20:
63:. In 2013, Brazilian scientists announced that they found granite boulders on the Rio Grande Rise and speculated that it could be the remains of a submerged continent, which they called the "Brazilian Atlantis". Other researchers, however, noted that such boulders can end-up on the ocean floor by less speculative means.
257:
fauna, which today live in temperatures below 10 °C (50 °F), in the
Atlantic and Tethys. This global distribution suggests that the Rio Grande Rise had been breached by this time, allowing cold, dense water to move north-south through a corridor enhancing the transition from a latitudinal
215:
At the beginning of the
Maastrichtian, the characteristics of water masses differed north and south of the Rio Grande Rice-Walvis Ridge complex. The disappearance of these differences during the Maastritchtian indicates a reorganisation of oceanic circulation patterns that lead to a global
190:
in the Arctic Ocean. The existence of such microcontinents is speculative, however, since their remains tend to be covered by younger layers of lava and sediments. Nevertheless, transoceanic dispersals are hinted at by the fossil record of, for example, flightless birds such as
166:), the orientation of spreading changed, which is still visible on the African side, and volcanism ended on the American side. This process resulted in the Tristan-Gough seamount chains on either side of the Tristan-Gough hotspot.
23:
The Rio Grande Rise separates the Brazil (north) and
Argentine Basins (south) and is separated from the Vema Sill and Santos Plain (west) by the Vema Channel and from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge by the Hunter Channel
216:
homogenisation of intermediate and deep waters. This process seems to have been triggered by the breaching of the Rio Grande Rise-Walvis Ridge complex and the disappearance of epicontinental seaways such as the
242:) geological events; tectonism that resulted in the opening of the north-east Atlantic and fracture zones that developed in the subsiding Rio Grande Rise, which allowed cold water from the Antarctic
578:
106:, which coincides with the formation of volcanic rocks onshore. During this period, parts of the western plateau were uplifted over sea level and short-lived volcanic islands formed.
178:
granitic and metamorphic rocks on the Rio Grande Rise. This can possibly indicate that the plateau includes fragments of continental crust — possible remains of
278:- a line of seamounts and islands also in the South Atlantic of the coast of Brazil at 20 South, and caused by a volcanic hot spot 1000 km to the north.
676:
582:
512:
325:
513:"Evolution of the Walvis Ridge‐Rio Grande Rise Hot Spot System: Implications for African and South American Plate motions over plumes"
231:
The origin of modern circulation of cold, deep water — known as the "Big Flush" — is associated with Early
474:
Mourer-Chauviré, C.; Tabuce, R.; Mahboubi, M.; Adaci, M.; Bensalah, M. (2011). "A Phororhacoid bird from the Eocene of Africa".
440:
59:
off Africa, the Rio Grande Rise forms a V-shaped structure of mirrored hotspot tracks or seamount chains across the northern
637:
79:
and is composed of western and eastern areas, which have different geological backgrounds. The western area has numerous
555:
129:
275:
681:
263:
132:
556:"Scientific Drilling in the South Atlantic: Rio Grande Rise, Walvis Ridge and surrounding areas"
614:
527:
483:
452:
8:
618:
531:
487:
456:
415:
144:
254:
600:"Decadal warming of the coldest Antarctic Bottom Water flow through the Vema Channel"
499:
408:
253:, the generation of cold bottom water in the Antarctic resulted in the formation of
622:
535:
491:
460:
148:
114:
426:. Studies in Geophysics. Washington D.C.: National Academy Press. pp. 118–125
419:
179:
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opened up from its southern to its northern end. In this process, the voluminous
599:
198:
125:
98:
and may represent an abandoned spreading centre. In the western area, volcanic
60:
48:
495:
670:
652:
639:
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95:
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76:
72:
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626:
465:
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207:
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224:-dominated tropical habitats and consequently the extinction of benthic
197:, indicating that several islands between Africa and South America made
19:
237:
225:
89:
187:
183:
248:
161:
202:
110:
84:
41:
473:
366:
16:
Aseismic ocean ridge in the
Atlantic Ocean off the coast of Brazil
136:
99:
232:
221:
103:
52:
80:
441:"Tectonic forcings of Maastrichtian ocean‐climate evolution"
102:
and layers of ash indicate widespread volcanism during the
576:
338:
113:(i.e. South America) broke away from Africa during the
510:
311:
174:A Brazilian-Japanese expedition in 2013 recovered
668:
220:. The process resulted in the deterioration of
350:
348:
346:
563:U.S. Science Support Program Workshop Report
520:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
597:
438:
409:"Role of ocean gateways in climatic change"
378:
299:
246:to flow northward into the North Atlantic.
