazone" 9049: 8955: 8946: 8895:"Redefining the Upper Amazon River" 8670:Síntese de Indicadores Sociais 2000 8546:from the original on 9 October 2022 8419:from the original on 1 October 2018 8190:The Oxford Companion to Archaeology 8118:"Amazon river 'switched direction'" 8049:from the original on 5 October 2018 8023:from the original on 30 August 2017 7564: 7299:from the original on 6 January 2023 4458:Allpahuayo-Mishana National Reserve 4347:, just above Achual Point in Peru. 2347:enters the southern portion of the 2279: 1873:, killed 40,000 native Amazonians. 1577:The Naturalist on the River Amazons 1570:Masked-dance, and wedding-feast of 1499:set off in 1541 to explore east of 24: 10423:from the original on 3 August 2017 10261:from the original on 16 March 2022 10061:from the original on 4 August 2019 9568:. Instituto Socioambiental (ISA). 9550:. Instituto Socioambiental (ISA). 9393:from the original on 28 March 2016 9384:10.1038/scientificamerican1082-146 9060:"Amazon River and Flooded Forests" 8905:from the original on 12 March 2017 8833:Smith, Donald (21 December 2000). 8814:from the original on 12 March 2007 8588: 8374: 8226:Roosevelt, Anna Curtenius (1993). 7692:from the original on 29 April 2015 7258:. 15 February 2014. Archived from 5105:Aerial view of an Amazon tributary 4678: 4664: 4609: 4554: 4499: 4432: 2446: 1689:Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius 1093:The Amazon was initially known by 25: 12739: 12642:Puerto Princesa Underground River 10753: 10617:from the original on 29 June 2011 10505:from the original on 28 June 2011 10479:from the original on 28 June 2011 10453:from the original on 29 June 2011 10365:from the original on 28 June 2011 9939:from the original on 18 July 2014 9701:from the original on 17 June 2018 9636:from the original on 1 March 2011 8763:Fraser, Barbara (19 April 2015). 8728:from the original on 29 July 2017 8694:from the original on 14 June 2011 8676:(in Portuguese). Manaus, Brazil: 8451:from the original on 25 July 2014 8383:from the original on 25 July 2014 7743: 7715:"Amazon river 'longer than Nile'" 7456:from the original on 21 July 2011 6602:, Brazil (tributary of Tocantins) 6561: 2125:, a peer-reviewed journal of the 1226:formed, blocking its flow to the 1068:, the largest city on the river. 12506: 12473: 12445: 12412: 12384: 12361: 12338: 12310: 12277: 12254: 12206: 12178: 12150: 12107: 12069: 12026: 11998: 11965: 11932: 11909: 11871: 11848: 11800: 11777: 11734: 11711: 11688: 11660: 11607: 11551: 11528: 11500: 11477: 11454: 11431: 11408: 11375: 11337: 11309: 11286: 11258: 11212: 11189: 11166: 11143: 11075: 11047: 11019: 10981: 10958: 10935: 10884: 10784: 10642: 10599: 10573: 10547: 10517: 10491: 10465: 10435: 10408: 10384:McKenna, Amy (9 February 2007). 10377: 10351: 10325: 10299: 10273: 10221: 10195: 10182: 10157: 10132: 10043: 10004: 9951: 9789:Cuvier's smooth-fronted caiman ( 9691:"Manatees: Facts About Sea Cows" 9572:from the original on 6 May 2016. 8266:from the original on 9 July 2021 7404:from the original on 3 July 2023 7006: 6992: 6978: 6964: 6711:Average annual discharge (m^3/s) 6640:1,749 km (1,087 mi) – 6633:1,900 km (1,181 mi) – 6626:1,979 km (1,230 mi) – 6619:1,992 km (1,238 mi) – 6612:2,250 km (1,400 mi) – 6605:2,400 km (1,500 mi) – 6598:2,627 km (1,632 mi) – 6591:2,639 km (1,640 mi) – 6584:2,820 km (1,752 mi) – 6577:3,211 km (1,995 mi) – 6570:3,250 km (2,019 mi) – 4767:). It is the largest species of 4316:The depth of the Amazon between 2072:, marked only by a wooden cross. 1754: 1737: 1325:who developed towns and cities. 931: 896: 63: 48: 11399:Quinta de San Pedro Alejandrino 10633: 10499:"Negro River: Information from" 10473:"Juruá River: Information from" 10396:from the original on 3 May 2015 10359:"Purus River: Information from" 9919: 9896: 9843: 9752: 9713: 9683: 9648: 9622: 9603: 9591:from the original on 3 May 2014 9583:World Bank (15 December 2005). 9576: 9558: 9540: 9522: 9504: 9435: 9405: 9348: 9309: 9082: 9006: 8980: 8886: 8826: 8787: 8740: 8661: 8635:. University of Chicago Press. 8622: 8567: 8558: 8526: 8463: 8431: 8368: 8349: 8299: 8219: 8180: 8136: 8110: 8101: 8080: 8061: 7781:"How Long Is the Amazon River?" 7737: 7619: 7441: 7416: 6679:, Brazil (tributary of Tapajós) 6665:, Brazil (tributary of Tapajós) 4917:, is a South American tropical 4834:heaviest and one of the longest 2333:run side by side without mixing 1012:on the Cordillera Rumi Cruz in 10694:online, with long bibliography 10682:(Duke University Press, 2013) 9932:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 9720:Balliett, James Fargo (2014). 8444:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 7474:Jacques Callède et. al.: 7094: 6689:1,100 km (684 mi) – 6682:1,130 km (702 mi) – 6675:1,240 km (771 mi) – 6668:1,300 km (808 mi) – 6661:1,370 km (851 mi) – 6654:1,415 km (879 mi) – 6647:1,575 km (979 mi) – 5001: 4700:Trees of the Amazon rainforest 4313:the rest of the Amazon river. 2205:, some of which flow into the 2024:(mulatto and mestizo) and 32% 1574:, engravings for Bates's 1863 1480: 1474: 1403:Amazon tributaries near Manaus 1329:estimate that by the time the 1160:"ἁμαζακάραν· πολεμεῖν. Πέρσαι" 1048:above its confluence with the 335:3,750 km (2,330 mi) 294: • coordinates 217: • coordinates 13: 1: 12164:Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta 11124:Santa Clara Church and Museum 8096:Greek Etymological Dictionary 7087: 6693:, Peru (tributary of Marañón) 6672:, Brazil (tributary of Xingu) 5060: 5012: 4961:Brachyplatystoma filamentosum 2526:, director of science at the 1801:On 6 September 1850, Emperor 1673:Charles Marie de La Condamine 1427:Río Santa María del Mar Dulce 1421:to sail up the Amazon River. 421:); 130 m (430 ft) ( 260:5,220 m (17,130 ft) 177:Physical characteristics 12169:Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta 12060:Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta 11923:Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta 10107:10.1371/journal.pone.0023785 10017:. Island Press. p. 31. 9013:Roach, John (18 June 2007). 8306:Olson, James Stuart (1991). 8090:(1912), 270ff., cited after 6698:List by inflow to the Amazon 4929:in Portuguese), such as the 4723:Category:Fauna of the Amazon 4386:The proto-Amazon during the 2639: 2628:. The Casiquiare is a river 2547: 2163:The Upper Amazon or Solimões 1848:development associated with 1531:Puerto Francisco de Orellana 1199:, meaning "boat destroyer". 1166: 1088: 256: • elevation 27:Major river in South America 7: 11366:Salt Cathedral of Zipaquirá 10789:Geographic data related to 9964:. Chicago. pp. 27–29. 8604:. Edward Elgar Publishing. 8534:"Sobre Escravos e Regatões" 6957: 6616:, Brazil/Venezuela/Colombia 5025:like the Amazon. Recently, 4820: 4296: 1900:and exotic forest produce ( 1807:Irineu Evangelista de Sousa 1675:explored the river in 1743. 1246:Old drawing (from 1879) of 676: • location 609: • location 550: • location 503: • location 461:(2,300,000 sq mi) 443: • location 282: • location 201: • location 10: 12744: 11094:Casa de Moneda de Colombia 9254:Junk, Wolfgang J. (1997). 9064:World Wide Fund for Nature 8716:Hill, David (6 May 2014). 8365:. Encyclopædia Britannica. 7985:Smith, Nigel J.H. (2003). 5109:The Amazon has over 1,100 5005: 4878:species, are prey for the 4855: 4836:known extant snake species 4738: 4720: 4693: 4682: 4370: 2551: 2483: 2416:in the Brazilian state of 2127:Royal Geographical Society 2056:Source of the Amazon River 2053: 2049: 1943:and the muddy Amazon River 1469:warriors from the ancient 1209:Timeline of Amazon history 1206: 1202: 1159: 1028:, which in turn meets the 983:largest river by discharge 693: • average 646: • maximum 636: • minimum 622: • average 583: • maximum 573: • minimum 563: • average 524: • average 477: • maximum 467: • minimum 456: • average 417:150 m (490 ft) ( 413: • maximum 403: • average 385: • maximum 375: • average 361: • minimum 12608: 12536: 12505: 12472: 12444: 12411: 12383: 12360: 12337: 12309: 12276: 12253: 12205: 12177: 12149: 12106: 12068: 12025: 11997: 11964: 11931: 11908: 11870: 11847: 11799: 11776: 11733: 11710: 11687: 11659: 11606: 11602: 11591: 11550: 11527: 11499: 11476: 11453: 11430: 11407: 11374: 11336: 11308: 11285: 11257: 11253: 11242: 11211: 11188: 11165: 11142: 11074: 11046: 11018: 10980: 10957: 10934: 10930: 10919: 10879: 10868: 10835: 10011:Helfman, Gene S. (2007). 8598:Campari, João S. (2005). 7215:10.1080/17538940902746082 6496: 6425: 6353: 6319: 6291: 6132: 6103: 6039: 6000: 5972: 5947: 5852: 5814: 5768: 5701: 5673: 5634: 5590: 5553: 5531: 5504: 5471: 5444: 5398: 5348: 5297: 5262: 5236:List of major tributaries 4913:, known in Brazil as the 4623:Anavilhanas National Park 4249: 3540: 3535: 3510: 3507: 2802: 2644:Average discharge at the 2568:20 degrees south latitude 2044: 1583:In 1560, another Spanish 1529:(at a point now known as 1509:, the "city of gold" and 1417:was the first documented 798: 718: 710: 705: 701: 691: 674: 666: 662: 658: 644: 634: 620: 607: 599: 595: 591: 581: 571: 561: 548: 540: 536: 532: 522: 501: 493: 489: 485: 475: 465: 454: 441: 433: 429: 411: 401: 393: 383: 373: 359: 351: 343: 331: 292: 280: 268: 264: 254: 215: 199: 185: 181: 176: 120: 102: 97: 77: 62: 47: 34: 12367:San Andrés y Providencia 12235:Laguna Verde del Azufral 10995:Estación de Chiquinquirá 10557:. International Rivers. 9908:3 September 2009 at the 9616:University of California 9355:Lynch, David K. (1982). 9260:. Springer. p. 44. 9160:Water Resources Research 8337:Morison, Samuel (1974). 8193:. OUP USA. p. 429. 7372:"Amazon River-Hidrology" 7256:National Geographic News 7055:List of rivers by length 7039: 5258:Average discharge (m/s) 5037:in the Amazon River are 4976:Electrophorus electricus 4936:Osteoglossum bicirrhosum 4851: 4704: 4694:See also the categories 4689: 2564:5 degrees north latitude 2497:List of rivers by length 2472:Dispute regarding length 2372: 1920:20th-century development 800: • right 12723:Rivers of Loreto Region 12688:Rivers of South America 12602:New 7 Wonders of Nature 12050:Los Flamencos Sanctuary 11862:Sierra Nevada del Cocuy 11758:Sierra Nevada del Cocuy 11702:Sierra Nevada del Cocuy 10692:(2021): ch 14 pp 1–65. 10669:Encyclopædia Britannica 10611:Encyclopædia Britannica 10529:Encyclopædia Britannica 10447:Encyclopædia Britannica 10390:Encyclopædia Britannica 9856:. Chicago. p. 27. 9798:23 October 2017 at the 9791:Paleosuchus palpebrosus 9632:. Rainforest Alliance. 