682:(KCC) announced citizens will be able to request search engines and website administrators to restrict their own postings from being accessible publicly. The KCC released "Guidelines on the Right to Request Access Restrictions on Personal Internet Postings", which took effect in June 2016 and do not apply to third party contents. To the extent that the right to be forgotten concerns a data subject's right to limit the searchability of third party postings about him/her, the Guideline does not constitute a right to be forgotten. Also, as to the right to withdraw one's own posting, critics have noted that people have been able to delete their own postings before the Guideline as long as they have retained their login credentials, and that people who have misplaced their login credentials were permitted to retrieve or receive new ones. The only services significantly affected by the Guideline are Wiki-type services where people's contributions make logical sense only in response to or in conjunction with one another's contributions and therefore the postings are made permanent part of the mass-created content, but KCC made sure that the Guideline applies to these services only when the posting identifies the authors.
420:. The case relates to two managers of a group of investment companies, who argued that three unflattering news articles should be âde-referencedâ from the search engine results of Google, when searching for their names. They claimed that the information presented in the articles was wrong factually, which raised the question whether search engine operators need to check the accuracy of the information. Additionally, the applicants required that photographs showing them on preview images â or thumbnails â when carrying out a search, ought to be removed. In this judgment the European Court of Justice largely agreed with the request of the applicants. Search engine operators such as Google are required to de-reference the respective information, if a person who seeks de-referencing submits 'relevant and sufficient' evidence capable of substantiating his or her request, and thereby manifests the inaccuracy of the information found (para. 72). For thumbnails an independent assessment must be performed, but essentially the same thinking applies.
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name will no longer result in the content appearing in search results. The content remains online and is not erased. After a request is filled, their removals team reviews the request, weighing "the individual's right to privacy against the public's right to know", deciding if the website is "inadequate, irrelevant or no longer relevant, or excessive in relation to the purposes for which they were processed". Google has formed an
Advisory Council of various professors, lawyers, and government officials from around Europe to provide guidelines for these decisions. However, the review process is still a mystery to the general public. Guidelines set by EU regulators were not released until November 2014, but Google began to take action on this much sooner than that, which (according to one author) allowed them "to shape interpretation to own ends". In May 2015, eighty academics called for more transparency from Google in an open letter.
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caused criticism due to the fact that this could produce a censoring effect in that companies, such as
Facebook or Google, will wish to not be fined due to the act, and will therefore be likely to delete wholesale information rather than facing the fine, which could produce a "serious chilling effect". In addition to this, there are concerns about the requirement to take down information that others have posted about an individual; the definition of personal data in Article 4(2) includes "any information relating to" the individual. This, critics have claimed, would require companies to take down any information relating to an individual, regardless of its source, which would amount to censorship, and result in the big data companies eradicating much data to comply with this. Such removal can impact the accuracy and ability of businesses and individuals to perform
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fraud and corruption, and informs businesses about potential risks⊠Several cases already illustrate how the "right to be forgotten" impedes business intelligence. Fortune magazine reported last year on Dato
Capital, a company that compiles reports on the directors of private companies based in the United Kingdom and Spain⊠Dato's reports contained information that companies and directors are often required by law to disclose publicly, such as debt and financial history. Bleaching this from search results has made it more difficult for potential investors and business partners to understand the profile and history of individuals with whom they were considering doing business.
782:, columnist Joseph Steinberg noted that "many privacy protections that Americans believe that they enjoy â even some guaranteed by law â have, in fact, been eroded or even obliterated by technological advances". Steinberg, in explaining the need for legislation guaranteeing the "right to be forgotten", noted that existing laws require adverse information be removed from credit reports after a period of time, and that allowing the sealing or expunging of criminals records are effectively undermined by the ability of prospective lenders or employers to find forever the removed information in a matter of seconds by doing a web search.
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precaution regarding privacy rights in vague areas of existing laws. The guideline encompasses foreign
Internet companies that provide translation services for South Korean consumers. In order to have a person's information "forgotten" he or she has to go through a three step process: the issue posted with the URL, proof of ownership of the post, grounds for the request. There are restrictions on each step. When posting the URL, the web operator has the right to preserve the posting issue. The second being that if the post is relevant to public interest, web operators will process this request on the terms of relevance.
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from search engines regarding criminal cases in the high court. The
Karnataka High Court approved the father's request, stating that she had a right to be forgotten. According to the court, its ruling would align with western countries' decisions, which typically approve of the right to be forgotten when dealing with cases "involving women in general and highly sensitive cases involving rape or affecting the modesty and reputation of the person concerned." The woman in this specific case was worried that the search results would affect her standing with her husband, as well as her reputation in society.
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steps, including technical measures, in relation to data for the publication of which the controller is responsible, to inform third parties which are processing such data, that a data subject requests them to erase any links to, or copy or replication of that personal data. Where the controller has authorized a third party publication of personal data, the controller shall be considered responsible for that publication". In the situation that a data controller does not take all reasonable steps then they will be fined heavily.
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particular, one request for data removal was from a
British doctor requesting to have 50 links removed on past botched medical procedures. Google agreed to remove three search results containing his personal information. The public voiced their outrage stating that removing such information can be used for manipulation and could result in innocent people making uninformed decisions. Google responded to the public outrage by saying that when removing content they consider both the right of the individual and public interest.
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results, Baidu had infringed upon his right of name and right of reputation, both protected under
Chinese law. Because of these protections, Ren believed he had a right to be forgotten by removing these search results. The court ruled against Ren, claiming his name is a collection of common characters and as a result the search results were derived from relevant words. The court described search results as neutral findings based on an algorithm and stated that retaining such information was necessary for the public.
