Right to health - Knowledge

789: 693:(1989). Article 3 calls upon parties to ensure that institutions and facilities for the care of children adhere to health standards. Article 17 recognizes the child's right to access information that is pertinent to his/her physical and mental health and well-being. Article 23 makes specific reference to the rights of disabled children, in which it includes health services, rehabilitation, preventive care. Article 24 outlines child health in detail, and states, "Parties recognize the right of the child to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health and to facilities for the treatment of illness and rehabilitation of health. States shall strive to ensure that no child is deprived of his or her right of access to such health care services." Towards implementation of this provision, the Convention enumerates the following measures: 848:, the right to associate freely, and the right to refuse to perform a procedure based on their morals. Healthcare providers often experience violations of their rights. For instance, particularly in countries with weak rule of law, healthcare providers are often forced to perform procedures which negate their morals, deny marginalized groups the best possible standards of care, breach patient confidentiality, and conceal crimes against humanity and torture. Furthermore, providers who do not oblige these pressures are often persecuted. Currently, especially in the United States, much debate surrounds the issue of "provider consciousness", which retains the right of providers to abstain from performing procedures that do not align with their moral code, such as abortions. 335: 741:(2006) specifies that "persons with disabilities have the right to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health without discrimination on the basis of disability." The sub-clauses of Article 25 state that States shall give the disabled the same "range, quality, and standard" of health care as it provides to other persons, as well as those services specifically required for prevention, identification, and management of disability. Further provisions specify that health care for the disabled should be made available in local communities and that care should be geographically equitable, with additional statements against the denial or unequal provision of health services (including "food and fluids" and "life insurance") on the basis of disability. 493: 255: 583:

of these (in non-exhaustive fashion) include preventing discrimination in access or delivery of care; refraining from limitations to contraceptive access or family planning; restricting denial of access to health information; reducing environmental pollution; restricting coercive and/or harmful culturally-based medical practices; ensuring equitable access to social determinants of health; and providing proper guidelines for the accreditation of medical facilities, personnel, and equipment. International obligations include allowing for the enjoyment of health in other countries; preventing violations of health in other countries; cooperating in the provision of

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entitlements such as the rights to food, work, housing, life, non-discrimination, human dignity, and access to importance, among others, towards the recognition of the right to health. Similarly, the General Comment acknowledges that "the right to health embraces a wide range of socio-economic factors that promote conditions in which people can lead a healthy life, and extends to the underlying determinants of health." In this respect, the General Comment holds that the specific steps towards realizing the right to health enumerated in Article 12 are non-exhaustive and strictly illustrative in nature.

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give all parties a unique voice in health advocacy and promotion. He is careful to note here that, while this likely entails some minimum standard of access to health resources, it does not guarantee or necessitate an equitable state of health for each person due to inherent biological differences in health status. This distinction is an important one, as some common critiques of a "right to health" are that it establishes a right to an unreachable standard and that it aspires to a state of health that is too subjectively variable from person to person or from one society to the next.

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provide its citizens with it. He asserts that the healthcare system is based on the erroneous assumption of unlimited resources. Limited resources inhibits governments from providing everyone with adequate healthcare, especially in the long term. Attempting to provide "beneficial" healthcare to all people utilizing limited resources could lead to economic collapse. Lamm asserts that access to healthcare but a small part in producing a healthy society, and to create a healthy society, resources should also be spent on social resources.

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understood and processed by health care services is "one essential condition for health", but does is not the sole qualifier or an exchangeable term with "health". In other words, health care services are not sufficient for health, as public health practitioners understand it – there are external factors that have both nuanced as well as pronounced positive and negative impact on health and well-being of the global human population.

385: 376:, which was adopted in 1965 and entered into effect in 1969. The Convention calls upon States to "Prohibit and to eliminate racial discrimination in all its forms and to guarantee the right of everyone, without distinction as to race, color, or national or ethnic origin, to equality before the law," and references under this provision "The right to public health, medical care, social security and social services." 553: 36: 364:

rights expressed in the Universal Declaration establishes a "responsibility extends beyond the provision of essential health services to tackling the determinants of health such as, provision of adequate education, housing, food, and favourable working conditions," further stating that these provisions "are human rights themselves and are necessary for health."

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who do not have sufficient means with the necessary health insurance and health-care facilities, and to prevent any discrimination on internationally prohibited grounds in the provision of health care and health services." Additional emphasis is placed upon non-discrimination on the basis of gender, age, disability, or membership in indigenous communities.