9413:"The Amazon Rainforest" 8244:10.3406/hom.1993.369640 8073:15 October 2018 at the 7873:Penn, James R. (2001). 7785:Encyclopedia Britannica 7685:Encyclopædia Britannica 7482:2 November 2023 at the 7157:Encyclopædia Britannica 7078:Encyclopædia Britannica 6651:, Ecuador/Colombia/Peru 5139:Putumayo (or Içá River) 4862: 4513:Amacayacu National Park 2542:Encyclopædia Britannica 2520:the National Geographic 1992:Trans-Amazonian Highway 1856:, the Peruvian city of 1685:Johann Baptist von Spix 1614:led an expedition from 1280:in the terrains of the 1155:Hesychius of Alexandria 720: • left 54:Satellite image of the 12126:Estrecho del Magdalena 12098:Inírida River Raudales 10845:Colombia magia salvaje 10775:Amazon River Ecosystem 10713:38.4 (2019): 408–422. 9630:"Amazon River Dolphin" 9566:"Parna de Anavilhanas" 9316:Erickson, Jon (2014). 9285:Whitton, B.A. (1975). 8956:Guo, Rongxing (2006). 8284:Wohl, 2011, pp. 24–25. 7938:10.1126/sciadv.1501252 7593:Jamie, Towner (2019). 5106: 5098: 4986:) are also known. The 4894: 4883: 4837: 4815:Pteronura brasiliensis 4750: 4718: 4669: 4614: 4568:Amazônia National Park 4559: 4504: 4309: 2624:basins, the so-called 2530:(IBGE), told London's 2481: 2462:Manaus Iranduba Bridge 2382: 2324: 2308: 2237:, Nucuray, Urituyacu, 2176: 2092: 2081: 2073: 1967: 1952: 1944: 1931:, the largest city in 1844:Thanks in part to the 1779: 1730: 1679:Alexander von Humboldt 1664:Scientific exploration 1660: 1612:António Raposo Tavares 1580: 1493: 1404: 1251: 1061: 996:The headwaters of the 974: 966: 881: 82: 39: 12627:Iguazu / Iguaçu Falls 12487:Apaporis River Tunnel 11814:Angostura del Caquetá 11631:Angostura del Caquetá 11099:Estación de la Sabana 10830:Treasures of Colombia 10726:University of Chicago 7558:9 August 2022 at the 7195:Int. J. Digital Earth 7022:Amazon natural region 5104: 5093: 4889: 4870: 4828: 4746: 4712: 4668: 4613: 4558: 4503: 4304: 3500:The Flood Observatory 2808:Average discharge at 2479: 2380: 2315:Water samples of the 2314: 2287: 2170: 2087: 2079: 2063: 1958: 1950: 1927: 1774: 1725: 1705:Alfred Russel Wallace 1655: 1569: 1519:Francisco de Orellana 1488: 1443:Francisco de Orellana 1429:, later shortened to 1402: 1351:selective cultivation 1245: 1121:Francisco de Orellana 879: 239:15.51778°S 71.69361°W 12708:Colombia–Peru border 12548:] (in Spanish). 12492:Raudal de Jirijirimo 11651:Raudal de Jirijirimo 11356:Monserrate Sanctuary 11226:San Francisco Church 11119:San Francisco Palace 11114:San Francisco Church 11005:Vargas Swamp Lancers 10874:Heritage of humanity 10860:World Heritage sites 10840:Archaeological sites 10720:Wohl, Ellen (2011). 9958:Wohl, Ellen (2011). 9850:Wohl, Ellen (2011). 9512:"Allpahuayo Mishana" 9180:10.1029/2020WR028032 8962:. Nova. p. 44. 8899:Geography Directions 8379:. Project Amazonas. 8238:(126/128): 255–283. 8043:"Argonautica Book 2" 7881:. ABC-CLIO. p. 4907:freshwater angelfish 4761:Amazon river dolphin 4759:, also known as the 4748:Amazon river dolphin 4404:South American Plate 4339:can reach as far as 2401:; between them lies 1695:Georg von Langsdorff 1598:Portuguese explorer 1473:in Greece (see also 1415:Vicente Yáñez Pinzón 1395:Arrival of Europeans 1331:Spanish conquistador 1304:ceramic age cultures 1278:Andean civilizations 316:0.70778°N 50.08944°W 244:-15.51778; -71.69361 11575:Haciendas cafeteras 11570:Hacienda El Paraíso 11542:Haciendas cafeteras 11519:Haciendas cafeteras 11491:Haciendas cafeteras 11468:Haciendas cafeteras 11445:Haciendas cafeteras 11394:Haciendas cafeteras 11351:Haciendas cafeteras 11328:Manizales Cathedral 11323:Haciendas cafeteras 11277:Haciendas cafeteras 11129:Santamaría Bullring 10949:Puente de Occidente 10698:Nugent, Stephen L. 10656:Church, George Earl 10415:Infoplease (2012). 10098:2011PLoSO...623785G 9914:National Geographic 9548:"Parna da Amazônia" 9492:on 10 November 2011 9456:2009Geo....37..619F 9376:1982SciAm.247d.146L 9364:Scientific American 9172:2020WRR....5628032C 9019:National Geographic 8839:National Geographic 8769:National Geographic 8158:1992Biotr..24....2L 8120:. 24 October 2006. 7930:2016SciA....2E1252M 7877:Rivers of the World 7834:2014Area...46...27C 7750:National Geographic 7644:2019RemS...11.2951U 7207:2009IJDE....2...80L 7105:GEOnet Names Server 5051:Gammaproteobacteria 5043:Alphaproteobacteria 4992:Carcharhinus leucas 4800:Trichechus inunguis 4792:Sotalia fluviatilis 4696:Flora of the Amazon 4646: / 4591: / 4536: / 4481: / 4345:Pongo de Manseriche 1959:Floating houses in 1179:"make" (from which 1040:consider to be the 706:Basin features 312: / 235: / 12698:Rivers of Colombia 12552:. pp. 1–311. 12497:Raudal de Yuruparí 12459:Farallones de Cali 12375:Providencia Island 12260:Norte de Santander 12230:Laguna de la Cocha 12093:Ciudades de Piedra 12055:Salinas de Manaure 12017:Cerros de Mavecure 11437:Norte de Santander 10850:National monuments 10702:(Routledge, 2017) 10335:. Talktalk.co.uk. 10203:"Aguas Amazonicas" 8943:, pp. 788–89. 8845:on 1 November 2017 8361:3 May 2009 at the 8296:Wohl, 2011, p. 25. 7842:10.1111/area.12069 7653:10.3390/rs11242951 7398:"Aguas Amazonicas" 7120:"The Amazon River" 5954:Encontro das Águas 5546:Encontro das Águas 5144:Javary (or Yavarí) 5107: 5099: 5047:Betaproteobacteria 4899:neotropical fishes 4895: 4884: 4838: 4751: 4719: 4670: 4615: 4560: 4505: 4310: 2502:In July 2008, the 2482: 2480:River taxi in Peru 2424:, in the state of 2383: 2325: 2309: 2177: 2171:Amazon River near 2093: 2082: 2074: 2039:ecosystem collapse 2013:sustain very few. 1974:the 20th century. 1968: 1953: 1945: 1803:Pedro II of Brazil 1780: 1775:Iglesia Matriz in 1731: 1701:Henry Walter Bates 1661: 1657:Henry Walter Bates 1581: 1494: 1475:Origin of the name 1425:called the stream 1405: 1252: 1214:Geological history 1188:is also derived). 1062:Encontro das Águas 882: 321:0.70778; -50.08944 71:its drainage basin 12678:Amazon rainforest 12655: 12654: 12613:Amazon rainforest 12568: 12567: 12532: 12531: 12528: 12527: 12398:Chicamocha Canyon 12291:Cascada del Indio 11951:Ensenada de Utría 11819:Araracuara Canyon 11636:Araracuara Canyon 11587: 11586: 11583: 11582: 11361:Quinta de Bolívar 11272:Botero Collection 11238: 11237: 11234: 11233: 11203:San Juan de Girón 10925:National heritage 10915: 10914: 10911: 10910: 10333:"Madeira (river)" 9971:978-0-226-90478-8 9863:978-0-226-90478-8 9824:978-0-520-26868-5 9770:on 7 January 2018 9733:978-1-317-47033-5 9464:10.1130/g25567a.1 9298:978-0-520-03016-9 9267:978-3-540-59276-1 9025:on 15 August 2012 8969:978-1-60021-445-5 8795:A World of Rivers 8748:A World of Rivers 8687:978-85-240-3919-5 8642:978-02-263-2272-8 8539:(in Portuguese). 8481:(in Portuguese). 8319:978-0-313-26387-3 8200:978-0-19-973578-5 7998:978-0-292-77770-5 7892:978-1-57607-042-0 7756:on 15 August 2012 7550:Daten des Pegels 7028:Peruvian Amazonia 6955: 6954: 6588:, Colombia/Brazil 6586:Japurá or Caquetá 6557: 6556: 5086:Major tributaries 4796:Amazonian manatee 4729:Amazon rainforest 4676: 4675: 4294: 4293: 3488: 3487: 3337: 3336: 2806: 2805: 2540:According to the 2486:Coastline paradox 2397:near the town of 2289:Meeting of Waters 2157:Amazon rainforest 1935:, as seen from a 1813:('Monarch'), the 1513:, the "valley of 1341:on the island of 1339:indigenous people 1316:Figurative mounds 1312:Marajoara culture 1254:During what many 1238:Pre-Columbian era 1054:Meeting of Waters 874: 873: 69:Amazon River and 16:(Redirected from 12735: 12595: 12588: 12581: 12572: 12571: 12563: 12510: 12477: 12449: 12431:Nevado del Huila 12416: 12388: 12365: 12342: 12314: 12281: 12258: 12210: 12182: 12154: 12136:Nevado del Huila 12111: 12073: 12030: 12002: 11969: 11936: 11913: 11895:Nevado del Huila 11875: 11852: 11804: 11781: 11738: 11715: 11692: 11679:Piedra del Peñol 11664: 11611: 11604: 11603: 11593: 11592: 11565:La Ermita Church 11555: 11532: 11504: 11481: 11458: 11435: 11422:Las Lajas Shrine 11412: 11379: 11341: 11313: 11290: 11262: 11255: 11254: 11244: 11243: 11216: 11193: 11170: 11147: 11079: 11051: 11023: 10985: 10962: 10939: 10932: 10931: 10921: 10920: 10888: 10881: 10880: 10870: 10869: 10824: 10817: 10810: 10801: 10800: 10788: 10787: 10749: 10743: 10739: 10737: 10729: 10678:Garfield, Seth. 10673: 10648: 10646: 10645: 10627: 10626: 10624: 10622: 10603: 10597: 10596: 10594: 10592: 10577: 10571: 10570: 10568: 10566: 10551: 10545: 10544: 10542: 10540: 10521: 10515: 10514: 10512: 10510: 10495: 10489: 10488: 10486: 10484: 10469: 10463: 10462: 10460: 10458: 10439: 10433: 10432: 10430: 10428: 10412: 10406: 10405: 10403: 10401: 10381: 10375: 10374: 10372: 10370: 10355: 10349: 10348: 10346: 10344: 10329: 10323: 10322: 10320: 10318: 10303: 10297: 10296: 10294: 10292: 10277: 10271: 10270: 10268: 10266: 10255:"Rivers Network" 10251: 10245: 10244: 10242: 10240: 10225: 10219: 10218: 10216: 10214: 10199: 10193: 10186: 10180: 10179: 10177: 10175: 10161: 10155: 10154: 10152: 10150: 10136: 10130: 10129: 10119: 10109: 10077: 10071: 10070: 10068: 10066: 10047: 10041: 10040: 10038: 10036: 10008: 10002: 10001: 9995: 9987: 9985: 9983: 9955: 9949: 9948: 9946: 9944: 9927:"Candiru (fish)" 9923: 9917: 9900: 9894: 9893: 9887: 9879: 9877: 9875: 9847: 9841: 9840: 9838: 9836: 9808: 9802: 9786: 9780: 9779: 9777: 9775: 9766:. Archived from 9756: 9750: 9749: 9747: 9745: 9717: 9711: 9710: 9708: 9706: 9687: 9681: 9680: 9652: 9646: 9645: 9643: 9641: 9626: 9620: 9619: 9607: 9601: 9600: 9598: 9596: 9580: 9574: 9573: 9562: 9556: 9555: 9544: 9538: 9537: 9526: 9520: 9519: 9508: 9502: 9501: 9499: 9497: 9488:. Archived from 9482: 9476: 9475: 9439: 9433: 9432: 9430: 9428: 9409: 9403: 9402: 9400: 9398: 9392: 9361: 9352: 9346: 9345: 9343: 9341: 9313: 9307: 9306: 9282: 9276: 9275: 9251: 9245: 9244: 9242: 9240: 9225: 9219: 9218: 9210: 9204: 9203: 9201: 9199: 9151: 9142: 9141: 9139: 9137: 9122: 9113: 9112: 9110: 9108: 9102: 9095: 9086: 9080: 9079: 9077: 9075: 9070:on 12 March 2008 9066:. Archived from 9056: 9047: 9041: 9035: 9034: 9032: 9030: 9021:. Archived from 9010: 9004: 9003: 9001: 8999: 8988:"Amazon (river)" 8984: 8978: 8977: 8953: 8944: 8938: 8932: 8926: 8915: 8914: 8912: 8910: 8890: 8884: 8883: 8881: 8879: 8874:on 11 April 2011 8864: 8855: 8854: 8852: 8850: 8841:. Archived from 8830: 8824: 8823: 8821: 8819: 8804: 8798: 8791: 8785: 8784: 8782: 8780: 8771:. Archived from 8760: 8751: 8744: 8738: 8737: 8735: 8733: 8713: 8704: 8703: 8701: 8699: 8675: 8665: 8659: 8658: 8656: 8654: 8626: 8620: 8619: 8595: 8586: 8580: 8574: 8571: 8565: 8562: 8556: 8555: 8553: 8551: 8545: 8538: 8530: 8524: 8518: 8495: 8494: 8492: 8490: 8470:Renato Cancian. 