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default occurring when a creditor lends money to a borrower. Examples of credit risks include businesses not being able to retrieve their money when they sell products on credit and may experience a rise in costs to collect the debt. Businesses can also experience credit risk as the borrowers, as they must manage cash flows in order to pay back their accounts payable (Chen, 2019) (Maverick, 2020) (LaBarre, 2020). Specific risks a.k.a. unsystematic risks are hazards that are unique and apply only to a certain asset or company. An example of an unsystematic risk is if a company has poor reputation or there are strikes among company employees, only that specific company is affected. Unsystematic risk can be avoided through diversification where, where investors invest in a wide variety of stocks. Companies face operational risks whenever it attempts to do ordinary business activities and can also be classified as a variety of specific risk. Operational risks stem from man-made choices, thus are the risks of business operations failing due to human error. Examples of
Operational risks would be keeping a subpar sales staff team as it has lower wage costs, but it comes with higher operational risks as the staff are more likely to make mistakes.
122:. Pure Risk is a type of risk where the outcome cannot be controlled, and only has two outcomes which are complete loss or no loss at all. An example of pure risk for an individual would be owning an equipment, there is risk of it being stolen and there would be a loss to the individual, however, if it weren't stolen, there is no gain but only no loss for the individual. Liquidity Risk is when securities cannot be purchased or sold fast enough to cut losses in a volatile market. An example to which an individual might experience liquidity risk would be no one willing to purchase a security you own, and the value of your security significantly drops. Speculative risks are made based on conscious choices, and results in an uncertain degree of gain or loss. An example of speculative risk is purchasing stocks, the future of the stock's price is uncertain, and both a gain or loss could occur depending on whether if the stock price rises or decreases. Currency risk is when
185:
268:. When the models are inaccurate, all stakeholders that relied on the financial model are exposed to risks as the quantitative information utilized are made based on insufficient information. An example of this is the Long Term Capital Management (LTCM) debacle, which caused them great financial loss because of a small error in their computer models, which was magnified by their highly leveraged trading strategy.
147:) is the risk an investor experiences when the value of an investment decreases due to financial market factors. The failure of a single company or cluster of companies could lead to the entire market crashing and the way to reduce this risk is through diversification into assets that are not co-related to the market. An example is during the
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Government enforces policies and regulations, to which businesses must oblige to be able to fairly compete against each other. From time to time, the government changes these frameworks which creates risks for businesses as they are forced to adapt and change how they operate. The government changes
255:
A risk that arises due to technological advancement is obsolescence risk, where a process, product or technology used by a company to generate profit becomes obsolete as competitors find cheaper alternatives. An example of this are publishing companies, as computers, phones, and devices becomes more
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in the long run. For example, if the government were to increase interest rates, business sales would decrease, due to people more willing to save, and vice versa. Another fiscal policy example would be if the government were to increase their spending, it would increase aggregate demand, and cause
126:
changes will affect the profitability of when one is committed to it and the time when it is carried out. An example of currency risk would be if interest rates were higher in U.S compared to
Australia, the Australian dollar would drop in comparison to the U.S. This is due to the increase in demand
217:
Commodity price risk is the possibility of a commodity price fluctuating, potentially causing financial losses for the buyers or producers of a commodity. As
Commodity prices are basic raw materials, it creates a domino effect, affecting all products that require the commodity. For example, oil
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Financial Risk for businesses rises due to the need for funding in order to expand and grow the business, or when they sell products on credit. There are several types of financial risks in businesses, including credit risks, specific risks, and operational risks. Credit risk are the dangers of
230:
usually go hand in hand, as interest rates are increased in order to combat inflation, which in turn causes businesses operation cost to increase, making it harder to stay in business, which then leads to a reduction in their stock prices. Inflation on its own also destroys value of stocks and
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or profit. A common investment is investing in stocks, purchasing them at a low price then reselling it later at a higher price to earn the difference as profit. Stock investing comes with very high risks as every single piece of information would cause market prices to fluctuate.
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When an individual or group purchases a government bond, they lend money to the government, and in return they get paid a promised interest rate. Investing in government bonds is generally safer than stocks but still contains risks, e.g. interest rate risks where
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their policies depending on the current economic situation, in order to stimulate economic growth and maintain a healthy level of inflation. The change in interest rates would cause aggregate demand to increase or decrease, forcing the market to adjust to the new
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where a higher inflation reduces the amount earned from interest, liquidity risks where no one wants to buy the bonds when we want to sell it, and chances that the government loses control of their monetary policy and default on their bonds.