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justiciable. The US is an outlier to these trends, at least at the federal level. Nonetheless, there have been campaigns in the US seeking to support a constitutional recognition of the right to health. Where constitutions do recognize a justiciable right to health, the responses by courts has been mixed.

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Subsequent sections of the General Comment detail the obligations of nations and international organizations towards a right to health. The obligations of nations are placed into three categories: obligations to respect, obligations to protect, and obligations to fulfill the right to health. Examples

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The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health. The steps to be taken by the States Parties to the present Covenant to achieve the full realization of this right shall include those necessary

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Susser further sets out four provisions that he sees as covered under a right to health: equitable access to health and medical services; a "good-faith" social effort to promote equal health among different social groups; means to measure and assess health equity; and equal sociopolitical systems to

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Hendriks criticizes the failure of the convention to define specifically the term "disability"; he contends further that "the absence of a clear description may prejudice the uniform interpretation, or at least place in jeopardy the consistent protection the Convention seeks to guarantee." He does,

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The third segment of the framework linking Health and Human Rights introduces the concept that the protection and promotion of human rights and health are linked fundamentally in a dynamic relationship. While literature has largely supported the first two relationships, this third hypothesis has not

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to violations of human rights in healthcare settings. For instance, racial and ethnic minorities may be segregated into poorer quality wards, disabled persons may be contained and forcibly medicated, drug users may be denied addiction treatment, women may be forced into vaginal examinations and may

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Like the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the General Comment clarifies the interrelated nature of human rights, stating that, "the right to health is closely related to and dependent upon the realization of other human rights," and thereby underscoring the importance of advancements in other

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for reasons beyond the influence or control of the State. Article 12 tasks the State with recognizing that each individual holds an inherent right to the best feasible standard of health, and itemizes (at least in part) the 'freedoms from' and 'entitlements to' that accompany such a right; however,

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protect or guarantee them, and that it is unclear who holds the social responsibility for the right to health. John Berkeley, in agreement with Barlow, critiques further that the right to health does not consider adequately the responsibility that an individual has to uphold his or her own health.

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in access to health care and underlying determinants of health, as well as to means and entitlements for their procurement." Moreover, responsibility for ameliorating discrimination and its effects with regards to health is delegated to the State: "States have a special obligation to provide those

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writes that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights "enshrines a vision that requires taking all human rights—civil, political, economic, social, or cultural—as an indivisible and organic whole, inseparable and interdependent." Likewise, Gruskin et al. contend that the interrelated nature of the

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Richard D Lamm vehemently argues against making healthcare a right. He defines a right as one that is to be defended at all costs, and a concept that is defined and interpreted by the judicial system. Making healthcare a right would require governments to spend a large portion of its resources to

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receiving the same treatment, if any at all, as the more financially fortunate. The high costs of medicine and treatment make it problematic for poor countries to receive equal care. He states, "Excellence without equity looms as the chief human-rights dilemma of health care in the 21st century."

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While Susser's discussion centers on healthcare as a positive right, Paul Hunt refutes this view and makes the argument that the right to health also encompasses certain negative rights such as a protection from discrimination and the right to not receive medical treatment without the recipient's

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The article supports this concept by stating that this link suggests there are dramatic practical consequences in the independent operations of, but also in the interaction in activities of, the practice of public health and the practice of human rights. There is what is deemed an interdependence

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of himself and of his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care and necessary social services." The Universal Declaration makes additional accommodations for security in case of physical debilitation or disability, and makes special mention of care given to those in motherhood or

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In the first volume of the "Health and Human Rights", Jonathan Mann and his colleagues published a transformative article to explore the potential collaboration in Health and Human Rights. In this article, Mann et al. describe a framework for connecting the two domains that are interlinked. This

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In 2000, the United Nations' Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights issued General Comment No. 14, which addresses "substantive issues arising in the implementation of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights" with respect to Article 12 and "the right to the

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broadly as "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity." The Constitution defines the right to health as "the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health," and enumerates some principles of this right as healthy child

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Philip Barlow writes that health care should not be considered a human right because of the difficulty of defining what it entails and where the 'minimum standard' of entitlements under the right ought to be established. Additionally, Barlow contends that rights establish duties upon others to

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Paul Farmer addresses the issue of unequal access to health care in his article, "The Major Infectious Diseases in the World - To Treat or Not to Treat." He discusses the growing "outcome gap" between the populations receiving health interventions and the ones that are not. Poor people are not