8467: 8461: 8460: 8458: 8456: 8435: 8429: 8428: 8426: 8424: 8418: 8411: 8399: 8393: 8392: 8390: 8388: 8372: 8366: 8353: 8347: 8346: 8344: 8334: 8328: 8327: 8303: 8297: 8294: 8285: 8282: 8276: 8275: 8273: 8271: 8223: 8217: 8216: 8214: 8212: 8184: 8178: 8177: 8140: 8134: 8133: 8131: 8129: 8114: 8108: 8105: 8099: 8084: 8078: 8065: 8059: 8058: 8056: 8054: 8039: 8033: 8032: 8030: 8028: 8013: 8007: 8006: 7982: 7973: 7966: 7960: 7959: 7949: 7917:Science Advances 7906: 7897: 7896: 7880: 7870: 7861: 7860: 7858: 7856: 7850: 7819: 7810: 7801: 7800: 7798: 7796: 7777: 7766: 7765: 7763: 7761: 7752:. Archived from 7741: 7735: 7734: 7732: 7730: 7721:. 16 June 2007. 7711: 7702: 7701: 7699: 7697: 7676: 7667: 7665: 7655: 7623: 7617: 7616: 7614: 7612: 7606: 7599: 7590: 7581: 7580: 7573: 7562: 7546: 7535: 7534: 7527: 7516: 7515: 7508: 7493: 7472: 7466: 7465: 7463: 7461: 7445: 7439: 7438: 7436: 7429: 7420: 7414: 7413: 7411: 7409: 7394: 7388: 7387: 7385: 7383: 7368: 7362: 7361: 7353: 7344: 7343: 7341: 7339: 7324: 7309: 7308: 7306: 7304: 7298: 7291: 7283: 7272: 7271: 7269: 7267: 7262:on 27 March 2019 7248: 7239: 7238: 7236: 7234: 7186: 7165: 7164: 7149: 7124: 7123: 7116: 7107: 7098: 7081: 7064: 7058: 7050: 7016: 7011: 7010: 7009: 7002: 6997: 6996: 6995: 6988: 6983: 6982: 6981: 6974: 6972:Geography portal 6969: 6968: 6967: 6702: 6701: 6574:, Bolivia/Brazil 6326:(river mouth to 6077:Paraná do Urariá 5255:Basin size (km) 5249:Right tributary 5243: 5242: 5124:Casiquiare canal 4984:Potamotrygonidae 4953:Trichomycteridae 4765:Inia geoffrensis 4661: 4660: 4658: 4657: 4656: 4651: 4650:2.383°S 60.917°W 4647: 4644: 4643: 4642: 4639: 4606: 4605: 4603: 4602: 4601: 4596: 4595:4.433°S 56.833°W 4592: 4589: 4588: 4587: 4584: 4551: 4550: 4548: 4547: 4546: 4541: 4540:3.483°S 72.200°W 4537: 4534: 4533: 4532: 4529: 4496: 4495: 4493: 4492: 4491: 4486: 4485:3.933°S 73.550°W 4482: 4479: 4478: 4477: 4474: 4437: 4436: 3511:Discharge (m/s) 3505: 3504: 3346: 3345: 2815: 2814: 2651: 2650: 2626:Casiquiare canal 2280:The Lower Amazon 2034:Three Gorges Dam 1841:September 1867. 1763:Santarém, Brazil 1758: 1741: 1557:Cinnamomum Verum 1535:Río de la Canela 1471:Hellenic culture 1445:, was the first 1169: 1162: 1161: 960: 959: 956: 955: 952: 949: 946: 943: 940: 937: 930: 922: 921: 918: 917: 914: 911: 908: 905: 902: 895: 841:Paraná do Raimos 801: 721: 694: 677: 647: 637: 623: 610: 584: 574: 564: 551: 525: 504: 478: 468: 457: 444: 414: 404: 386: 376: 362: 327: 326: 324: 323: 322: 317: 313: 310: 309: 308: 305: 257: 250: 249: 247: 246: 245: 240: 236: 233: 232: 231: 228: 218: 202: 93: 85: 67: 52: 42: 32: 31: 21: 12743: 12742: 12738: 12737: 12736: 12734: 12733: 12732: 12713:Rivers of Amapá 12658: 12657: 12656: 12651: 12604: 12599: 12569: 12564: 12560: 12524: 12501: 12468: 12451:Valle del Cauca 12440: 12407: 12379: 12356: 12333: 12305: 12272: 12249: 12225:Galeras Volcano 12201: 12173: 12145: 12102: 12064: 12045:Cabo de la Vela 12021: 11993: 11989:Rocas de Suesca 11960: 11927: 11904: 11866: 11843: 11795: 11772: 11753:Páramo de Ocetá 11729: 11725:Rosario Islands 11706: 11683: 11655: 11598: 11579: 11557:Valle del Cauca 11546: 11523: 11495: 11472: 11449: 11426: 11403: 11370: 11332: 11304: 11281: 11249: 11230: 11218:Valle del Cauca 11207: 11184: 11180:Parque del Café 11161: 11138: 11070: 11042: 11014: 10976: 10953: 10926: 10907: 10875: 10864: 10831: 10828: 10785: 10756: 10741: 10740: 10731: 10730: 10643: 10641: 10636: 10631: 10630: 10620: 10618: 10605: 10604: 10600: 10590: 10588: 10587:on 1 April 2012 10579: 10578: 10574: 10564: 10562: 10553: 10552: 10548: 10538: 10536: 10523: 10522: 10518: 10508: 10506: 10501:. Answers.com. 10497: 10496: 10492: 10482: 10480: 10475:. Answers.com. 10471: 10470: 10466: 10456: 10454: 10441: 10440: 10436: 10426: 10424: 10413: 10409: 10399: 10397: 10382: 10378: 10368: 10366: 10361:. Answers.com. 10357: 10356: 10352: 10342: 10340: 10331: 10330: 10326: 10316: 10314: 10305: 10304: 10300: 10290: 10288: 10279: 10278: 10274: 10264: 10262: 10253: 10252: 10248: 10238: 10236: 10227: 10226: 10222: 10212: 10210: 10201: 10200: 10196: 10187: 10183: 10173: 10171: 10163: 10162: 10158: 10148: 10146: 10138: 10137: 10133: 10078: 10074: 10064: 10062: 10049: 10048: 10044: 10034: 10032: 10025: 10009: 10005: 9989: 9988: 9981: 9979: 9972: 9956: 9952: 9942: 9940: 9925: 9924: 9920: 9910:Wayback Machine 9901: 9897: 9881: 9880: 9873: 9871: 9864: 9848: 9844: 9834: 9832: 9825: 9809: 9805: 9800:Wayback Machine 9787: 9783: 9773: 9771: 9758: 9757: 9753: 9743: 9741: 9734: 9718: 9714: 9704: 9702: 9689: 9688: 9684: 9669:10.2307/3774086 9653: 9649: 9639: 9637: 9628: 9627: 9623: 9608: 9604: 9594: 9592: 9581: 9577: 9564: 9563: 9559: 9546: 9545: 9541: 9528: 9527: 9523: 9510: 9509: 9505: 9495: 9493: 9484: 9483: 9479: 9440: 9436: 9426: 9424: 9411: 9410: 9406: 9396: 9394: 9390: 9359: 9353: 9349: 9339: 9337: 9330: 9314: 9310: 9299: 9283: 9279: 9268: 9252: 9248: 9238: 9236: 9227: 9226: 9222: 9211: 9207: 9197: 9195: 9152: 9145: 9135: 9133: 9124: 9123: 9116: 9106: 9104: 9100: 9093: 9087: 9083: 9073: 9071: 9058: 9057: 9050: 9042: 9038: 9028: 9026: 9011: 9007: 8997: 8995: 8994:on 6 March 2008 8986: 8985: 8981: 8970: 8954: 8947: 8939: 8935: 8927: 8918: 8908: 8906: 8891: 8887: 8877: 8875: 8866: 8865: 8858: 8848: 8846: 8831: 8827: 8817: 8815: 8806: 8805: 8801: 8792: 8788: 8778: 8776: 8775:on 29 July 2017 8761: 8754: 8745: 8741: 8731: 8729: 8714: 8707: 8697: 8695: 8688: 8673: 8667: 8666: 8662: 8652: 8650: 8643: 8627: 8623: 8612: 8596: 8589: 8581: 8577: 8572: 8568: 8563: 8559: 8549: 8547: 8543: 8536: 8532: 8531: 8527: 8519: 8498: 8488: 8486: 8477:Universo Online 8468: 8464: 8454: 8452: 8437: 8436: 8432: 8422: 8420: 8416: 8409: 8401: 8400: 8396: 8386: 8384: 8375:Graham, Devon. 8373: 8369: 8363:Wayback Machine 8354: 8350: 8335: 8331: 8320: 8304: 8300: 8295: 8288: 8283: 8279: 8269: 8267: 8224: 8220: 8210: 8208: 8201: 8185: 8181: 8166:10.2307/2388468 8141: 8137: 8127: 8125: 8116: 8115: 8111: 8106: 8102: 8088:Xenia Lidéniana 8085: 8081: 8075:Wayback Machine 8066: 8062: 8052: 8050: 8041: 8040: 8036: 8026: 8024: 8015: 8014: 8010: 7999: 7983: 7976: 7967: 7963: 7924:(4): e1501252. 7907: 7900: 7893: 7871: 7864: 7854: 7852: 7848: 7817: 7811: 7804: 7794: 7792: 7779: 7778: 7769: 7759: 7757: 7742: 7738: 7728: 7726: 7713: 7712: 7705: 7695: 7693: 7678: 7677: 7670: 7624: 7620: 7610: 7608: 7604: 7597: 7591: 7584: 7575: 7574: 7565: 7560:Wayback Machine 7547: 7538: 7529: 7528: 7519: 7510: 7509: 7496: 7484:Wayback Machine 7473: 7469: 7459: 7457: 7446: 7442: 7434: 7427: 7421: 7417: 7407: 7405: 7396: 7395: 7391: 7381: 7379: 7370: 7369: 7365: 7354: 7347: 7337: 7335: 7326: 7325: 7312: 7302: 7300: 7296: 7289: 7285: 7284: 7275: 7265: 7263: 7250: 7249: 7242: 7232: 7230: 7187: 7168: 7151: 7150: 7127: 7118: 7117: 7110: 7099: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7084: 7065: 7061: 7051: 7047: 7042: 7012: 7007: 7005: 7000:Colombia portal 6998: 6993: 6991: 6984: 6979: 6977: 6970: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6700: 6564: 5246:Left tributary 5238: 5233: 5088: 5063: 5015: 5010: 5004: 4919:freshwater fish 4865: 4860: 4854: 4823: 4741: 4725: 4707: 4702: 4692: 4687: 4681: 4679:Flora and fauna 4655:-2.383; -60.917 4654: 4652: 4648: 4645: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4632: 4600:-4.433; -56.833 4599: 4597: 4593: 4590: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4578: 4577: 4545:-3.483; -72.200 4544: 4542: 4538: 4535: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4522: 4490:-3.933; -73.550 4489: 4487: 4483: 4480: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4467: 4435: 4433:Protected areas 4420:glacial periods 4402:underneath the 4396:tectonic uplift 4373: 4299: 2642: 2556: 2550: 2488: 2474: 2449: 2447:Lack of bridges 2375: 2345:Tocantins River 2282: 2165: 2058: 2052: 2047: 1922: 1904:, barks, woven 1769: 1768: 1767: 1766: 1765: 1759: 1750: 1749: 1748: 1742: 1720: 1666: 1589:Lope de Aguirre 1497:Gonzalo Pizarro 1483: 1407:In March 1500, 1397: 1375:. According to 1266:South America's 1261:formative stage 1240: 1224:Andes Mountains 1216: 1211: 1205: 1140:Greek mythology 1125:Amazon warriors 1091: 934: 925: 924: 899: 890: 889: 799: 719: 692: 675: 645: 635: 621: 608: 582: 572: 562: 549: 523: 502: 476: 466: 455: 442: 412: 402: 384: 374: 369:, Lower Amazon) 360: 320: 318: 314: 311: 306: 303: 301: 299: 298: 295: 283: 255: 243: 241: 237: 234: 229: 226: 224: 222: 221: 216: 206:Arequipa Region 200: 168: 159: 150: 141: 132: 87: 73: 58: 43: 36: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12741: 12731: 12730: 12728:Rivers of Pará 12725: 12720: 12715: 12710: 12705: 12703:Rivers of Peru 12700: 12695: 12690: 12685: 12680: 12675: 12670: 12653: 12652: 12650: 12649: 12647:Table Mountain 12644: 12639: 12634: 12629: 12624: 12619: 12609: 12606: 12605: 12598: 12597: 12590: 12583: 12575: 12566: 12565: 12558: 12537: 12534: 12533: 12530: 12529: 12526: 12525: 12523: 12522: 12516: 12514: 12503: 12502: 12500: 12499: 12494: 12489: 12483: 12481: 12470: 12469: 12467: 12466: 12464:Malpelo Island 12461: 12455: 12453: 12442: 12441: 12439: 12438: 12433: 12428: 12422: 12420: 12409: 12408: 12406: 12405: 12400: 12394: 12392: 12381: 12380: 12378: 12377: 12371: 12369: 12358: 12357: 12355: 12354: 12348: 12346: 12335: 12334: 12332: 12331: 12326: 12320: 12318: 12307: 12306: 12304: 12303: 12301:Putumayo River 12298: 12293: 12287: 12285: 12274: 12273: 12271: 12270: 12268:Los Estoraques 12264: 12262: 12251: 12250: 12248: 12247: 12242: 12240:Putumayo River 12237: 12232: 12227: 12222: 12220:Cumbal Volcano 12216: 12214: 12203: 12202: 12200: 12199: 12194: 12192:Caño Cristales 12188: 12186: 12175: 12174: 12172: 12171: 12166: 12160: 12158: 12147: 12146: 12144: 12143: 12141:Tatacoa Desert 12138: 12133: 12128: 12123: 12117: 12115: 12104: 12103: 12101: 12100: 12095: 12090: 12085: 12079: 12077: 12066: 12065: 12063: 12062: 12057: 12052: 12047: 12042: 12036: 12034: 12023: 12022: 12020: 12019: 12014: 12008: 12006: 11995: 11994: 11992: 11991: 11986: 11984:Lake Guatavita 11981: 11975: 11973: 11962: 11961: 11959: 11958: 11953: 11948: 11942: 11940: 11929: 11928: 11926: 11925: 11919: 11917: 11906: 11905: 11903: 11902: 11900:Puracé Volcano 11897: 11892: 11887: 11885:Gorgona Island 11881: 11879: 11868: 11867: 11865: 11864: 11858: 11856: 11845: 11844: 11842: 11841: 11836: 11831: 11826: 11821: 11816: 11810: 11808: 11797: 11796: 11794: 11793: 11787: 11785: 11774: 11773: 11771: 11770: 11765: 11763:Siscuinsí Lake 11760: 11755: 11750: 11744: 11742: 11731: 11730: 11728: 11727: 11721: 11719: 11708: 11707: 11705: 11704: 11698: 