1618:) results from the narrowly construed notion of intervention, which encompasses only policy decisions concerned with policymaking aimed at modifying causes to influence effects. In contrast to this idealized view of evidence-based policy movement, economic policymaking is a broader term that includes also institutional reforms and actions that do not require causal claims to be neutral under interventions. Such policy decisions can be grounded in, respectively, mechanistic evidence and correlational (econometric) studies.
153:
980:
36:
1630:
968:
1323:
Government and central banks are limited in the number of goals they can achieve in the short term. For instance, there may be pressure on the government to reduce inflation, reduce unemployment, and reduce interest rates while maintaining currency stability. If all of these are selected as goals for
1613:
is oriented towards all types of decisions concerned not only with anti-cyclical development but primarily with the growth-promoting policies. To gather evidence for such decisions, economists conduct randomized field experiments. The work of
Banerjee, Duflo, and Kremer, the 2019 Nobel Prize
1608:
A recent trend originating from medicine is to justify economic policy decisions with best available evidence. While the previous approaches have been focused on macroeconomic policymaking aimed at sustaining promoting economic development and counteracting recessions,
1599:
that advised limiting the role of government in the economy in the second half of the twentieth century, the interventionist view has once more dominated the economic policy debate in response to the 2007-2008 financial crisis,
1677:
Walter
Plosila, "State Science- and Technology-Based Economic Development Policy: History, Trends and Developments, and Future Directions," Economic Development Quarterly, Vol. 18, No. 2, May 2004, pp.
1324:
the short term, then policy is likely to be incoherent, because a normal consequence of reducing inflation and maintaining currency stability is increasing unemployment and increasing interest rates.
1386:: a government may say it intends to raise interest rates indefinitely to bring inflation under control, but then relax its stance later. This makes policy non-credible and ultimately ineffective.
1431:
Another type of non-discretionary policy is a set of policies that are imposed by an international body. This can occur (for example) as a result of intervention by the
1213:
controls the value of currency by lowering the supply of money to control inflation and raising it to stimulate economic growth. It is concerned with the amount of
1732:
1786:
1394:
1614:
laureates exemplifies the gold type of evidence. However, the emphasis put on experimental evidence by the movement of evidence-based policy (and
1412:
A compromise between strict discretionary and strict rule-based policy is to grant discretionary power to an independent body. For instance, the
1382:
A discretionary policy is supported because it allows policymakers to respond quickly to events. However, discretionary policy can be subject to
1389:
A rule-based policy can be more credible, because it is more transparent and easier to anticipate. Examples of rule-based policies are fixed
1376:
1101:
Almost every aspect of government has an important economic component. A few examples of the kinds of economic policies that exist include:
1759:
1010:
942:
2166:
1877:
1579:
became a predominant issue in the 19th century, as it became clear that industrial output, employment, and profit behaved in a
100:
1769:
1742:
72:
1846:
1533:
were in supply in different proportions. Which metal was adopted influenced the wealth of different groups in society.
79:
1480:
came the first policy choice. A government could raise money through taxing its citizens. However, it could now also
119:
17:
1336:
policy to help adjust markets. For instance, unemployment could potentially be reduced by altering laws relating to
53:
1003:
86:
57:
1587:, who proposed that fiscal policy could be used actively to ward off depressions, recessions and slumps. The
1549:
meant that a government could borrow money to finance war or expansion while causing less economic hardship.
341:
603:
68:
1503:
whereby foreign merchants had to exchange their coin for local money. This effectively levied a very high
1870:
1432:
1402:
1082:
952:
172:
162:
1905:
1145:
996:
946:
476:
466:
2083:
1542:
1510:
By the early modern age, more policy choices had been developed. There was considerable debate about
1425:
1398:
356:
1518:, as trade policy became associated with both national wealth and with foreign and colonial policy.
2187:
1648:
1541:
With the accumulation of private capital in the
Renaissance, states developed methods of financing
925:
663:
618:
471:
240:
184:
678:
2008:
1615:
1406:
628:
436:
426:
386:
376:
283:
206:
46:
1787:"Nobel Prize in Economics won by Banerjee, Duflo and Kremer for fighting poverty - live updates"
1368:. These typically used fiscal and monetary policy to adjust inflation, output and unemployment.