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The World Health Organization website comments, "The CRC is the normative and legal framework for WHO's work across the broad spectrum of child and adolescent health." Goldhagen presents the CRC as a "template for child advocacy" and proposes its use as a framework for reducing disparities and

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As of 2008, at least 115 national constitutions now recognize the right to health. Sometimes, these rights are justiciable, meaning that they can be pursued by action in court. Indeed, a trend in constitutional reform around the world has been both to entrench the right to health and make it

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Legal reform as a mechanism to combat and prevent violations of patient and provider rights presents a promising approach. However, in transitional countries (newly formed countries undergoing reform), and other settings with weak rule of law, may be limited. Resources and tools for lawyers,

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focus has more so evolved around how people can be healthy. According to this surprisingly simple definition, public health's mission is to promote positive health and prevention of health problems – disease, disability, premature death. That is, the traditional sense of individual health as

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To combat disease and malnutrition, including within the framework of primary health care, through, inter alia, the application of readily available technology and through the provision of adequate nutritious foods and clean drinking-water, taking into consideration the dangers and risks of

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To ensure that all segments of society, in particular parents and children, are informed, have access to education and are supported in the use of basic knowledge of child health and nutrition, the advantages of breastfeeding, hygiene and environmental sanitation and the prevention of

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Notwithstanding the provisions of paragraph I of this article, States Parties shall ensure to women appropriate services in connection with pregnancy, confinement and the post-natal period, granting free services where necessary, as well as adequate nutrition during pregnancy and

286:. There is debate on the interpretation and application of the right to health due to considerations such as how health is defined, what minimum entitlements are encompassed in a right to health, and which institutions are responsible for ensuring a right to health. 528:

Next, the article posits a reverse relationship: that human rights violations have health impacts. It also calls for health expertise to help understand how health and well-being can be impacted by human rights violations through measurement and assessment.

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The first relationship between Health and Human Rights is a political one. Mann and colleagues state that health policies, programs, and practices have an impact on human rights, especially when state power is considered in the realm of public health.

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States Parties shall take all appropriate measures to eliminate discrimination against women in the field of health care in order to ensure, on a basis of equality of men and women, access to health care services, including those related to family

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however, acknowledge that the lack of a clear definition for "disability" may benefit the disabled by limiting the State's ability to limit extension of the convention's provisions to specific populations or those with certain conditions.

470:" Instead, the right to health is articulated as a set of both freedoms and entitlements which accommodate the individual's biological and social conditions as well as the State's available resources, both of which may preclude a 776:

voluntary consent. However, Hunt does concede that some positive rights, such as the responsibility of society to pay special attention to the health needs of the underserved and vulnerable, are included in the right to health.

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that cannot be negated. Mann and his colleagues further posit that research, education, experience, and advocacy are all required to understand this intersection, in order to understand and advance human well-being globally.

510:. He was known for being a powerful pioneer and advocate for the promotion of health, ethics, and human rights, championing the theory that Health and Human Rights were inextricably interlinked in a dynamic relationship. 540:

Ultimately, Mann and his colleague's mission is to convey that, while individual health has been much of the focus for medical and other health provision services, especially concerning physical illness and disability,

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it does not charge the State with ensuring that all individuals, in fact, are fully healthy, nor that all individuals have made full recognition of the rights and opportunities enumerated in the right to health.

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The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is noted as the first international declaration of fundamental human rights, both freedoms and entitlements alike. United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

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outlines women's protection from gender discrimination when receiving health services and women's entitlement to specific gender-related healthcare provisions. The full text of Article 12 states:

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According to Mann, Health and Human Rights are complementary approaches for defining and advancing human well-being. In 1994, Jonathan Mann and his colleagues started the "

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highest attainable standard of health." The General Comment provides more explicit, operational language on the freedoms and entitlements included under a right to health,

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Frank P. Grad credits the WHO Constitution as "claiming ... the full area of contemporary international public health," establishing the right to health as a "fundamental,

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be denied life-saving abortions, suspected homosexual men may be forced into anal examinations, and women of marginalized groups and transgender persons may be

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To ensure the provision of necessary medical assistance and health care to all children with an emphasis on the development of primary health care;

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for disasters and emergencies; and refraining from use of embargoes on medical goods or personnel as an act of political or economic influence.

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development; equitable dissemination of medical knowledge and its benefits; and government-provided social measures to ensure adequate health.