11696: 11685: 11684: 11682: 11681: 11676: 11670: 11668: 11657: 11656: 11654: 11653: 11648: 11646:Putumayo River 11643: 11638: 11633: 11628: 11623: 11617: 11615: 11600: 11599: 11589: 11588: 11585: 11584: 11581: 11580: 11578: 11577: 11572: 11567: 11561: 11559: 11548: 11547: 11545: 11544: 11538: 11536: 11525: 11524: 11522: 11521: 11516: 11510: 11508: 11497: 11496: 11494: 11493: 11487: 11485: 11474: 11473: 11471: 11470: 11464: 11462: 11451: 11450: 11448: 11447: 11441: 11439: 11428: 11427: 11425: 11424: 11418: 11416: 11405: 11404: 11402: 11401: 11396: 11391: 11389:Ciudad Perdida 11385: 11383: 11372: 11371: 11369: 11368: 11363: 11358: 11353: 11347: 11345: 11334: 11333: 11331: 11330: 11325: 11319: 11317: 11306: 11305: 11303: 11302: 11296: 11294: 11283: 11282: 11280: 11279: 11274: 11268: 11266: 11251: 11250: 11240: 11239: 11236: 11235: 11232: 11231: 11229: 11228: 11222: 11220: 11209: 11208: 11206: 11205: 11199: 11197: 11186: 11185: 11183: 11182: 11176: 11174: 11163: 11162: 11160: 11159: 11153: 11151: 11140: 11139: 11137: 11136: 11131: 11126: 11121: 11116: 11111: 11109:Museo Nacional 11106: 11101: 11096: 11091: 11085: 11083: 11072: 11071: 11069: 11068: 11063: 11057: 11055: 11044: 11043: 11041: 11040: 11035: 11029: 11027: 11016: 11015: 11013: 11012: 11010:Villa de Leyva 11007: 11002: 10997: 10991: 10989: 10978: 10977: 10975: 10974: 10968: 10966: 10955: 10954: 10952: 10951: 10945: 10943: 10928: 10927: 10917: 10916: 10913: 10912: 10909: 10908: 10906: 10905: 10900: 10894: 10892: 10877: 10876: 10866: 10865: 10863: 10862: 10857: 10855:National parks 10852: 10847: 10842: 10836: 10833: 10832: 10827: 10826: 10819: 10812: 10804: 10798: 10797: 10782: 10777: 10772: 10767: 10762: 10755: 10754:External links 10752: 10751: 10750: 10717: 10707: 10696: 10686: 10676: 10675: 10674: 10664:Chisholm, Hugh 10635: 10632: 10629: 10628: 10598: 10572: 10546: 10516: 10490: 10464: 10434: 10407: 10376: 10350: 10324: 10298: 10272: 10246: 10220: 10194: 10188:Tom Sterling: 10181: 10156: 10131: 10072: 10042: 10023: 10003: 9970: 9950: 9918: 9895: 9862: 9842: 9823: 9803: 9781: 9751: 9732: 9712: 9682: 9647: 9621: 9602: 9575: 9557: 9539: 9521: 9503: 9477: 9434: 9404: 9347: 9328: 9308: 9297: 9277: 9266: 9246: 9220: 9205: 9143: 9114: 9081: 9048: 9046:, p. 784. 9036: 9005: 8979: 8968: 8945: 8933: 8931:, p. 788. 8916: 8885: 8856: 8825: 8799: 8786: 8752: 8739: 8705: 8686: 8660: 8641: 8621: 8610: 8587: 8585:, p. 790. 8575: 8566: 8557: 8525: 8523:, p. 789. 8496: 8462: 8430: 8394: 8367: 8348: 8329: 8318: 8298: 8286: 8277: 8218: 8199: 8179: 8135: 8109: 8100: 8079: 8060: 8034: 8008: 7997: 7974: 7968:Tom Sterling: 7961: 7898: 7891: 7862: 7802: 7767: 7736: 7703: 7668: 7632:Remote Sensing 7618: 7582: 7563: 7536: 7531:"Lower Amazon" 7517: 7494: 7467: 7440: 7415: 7389: 7363: 7345: 7310: 7273: 7240: 7166: 7153:"Amazon River" 7125: 7108: 7092: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7083: 7082: 7059: 7044: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7037: 7036: 7031: 7025: 7018: 7017: 7003: 6989: 6975: 6959: 6956: 6953: 6952: 6949: 6946: 6943: 6939: 6938: 6935: 6932: 6929: 6925: 6924: 6921: 6918: 6915: 6911: 6910: 6907: 6904: 6901: 6897: 6896: 6893: 6890: 6887: 6883: 6882: 6879: 6876: 6873: 6869: 6868: 6865: 6862: 6859: 6855: 6854: 6851: 6848: 6845: 6841: 6840: 6837: 6834: 6831: 6827: 6826: 6823: 6820: 6817: 6813: 6812: 6809: 6806: 6803: 6799: 6798: 6795: 6792: 6789: 6785: 6784: 6781: 6778: 6775: 6771: 6770: 6767: 6764: 6761: 6757: 6756: 6753: 6750: 6747: 6743: 6742: 6739: 6736: 6733: 6729: 6728: 6725: 6722: 6719: 6716: 6715: 6712: 6709: 6706: 6699: 6696: 6695: 6694: 6687: 6680: 6673: 6666: 6659: 6652: 6649:Içá (Putumayo) 6645: 6638: 6631: 6624: 6617: 6610: 6603: 6596: 6589: 6582: 6575: 6568: 6563: 6562:List by length 6560: 6555: 6554: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6544: 6538: 6537: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6524: 6521: 6520: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6506: 6505: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6495: 6489: 6488: 6485: 6482: 6479: 6468: 6465: 6464: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6450: 6449: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6435: 6434: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6424: 6420: 6419: 6416: 6413: 6410: 6405: 6402: 6401: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6391: 6385: 6384: 6381: 6378: 6375: 6369: 6368: 6365: 6362: 6359: 6354: 6351: 6350: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6340: 6333: 6332: 6317: 6316: 6313: 6310: 6307: 6301: 6300: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6290: 6283: 6282: 6279: 6276: 6273: 6268: 6265: 6264: 6261: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6247: 6246: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6233: 6230: 6229: 6226: 6223: 6221: 6219: 6213: 6212: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6198: 6197: 6194: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6180: 6179: 6176: 6173: 6170: 6164: 6163: 6160: 6157: 6154: 6148: 6147: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6133: 6130: 6129: 6126: 6123: 6120: 6114: 6113: 6110: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6090: 6089: 6086: 6083: 6080: 6069: 6066: 6065: 6062: 6059: 6056: 6050: 6049: 6046: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6032: 6031: 6028: 6025: 6022: 6016: 6015: 6012: 6009: 6006: 6001: 5998: 5997: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5983: 5982: 5979: 5976: 5973: 5971: 5965: 5964: 5945: 5944: 5941: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5927: 5926: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5912: 5909: 5908: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5898: 5894: 5893: 5890: 5887: 5884: 5879: 5876: 5875: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5863: 5862: 5859: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5845: 5844: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5830: 5829: 5826: 5823: 5820: 5815: 5812: 5811: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5801: 5797: 5796: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5784: 5783: 5780: 5777: 5774: 5769: 5766: 5765: 5762: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5748: 5747: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5733: 5732: 5729: 5726: 5723: 5717: 5716: 5713: 5710: 5707: 5702: 5699: 5698: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5684: 5683: 5680: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5666: 5665: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5650: 5649: 5646: 5643: 5640: 5635: 5632: 5631: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5616: 5615: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5600: 5599: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5589: 5585: 5584: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5569: 5568: 5565: 5562: 5559: 5554: 5551: 5550: 5529: 5528: 5525: 5522: 5519: 5515: 5514: 5511: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5499: 5498: 5495: 5492: 5489: 5485: 5484: 5481: 5478: 5475: 5472: 5469: 5468: 5465: 5462: 5459: 5455: 5454: 5451: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5439: 5438: 5435: 5432: 5429: 5426: 5423: 5422: 5419: 5416: 5413: 5409: 5408: 5405: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5391: 5390: 5387: 5384: 5381: 5378: 5375: 5374: 5371: 5368: 5365: 5359: 5358: 5355: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5341: 5340: 5337: 5334: 5331: 5327: 5326: 5323: 5320: 5317: 5313: 5312: 5309: 5306: 5303: 5298: 5295: 5294: 5291: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5277: 5276: 5260: 5259: 5256: 5253: 5250: 5247: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5115: 5087: 5084: 5062: 5059: 5055:Thermoproteota 5039:Actinomycetota 5014: 5011: 5003: 5000: 4951:in the family 4931:silver arowana 4874:, such as the 4864: 4861: 4853: 4850: 4830:Green anaconda 4822: 4819: 4740: 4737: 4706: 4703: 4691: 4688: 4680: 4677: 4674: 4673: 4671: 4662: 4630: 4625: 4619: 4618: 4616: 4607: 4575: 4570: 4564: 4563: 4561: 4552: 4520: 4515: 4509: 4508: 4506: 4497: 4465: 4460: 4454: 4453: 4450: 4447: 4444: 4441: 4434: 4431: 4372: 4369: 4361:is called the 4326:mean sea level 4298: 4295: 4292: 4291: 4286: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4262: 4257: 4251: 4250: 4247: 4246: 4243: 4238: 4235: 4232: 4227: 4224: 4220: 4219: 4216: 4211: 4208: 4205: 4200: 4197: 4193: 4192: 4189: 4184: 4181: 4178: 4173: 4170: 4166: 4165: 4162: 4157: 4154: 4151: 4146: 4143: 4139: 4138: 4135: 4130: 4127: 4124: 4119: 4116: 4112: 4111: 4108: 4103: 4100: 4097: 4092: 4089: 4085: 4084: 4081: 4076: 4073: 4070: 4065: 4062: 4058: 4057: 4054: 4049: 4046: 4043: 4038: 4035: 4031: 4030: 4027: 4022: 4019: 4016: 4011: 4008: 4004: 4003: 4000: 3995: 3992: 3989: 3984: 3981: 3977: 3976: 3973: 3968: 3965: 3962: 3957: 3954: 3950: 3949: 3946: 3941: 3938: 3935: 3930: 3927: 3923: 3922: 3919: 3914: 3911: 3908: 3903: 3900: 3896: 3895: 3892: 3887: 3884: 3881: 3876: 3873: 3869: 3868: 3865: 3860: 3857: 3854: 3849: 3846: 3842: 3841: 3838: 3833: 3830: 3827: 3822: 3819: 3815: 3814: 3811: 3806: 3803: 3800: 3795: 3792: 3788: 3787: 3784: 3779: 3776: 3773: 3768: 3765: 3761: 3760: 3757: 3752: 3749: 3746: 3741: 3738: 3734: 3733: 3730: 3725: 3722: 3719: 3714: 3711: 3707: 3706: 3703: 3698: 3695: 3692: 3687: 3684: 3680: 3679: 3676: 3671: 3668: 3665: 3660: 3657: 3653: 3652: 3649: 3644: 3641: 3638: 3633: 3630: 3626: 3625: 3622: 3617: 3614: 3611: 3606: 3603: 3599: 3598: 3595: 3590: 3587: 3584: 3579: 3576: 3572: 3571: 3568: 3563: 3560: 3557: 3552: 3549: 3545: 3544: 3539: 3533: 3532: 3529: 3526: 3523: 3520: 3517: 3513: 3512: 3509: 3486: 3485: 3482: 3479: 3476: 3473: 3470: 3466: 3465: 3462: 3459: 3456: 3453: 3450: 3446: 3445: 3442: 3439: 3436: 3433: 3430: 3426: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3416: 3413: 3410: 3406: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3393: 3390: 3386: 3385: 3382: 3379: 3376: 3373: 3370: 3366: 3365: 3362: 3359: 3356: 3353: 3350: 3335: 3334: 3331: 3328: 3325: 3322: 3319: 3315: 3314: 3311: 3308: 3305: 3302: 3299: 3295: 3294: 3291: 3288: 3285: 3282: 3279: 3275: 3274: 3271: 3268: 3265: 3262: 3259: 3255: 3254: 3251: 3248: 3245: 3242: 3239: 3235: 3234: 3231: 3228: 3225: 3222: 3219: 3215: 3214: 3211: 3208: 3205: 3202: 3199: 3195: 3194: 3191: 3188: 3185: 3182: 3179: 3175: 3174: 3171: 3168: 3165: 3162: 3159: 3155: 3154: 3151: 3148: 3145: 3142: 3139: 3135: 3134: 3131: 3128: 3125: 3122: 3119: 3115: 3114: 3111: 