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are the product of human activity, authors like
Giddens and Beck argue that it is possible for societies to assess the level of risk that is being produced, or that is about to be produced. This sort of reflexive introspection can in turn alter the planned activities themselves. As an example, due to
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that enable him or her to avert risk, this would not even be an option were the person unaware that the risk even existed. However, risks do not only affect those of a certain social class or place, as risk is not missed and can affect everyone regardless of societal class; no one is free from risk.
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is largely responsible for creating pollution will also have to suffer when, for example, the contaminants seep into the water supply. This argument may seem oversimplified, as wealthy people may have the ability to mitigate risk more easily by, for example, buying bottled water. Beck, however, has
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By contrast, Giddens has argued that older forms of class structure maintain a somewhat stronger role in a risk society, now being partly defined "in terms of differential access to forms of self-actualization and empowerment". Giddens has also tended to approach the concept of a risk society more
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that are achieved through risk aversion. "In some of their dimensions these follow the inequalities of class and strata positions, but they bring a fundamentally different distribution logic into play". Beck contends that widespread risks contain a "boomerang effect", in that individuals producing
92:, "a shorthand term for modern society or industrial civilization. ... odernity is vastly more dynamic than any previous type of social order. It is a society ... which unlike any preceding culture lives in the future rather than the past." They also draw heavily on the concept of
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surges of technological rationalization and changes in work and organization, but beyond that includes much more: the change in societal characteristics and normal biographies, changes in lifestyle and forms of love, change in the structures of power and influence, in the forms of political
96:, the idea that as a society examines itself, it in turn changes itself in the process. In classical industrial society, the modernist view is based on assumption of realism in science creating a system in which scientists work in an exclusive, inaccessible environment of modern period.
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repression and participation, in views of reality and in the norms of knowledge. In social science's understanding of modernity, the plough, the steam locomotive and the microchip are visible indicators of a much deeper process, which comprises and reshapes the entire social structure.
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There are differing opinions as to how the concept of a risk society interacts with social hierarchies and class distinctions. Most agree that social relations have altered with the introduction of manufactured risks and reflexive modernization. Risks, much like
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Social concerns led to increased regulation of the nuclear power industry and to the abandonment of some expansion plans, altering the course of modernization itself. This increased critique of modern industrial practices is said to have resulted in a state of
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positively than Beck, suggesting that there "can be no question of merely taking a negative attitude towards risk. Risk needs to be disciplined, but active risk-taking is a core element of a dynamic economy and an innovative society."
42:. The term was coined in the 1980s and its popularity during the 1990s was both as a consequence of its links to trends in thinking about wider modernity, and also to its links to popular discourse, in particular the growing
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Beck has argued that older forms of class structure – based mainly on the accumulation of wealth – atrophy in a modern, risk society, in which people occupy
58:, a risk society is "a society increasingly preoccupied with the future (and also with safety), which generates the notion of risk", whilst the German sociologist
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in 1992. The ecological crisis is central to this social analysis of the contemporary period. Beck argued that environmental
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had become the predominant product, not just an unpleasant, manageable side-effect, of industrial society.
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defines it as "a systematic way of dealing with hazards and insecurities induced and introduced by
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and Beck argued that whilst humans have always been subjected to a level of risk – such as
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risks will also be exposed to them. This argument suggests that wealthy individuals whose
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Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and
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argued that the distribution of this sort of risk is the result of
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that focus on preventive measures to decrease levels of risk.
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Making Sense of
Modernity: Conversations with Anthony Giddens
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process itself. Giddens defines these two types of risks as
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Manner in which modern society organizes in response to risk
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involved in both producing, and mitigating such risks.
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473:(2000). "Introduction: Risk Revisited". In
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547:(1999). "Risk and Responsibility".
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209:precautionary principle
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691:Categories
249:References
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345:11 August
314:Beck 1992
302:Beck 1992
266:Beck 1992
254:Footnotes
238:resources
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531:(1998).
515:(1991).
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