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States Parties and signatories of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Parties and signatories to the ICESCR:

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to which all individuals are entitled. The concept of a right to health has been enumerated in international agreements which include the

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Romanian activists create a "25" using umbrellas, a reference to Article 25 of the United Nations' Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

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What is considered a human right is in some cases controversial; not all the topics listed are universally accepted as human rights

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Gruskin, Sofia; Edward J. Mills; Daniel Tarantola (August 2007). "History, Principles, and Practice of Health and Human Rights".

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was a Francois-Xavier Bagnoud Professor of Health and Human Rights and Professor of Epidemiology and International Health at the

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Judith Paula Asher, The Right to Health: A Resource Manual for Ngos, Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2010. I

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contends that the right to health is a particularly unique and challenging right because it is often expressed as a

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Toebes, Brigit (August 1999). "Towards an Improved Understanding of the International Human Right to Health".

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where society bears an obligation to provide certain resources and opportunities to the general population.

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The reduction of the stillbirth-rate and of infant mortality and for the healthy development of the child;

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The Comparative Fortunes of the Right to Health: Two Tales of Justiciability in Colombia and South Africa

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Another criticism of the right to health is that it is not feasible. Imre J.P. Loefler, former editor of

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Participation in the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW):

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Bogumil Terminski, Selected Bibliography on Human Right to Health, Geneva: University of Geneva, 2013.

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Pillai, Navanethem (December 2008). "Right to Health and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights".

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Andrew Clapham, Mary Robinson (eds), Realizing the Right to Health, Zurich: rüffer & rub, 2009.

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providers, and patients interested in improving human rights in patient care have been formulated.

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To develop preventive health care, guidance for parents and family planning education and services.

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that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.

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An alternative way to conceptualize one facet of the right to health is a "human right to health

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meaning that they are areas upon which society cannot interfere or restrict by political action,

514: 1627:"The Human Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health: New Opportunities and Challenges" 1251: 2873: 2505: 2490: 1676:

Farmer, Paul (2001). "The Major Infectious Diseases in the World – to Treat or Not to Treat?".

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measures the right to health for countries around the world, based on their level of income.

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Hendriks, Aart (November 2007). "UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities".

1018: 2744: 2704: 2585: 1971: 833: 438: 198: 8: 2794: 2515: 2510: 2485: 1816: 943: 517:" to underline the importance of this inextricable link between Health and Human Rights. 53: 663: 379: 368:

International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (1965)

2832: 2709: 2635: 2530: 2339: 2314: 2296: 2264: 2215: 2190: 2077: 1936:"Broken laws, broken lives: medical evidence of torture by US personnel and its impact" 1751: 1607: 1591: 1551: 1526: 1206: 1163: 1073: 938: 1194: 1151: 1053: 2739: 2699: 2652: 2600: 2525: 2344: 2269: 2220: 2169: 2100: 2081: 2067: 1693: 1651: 1599: 1556: 1507: 1437: 1198: 1155: 1078: 181: 1611: 1210: 1167: 155: 2729: 2645: 2610: 2334: 2326: 2259: 2251: 2210: 2202: 2059: 1935: 1685: 1641: 1583: 1546: 1538: 1499: 1429: 1190: 1147: 1068: 918: 805: 699: 584: 150: 2807: 2759: 2620: 2570: 1722:"Advancing human rights in patient care: the law in seven transitional countries" 1646: 1226:

International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination

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The United Nations further defines the right to health in Article 12 of the 1966

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International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination

129: 1689: 1418:"Children's Rights and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child" 2749: 2674: 2630: 2330: 1527:"Health as a Human Right: An Epidemiologist's Perspective on the Public Health" 808:, information, life, and quality care, as well as freedom from discrimination, 570: 496: 2381:

General Comment No. 14. The right to the highest attainable standard of health

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became the first state to enact a constitutional right to health care through

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Trinity International University, the Center for Bioethics and Human Dignity

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Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women

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Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women

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Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women

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To ensure appropriate pre-natal and post-natal health care for mothers;

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The General Comment also makes additional reference to the question of

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The improvement of all aspects of environmental and industrial hygiene;

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International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966)

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Lamm, R. (1998), "The case against making healthcare a "right."",

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Litigating Health Rights, Can Courts Bring More Justice to Health?