3108: 3105: 3102: 3099: 3095: 3094: 3091: 3088: 3085: 3082: 3079: 3075: 3074: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3055: 3054: 3051: 3048: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3035: 3034: 3031: 3028: 3025: 3022: 3019: 3015: 3014: 3011: 3008: 3005: 3002: 2999: 2995: 2994: 2991: 2988: 2985: 2982: 2979: 2975: 2974: 2971: 2968: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2955: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2939: 2935: 2934: 2931: 2928: 2925: 2922: 2919: 2915: 2914: 2911: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2899: 2895: 2894: 2891: 2888: 2885: 2882: 2879: 2875: 2874: 2871: 2868: 2865: 2862: 2859: 2855: 2854: 2851: 2848: 2845: 2842: 2839: 2835: 2834: 2831: 2828: 2825: 2822: 2819: 2804: 2803: 2801: 2798: 2795: 2791: 2790: 2787: 2784: 2781: 2778: 2775: 2771: 2770: 2767: 2764: 2761: 2758: 2755: 2751: 2750: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2738: 2735: 2731: 2730: 2727: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2711: 2710: 2707: 2704: 2701: 2698: 2695: 2691: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2671: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2661: 2658: 2655: 2641: 2638: 2552:Main article: 2549: 2546: 2473: 2470: 2448: 2445: 2433:Araguari River 2374: 2371: 2281: 2278: 2164: 2161: 2149:Urubamba River 2054:Main article: 2051: 2048: 2046: 2043: 1996:Transamazônica 1980:Getúlio Vargas 1951:City of Manaus 1921: 1918: 1908:, prized bird 1854:natural rubber 1760: 1753: 1752: 1751: 1745:Amazon Theatre 1743: 1736: 1735: 1734: 1733: 1732: 1719: 1716: 1715: 1714: 1711:Richard Spruce 1708: 1698: 1692: 1682: 1676: 1665: 1662: 1627:evangelization 1600:Pedro Teixeira 1572:Ticuna Indians 1482: 1479: 1396: 1393: 1377:James S. Olson 1362:forest ecology 1327:Archaeologists 1308:archaeologists 1256:archaeologists 1239: 1236: 1232:Atlantic Ocean 1215: 1212: 1207:Main article: 1204: 1201: 1090: 1087: 1083:Atlantic Ocean 1078:drainage basin 1046:Solimões River 998:Apurímac River 872: 871: 802: 796: 795: 722: 716: 715: 712: 708: 707: 703: 702: 699: 698: 695: 689: 688: 678: 672: 671: 668: 664: 663: 660: 659: 656: 655: 648: 642: 641: 638: 632: 631: 624: 618: 617: 611: 605: 604: 601: 597: 596: 593: 592: 589: 588: 585: 579: 578: 575: 569: 568: 565: 559: 558: 552: 546: 545: 542: 538: 537: 534: 533: 530: 529: 526: 520: 519: 505: 499: 498: 495: 491: 490: 487: 486: 483: 482: 479: 473: 472: 469: 463: 462: 458: 452: 451: 448:Atlantic Ocean 445: 439: 438: 435: 431: 430: 427: 426: 415: 409: 408: 405: 399: 398: 395: 391: 390: 387: 381: 380: 377: 371: 370: 363: 357: 356: 353: 349: 348: 345: 341: 340: 333: 329: 328: 296: 293: 290: 289: 284: 281: 278: 277: 275:Atlantic Ocean 272: 266: 265: 262: 261: 258: 252: 251: 219: 213: 212: 203: 197: 196: 190:Apurímac River 187: 183: 182: 179: 178: 174: 173: 122: 118: 117: 104: 100: 99: 95: 94: 79: 75: 74: 68: 60: 59: 53: 45: 44: 37: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12740: 12729: 12726: 12724: 12721: 12719: 12716: 12714: 12711: 12709: 12706: 12704: 12701: 12699: 12696: 12694: 12691: 12689: 12686: 12684: 12681: 12679: 12676: 12674: 12671: 12669: 12666: 12665: 12663: 12648: 12645: 12643: 12640: 12638: 12637:Komodo Island 12635: 12633: 12630: 12628: 12625: 12623: 12620: 12618: 12614: 12611: 12610: 12607: 12603: 12596: 12591: 12589: 12584: 12582: 12577: 12576: 12573: 12561: 12559:958-8089-16-6 12555: 12551: 12547: 12543: 12535: 12521: 12518: 12517: 12515: 12513: 12509: 12504: 12498: 12495: 12493: 12490: 12488: 12485: 12484: 12482: 12480: 12476: 12471: 12465: 12462: 12460: 12457: 12456: 12454: 12452: 12448: 12443: 12437: 12434: 12432: 12429: 12427: 12424: 12423: 12421: 12419: 12415: 12410: 12404: 12403:El Gallineral 12401: 12399: 12396: 12395: 12393: 12391: 12387: 12382: 12376: 12373: 12372: 12370: 12368: 12364: 12359: 12353: 12350: 12349: 12347: 12345: 12341: 12336: 12330: 12327: 12325: 12324:Cocora Valley 12322: 12321: 12319: 12317: 12313: 12308: 12302: 12299: 12297: 12294: 12292: 12289: 12288: 12286: 12284: 12280: 12275: 12269: 12266: 12265: 12263: 12261: 12257: 12252: 12246: 12243: 12241: 12238: 12236: 12233: 12231: 12228: 12226: 12223: 12221: 12218: 12217: 12215: 12213: 12209: 12204: 12198: 12195: 12193: 12190: 12189: 12187: 12185: 12181: 12176: 12170: 12167: 12165: 12162: 12161: 12159: 12157: 12153: 12148: 12142: 12139: 12137: 12134: 12132: 12129: 12127: 12124: 12122: 12119: 12118: 12116: 12114: 12110: 12105: 12099: 12096: 12094: 12091: 12089: 12086: 12084: 12083:Cerro Pintado 12081: 12080: 12078: 12076: 12072: 12067: 12061: 12058: 12056: 12053: 12051: 12048: 12046: 12043: 12041: 12038: 12037: 12035: 12033: 12029: 12024: 12018: 12015: 12013: 12012:Atabapo River 12010: 12009: 12007: 12005: 12001: 11996: 11990: 11987: 11985: 11982: 11980: 11977: 11976: 11974: 11972: 11968: 11963: 11957: 11954: 11952: 11949: 11947: 11944: 11943: 11941: 11939: 11935: 11930: 11924: 11921: 11920: 11918: 11916: 11912: 11907: 11901: 11898: 11896: 11893: 11891: 11888: 11886: 11883: 11882: 11880: 11878: 11874: 11869: 11863: 11860: 11859: 11857: 11855: 11851: 11846: 11840: 11837: 11835: 11832: 11830: 11827: 11825: 11822: 11820: 11817: 11815: 11812: 11811: 11809: 11807: 11803: 11798: 11792: 11789: 11788: 11786: 11784: 11780: 11775: 11769: 11766: 11764: 11761: 11759: 11756: 11754: 11751: 11749: 11746: 11745: 11743: 11741: 11737: 11732: 11726: 11723: 11722: 11720: 11718: 11714: 11709: 11703: 11700: 11699: 11697: 11695: 11691: 11686: 11680: 11677: 11675: 11672: 11671: 11669: 11667: 11663: 11658: 11652: 11649: 11647: 11644: 11642: 11639: 11637: 11634: 11632: 11629: 11627: 11624: 11622: 11619: 11618: 11616: 11614: 11610: 11605: 11601: 11594: 11590: 11576: 11573: 11571: 11568: 11566: 11563: 11562: 11560: 11558: 11554: 11549: 11543: 11540: 11539: 11537: 11535: 11531: 11526: 11520: 11517: 11515: 11512: 11511: 11509: 11507: 11503: 11498: 11492: 11489: 11488: 11486: 11484: 11480: 11475: 11469: 11466: 11465: 11463: 11461: 11457: 11452: 11446: 11443: 11442: 11440: 11438: 11434: 11429: 11423: 11420: 11419: 11417: 11415: 11411: 11406: 11400: 11397: 11395: 11392: 11390: 11387: 11386: 11384: 11382: 11378: 11373: 11367: 11364: 11362: 11359: 11357: 11354: 11352: 11349: 11348: 11346: 11344: 11340: 11335: 11329: 11326: 11324: 11321: 11320: 11318: 11316: 11312: 11307: 11301: 11298: 11297: 11295: 11293: 11289: 11284: 11278: 11275: 11273: 11270: 11269: 11267: 11265: 11261: 11256: 11252: 11245: 11241: 11227: 11224: 11223: 11221: 11219: 11215: 11210: 11204: 11201: 11200: 11198: 11196: 11192: 11187: 11181: 11178: 11177: 11175: 11173: 11169: 11164: 11158: 11155: 11154: 11152: 11150: 11146: 11141: 11135: 11132: 11130: 11127: 11125: 11122: 11120: 11117: 11115: 11112: 11110: 11107: 11105: 11104:Museo del Oro 11102: 11100: 11097: 11095: 11092: 11090: 11089:Plaza Bolívar 11087: 11086: 11084: 11082: 11078: 11073: 11067: 11064: 11062: 11059: 11058: 11056: 11054: 11050: 11045: 11039: 11036: 11034: 11031: 11030: 11028: 11026: 11022: 11017: 11011: 11008: 11006: 11003: 11001: 10998: 10996: 10993: 10992: 10990: 10988: 10984: 10979: 10973: 10970: 10969: 10967: 10965: 10961: 10956: 10950: 10947: 10946: 10944: 10942: 10938: 10933: 10929: 10922: 10918: 10904: 10901: 10899: 10896: 10895: 10893: 10891: 10887: 10882: 10878: 10871: 10867: 10861: 10858: 10856: 10853: 10851: 10848: 10846: 10843: 10841: 10838: 10837: 10834: 10825: 10820: 10818: 10813: 10811: 10806: 10805: 10802: 10796: 10795:OpenStreetMap 10792: 10783: 10781: 10778: 10776: 10773: 10771: 10768: 10766: 10763: 10761: 10758: 10757: 10747: 10735: 10727: 10723: 10718: 10716: 10712: 10708: 10705: 10701: 10697: 10695: 10691: 10687: 10685: 10681: 10677: 10671: 10670: 10665: 10661: 10657: 10652: 10651:public domain 10640: 10639: 10638: 10637: 10616: 10612: 10608: 10602: 10586: 10582: 10576: 10560: 10556: 10555:"Xingu River" 10550: 10534: 10530: 10526: 10520: 10504: 10500: 10494: 10478: 10474: 10468: 10452: 10448: 10444: 10438: 10422: 10418: 10411: 10395: 10391: 10387: 10380: 10364: 10360: 10354: 10338: 10334: 10328: 10312: 10308: 10302: 10286: 10282: 10276: 10260: 10256: 10250: 10234: 10230: 10224: 10208: 10204: 10198: 10191: 10185: 10170: 10166: 10160: 10145: 10144:United Nation 10141: 10135: 10127: 10123: 10118: 10113: 10108: 10103: 10099: 10095: 10092:(8): e23785. 10091: 10087: 10083: 10076: 10060: 10056: 10055:www.loyno.edu 10052: 10046: 10030: 10026: 10024:9781597267601 10020: 10016: 10015: 10007: 9999: 9993: 9977: 9973: 9967: 9963: 9962: 9954: 9938: 9934: 9933: 9928: 9922: 9915: 9911: 9907: 9904: 9899: 9891: 9885: 9869: 9865: 9859: 9855: 9854: 9846: 9830: 9826: 9820: 9816: 9815: 9807: 9801: 9797: 9794: 9792: 9785: 9769: 9765: 9761: 9755: 9739: 9735: 9729: 9726:. Routledge. 9725: 9724: 9716: 9700: 9696: 9692: 9686: 9678: 9674: 9670: 9666: 9662: 9658: 9651: 9635: 9631: 9625: 9617: 9613: 9606: 9590: 9586: 9579: 9571: 9567: 9561: 9553: 9549: 9543: 9535: 9531: 9525: 9517: 9513: 9507: 9491: 9487: 9481: 9473: 9469: 9465: 9461: 9457: 9453: 9450:(7): 619–22. 9449: 9445: 9438: 9422: 9418: 9414: 9408: 9389: 9385: 9381: 9377: 9373: 9369: 9365: 9358: 9357:"Tidal Bores" 9351: 9335: 9331: 9329:9781438109633 9325: 9321: 9320: 9312: 9304: 9300: 9294: 9290: 9289: 9288:River Ecology 9281: 9273: 9269: 9263: 9259: 9258: 9250: 9234: 9230: 9224: 9216: 9209: 9193: 9189: 9185: 9181: 9177: 9173: 9169: 9165: 9161: 9157: 9150: 9148: 9131: 9127: 9121: 9119: 9099: 9096:(in French). 