581:. National Geographic News. Archived from
343:
464:
406:
390:
201:possible across the Atlantic during the
18:
677:Underwater ridges of the Atlantic Ocean
511:O'Connor, J. M.; Duncan, R. A. (1990).
323:
669:
169:
553:
354:
182:similar to those found on and around
439:Frank, T. D.; Arthur, M. A. (1999).
13:
71:The Rio Grande Rise separates the
14:
693:
135:formed in what is now Brazil and
94:. The eastern area is covered by
579:"Lost Land Found by Scientists"
598:Zenk, W.; Morozov, E. (2007).
384:
372:
360:
332:
317:
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139:. This event is linked to the
1:
339:National Geographic News 2013
324:Bowater, Donna (2013-05-07).
282:
326:"Brazilian 'Atlantis' found"
7:
367:Mourer-Chauviré et al. 2011
269:
10:
698:
577:Than, Ken (May 11, 2013).
399:
312:O'Connor & Duncan 1990
66:
496:10.1007/s00114-011-0829-5
260:thermospheric circulation
133:continental flood basalts
424:Climate in Earth History
407:Berggren, W. A. (1982).
314:, Introduction, p. 17475
287:
264:thermohaline circulation
186:in the Indian Ocean and
87:and a basement dated to
540:10.1029/jb095ib11p17475
393:, Cenozoic, pp. 122–123
379:Frank & Arthur 1999
300:Zenk & Morozov 2007
143:, now located near the
276:Vitória-Trindade Ridge
25:
554:Sager, W. W. (2014).
141:Tristan-Gough hotspot
22:
627:10.1029/2007GL030340
526:(B11): 17475–17502.
466:10.1029/1998PA900017
381:, Conclusions, p.115
208:66 to 2.58
120:146 to 100
55:. Together with the
34:Rio Grande Elevation
649: /
619:2007GeoRL..3414607Z
532:1990JGR....9517475O
488:2011NW.....98..815M
476:Naturwissenschaften
457:1999PalOc..14..103F
170:Palaeoclimatic role
130:Paraná and Etendeka
607:Geophys. Res. Lett
238:55 to 40
145:Mid-Atlantic Ridge
90:80 to 87
32:, also called the
26:
92:million years ago
51:off the coast of
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585:on 30 April 2019
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445:Paleoceanography
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262:to a meridional
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180:micro-continents
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149:Tristan da Cunha
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115:Early Cretaceous
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47:in the southern
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682:Seamount chains
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482:(10): 815–823.
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38:Bromley Plateau
30:Rio Grande Rise
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613:(14): L14607.
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451:(2): 103–117.
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420:Crowell, J. C.
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359:
357:, pp. 2–4
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331:
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255:psychrospheric
199:island hopping
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126:South Atlantic
96:fracture zones
68:
65:
61:South Atlantic
49:Atlantic Ocean
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416:Berger, W. H.
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391:Berggren 1982
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157:Maastrichtian
155:. During the
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153:Gough Islands
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77:Campos Basins
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587:. Retrieved
583:the original
566:. Retrieved
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543:. Retrieved
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428:. Retrieved
423:
412:(PDF, 25 Mb)
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230:
218:Tethys Ocean
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175:
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108:
70:
57:Walvis Ridge
37:
33:
29:
27:
656: /
244:Weddell Sea
194:Lavocatavis
147:, close to
45:ocean ridge
671:Categories
369:, Abstract
355:Sager 2014
283:References
228:bivalves.
226:inoceramid
109:When West
653:31°S 35°W
188:Jan Mayen
184:Kerguelen
85:seamounts
658:-31; -35
589:6 August
504:21874523
422:(eds.).
302:, Fig. 1
270:See also
203:Tertiary
151:and the
111:Gondwana
42:aseismic
40:, is an
615:Bibcode
528:Bibcode
484:Bibcode
453:Bibcode
400:Sources
176:in situ
137:Namibia
124:), the
100:breccia
67:Geology
24:(east).
568:16 May
545:16 May
502:
430:17 May
233:Eocene
222:rudist
104:Eocene
81:guyots
73:Santos
53:Brazil
603:(PDF)
559:(PDF)
516:(PDF)
414:. In
288:Notes
644:35°W
641:31°S
591:2023
570:2015
547:2015
500:PMID
432:2015
83:and
75:and
28:The
623:doi
536:doi
492:doi
461:doi
212:).
36:or
673::
621:.
611:34
609:.
605:.
561:.
534:.
524:95
522:.
518:.
498:.
490:.
480:98
478:.
459:.
449:14
447:.
443:.
418:;
345:^
266:.
251:Ma
249:40
240:Ma
210:Ma
164:Ma
162:60
122:Ma
629:.
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617::
593:.
572:.
549:.
538::
530::
506:.
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469:.
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455::
434:.
328:.
235:(
205:(
159:(
117:(
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