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Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

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International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

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International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

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States parties to the Convention on the Rights of the Child:

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The General Comment makes the direct clarification that "the

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American Bar Association: Defending Liberty Pursuing Justice

1972:"Rule aims to protect health providers' right of conscience" 844:

Provider rights include: the right to quality standards of

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personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay

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Responsibilities of states and international organizations

2039:." Harvard Human Rights Journal 26, no.1 (2013): 179–216. 1720:

Beletsky L, Ezer T, Overall J, Byrne I, Cohen J (2013).

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at 2019 Alaska State of Reform Health Policy Conference

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25 Questions & Answers on Health and Human Rights

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Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

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Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

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The inextricable link between Health and Human Rights

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Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

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While most human rights are theoretically framed as

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framework is broken into three broad relationships.

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Constitution of the World Health Organization (1946)

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Protestors rally for the right to health in Pakistan

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The right to health and the European Social Charter

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(1993). 2164:Yamin, Alicia Ely; Gloppen, Siri Gloppen (2011). 1810: 1808: 444:The creation of conditions which would assure to 2845: 1875: 1873: 820:and persons who have been displaced, racial and 689:Health is mentioned on several instances in the 453: 448:and medical attention in the event of sickness. 2376:Right to health on the Children's Rights Portal 2095:Versteeg, Mila; Zackin, Emily (26 March 2014). 2094: 1805: 832:, and those living with HIV, are particularly 604: Party through signature and ratification 2436: 1870: 1463:"Article 25 – Health | United Nations Enable" 1020:Constitution of the World Health Organization 783: 235: 2450: 2163: 330:Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) 2481:Freedom from arbitrary arrest and detention 1933: 1752:"Health and Human Rights: a resource guide" 1393:. World Health Organization. Archived from 1026:. Geneva: World Health Organization. 1948. 616: Unrecognized state, abiding by treaty 610: Party through accession or succession 478: 2443: 2429: 508:Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health 242: 228: 2338: 2263: 2214: 1645: 1550: 1415: 1072: 1061:Bulletin of the World Health Organization 429:The prevention, treatment and control of 76:Learn how and when to remove this message 2290: 2237: 2055:The Future of Economic and Social Rights 1487: 787: 662: 594: 551: 491: 383: 333: 253: 2695:Right to an adequate standard of living 2312: 1845: 1814: 1780: 994:"Right to health - HRMI Rights Tracker" 814:cruel, inhumane, or degrading treatment 342:Article 25 of the United Nations' 1948 14: 2846: 2496:Cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment 2393:The Right to Health: Fact Sheet No. 31 2188: 2017:from the original on 12 September 2015 1675: 1573: 1524: 1137: 633:Article 12 of the 1979 United Nations 2424: 2051: 2047: 2045: 1952:from the original on 11 February 2011 1821:World Report 2010, Human Rights Watch 1416:Goldhagen, Jeffrey (September 2003). 