9092: 9085: 9069: 9065: 9061: 9055: 9053: 9045: 9040: 9024: 9020: 9016: 9009: 8993: 8989: 8983: 8975: 8971: 8965: 8961: 8960: 8952: 8950: 8942: 8937: 8930: 8925: 8923: 8921: 8904: 8900: 8896: 8889: 8873: 8869: 8863: 8861: 8844: 8840: 8836: 8829: 8813: 8809: 8803: 8796: 8790: 8774: 8770: 8766: 8759: 8757: 8749: 8743: 8727: 8723: 8719: 8712: 8710: 8693: 8689: 8683: 8679: 8672: 8671: 8664: 8648: 8644: 8638: 8634: 8633: 8625: 8617: 8613: 8611:9781845425517 8607: 8603: 8602: 8594: 8592: 8584: 8579: 8570: 8561: 8542: 8535: 8529: 8522: 8517: 8515: 8513: 8511: 8509: 8507: 8505: 8503: 8501: 8484: 8480: 8479:Liçao de Casa 8478: 8473: 8466: 8450: 8446: 8445: 8440: 8434: 8415: 8408: 8406: 8405:The Americas, 8398: 8382: 8378: 8371: 8364: 8360: 8357: 8352: 8343: 8342: 8333: 8325: 8321: 8315: 8311: 8310: 8302: 8293: 8291: 8281: 8265: 8261: 8257: 8253: 8249: 8245: 8241: 8237: 8233: 8229: 8222: 8206: 8202: 8196: 8192: 8191: 8183: 8175: 8171: 8167: 8163: 8159: 8155: 8151: 8147: 8139: 8123: 8119: 8113: 8104: 8097: 8093: 8092:Hjalmar Frisk 8089: 8086:Lagercrantz, 8083: 8076: 8072: 8069: 8064: 8048: 8044: 8038: 8022: 8018: 8012: 8004: 8000: 7994: 7990: 7989: 7981: 7979: 7971: 7965: 7957: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7939: 7935: 7931: 7927: 7923: 7919: 7918: 7913: 7905: 7903: 7894: 7888: 7884: 7879: 7878: 7869: 7867: 7847: 7843: 7839: 7835: 7831: 7827: 7823: 7816: 7809: 7807: 7790: 7786: 7782: 7776: 7774: 7772: 7755: 7751: 7747: 7744:Roach, John. 7740: 7724: 7720: 7716: 7710: 7708: 7691: 7687: 7686: 7681: 7675: 7673: 7663: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7645: 7641: 7637: 7633: 7629: 7622: 7603: 7596: 7589: 7587: 7578: 7572: 7570: 7568: 7561: 7557: 7554: 7553: 7545: 7543: 7541: 7532: 7526: 7524: 7522: 7513: 7507: 7505: 7503: 7501: 7499: 7491: 7487: 7485: 7481: 7478: 7471: 7455: 7451: 7444: 7433: 7426: 7419: 7403: 7399: 7393: 7377: 7373: 7367: 7359: 7352: 7350: 7333: 7329: 7323: 7321: 7319: 7317: 7315: 7295: 7288: 7282: 7280: 7278: 7261: 7257: 7253: 7247: 7245: 7228: 7224: 7220: 7216: 7212: 7208: 7204: 7200: 7196: 7192: 7185: 7183: 7181: 7179: 7177: 7175: 7173: 7171: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7148: 7146: 7144: 7142: 7140: 7138: 7136: 7134: 7132: 7130: 7121: 7115: 7113: 7106: 7102: 7097: 7093: 7079: 7074: 7073:peer-reviewed 7069: 7063: 7056: 7049: 7045: 7035: 7032: 7029: 7026: 7024:, in Colombia 7023: 7020: 7019: 7015: 7004: 7001: 6990: 6987: 6986:Brazil portal 6976: 6973: 6962: 6950: 6947: 6944: 6941: 6940: 6936: 6933: 6930: 6927: 6926: 6922: 6919: 6916: 6913: 6912: 6908: 6905: 6902: 6899: 6898: 6894: 6891: 6888: 6885: 6884: 6880: 6877: 6874: 6871: 6870: 6866: 6863: 6860: 6857: 6856: 6852: 6849: 6846: 6843: 6842: 6838: 6835: 6832: 6829: 6828: 6824: 6821: 6818: 6815: 6814: 6810: 6807: 6804: 6801: 6800: 6796: 6793: 6790: 6787: 6786: 6782: 6779: 6776: 6773: 6772: 6768: 6765: 6762: 6759: 6758: 6754: 6751: 6748: 6745: 6744: 6740: 6737: 6734: 6731: 6730: 6726: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6717: 6713: 6710: 6707: 6704: 6703: 6692: 6688: 6685: 6684:Madre de Dios 6681: 6678: 6674: 6671: 6667: 6664: 6660: 6657: 6653: 6650: 6646: 6643: 6639: 6636: 6635:Ucayali River 6632: 6629: 6625: 6622: 6618: 6615: 6611: 6609:, Peru/Brazil 6608: 6604: 6601: 6597: 6594: 6590: 6587: 6583: 6581:, Peru/Brazil 6580: 6576: 6573: 6569: 6566: 6565: 6559: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6539: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6522: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6507: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6494: 6491: 6490: 6486: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6477: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6466: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6455: 6452: 6451: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6436: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6422: 6421: 6417: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6404: 6403: 6399: 6396: 6394: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6386: 6382: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6370: 6366: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6352: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6341: 6339: 6335: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6324: 6323: 6318: 6314: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6302: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6284: 6280: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6266: 6262: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6231: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6214: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6199: 6195: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6181: 6177: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6165: 6161: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6149: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6138: 6134: 6131: 6127: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6115: 6111: 6108: 6105: 6101: 6100: 6095: 6092: 6091: 6087: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6078: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6067: 6063: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6051: 6047: 6044: 6041: 6037: 6034: 6033: 6029: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6017: 6013: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 5999: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5988: 5985: 5984: 5980: 5977: 5974: 5970: 5967: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5955: 5950: 5946: 5942: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5928: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5917: 5913: 5911: 5910: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5899: 5897:Paraná Arara 5896: 5895: 5891: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5877: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5866:Igarapé Miuá 5865: 5864: 5860: 5857: 5854: 5850: 5847: 5846: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5831: 5827: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5813: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5802: 5800:Parana Copea 5799: 5798: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5785: 5781: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5767: 5763: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5749: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5734: 5730: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5718: 5714: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5700: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5685: 5681: 5678: 5675: 5671: 5668: 5667: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5656: 5652: 5651: 5647: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5633: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5622: 5618: 5617: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5606: 5602: 5601: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5587: 5586: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5575: 5571: 5570: 5566: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5541: 5536: 5535: 5534:Middle Amazon 5530: 5526: 5523: 5520: 5517: 5516: 5512: 5509: 5506: 5501: 5500: 5496: 5493: 5490: 5487: 5486: 5482: 5479: 5476: 5473: 5470: 5466: 5463: 5460: 5457: 5456: 5452: 5449: 5446: 5441: 5440: 5436: 5433: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5424: 5420: 5417: 5414: 5411: 5410: 5406: 5403: 5400: 5396: 5393: 5392: 5388: 5385: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5376: 5372: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5360: 5356: 5353: 5350: 5346: 5343: 5342: 5338: 5335: 5332: 5329: 5328: 5324: 5321: 5318: 5315: 5314: 5310: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5296: 5292: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5254: 5251: 5248: 5245: 5244: 5241: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5103: 5096: 5092: 5083: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5070:(OHCHR), the 5069: 5058: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5009: 4999: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4980:Gymnotiformes 4977: 4973: 4968: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4937: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4892: 4888: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4859: 4849: 4847: 4843: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4818: 4816: 4812: 4807: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4784: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4769:river dolphin 4766: 4762: 4758: 4757: 4749: 4745: 4736: 4734: 4730: 4724: 4716: 4711: 4701: 4697: 4686: 4672: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4620: 4617: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4565: 4562: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4510: 4507: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4455: 4451: 4448: 4445: 4442: 4439: 4438: 4430: 4428: 4423: 4421: 4417: 4412: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4384: 4382: 4378: 4368: 4366: 4365: 4360: 4357: 4353: 4348: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4329: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4314: 4307: 4303: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4284: 4280: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4267: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4242: 4239: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4225: 4222: 4221: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4198: 4195: 4194: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4171: 4168: 4167: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4144: 4141: 4140: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4117: 4114: 4113: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4090: 4087: 4086: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4063: 4060: 4059: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4036: 4033: 4032: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4009: 4006: 4005: 4001: 3999: 3996: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3982: 3979: 3978: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3955: 3952: 3951: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3928: 3925: 3924: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3901: 3898: 3897: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3874: 3871: 3870: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3847: 3844: 3843: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3831: 3828: 3826: 3823: 3820: 3817: 3816: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3793: 3790: 3789: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3766: 3763: 3762: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3742: 3739: 3736: 3735: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3712: 3709: 3708: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3696: 3693: 3691: 3688: 3685: 3682: 3681: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3669: 3666: 3664: 3661: 3658: 3655: 3654: 3650: 3648: 3645: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3631: 3628: 3627: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3615: 3612: 3610: 3607: 3604: 3601: 3600: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3577: 3574: 3573: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3550: 3547: 3546: 3543: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3527: 3524: 3521: 3518: 3515: 3514: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3483: 3480: 3477: 3474: 3471: 3468: 3467: 