2136:
1863:
1596:
1341:
798:
643:
381:
321:
278:
225:
1109:
growing at a rate that does not result in excessive inflation, and attempts to smooth out the
2126:
2121:
2037:
2001:
1610:
1417:
1383:
1372:
1137:
932:
613:
588:
573:
431:
371:
351:
346:
93:
2141:
2016:
1658:
1450:
1413:
1357:
1244:
1172:
683:
505:
456:
421:
361:
326:
230:
220:
167:
8:
1900:
1591:
of economics argues that central banks create the business cycle. After the dominance of
1202:
1187:
1067:
909:
718:
540:
481:
406:
396:
366:
293:
201:
1583:
manner. One of the first proposed policy solutions to the problem came with the work of
578:
2057:
2044:
1926:
1713:
1090:
937:
893:
698:
535:
530:
510:
461:
401:
391:
336:
331:
303:
298:
268:
136:
2097:
1982:
1961:
1954:
1842:
1794:
1765:
1738:
1705:
1522:
1361:
1274:
1160:
1036:
828:
803:
713:
593:
550:
486:
451:
441:
273:
235:
191:
753:
2131:
2062:
1990:
1697:
1444:
1345:
1248:
1234:
878:
823:
808:
793:
778:
708:
688:
668:
623:
496:
446:
416:
411:
758:
2146:
2072:
2067:
1968:
1915:
1910:
1588:
1515:
1496:
1421:
1278:
1270:
1210:
1131:
1124:
1075:
1071:
1052:
972:
883:
848:
813:
748:
673:
658:
545:
520:
515:
263:
258:
1820:
The
Philosophy of Causality in Economics: Causal Inferences and Policy Proposals
1428:
all set interest rates without government interference, but do not adopt rules.
1261:
Policy is generally directed to achieve particular objectives, like targets for
2161:
2151:
2077:
2052:
2026:
1947:
1643:
1635:
1580:
1576:
1560:
1546:
1491:
Early civilizations also made decisions about whether to permit and how to tax
1365:
1238:
1110:
903:
888:
853:
838:
818:
788:
608:
525:
215:
211:
638:
2181:
2105:
2031:
1995:
1940:
1886:
1798:
1709:
1653:
1553:
1390:
1308:
1296:
1228:
1218:
1183:
1063:
1048:
1044:
868:
858:
833:
773:
768:
763:
743:
733:
703:
693:
598:
501:
152:
2090:
1839:
Advice and
Dissent: Why America Suffers When Economics and Politics Collide
1511:
1485:
1473:
1337:
1312:
1300:
1295:
which are under the control of the government. These generally include the
1266:
1176:
1106:
1040:
984:
898:
843:
738:
728:
723:
648:
196:
1453:
it needed to be able to perform the functions of an early government: the
1081:
Such policies are often influenced by international institutions like the
2021:
1920:
1405:. Some policy rules can be imposed by external bodies, for instance, the
1333:
873:
863:
653:
288:
2156:
1975:
1717:
1592:
1156:
1152:
1086:
1028:
783:
583:
1262:
1222:
1055:, and many other areas of government interventions into the economy.
633:
564:
144:
1701:
35:
1462:
1454:
1175:
attempts to stimulate an economy out of recession or constrain the
1032:
1688:
Friedman, Milton (1982). "Monetary Policy: Theory and
Practice".
1120:
1024:
1855:
1629:
1584:
1530:
1504:
1476:
for their economic resources. However, with the development of
1105:
Macroeconomic stabilization policy, which attempts to keep the
967:
1564:
1492:
1477:
1214:
1116:
1066:, which deals with government actions regarding taxation and
1559:
The same markets made it easy for private entities to raise
1332:
This dilemma can in part be resolved by using microeconomic
1761:
Evidence-Based Policy: A Practical Guide to Doing It Better
1526:
1481:
1458:
1190:, uses government spending and taxes to guide the economy.
1288:: the outcomes which the economic policy aims to achieve.
1469:
1304:
1196:
1351:
1241:
that aim at imposing non-monetary controls on inflation
1078:
actions regarding the money supply and interest rates.
1167:
1625:
1327:
1127:
and the international institutions that govern them.
1731:Screpanti, Ernesto; Zamagni, Stefano (2005-05-26).
1315:regulations, and many other aspects of government.
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
27:
Actions that governments take in the economic field
1438:
1356:For much of the 20th century, governments adopted
1193:Fiscal stance: The size of the deficit or surplus
2179:
1758:Cartwright, Nancy; Hardie, Jeremy (2012-09-27).
1757:
1730:
1545:without debasing their coin. The development of
1163:and technology-based economic development policy
1836:
1514:and other restrictive trade practices like the
1449:The first economic problem was how to gain the
1199:: The taxes used to collect government income.
1871:
1734:An Outline of the History of Economic Thought
1004:
1318:
1096:
1878:
1864:
1536:
1011:
997:
1031:covers the systems for setting levels of
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1687:
1603:
1375:, policymakers began to be attracted to
1291:To achieve these goals, governments use
1093:and the consequent policies of parties.