1364:Convention on the Rights of the Child 1287:from the original on 4 September 2009 1113:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 691:Convention on the Rights of the Child 659:Convention on the Rights of the Child 344:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 276:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 27:Human right towards individual health 1762:from the original on 20 January 2012 1624: 1469:from the original on 21 October 2017 1371:from the original on 13 January 2015 1260:from the original on 7 November 2013 1233:from the original on 29 October 2013 1092:from the original on 17 October 2013 1051: 729:improving outcomes in child health. 268:economic, social, and cultural right 29: 2313:Loefler, Imre J.P. (26 June 1999). 856:Constitutional right to health care 678: Only signed, but not ratified 291:Human Rights Measurement Initiative 270:to a universal minimum standard of 24: 2240:"Health Care Is Not a Human Right" 2191:"Health Care Is Not a Human Right" 2042: 1367:. New York: United Nations. 1989. 1339:. New York: United Nations. 1979. 1033:from the original on 21 March 2014 792:"Healthcare is a human right" sign 749:Definitions in academic literature 25: 2895: 2616:Right to refuse medical treatment 2359: 2280:from the original on 24 May 2014. 2052:Young, Katharine G., ed. (2019). 1982:from the original on 7 March 2016 1934:F Hashemian; et al. (2008). 1894:from the original on 7 March 2013 1827:from the original on 29 July 2015 1732:from the original on 22 June 2013 1531:American Journal of Public Health 1343:from the original on 6 April 2011 405: Neither signed nor ratified 2238:Berkeley, John (4 August 1999). 1858:from the original on 7 July 2013 1793:from the original on 7 July 2013 1758:. Open Society Institute. 2013. 1120:from the original on 3 July 2017 892:and frequent contributor to the 560: 533:been explored as substantially. 213: 212: 34: 2405: 2306: 2284: 2231: 2189:Barlow, Philip (31 July 1999). 2182: 2157: 2132: 2088: 2029: 1994: 1964: 1927: 1848:"Making Laws Work for Patients" 1839: 1783:"making laws work for patients" 1774: 1744: 1678:New England Journal of Medicine 1669: 1618: 1567: 1518: 1481: 1465:. United Nations. 14 May 2015. 1455: 1409: 1383: 1355: 1327: 1299: 1271: 1052:Grad, Frank P. (January 2002). 816:. Marginalized groups, such as 2828:Sexual and reproductive health 2725:Right to a healthy environment 2366:Joint Fact Sheet WHO/OHCHR/323 2140:"Health Care As a Human Right" 1491:European Journal of Health Law 1244: 1217: 1174: 1131: 1104: 1045: 1011: 986: 961: 346:states that "Everyone has the 13: 1: 2745:Right to public participation 1525:Susser, Mervyn (March 1993). 1195:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61200-8 1152:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61783-3 954: 466:is not to be understood as a 454:General Comment No. 14 (2000) 399: Signed but not ratified 348:right to a standard of living 296: 2765:Right to science and culture 2168:. Harvard University Press. 1647:10.1016/j.trstmh.2006.03.001 890:Nairobi Hospital Proceedings 875: 350:adequate for the health and 7: 2859:Social problems in medicine 2591:Right to keep and bear arms 2501:Freedom from discrimination 2371:The Right to Health cartoon 2001:T Stanton Collett. (2004). 1943:Physicians for Human Rights 1690:10.1056/NEJM200107193450310 899: 314:(WHO) Constitution defines 10: 2900: 2331:10.1136/bmj.318.7200.1766a 973:humanrightsmeasurement.org 784:Human right to health care 2788: 2755:Right to rest and leisure 2661: 2466: 2459: 1625:Hunt, Paul (March 2006). 1307:"Health and Human Rights" 870:Oregon Ballot Measure 111 393: Signed and ratified 312:World Health Organization 2770:Right to social security 2735:Right to Internet access 2680:Equal pay for equal work 2566:Presumption of innocence 2389:Secretariat of ESC, 2009 2256:10.1136/bmj.319.7205.321 2207:10.1136/bmj.319.7205.321 1852:Open Society Foundations 1787:Open Society Foundations 1756:Open Society Foundations 1726:Open Society Foundations 1504:10.1163/092902707X240620 1256:, United Nations, 1966, 1229:, United Nations, 1965, 1116:, United Nations, 1948, 713:environmental pollution; 479:Relation to other rights 2646:right to be a candidate 2476:Equality before the law 2319:British Medical Journal 2244:British Medical Journal 2195:British Medical Journal 1434:10.1542/peds.112.S3.742 912:Health and Human Rights 894:British Medical Journal 515:Health