3463: 3460: 3457: 3454: 3451: 3448: 3447: 3443: 3440: 3437: 3434: 3431: 3428: 3427: 3423: 3420: 3417: 3414: 3411: 3408: 3407: 3403: 3400: 3397: 3394: 3391: 3388: 3387: 3383: 3380: 3377: 3374: 3371: 3368: 3367: 3363: 3360: 3357: 3354: 3351: 3348: 3347: 3344: 3342: 3332: 3329: 3326: 3323: 3320: 3317: 3316: 3312: 3309: 3306: 3303: 3300: 3297: 3296: 3292: 3289: 3286: 3283: 3280: 3277: 3276: 3272: 3269: 3266: 3263: 3260: 3257: 3256: 3252: 3249: 3246: 3243: 3240: 3237: 3236: 3232: 3229: 3226: 3223: 3220: 3217: 3216: 3212: 3209: 3206: 3203: 3200: 3197: 3196: 3192: 3189: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3177: 3176: 3172: 3169: 3166: 3163: 3160: 3157: 3156: 3152: 3149: 3146: 3143: 3140: 3137: 3136: 3132: 3129: 3126: 3123: 3120: 3117: 3116: 3112: 3109: 3106: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3096: 3092: 3089: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3077: 3076: 3072: 3069: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3056: 3052: 3049: 3046: 3043: 3040: 3037: 3036: 3032: 3029: 3026: 3023: 3020: 3017: 3016: 3012: 3009: 3006: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2996: 2992: 2989: 2986: 2983: 2980: 2977: 2976: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2957: 2956: 2952: 2949: 2946: 2943: 2940: 2937: 2936: 2932: 2929: 2926: 2923: 2920: 2917: 2916: 2912: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2900: 2897: 2896: 2892: 2889: 2886: 2883: 2880: 2877: 2876: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2863: 2860: 2857: 2856: 2852: 2849: 2846: 2843: 2840: 2837: 2836: 2832: 2829: 2826: 2823: 2820: 2817: 2816: 2813: 2811: 2799: 2796: 2793: 2792: 2788: 2785: 2782: 2779: 2776: 2773: 2772: 2768: 2765: 2762: 2759: 2756: 2753: 2752: 2748: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2733: 2732: 2728: 2725: 2722: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2712: 2708: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2692: 2688: 2685: 2682: 2679: 2676: 2673: 2672: 2668: 2665: 2662: 2659: 2656: 2653: 2652: 2649: 2647: 2637: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2618: 2616: 2611: 2608: 2603: 2597: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2586: 2579: 2577: 2576:Pacific Ocean 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2555: 2545: 2543: 2538: 2537:peer-reviewed 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2500: 2498: 2493: 2487: 2478: 2469: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2454: 2451:There are no 2444: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2429: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2406: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2387: 2379: 2370: 2368: 2363: 2361: 2357: 2352: 2350: 2346: 2340: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2322: 2318: 2313: 2306: 2303:(sandy) near 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2277: 2273: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2258: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2191: 2189: 2185: 2183: 2174: 2169: 2160: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2145: 2142: 2137: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2123: 2117: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2102:Lake Titicaca 2099: 2090: 2089:Marañón River 2086: 2078: 2071: 2067: 2062: 2057: 2042: 2040: 2035: 2029: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2014: 2010: 2008: 2004: 1999: 1997: 1993: 1987: 1983: 1981: 1975: 1971: 1966: 1962: 1957: 1949: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1917: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1882: 1880: 1874: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1842: 1839: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1799: 1797: 1791: 1789: 1785: 1778: 1777:Iquitos, Peru 1773: 1764: 1757: 1746: 1740: 1728: 1724: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1702: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1690: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1670: 1669: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1639:Marañón River 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1619: 1617: 1613: 1610: 1609: 1603: 1601: 1596: 1594: 1593:Orinoco River 1590: 1586: 1579: 1578: 1573: 1568: 1564: 1562: 1558: 1553: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1538: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1507: 1502: 1498: 1491: 1487: 1478: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1433:, literally, 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1401: 1392: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1357: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1335:pre-Columbian 1332: 1328: 1324: 1319: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1272:systems. The 1271: 1267: 1263: 1262: 1257: 1249: 1244: 1235: 1233: 1229: 1228:Pacific Ocean 1225: 1221: 1210: 1200: 1198: 1194: 1189: 1187: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1168: 1156: 1152: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1138:mentioned in 1137: 1133: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1117: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1086: 1084: 1079: 1075: 1069: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1034:Iquitos, Peru 1031: 1030:Marañón River 1027: 1026:Ucayali River 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1010:Mantaro River 1007: 1003: 999: 994: 992: 988: 984: 980: 979:South America 976: 972: 968: 964: 958: 928: 920: 893: 887: 878: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 803: 797: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 723: 717: 713: 709: 704: 700: 696: 690: 686: 682: 679: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 643: 639: 633: 629: 625: 619: 615: 612: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 580: 576: 570: 566: 560: 556: 553: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 521: 517: 513: 509: 506: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 474: 470: 464: 459: 453: 449: 446: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 410: 406: 400: 396: 392: 388: 382: 378: 372: 368: 364: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 325: 297: 291: 288: 285: 279: 276: 273: 271: 267: 263: 259: 253: 248: 220: 214: 211: 207: 204: 198: 195: 191: 188: 184: 180: 175: 171: 166: 162: 157: 153: 148: 144: 139: 135: 130: 126: 123: 119: 116: 112: 108: 105: 101: 96: 91: 84: 80: 76: 72: 66: 61: 57: 51: 46: 41: 33: 30: 19: 12683:Upper Amazon 12673:Amazon basin 12668:Amazon River 12616: 12545: 12541: 12088:Chiribiquete 12040:Alta Guajira 11971:Cundinamarca 11839:Mirití River 11829:Chiribiquete 11748:Lake Iguaque 11626:Amazon River 11625: 11343:Cundinamarca 11134:Teatro Colón 11081:Cundinamarca 11066:Tierradentro 10791:Amazon River 10721: 10710: 10699: 10689: 10679: 10667: 10634:Bibliography 10619:. Retrieved 10610: 10601: 10589:. Retrieved 10585:the original 10575: 10563:. Retrieved 10549: 10537:. Retrieved 10528: 10519: 10507:. Retrieved 10493: 10481:. Retrieved 10467: 10455:. Retrieved 10446: 10437: 10425:. Retrieved 10410: 10398:. Retrieved 10389: 10379: 10367:. Retrieved 10353: 10341:. Retrieved 10327: 10315:. Retrieved 10301: 10289:. Retrieved 10275: 10263:. Retrieved 10249: 10237:. Retrieved 10223: 10211:. Retrieved 10197: 10190:Der Amazonas 10189: 10184: 10172:. Retrieved 10168: 10159: 10147:. Retrieved 10143: 10134: 10089: 10085: 10075: 10065:12 September 10063:. Retrieved 10054: 10045: 10033:. Retrieved 10013: 10006: 9980:. Retrieved 9960: 9953: 9941:. Retrieved 9930: 9921: 9913: 9898: 9872:. Retrieved 9852: 9845: 9833:. Retrieved 9813: 9806: 9790: 9784: 9772:. Retrieved 9768:the original 9763: 9754: 9742:. Retrieved 9722: 9715: 9703:. Retrieved 9695:Live Science 9694: 9685: 9663:(1): 47–58. 9660: 9656: 9650: 9638:. Retrieved 9624: 9614:. Berkeley: 9611: 9605: 9593:. Retrieved 9578: 9560: 9542: 9524: 9506: 9494:. Retrieved 9490:the original 9480: 9447: 9443: 9437: 9425:. Retrieved 9416: 9407: 9395:. Retrieved 9367: 9363: 9350: 9338:. Retrieved 9318: 9311: 9287: 9280: 9256: 9249: 9237:. Retrieved 9223: 9208: 9196:. Retrieved 9163: 9159: 9134:. Retrieved 9105:. Retrieved 9084: 9072:. Retrieved 9068:the original 9039: 9027:. Retrieved 9023:the original 9018: 9008: 8996:. Retrieved 8992:the original 8982: 8958: 8936: 8907:. Retrieved 8898: 8888: 8876:. Retrieved 8872:the original 8847:. Retrieved 8843:the original 8838: 8828: 8816:. Retrieved 8802: 8794: 8789: 8777:. Retrieved 8773:the original 8768: 8747: 8742: 8730:. Retrieved 8722:The Guardian 8721: 8696:. Retrieved 8669: 8663: 8651:. Retrieved 8631: 8624: 8600: 8578: 8569: 8560: 8548:. Retrieved 8528: 8487:. Retrieved 8475: 8465: 8453:. Retrieved 8442: 8433: 8423:15 September 8421:. Retrieved 8404: 8397: 8385:. Retrieved 8370: 8351: 8340: 8332: 8308: 8301: 8280: 8268:. Retrieved 8235: 8231: 8221: 8209:. Retrieved 8189: 8182: 8149: 8145: 8138: 8126:. Retrieved 8112: 8103: 8095: 8087: 8082: 8063: 8051:. Retrieved 8037: 8025:. Retrieved 8011: 7987: 7970:Der Amazonas 7969: 7964: 7921: 7915: 7876: 7853:. Retrieved 7828:(1): 27–39. 7825: 7821: 7793:. Retrieved 7784: 7758:. Retrieved 7754:the original 7749: 7739: 7727:. Retrieved 7718: 7694:. Retrieved 7683: 7680:"Nile River" 7638:(24): 2951. 7635: 7631: 7621: 7609:. Retrieved 7551: 7489: 7475: 7470: 7458:. Retrieved 7443: 7418: 7406:. Retrieved 7392: 7380:. Retrieved 7366: 7336:. Retrieved 7301:. Retrieved 7264:. Retrieved 7260:the original 7255: 7231:. Retrieved 7201:(1): 80–87. 