43:
407:
is a variable that is quantitatively associated with a disease or other outcome, but direct alteration of the risk marker does not necessarily alter the risk of the outcome. For example, driving-while-intoxicated (DWI) history is a risk marker for pilots as epidemiologic studies indicate that pilots
973:
Li G., Baker S. P., Qiang Y., Grabowski J. G., McCarthy M. L. Driving-while-intoxicated history as a risk marker for general aviation pilots. Accid Anal Prev. 2005;37(1):179-84./McFadden K. L. Driving while intoxicated (DWI) convictions and job-related flying performance – a study of commercial air
545:
Unlike a biomedical model that views health as the absence of disease, this dynamic framework includes functional capacity and well-being as health outcomes of interest. It also presents the behavioral and biologic responses of individuals as factors that influence health but are themselves
283:
185:. Statistical analysis along with the biological sciences can establish that risk factors are causal. Some prefer the term risk factor to mean causal determinants of increased rates of disease, and for unproven links to be called possible risks, associations, etc.
917:"Global, regional, and national burdens of ischemic heart disease and stroke attributable to exposure to long working hours for 194 countries, 2000–2016: A systematic analysis from the WHO/ILO Joint Estimates of the Work-related Burden of Disease and Injury"
329:. The potentially confounding determinants varies with what outcome is studied, but the following general confounders are common to most epidemiological associations, and are the determinants most commonly controlled for in epidemiological studies:
242:
134:, a determinant is a health risk that is general, abstract, related to inequalities, and difficult for an individual to control. For example, poverty is known to be a determinant of an individual's standard of
297:
Those who ate the chicken had a risk over five times as high as those who did not, that is, a relative risk of more than five. This suggests that eating chicken was the cause of the illness, but this is
227:, such as "an increase in both total and invasive breast cancers in women randomized to receive estrogen and progestin for an average of 5 years, with a hazard ratio of 1.24 compared to controls."
236:
At a wedding, 74 people ate the chicken and 22 of them were ill, while of the 35 people who had the fish or vegetarian meal only 2 were ill. Did the chicken make the people ill?
533:. National Academy of Sciences: National Academies Press: Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Using Performance Monitoring to Improve Community Health. 1997.
985:
56:
defining, "determinant," a complicated, poorly harmonized concept in medicine. Some sources use the term loosely while others use it as a technical term..
530:
Improving Health in the
Community: A Role for Performance Monitoring: 2. Understanding Health and Its Determinants: A Model of the Determinants of Health
221:
Increase in incidence in the exposed group, such as "each daily alcoholic beverage increases the incidence of breast cancer by 11 cases per 1000 women."
278:{\displaystyle Risk={\frac {\mbox{number of persons experiencing event (food poisoning)}}{\mbox{number of persons exposed to risk factor (food)}}}}
901:
514:
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occurring in the group having the property of or being exposed to the risk factor, such as "99% of breast cancer cases are diagnosed in women."
789:
Heiss, G.; Wallace, R.; Anderson, G. L.; Aragaki, A.; Beresford, S. A. A.; Brzyski, R.; Chlebowski, R. T.; Gass, M.; Lacroix, A. (2008).
17:
408:
with a DWI history are significantly more likely than their counterparts without a DWI history to be involved in aviation crashes.
915:
Pega, Frank; Nafradi, Balint; Momen, Natalie; Ujita, Yuka; Streicher, Kai; Prüss-Üstün, Annette; Technical
Advisory Group (2021).
162:
309:
it confers, which is evaluated by comparing the risk of those exposed to the potential risk factor to those not exposed.
177:
methods are frequently used to assess the strength of an association and to provide causal evidence, for example in the
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The probability of an outcome usually depends on an interplay between multiple associated variables. When performing
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201:
59:
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211:, such as "A woman is more than 100 times more likely to develop breast cancer in her 60s than in her 20s."
31:
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326:
790:
791:"Health Risks and Benefits 3 Years After Stopping Randomized Treatment with Estrogen and Progestin"
215:
188:
When done thoughtfully and based on research, identification of risk factors can be a strategy for
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influenced by social, physical, and genetic factors that are beyond the control of the individual.
318:
169:, but young people have a higher rate of measles because they are less likely to have developed
439:
417:
321:
to evaluate one or more determinants for a specific outcome, the other determinants may act as
1035:
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178:
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114:, is often used as a synonym. The main difference lies in the realm of practice: medicine (
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122:. As an example from clinical practice, low ingestion of dietary sources of
986:"William Kannel, Former Director of the Framingham Heart Study, Dead at 87"
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Age (0 to 1.5 years for infants, 1.5 to 6 years for young children, etc.)