and Human Rights 324:inalienable human right 156:Ethics of public health 2506:Freedom of information 2491:Freedom of association 2120:Cite journal requires 1915:Cite journal requires 1576:Human Rights Quarterly 1280:General Comment No. 14 804:delivery include: the 793: 726: 686: 656: 630: 557: 500: 451: 407: 339: 259: 177:Health care efficiency 56:by rewriting it in an 2818:Intersex human rights 2626:Right of self-defense 2581:Right to a fair trial 2064:10.1017/9781108284653 2035:Katharine G. Young. " 1588:10.1353/hrq.1999.0044 1543:10.2105/ajph.83.3.418 949:Universal health care 791: 695: 666: 639: 598: 555: 495: 416: 387: 337: 257: 2705:Right to development 2586:Right to family life 2536:Freedom from torture 2521:Freedom from slavery 1846:Ezer T. (May 2013). 1781:Ezer T. (May 2013). 1428:(Supp. 3): 742–745. 1314:cdn2.sph.harvard.edu 468:right to be healthy. 199:International health 2516:Freedom of religion 2511:Freedom of movement 2486:Freedom of assembly 2468:Civil and political 1146:(9655): 2005–2006. 944:Primary health care 839:forcibly sterilized 684: Non-signatory 628: Non-signatory 472:right to be healthy 446:all medical service 441:and other diseases; 18:Right to healthcare 2833:Right to sexuality 2710:Right to education 2636:Security of person 2531:Freedom of thought 1397:on 5 November 2013 939:My body, my choice 846:working conditions 794: 737:Article 25 of the 687: 631: 558: 556:Health Equity logo 501: 408: 340: 260: 58:encyclopedic style 45:is written like a 2841: 2840: 2740:Right to property 2700:Right to clothing 2685:Fair remuneration 2653:Right to homeland 2601:Right to petition 2526:Freedom of speech 2099:. Rochester, NY. 2073:978-1-108-41813-3 1189:(9585): 449–455. 998:rightstracker.org 830:sexual minorities 822:ethnic minorities 622: Only signed 361:Navanethem Pillay 252: 251: 182:Health indicators 86: 85: 78: 16:(Redirected from 2891: 2879:Health standards 2869:Health education 2864:Health economics 2730:Right to housing 2664:Economic, social 2611:Right to protest 2606:Right to privacy 2445: 2438: 2431: 2422: 2421: 2353: 2352: 2342: 2310: 2304: 2303: 2288: 2282: 2281: 2267: 2235: 2229: 2228: 2218: 2186: 2180: 2179: 2161: 2155: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2136: 2130: 2129: 2123: 2118: 2116: 2108: 2092: 2086: 2085: 2049: 2040: 2033: 2027: 2026: 2024: 2022: 1998: 1992: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1968: 1962: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1951: 1940: 1931: 1925: 1924: 1918: 1913: 1911: 1903: 1901: 1899: 1893: 1886: 1877: 1868: 1867: 1865: 1863: 1843: 1837: 1836: 1834: 1832: 1815:J Amon. (2010). 1812: 1803: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1778: 1772: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1748: 1742: 1741: 1739: 1737: 1717: 1702: 1701: 1673: 1667: 1666: 1664: 1662: 1649: 1631: 1622: 1616: 1615: 1571: 1565: 1564: 1554: 1522: 1516: 1515: 1485: 1479: 1478: 1476: 1474: 1459: 1453: 1452: 1450: 1448: 1413: 1407: 1406: 1404: 1402: 1387: 1381: 1380: 1378: 1376: 1359: 1353: 1352: 1350: 1348: 1331: 1325: 1324: 1322: 1320: 1311: 1303: 1297: 1296: 1294: 1292: 1275: 1269: 1268: 1267: 1265: 1248: 1242: 1241: 1240: 1238: 1221: 1215: 1214: 1178: 1172: 1171: 1135: 1129: 1128: 1127: 1125: 1108: 1102: 1101: 1099: 1097: 1091: 1076: 1058: 1049: 1043: 1042: 1040: 1038: 1032: 1025: 1015: 1009: 1008: 1006: 1004: 990: 984: 983: 981: 979: 965: 919:Health promotion 806:right to privacy 755:negative rights, 683: 677: 671: 627: 621: 615: 609: 603: 585:humanitarian aid 414:, which states: 404: 398: 392: 244: 237: 230: 216: 215: 151:Informed consent 88: 87: 81: 74: 70: 67: 61: 38: 37: 30: 21: 2899: 2898: 2894: 2893: 2892: 2890: 2889: 2888: 2884:Health sciences 2854:Right to health 2844: 2843: 2842: 2837: 2808:Family planning 2793: 2784: 2760:Right of return 2720:Right to health 2668: 2665: 2657: 2621:Right to resist 2571:Right of asylum 2462: 2455: 2449: 2408: 2395:WHO and UN HCHR 2362: 2357: 2356: 2311: 2307: 2289: 2285: 2236: 2232: 2187: 2183: 2176: 2162: 2158: 2148: 2146: 2144:americanbar.org 2138: 2137: 2133: 2121: 2119: 2110: 2109: 2093: 2089: 2074: 2050: 2043: 2034: 2030: 2020: 2018: 1999: 1995: 1985: 1983: 1970: 1969: 1965: 1955: 1953: 1949: 1938: 1932: 1928: 1916: 1914: 1905: 1904: 1897: 1895: 1891: 1884: 1878: 1871: 1861: 1859: 1844: 1840: 1830: 1828: 1813: 1806: 1796: 1794: 1779: 1775: 1765: 1763: 1750: 1749: 1745: 1735: 1733: 1718: 