7198: 7194: 7156: 7101:Amazon River 7096: 7062: 7048: 6714:% of Amazon 6558: 6474: 6337: 6325: 6322:Amazon Delta 6320: 6287: 6251:Paru de Este 6136: 6135:Lago Grande 6097: 6075: 6027:1,322,782.4 5987:Prêto da Eva 5956: 5951: 5949:Lower Amazon 5948: 5915: 5654: 5620: 5619:Igarapé São 5604: 5573: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5474:Cochiquinas 5268: 5266: 5264:Upper Amazon 5263: 5252:Length (km) 5239: 5108: 5076:malnutrition 5064: 5027:metagenomics 5016: 4991: 4975: 4972:electric eel 4969: 4964: 4960: 4934: 4926: 4914: 4896: 4839: 4814: 4808: 4799: 4791: 4785: 4776: 4773:echolocation 4764: 4754: 4752: 4733:biodiversity 4726: 4446:Coordinates 4424: 4413: 4385: 4374: 4362: 4349: 4330: 4315: 4311: 4288: 4282: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4265: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4240: 4229: 4213: 4202: 4186: 4175: 4159: 4148: 4132: 4121: 4105: 4094: 4078: 4067: 4051: 4040: 4024: 4013: 3997: 3986: 3970: 3959: 3943: 3932: 3916: 3905: 3889: 3878: 3862: 3851: 3835: 3824: 3808: 3797: 3781: 3770: 3754: 3743: 3727: 3716: 3700: 3689: 3673: 3662: 3646: 3635: 3619: 3608: 3592: 3581: 3565: 3554: 3499: 3489: 3338: 2807: 2643: 2630:distributary 2619: 2612: 2598: 2583: 2580: 2557: 2554:Amazon basin 2515: 2512:Canal do Sul 2511: 2501: 2489: 2450: 2441: 2430: 2407: 2394: 2384: 2364: 2356:Monte Alegre 2353: 2349:Amazon delta 2341: 2329:Rio Solimões 2326: 2319:(right) and 2301:Rio Solimões 2274: 2269: 2259: 2192: 2187: 2180: 2178: 2146: 2120: 2118: 2114:Río Apurímac 2098:Nevado Mismi 2094: 2070:Nevado Mismi 2030: 2015: 2011: 2000: 1995: 1988: 1984: 1976: 1972: 1969: 1886:India-rubber 1883: 1875: 1843: 1838:upper Amazon 1835: 1831: 1827: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1800: 1792: 1781: 1667: 1635:Samuel Fritz 1620: 1606: 1604: 1597: 1585:conquistador 1582: 1575: 1560: 1556: 1554: 1539: 1534: 1504: 1495: 1490:Samuel Fritz 1434: 1430: 1426: 1412:conquistador 1406: 1370: 1366:Amazon basin 1354: 1320: 1300:Shell mounds 1298: 1259: 1253: 1217: 1196: 1190: 1183: 1176: 1173:Indo-Iranian 1164: 1150: 1118: 1092: 1070: 1032:upstream of 1006:Amazon basin 1002:Nevado Mismi 995: 975:Rio Amazonas 967:Río Amazonas 886:Amazon River 885: 883: 735:, Ampiyaçu, 651: 627: 508:Amazon Delta 450:(near mouth) 336: 56:Amazon Delta 40:Rio Amazonas 35:Amazon River 29: 18:River Amazon 12632:Jeju Island 12622:Hạ Long Bay 12436:Los Nevados 12426:Cerro Bravo 12352:Los Nevados 12329:Los Nevados 12121:Claro River 11834:Claro River 11824:Caño Paujil 11791:Los Nevados 11641:La Chorrera 11157:San Agustín 10742:|work= 10621:13 February 10591:13 February 10565:13 February 10539:13 February 10509:13 February 10483:13 February 10457:13 February 10417:"Tocantins" 10369:13 February 10343:13 February 10169:India Today 9496:8 September 9198:23 February 9136:23 February 9044:Church 1911 8941:Church 1911 8929:Church 1911 8818:13 February 8583:Church 1911 8550:11 December 8521:Church 1911 8489:12 November 8152:(1): 2–14. 8098:(1960–1970) 7795:24 December 7266:25 December 7233:29 December 7014:Peru portal 6663:Teles Pires 6288:Arumanduba 5603:Igarapé de 5488:Santa Rosa 5330:Tamshiyaçu 5111:tributaries 5017:Freshwater 5002:Butterflies 4880:giant otter 4811:giant otter 4653: / 4598: / 4543: / 4488: / 4427:Hamza River 4400:Nazca Plate 4381:Pleistocene 3537:Itacoatiara 3492:Itacoatiara 2634:bifurcation 2602:fresh water 2524:Guido Gelli 2299:(blue) and 2262:anabranches 2131:Río Mantaro 2110:Carhuasanta 2007:Porto Velho 1894:Brazil nuts 1890:cacao beans 1863:rubber boom 1713:, 1849–1864 1707:, 1848–1859 1697:, 1826–1828 1691:, 1817–1820 1681:, 1799–1804 1608:bandeirante 1525:joined the 1481:Exploration 1356:terra preta 1258:called the 1167:hamazakaran 1151:* ha-mazan- 1115:Portuguese. 1074:tributaries 711:Tributaries 419:Itacoatiara 367:Itacoatiara 319: / 242: / 143:Itacoatiara 131:(Colombia); 78:Native name 12662:Categories 12520:El Tuparro 12245:Sanquianga 12032:La Guajira 11956:Los Katíos 11946:Cabo Marzo 11674:Los Katíos 10317:31 October 10291:31 October 10239:31 October 10213:31 October 10174:7 November 9774:2 February 9744:15 October 9427:9 February 9370:(4): 146. 8724:. London. 8698:31 January 8146:Biotropica 8053:15 October 8027:15 October 7408:1 November 7382:2 November 7338:1 November 7088:References 6527:Paracauari 6278:513,313.5 6159:494,551.3 6137:do Curuaí 5978:714,577.6 5931:Manacapuru 5916:Manaquiri 5889:378,762.4 5679:121,115.8 5638:Jandiatuba 5502:Cajocumal 5404:103,307.8 5308:353,729.3 5290:364,873.4 5061:Challenges 5013:Microbiota 5006:See also: 4988:bull shark 4903:neon tetra 4891:Neon tetra 4856:See also: 4721:See also: 4683:See also: 4388:Cretaceous 4359:tidal bore 4318:Manacapuru 2594:wet season 2590:dry season 2484:See also: 2293:confluence 2153:floodplain 2141:class IV–V 2136:Lago Junín 1916:and gold. 1846:mercantile 1643:Lauricocha 1527:Napo River 1523:Coca River 1441:explorer, 1282:headwaters 1220:geological 1136:Sarmatians 1101:, and the 1058:Portuguese 971:Portuguese 809:Jandiatuba 761:Manacapuru 681:Manacapuru 344:Basin size 230:71°41′37″W 227:15°31′04″S 194:Mismi Peak 163:(Brazil); 154:(Brazil); 136:(Brazil); 90:Portuguese 12550:El Tiempo 12390:Santander 12344:Risaralda 12156:Magdalena 11768:Lake Tota 11666:Antioquia 11621:Amacayacu 11514:Barichara 11506:Santander 11483:Risaralda 11381:Magdalena 11264:Antioquia 11195:Santander 10964:Atlántico 10941:Antioquia 10898:Cartagena 10744:ignored ( 10734:cite book 10658:(1911). " 9992:cite book 9884:cite book 9657:Ethnology 9239:8 October 9188:224933962 8998:12 August 8252:0439-4216 7855:30 August 7662:2072-4292 7303:8 October 6903:Trombetas 6614:Rio Negro 6593:Tocantins 6484:87,389.5 6439:Vila Nova 6415:24,082.5 6373:Tocantins 6336:Braco do 6281:10,022.6 6168:Curuá-Una 6099:Trombetas 6030:32,531.9 6011:45,994.4 6004:Igapó-Açu 5981:30,640.8 5969:Rio Negro 5892:11,206.9 5825:35,741.3 5807:10,532.3 5779:24,375.5 5764:18,121.6 5712:78,451.5 5688:Tonantins 5645:14,890.4 5621:Jerônimo 5564:99,674.1 5540:Tabatinga 5518:Atacuari 5458:Chichita 5442:Ampiyaçu 5370:16,673.4 5311:13,630.1 5272:Tabatinga 5214:Trombetas 5209:Tocantins 5023:ecosystem 4998:in Peru. 4872:Characins 4416:sandstone 2640:Discharge 2615:sediments 2548:Watershed 2532:Telegraph 2466:Rio Negro 2321:Rio Negro 2297:Rio Negro 2184:das Águas 1941:Rio Negro 1850:steamboat 1823:Rio Negro 1796:Tabatinga 1788:Grão-Pará 1784:Cabanagem 1616:São Paulo 1561:Lauraceae 1511:La Canela 1506:El Dorado 1455:Rio Negro 1435:sweet sea 1431:Mar Dulce 1389:Europeans 1381:Munduruku 1323:chiefdoms 1268:highland 1157:'s gloss 1132:Scythians 1095:Europeans 1089:Etymology 1050:Rio Negro 1042:main stem 861:Tocantins 849:Curuá-Una 777:Trombetas 745:Rio Negro 667:Discharge 600:Discharge 541:Discharge 512:Tocantins 494:Discharge 434:Discharge 307:50°5′22″W 304:0°42′28″N 167:(Brazil); 158:(Brazil); 149:(Brazil); 147:Parintins 145:(Brazil) 140:(Brazil); 134:Tabatinga 12538:Source: 12283:Putumayo 12197:Chingaza 12075:Guaviare 11979:Chingaza 11854:Casanare 11613:Amazonas 11038:Salamina 10615:Archived 10559:Archived 10533:Archived 10503:Archived 10477:Archived 10451:Archived 10427:2 August 10421:Archived 10394:Archived 10363:Archived 10337:Archived 10311:Archived 10285:Archived 10265:27 March 10259:Archived 10233:Archived 10207:Archived 10149:9 August 10126:21915244 10086:PLOS ONE 10059:Archived 10035:28 March 10029:Archived 9976:Archived 9937:Archived 9906:Archived 9868:Archived 9829:Archived 9796:Archived 9738:Archived 9699:Archived 9640:20 March 9634:Archived 9589:Archived 9570:Archived 9552:Archived 9534:Archived 9516:Archived 9472:70646688 9421:Archived 9417:Mongabay 9397:25 March 9388:Archived 9340:25 March 9334:Archived 9303:Archived 9272:Archived 9233:Archived 9192:Archived 9130:Archived 9098:Archived 9074:4 August 9029:2 August 8974:Archived 8903:Archived 8878:3 August 8812:Archived 8726:Archived 8692:Archived 8680:. 2000. 8647:Archived 8616:Archived 8541:Archived 8483:Archived 8449:Archived 8414:Archived 8381:Archived 8359:Archived 8324:Archived 8264:Archived 8260:40589896 8211:5 August 8205:Archived 8128:12 April 8122:Archived 8071:Archived 8047:Archived 8021:Archived 8003:Archived 7956:27152336 7846:Archived 7789:Archived 7729:3 August 7723:Archived 7719:BBC News 7696:3 August 7690:Archived 7688:. 2010. 7611:28 March 7602:Archived 7556:Archived 7480:Archived 7454:Archived 7432:Archived 7402:Archived 7376:Archived 7332:Archived 7294:Archived 7227:Archived 7223:27548511 7161:Archived 6958:See also 6931:Abacaxis 6847:Putumayo 6691:Huallaga 6630:, Brazil 6623:, Brazil 6600:Araguaia 6595:, Brazil 6533:1,390.3 6510:Pedreira 6501:1,523.6 6487:2,550.7 6460:2,487.4 6445:5,383.8 6430:1,250.2 6423:Mazagão 6380:777,308 6367:3,500.3 6346:4,732.4 6315:1,213.5 6296:1,819.9 6286:Igarapé 6208:4,610.2 6143:3,293.6 6109:150,032 6094:Nhamundá 6088:4,804.4 6085:127,116 6064:2,290.8 6014:1,676.5 5993:3,039.5 5922:1,318.6 5904:1,915.7 5871:1,294.5 5828:1,389.3 5792:2,650.1 5787:Caiambe 5782:1,190.4 5761:276,812 5743:7,195.8 5731:6,662.1 5728:190,573 5694:2,955.2 5682:8,519.9 5670:Putumayo 5661:2,462.1 5653:Igarapé 5627:1,259.6 5611:1,299.9 5572:Igarapé 5567:5,222.5 5524:3,480.5 5510:2,094.9 5480:2,362.7 5464:1,314.2 5450:4,201.4 5434:3,506.8 5418:2,393.6 5412:Apayaçu 5407:7,147.8 5386:2,573.6 5373:1,072.7 5336:1,367.3 5134:Huallaga 5095:Solimões 5072:Yanomami 5035:microbes 5031:microbes 5019:microbes 4957:kumakuma 4915:pirarucu 4911:arapaima 4905:and the 4842:Anaconda 4821:Reptiles 4715:tambaqui 4518:Colombia 4443:Country 4392:Gondwana 4364:pororoca 4352:Atlantic 4297:Flooding 4245:370,109 4234:304,336 4218:405,999 4210:101,693 4207:337,412 4191:376,740 4180:354,795 4164:388,213 4153:352,671 4137:382,840 4126:340,215 4110:386,022 4099:316,291 4083:352,935 4075:104,111 4072:329,771 4056:367,296 4045:311,494 4029:378,767 4018:339,832 4002:338,905 3994:151,997 3991:324,191 3975:305,526 3964:286,872 3948:323,680 3937:291,537 3921:256,798 3910:230,293 3894:255,208 3883:215,638 3867:303,192 3856:275,544 3840:316,669 3832:101,146 3829:259,841 3813:309,478 3802:238,839 3786:301,860 3775:268,108 3759:280,340 3748:258,383 3732:265,644 3724:100,986 3721:223,929 3705:252,626 3697:100,473 3694:228,998 3678:296,805 3667:252,425 3651:268,820 3640:256,627 3624:275,060 3613:261,176 3597:270,080 3586:288,869 3570:278,306 3559:240,396 3542:Santarém 3496:Santarém 3481:174,100 3472:175,500 3461:184,700 3452:181,800 3441:161,800 3432:185,800 3421:165,100 3412:149,400 3401:170,800 3392:169,200 3381:177,500 3372:180,300 3333:180,150 3324:180,900 3313:180,900 3304:139,100 3293:159,200 3284:171,900 3273:186,650 3264:168,700 3253:196,850 3244:199,100 3233:192,800 3224:167,500 3213:186,200 3204:166,700 3193:176,400 3184:183,300 3173:165,800 3164:164,400 3153:198,500 3144:175,400 3133:193,000 3124:143,800 3113:174,100 3104:182,500 3093:184,700 3084:153,300 3073:161,800 3064:144,600 3053:165,100 3044:169,500 3033:170,800 3024:179,400 3013:177,500 3004:176,200 2993:175,500 2984:186,500 2973:181,800 2964:194,000 2953:185,100 2944:192,800 2933:149,400 2924:181,350 2913:169,200 2904:181,700 2893:180,300 2884:184,100 2873:154,900 2864:164,400 2853:196,000 2844:152,500 2800:260,000 2789:211,000 2780:245,000 2769:243,000 2760:226,000 2749:231,000 2740:248,000 2729:238,000 2720:207,000 2709:234,000 2700:214,000 2689:205,000 2680:205,000 2607:salinity 2516:Río Pará 2508:the Nile 2492:the Nile 2414:Pracuúba 2367:Santarém 2317:Solimões 2307:, Brazil 2266:channels 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