1817:
1784:
14:
2180:
1468:Early governments generally relied on
1859:
1461:and other projects like building the
1690:Journal of Money, Credit and Banking
1495:. Some early civilizations, such as
1352:Discretionary policy vs policy rules
1205:on just about any area of government
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
1822:. London & New York: Routledge.
1273:. Sometimes other objectives, like
24:
1830:
1570:
1307:and government spending, tariffs,
1256:
1217:in circulation and, consequently,
1168:Macroeconomic stabilization policy
25:
2199:
1885:
1552:This was the beginning of modern
1328:Demand-side vs. supply-side tools
1148:of income, property and/or wealth
1628:
1179:to prevent excessive inflation.
978:
966:
151:
34:
1439:Economic policy through history
1348:) factors like interest rates.
1344:, as well as by macroeconomic (
253:Concepts, theory and techniques
45:needs additional citations for
1811:
1785:Wearden, Graeme (2019-10-14).
1778:
1751:
1724:
1681:
1671:
13:
1:
1664:
1567:to fund private initiatives.
1521:Throughout the 19th century,
1284:These are referred to as the
1130:Policies designed to create
7:
1764:. Oxford University Press.
1621:
1525:became an important issue.
1433:International Monetary Fund
1083:International Monetary Fund
1062:can be divided into either
10:
2204:
1442:
1231:, if set by the Government
1144:Policies dealing with the
2114:
1893:
1818:Maziarz, Mariusz (2020).
1426:Reserve Bank of Australia
1399:stability and growth pact
1319:Selecting tools and goals
2167:Public policy by country
1837:Alan S. Blinder (2018).
1649:Constitutional economics
1373:stagflation of the 1970s
1364:designed to correct the
1097:Types of economic policy
241:JEL classification codes
1616:evidence-based medicine
1537:The first fiscal policy
1407:Exchange Rate Mechanism
1371:However, following the
427:Industrial organization
284:Computational economics
2137:Public policy doctrine
1501:closed currency policy
1358:discretionary policies
1342:unemployment insurance
279:Experimental economics
2127:Public administration
2122:Evidence-based policy
1604:Evidence-based policy
1418:European Central Bank
1384:dynamic inconsistency
1138:development economics
2142:Public policy school
1659:Stabilization policy
1597:neoclassical thought
1484:and so increase the
1414:Federal Reserve Bank
1245:Reserve requirements
1173:Stabilization policy
1136:Policies related to
506:Social choice theory
54:improve this article
1395:interest rate rules
1203:Government spending
1188:Keynesian economics
1074:, which deals with
973:Business portal
294:Operations research
274:National accounting
1523:monetary standards
1507:on foreign trade.
1482:debase the coinage
1119:, which refers to
1053:national ownership
1037:government budgets
304:Industrial complex
299:Middle income trap
2175:
2174:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2047:
2040:
2011:
2004:
1985:
1978:
1971:
1964:
1957:
1950:
1943:
1929:
1771:978-0-19-984160-8
1744:978-0-19-164776-5
1362:demand management
1275:military spending
1247:which affect the
1161:industrial policy
1091:political beliefs
1021:
1020:
130:
129:
122:
104:
69:"Economic policy"
18:Economic policies
16:(Redirected from
2195:
2132:Public budgeting
2096:
2089:
2082:
2043:
2036:
2009:Renewable energy
2007:
2000:
1981:
1974:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1946:
1939:
1925:
1880:
1873:
1866:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1824:
1823:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1685:
1679:
1675:
1638:
1633:
1632:
1445:Economic history
1249:money multiplier
1235:Incomes policies
1186:, often tied to
1125:trade agreements
1058:Most factors of
1013:
1006:
999:
985:Money portal
983:
982:
981:
971:
970:
467:Natural resource
259:Economic systems
155:
132:
131:
125:
118:
114:
111:
105:
103:
62:
38:
30:
21:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2188:Economic policy
2178:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2147:Policy analysis
2110:
1889:
1884:
1849:
1841:. Basic Books.
1833:
1831:Further reading
1828:
1827:
1816:
1812:
1803:
1801:
1783:
1779:
1772:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1729:
1725:
1702:10.2307/1991496
1686:
1682:
1676:
1672:
1667:
1634:
1627:
1624:
1606:
1589:Austrian School
1573:
1571:Business cycles
1547:capital markets
1539:
1516:Navigation Acts
1497:Ptolemaic Egypt
1447:
1441:
1422:Bank of England
1409:for currency.