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Different participants of risk factors contain different risk factors for each participant, for example, financial risks for the individual, financial risks for the Market, financial risks for the
Government etc.
357:, growth prospects and then measures the securities intrinsic value. By measuring the securities intrinsic value, they are able to predict the stock price movements and reduce potential risk factors.
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Technical analysis is a method that utilizes past prices, statistics, historical returns, share prices, etc., to evaluate securities. Through technical analysis, investors are able to determine the
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advanced, more and more people read news, magazines and books online instead of the printed form as it's cheaper and more convenient, which caused publishing companies to slowly become obsolete.
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Quantitative analysis is the process of gathering data in numerous fields and evaluating their historical performance through financial ratio calculations. For example certain ratios like
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A very transparent risk is headline risk, where any stories in the media that will damage a company's reputation would hurt their business and reduce their stock prices. An example is the
549:
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Reed, R., & Luffman, G. (1986). Diversification: The
Growing Confusion. Strategic Management Journal, 7(1), 29-35. Retrieved May 18, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/2485965
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consumers often face commodity price risk, as oil is a widely used necessity product currently, many producers’ profits are affected by the fluctuation of oil price.
1001:
Brown, D., & Jennings, R. (1989). On
Technical Analysis. The Review of Financial Studies, 2(4), 527-551. Retrieved May 3, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/2962067
371:, or capital expenditure ratio are utilized to measure a company's performance and then using the data to determine the risk factors of investing in this company.
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rapidly decreased, and even oil prices plummeted to almost negative $ 40, which meant producers paid buyers to take oil off their hands as storing oil was costly.
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Mitchell, W. (1925). Quantitative
Analysis in Economic Theory. The American Economic Review, 15(1), 1-12. Retrieved May 3, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/1808475
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business sales to increase. The reserve banks have a role in mitigating the financial risks that would create financial disturbances and systematic consequences.
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for USD as investors take advantage of higher yields, thus exchange rate fluctuates and the individual is exposed to risks in the foreign exchange markets.
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Atkinson, T., Luttrell, D., & Rosenblum, H. (2013). How bad was it? The costs and consequences of the 2007–09 financial crisis. Staff Papers, (Jul).
155:. During this time, businesses closed, there was an estimated loss of $ 6 trillion to $ 14 trillion, and governments were forced to rethink their
139:, foreign currency exchange rates, commodity and stock prices, and through their non-stop fluctuations, it produces a change in the price of the
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global pandemic crisis, where a massive economic fall-out had occurred due to the lack of economic activity. The global economy came to a halt,
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Wellington
Garikai, B. (2015). The Need for Efficient Investment: Fundamental Analysis and Technical Analysis. Finance & development, 1-2.
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Abarbanell, J., & Bushee, B. (1997). Fundamental
Analysis, Future Earnings, and Stock Prices. Journal of Accounting Research, 35(1), 1-24.
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Financial risks for individuals occur when they make sub-optimal decisions. There are several types of
Individual risk factors; pure risk,
27:, that help explain the systematic returns in equity market, and the possibility of losing money in investments or business adventures. A
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79:. In practice, a linear combination of observed factors included in a linear asset pricing model (for example, the
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Black, John; Hashimzade, Nigar; Myles, Gareth (2013-05-21), Black, John; Hashimzade, Nigar; Myles, Gareth (eds.),
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DEUTSCH, H., & Beinker, M. (2016). DERIVATIVES AND INTERNAL MODELS (5th ed., pp. 7-53). : PALGRAVE MACMILLAN.
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in 2011, which punished their stocks and caused excessive backlash against any businesses related to the story.
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Financial Risks for the market are associated with price fluctuation and volatility. Risk factors consist of
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Risk factors occur whenever any sort of asset is involved, and there are many forms of risks from credit,
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and momentum of the securities, thus reducing financial risks when they decide on who the invest.
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Greene, M. (1968). Market Risk. An Analytical Framework. Journal of Marketing, 32(2), 49-56.
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When people rely too much on the assumptions underlying economic and business models is
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The most common tools/methods used to control financial risk are
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1294:Arbitrage pricing theory
594:"What is Currency Risk?"
245:Fukushima nuclear crisis
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98:risks to investment and
47:. In these models, the
41:arbitrage pricing theory
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1344:Modern portfolio theory
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188:Stock price fluctuation
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1080:Sovereign credit risk
870:"Financial Stability"
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489:TheFreeDictionary.com
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324:Further information:
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87:is assumed. In the
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