322:
182:
154:
1007:
Understanding Youth
Offending: Risk Factor Research, Policy and Practice
699:
Giordano SH, Cohen DS, Buzdar AU, Perkins G, Hortobagyi GN (July 2004).
872:. Wolfe, David A. (David Allen), 1951- (Seventh ed.). Boston, MA.
717:
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174:
30:
This article is about the concept in epidemiology. For other uses, see
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485:. Troy, Michael F. (Michael Francis) (Third ed.). Boston, MA.
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27:
Variable associated with an increased risk of disease or infection
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166:
96:
671:(5th ed.). Hamilton, Ontario: B. C. Decker. §Risk Factors.
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608:"When can a risk factor be used as a worthwhile screening test?"
343:
Other less commonly adjusted for possible confounders include:
135:
127:
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Disorders of childhood : development and psychopathology
581:"Health Impact Assessment (HIA): The determinants of health"
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This example of a risk factor is described in terms of the
92:
748:
Allen NE, Beral V, Casabonne D, et al. (March 2009).
698:
663:
Margolese RG, Fisher B, Hortobagyi GN, Bloomer WD (2000).
204:, risk factors can be described in terms of, for example:
559:"Health Impact Assessment (HIA): Glossary of terms used"
750:"Moderate alcohol intake and cancer incidence in women"
667:. In Bast RC, Kufe DW, Pollock RE, et al. (eds.).
268:
263:
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JAMA: The
Journal of the American Medical Association
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number of persons experiencing event (food poisoning)
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165:. For example, being young cannot be said to cause
747:
701:"Breast carcinoma in men: a population-based study"
606:Wald, N. J.; Hackshaw, A. K.; Frost, C. D. (1999).
106:Due to a lack of harmonization across disciplines,
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605:
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325:factors, and need to be controlled for, e.g. by
599:
270:number of persons exposed to risk factor (food)
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294:And non-chicken eaters' risk = 2/35 = 0.057.
832:
416:The term "risk factor" was coined by former
741:
583:. World Health Organization. Archived from
148:
91:is a variable associated with an increased
900:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
513:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
52:needs attention from an expert in medicine
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833:Tenny, Steven; Hoffman, Mary R. (2020),
754:Journal of the National Cancer Institute
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126:is a known risk factor for developing
62:may be able to help recruit an expert.
974:safety. J Oper Res Soc. 1998;49:28–32
863:
861:
141:Risk factors may be used to identify
481:Parritz, Robin Hornik (2017-05-24).
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163:correlation does not prove causation
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24:
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1005:S. P. Case; K. R. Haines (2009).
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153:Risk factors or determinants are
984:Husten, Larry (23 August 2011).
181:of the link between smoking and
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336:Sex or gender (Male or female)
202:risk factors for breast cancer
110:, in its more widely accepted
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465:
460:Social determinants of health
393:social determinants of health
934:10.1016/j.envint.2021.106595
292:eaters' risk = 22/74 = 0.297
173:during a previous epidemic.
32:Risk factor (disambiguation)
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561:. World Health Organization
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427:Annals of Internal Medicine
54:. The specific problem is:
10:
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411:
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18:Risk factor (epidemiology)
921:Environment International
870:Abnormal child psychology
841:, StatPearls Publishing,
665:"Neoplasms of the Breast"
624:10.1136/bmj.319.7224.1562
339:Ethnicity (Based on race)
385:Alcohol consumption and
149:Correlation vs causation
811:10.1001/jama.299.9.1036
319:epidemiological studies
868:Mash, Eric J. (2019).
440:Health risk assessment
418:Framingham Heart Study
353:Genetic predisposition
279:
455:Risk factor (finance)
424:in a 1961 article in
347:Social status/income
280:
130:. Specific to public
313:General determinants
243:
196:Terms of description
157:and not necessarily
60:WikiProject Medicine
767:10.1093/jnci/djn514
618:(7224): 1562–1565.
350:Geographic location
1031:Medical statistics
718:10.1002/cncr.20312
367:Sexual orientation
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200:Mainly taken from
112:scientific meaning
450:Protective factor
422:William B. Kannel
381:physical exercise
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190:medical screening
116:clinical practice
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16:(Redirected from
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108:determinant
89:determinant
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1025:Categories
927:: 106595.
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852:2020-06-10
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684:27 January
466:References
420:director,
359:Occupation
216:incidences
161:, because
943:0160-4120
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379:Level of
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302:proof.
290:chicken
288:So the
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