1354:
1330:
1321:
1281:are important.
1279:nationalization
1271:economic growth
1259:
1257:Tools and goals
1211:Monetary policy
1170:
1132:economic growth
1099:
1076:central banking
1072:monetary policy
1060:economic policy
1047:as well as the
1017:
979:
977:
965:
958:
957:
928:
918:
917:
916:
915:
679:von Böhm-Bawerk
567:
556:
555:
317:
309:
308:
264:Economic growth
254:
246:
245:
187:
185:classifications
126:
115:
109:
106:
63:
61:
51:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2201:
2191:
2190:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2162:Youth services
2159:
2154:
2152:Policy studies
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2094:
2087:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2041:
2038:Pharmaceutical
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2005:
2002:Nuclear energy
1993:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1979:
1972:
1965:
1958:
1951:
1944:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1906:Climate change
1903:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1890:
1883:
1882:
1875:
1868:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1848:978-0465094172
1847:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1810:
1777:
1770:
1750:
1743:
1737:. OUP Oxford.
1723:
1680:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1644:Budget process
1640:
1639:
1636:Economy portal
1623:
1620:
1605:
1602:
1577:business cycle
1572:
1569:
1538:
1535:
1443:Main article:
1440:
1437:
1391:exchange rates
1366:business cycle
1353:
1350:
1329:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1309:exchange rates
1258:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1242:
1239:price controls
1232:
1229:Interest rates
1219:interest rates
1208:
1207:
1206:
1200:
1194:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1149:
1146:redistribution
1142:
1141:
1140:
1128:
1114:
1111:business cycle
1098:
1095:
1045:interest rates
1019:
1018:
1016:
1015:
1008:
1001:
993:
990:
989:
988:
987:
975:
960:
959:
956:
955:
950:
940:
935:
929:
924:
923:
920:
919:
914:
913:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
570:
569:
568:
562:
561:
558:
557:
554:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
513:
508:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
472:Organizational
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
318:
316:By application
315:
314:
311:
310:
307:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
255:
252:
251:
248:
247:
244:
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
209:
204:
199:
194:
188:
182:
181:
178:
177:
176:
175:
170:
165:
157:
156:
148:
147:
141:
140:
128:
127:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2200:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2017:Environmental
2015:
2010:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1984:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1887:Public policy
1881:
1876:
1874:
1869:
1867:
1862:
1861:
1858:
1850:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1834:
1821:
1814:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1781:
1773:
1767:
1763:
1762:
1754:
1746:
1740:
1736:
1735:
1727:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1696:(1): 98–118.
1695:
1691:
1684:
1674:
1670:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1654:Job guarantee
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1626:
1619:
1617:
1612:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1555:
1554:fiscal policy
1550:
1548:
1544:
1534:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1446:
1436:
1434:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1387:
1385:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1325:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1297:interest rate
1294:
1289:
1287:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1184:Fiscal policy
1182:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1064:fiscal policy
1061:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1049:labour market
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1014:
1009:
1007:
1002:
1000:
995:
994:
992:
991:
986:
976:
974:
969:
964:
963:
962:
961:
954:
951:
948:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
930:
927:
922:
921:
912:
911:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
574:de Mandeville
572:
571:
566:
560:
559:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
503:
502:Public choice
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
477:Participation
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
437:Institutional
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
387:Expeditionary
385:
383:
380:
378:
377:Environmental
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
319:
313:
312:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
256:
250:
249:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
213:
210:
208:
207:International
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
189:
186:
183:Branches and
180:
179:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
160:
159:
158:
154:
150:
149:
146:
143:
142:
138:
134:
133:
124:
121:
113:
110:December 2007
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
2115:Other topics
1934:
1901:Agricultural
1838:
1819:
1813:
1802:. Retrieved
1791:The Guardian
1790:
1780:
1760:
1753:
1733:
1726:
1693:
1689:
1683:
1673:
1607:
1574:
1558:
1551:
1540:
1520:
1512:mercantilism
1509:
1500:
1490:
1486:money supply
1474:forced labor
1472:in kind and
1467:
1448:
1430:
1411:
1388:
1381:
1377:policy rules
1370:
1355:
1338:trade unions
1331:
1322:
1313:labor market
1301:money supply
1293:policy tools
1292:
1290:
1286:policy goals
1285:
1283:
1267:unemployment
1260:
1177:money supply
1171:
1151:As well as:
1117:Trade policy
1107:money supply
1100:
1080:
1059:
1057:
1041:money supply
1022:
943:Publications
908:
531:Sociological
504: /
491:
402:Geographical
382:Evolutionary
357:Digitization
322:Agricultural
226:Mathematical
197:Econometrics
116:
107:
97:
90:
83:
76:
64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
2058:Immigration
2045:Vaccination
1403:Golden Rule
1346:demand-side
1334:supply-side
1089:as well as
1029:governments
779:von Neumann
432:Information
372:Engineering
352:Development
347:Demographic
289:Game theory
231:Methodology
2157:Regulation
2098:Technology
1962:Investment
1955:Industrial
1804:2020-04-07
1665:References
1593:monetarism
1499:adopted a
1197:Tax policy
1157:anti-trust
1153:regulatory
1087:World Bank
938:Economists
809:Schumacher
714:Schumpeter
684:von Wieser
604:von Thünen
565:economists
541:Statistics
536:Solidarity
457:Managerial
422:Humanistic
417:Historical
362:Ecological
327:Behavioral
221:Mainstream
80:newspapers
2084:Stem cell
2063:Knowledge
1991:Education
1799:0261-3077
1710:0022-2879
1451:resources
1263:inflation
1223:inflation
854:Greenspan
819:Samuelson
799:Galbraith
769:Tinbergen
709:von Mises
704:Heckscher
664:Edgeworth
482:Personnel
442:Knowledge
407:Happiness
397:Financial
367:Education
342:Democracy
236:Political
202:Heterodox
145:Economics
2182:Category
2073:Military
2068:Language
1969:Monetary
1935:Economic
1916:Domestic
1911:Cultural
1622:See also
1581:cyclical
1563:or sell
1543:deficits
1463:Pyramids
1455:military
1401:and the
1159:policy,
1155:policy,
1068:spending
1033:taxation
947:journals
933:Glossary
884:Stiglitz
849:Rothbard
829:Buchanan
814:Friedman
804:Koopmans
794:Leontief
774:Robinson
659:Marshall
563:Notable
511:Regional
487:Planning
462:Monetary
392:Feminist
337:Cultural
332:Business
137:a series
135:Part of
2078:Science
2053:Housing
2027:Foreign
1948:Incomes
1718:1991496
1678:113-126
1121:tariffs
1025:economy
953:Schools
945: (
904:Piketty
899:Krugman
764:Kuznets
754:Kalecki
729:Polanyi
619:Cournot
614:Bastiat
599:Ricardo
589:Malthus
579:Quesnay
551:Welfare
521:Service
192:Applied
168:Outline
163:History
94:scholar
2106:Social
2032:Health
1996:Energy
1941:Fiscal
1927:reform
1894:Fields
1845:
1797:
1768:
1741:
1716:
1708:
1585:Keynes
1531:silver
1505:tariff
1397:, the
1039:, the
889:Thaler
869:Ostrom
864:Becker
859:Sowell
839:Baumol
744:Myrdal
739:Sraffa
734:Frisch
724:Knight
719:Keynes
694:Fisher
689:Veblen
674:Pareto
654:Menger
649:George
644:Jevons
639:Walras
629:Gossen
497:Public
492:Policy
447:Labour
412:Health
269:Market
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
2091:Space
1983:Trade
1714:JSTOR
1565:stock
1561:bonds
1493:trade
1478:money
1459:roads
1360:like
1269:, or
1215:money
1070:, or
926:Lists
894:Hoppe
879:Lucas
844:Solow
834:Arrow
824:Simon
789:Lange
784:Hicks
759:Röpke
749:Hayek
699:Pigou
669:Clark
584:Smith
546:Urban
526:Socio
516:Rural
216:Macro
212:Micro
173:Index
101:JSTOR
87:books
2022:Food
1921:Drug
1843:ISBN
1795:ISSN
1766:ISBN
1739:ISBN
1706:ISSN
1595:and
1575:The
1529:and
1527:Gold
1424:and
1299:and
1237:and
1221:and
1043:and
1023:The
910:more
634:Marx
624:Mill
609:List
73:news
1976:Tax
1698:doi
1611:EBP
1488:.
1470:tax
1379:.
1340:or
1305:tax
1277:or
1085:or
1027:of
874:Sen
594:Say
452:Law
56:by
2184::
1793:.
1789:.
1712:.
1704:.
1694:14
1692:.
1556:.
1465:.
1457:,
1435:.
1420:,
1416:,
1393:,
1311:,
1303:,
1265:,
1225:.
1123:,
1051:,
1035:,
214:/
139:on
1879:e
1872:t
1865:v
1851:.
1807:.
1774:.
1747:.
1720:.
1700::
1113:.
1012:e
1005:t
998:v
949:)
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