1705: 1674: 1670: 1660: 1658: 1629: 1623: 1619: 1572: 1568: 1523: 1519: 1486: 1482: 1472: 1470: 1461: 1460: 1456: 1446: 1444: 1414: 1410: 1400: 1398: 1389: 1388: 1384: 1374: 1372: 1361: 1360: 1356: 1346: 1344: 1333: 1332: 1328: 1318: 1316: 1309: 1305: 1304: 1300: 1290: 1288: 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2658: 2656: 2655: 2650: 2649: 2648: 2638: 2633: 2631:Right to truth 2628: 2623: 2618: 2613: 2608: 2603: 2598: 2593: 2588: 2583: 2578: 2573: 2568: 2563: 2558: 2553: 2548: 2543: 2538: 2533: 2528: 2523: 2518: 2513: 2508: 2503: 2498: 2493: 2488: 2483: 2478: 2472: 2470: 2464: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2456: 2448: 2447: 2440: 2433: 2425: 2419: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2407: 2404: 2403: 2402: 2396: 2390: 2384: 2378: 2373: 2368: 2361: 2360:External links 2358: 2355: 2354: 2325:(7200): 1766. 2305: 2283: 2230: 2181: 2174: 2156: 2131: 2122:|journal= 2087: 2072: 2041: 2028: 1993: 1963: 1926: 1917:|journal= 1869: 1838: 1804: 1773: 1743: 1703: 1684:(3): 208–210. 1668: 1640:(7): 603–607. 1617: 1582:(3): 661–679. 1566: 1537:(3): 418–426. 1517: 1498:(3): 273–298. 1480: 1454: 1408: 1391:"Child Rights" 1382: 1354: 1326: 1298: 1270: 1243: 1216: 1173: 1130: 1103: 1044: 1010: 985: 959: 958: 956: 953: 952: 951: 946: 941: 936: 931: 926: 921: 916: 908: 901: 898: 877: 874: 857: 854: 785: 782: 764:positive right 750: 747: 734: 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CNN. 2008. 1977: 1976:CNNHealth.com 1973: 1967: 1948: 1944: 1937: 1930: 1922: 1909: 1890: 1883: 1876: 1874: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1842: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1811: 1809: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1777: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1747: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1716: 1714: 1712: 1710: 1708: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1672: 1657: 1653: 1648: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1628: 1621: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1570: 1562: 1558: 1553: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1521: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1492: 1484: 1468: 1464: 1458: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1412: 1396: 1392: 1386: 1370: 1366: 1365: 1358: 1342: 1338: 1337: 1330: 1315: 1308: 1302: 1286: 1282: 1281: 1274: 1259: 1255: 1254: 1247: 1232: 1228: 1227: 1220: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1177: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1134: 1119: 1115: 1114: 1107: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1067:(12): 981–4. 1066: 1062: 1055: 1048: 1029: 1022: 1021: 1014: 999: 995: 989: 974: 970: 964: 960: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 935: 932: 930: 929:Health system 927: 925: 924:Health policy 922: 920: 917: 914: 913: 909: 907: 906:Global health 904: 903: 897: 895: 891: 886: 882: 873: 871: 867: 862: 853: 849: 847: 842: 840: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 790: 781: 777: 773: 769: 767: 765: 760: 759:Mervyn Susser 756: 746: 742: 740: 730: 722: 718: 715: 711: 708: 705: 701: 697: 696: 694: 692: 672: Parties 665: 651: 647: 646: 645: 643: 638: 636: 597: 588: 586: 575: 572: 568: 567:health equity 561:Health equity 554: 550: 547: 545: 544:public health 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 516: 511: 509: 505: 504:Jonathan Mann 498: 494: 490: 489: 485: 476: 473: 469: 465: 460: 447: 443: 440: 436: 432: 428: 425: 422: 421: 420: 415: 413: 386: 377: 375: 365: 362: 356: 353: 349: 345: 336: 327: 325: 320: 317: 313: 309: 294: 292: 287: 285: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 256: 245: 240: 238: 233: 231: 226: 225: 223: 222: 219: 211: 210: 204: 203:Global health 200: 196: 195: 194: 193: 189: 188: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 170: 169: 168: 167: 163: 162: 157: 154: 152: 149: 147: 144: 143: 142: 141: 137: 136: 131: 128: 126: 123: 121: 120:Public health 118: 116: 113: 112: 111: 110: 106: 105: 102: 101:Health policy 99: 98: 94: 90: 89: 80: 77: 69: 59: 55: 49: 48: 43:This article 41: 32: 31: 19: 2795:reproductive 2719: 2690:Labor rights 2666:and cultural 2576:Right to die 2453:human rights 2451:Substantive 2406:Bibliography 2322: 2318: 2308: 2292: 2286: 2247: 2243: 2233: 2198: 2194: 2184: 2165: 2159: 2147:. 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