1147:, then Prime Minister of the UK, has advocated to extend privacy rights for minors in allowing them to have a right to delete information. The intentions for this extension of privacy are based on the fact that social media sites store years of data that affect minors lives' much later after the information is posted. May gave her stance on privacy when she said, "'The Internet has brought a wealth of opportunity but also significant new risks which have evolved faster than society's response to them'". The
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removed that they posted on an online server. The law "applies to websites, social media sites, mobile apps and other online services" and follows "Europe's recognition of the 'right to be forgotten'". This law became effective on
January 1, 2015 and remains in existence. Online "service" operators that have services "directed toward minors" must update their privacy policies to include the option to remove data if requested by a minor that is posted on a service.
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working on the case, along with the issue of whether or not a right to be forgotten should be a legal standard in India. Currently, there is no legal standard for the right to be forgotten, but if implemented, this would mean that citizens no longer need to file a case in order to request for information from search engines to be removed. This case could have significant impacts on the right to be forgotten and search engines in India.
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protection of personal data with the rules governing freedom of expression." Article 80 upheld freedom of speech, and while not lessening obligations on data providers and social media sites, nevertheless due to the wide meaning of "journalistic purposes" allows more autonomy and reduces the amount of information that is necessary to be removed. When Google agreed to implement the ruling, European
Commission Vice-President
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152:
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law cannot be circumvented in any way. Google has refused the French Data
Protection Agency's demand to apply the right internationally. Due in part to their refusal to comply with the recommendation of the privacy regulating board Google has become the subject of a four-year-long antitrust investigation by the European Commission. In September 2015, the French Data Protection Agency dismissed Google's appeal.
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dissemination of such data, especially in relation to personal data which are made available by the data subject while he or she was a child or where the data is no longer necessary for the purpose it was collected for, the subject withdraws consent, the storage period has expired, the data subject objects to the processing of personal data or the processing of data does not comply with other regulation".
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question ensures an adequate level of protection," meaning that the country meets the EU's minimum standards of data protection. The standards include, among many provisions, a component that protects the right to "opt out" of further processing or transmission of personal data, with the assumption that data may not be further processed in ways inconsistent with the intent for which they were collected.
357:, since in implementing the Directive, Google is required to weigh the damage to the person making the request against any public interest in the information being available. Google indeed acknowledged that some of its search result removals, affecting articles that were of public interest, were incorrect, and reinstated the links a week later. Commentators like Charles Arthur, technology editor of
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data subject has the right to request erasure of personal data related to him on any one of a number of grounds including non-compliance with article 6.1 (lawfulness) that includes a case (f) where the legitimate interests of the controller is overridden by the interests or fundamental rights and freedoms of the data subject which require protection of personal data (see also
110:, involved photographs which had originally been taken with her permission and uploaded with her permission, however she alleged that the search results improperly associated her photographs with pornography. De Cunha's case achieved initial success resulting in Argentina search engines not showing images of the particular celebrity, however, this decision is on appeal.
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lawyer, author, and law professor "the right to control one's personal data includes the right to prevent others from using one's image." Since the 1990s, Argentina has also been a part of the habeas data movement in which they "adopted a constitutional provision that is part freedom-of-government-information law and part data privacy law." Their version is known as
121:"Any person shall file this action to obtain information on the data about himself and their purpose, registered in public records or databases, or in private ones intended to supply information; and in case of false data or discrimination, this action may be filed to request the suppression, rectification, confidentiality or updating of said data."
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international corporation, Google, is a collector and processor of data it should be classified as a "data controller" under the meaning of the EU data protection directive. These "data controllers" are required under EU law to remove data that is "inadequate, irrelevant, or no longer relevant", making this directive of global importance.
2850:"Bundesverfassungsgericht - Entscheidungen - Auch bei gleichzeitiger Geltung der Unionsgrundrechte prĂŒft das Bundesverfassungsgericht primĂ€r die deutschen Grundrechte *** Online-Pressearchive können zu Schutzvorkehrungen gegen die zeitlich unbegrenzte Verbreitung personenbezogener Berichte durch Suchmaschinen verpflichtet sein"
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personal history⊠The Court's decision is a retrograde move that misunderstands the role and responsibility of search engines and the wider Internet. It should send chills down the spine of everyone in the European Union who believes in the crucial importance of free expression and freedom of information."
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began to examine the issue after a Delhi banker requested to have his personal details removed from search results after a marital dispute. In this case, due to the dispute being settled, the banker's request is valid. The High Court has asked for a reply from Google and other search engine companies
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The European Union is an influential group of states, and this tendency towards the right to be forgotten in the EU is an indicator of its recognition globally as a right. To support this, in 2012 the Obama Administration released a "Privacy Bill of Rights" to protect consumers online, and while this
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in a lawsuit over removing search results. It was the first of such cases to be heard in Chinese court. In the suit, Ren Jiayu sued Chinese search engine Baidu over search results that negatively associated him with a previous employer, Wuxi Taoshi Biotechnology. Ren argued that by posting the search
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Consider the necessity for accurate business intelligence. Antibribery laws and "know your customer" regulations often require companies and individuals to do due-diligence checks on entities they want to do business with⊠The requirement for proper due diligence instils confidence, helps to prevent
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The European Union has been advocating for the delinkings requested by EU citizens to be implemented by Google not just in European versions of Google (as in google.co.uk, google.fr, etc.), but on google.com and other international subdomains. Regulators want delinkings to be implemented so that the
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ruling "allows individuals to complain to search engines about information they do not like with no legal oversight. This is akin to marching into a library and forcing it to pulp books. Although the ruling is intended for private individuals it opens the door to anyone who wants to whitewash their
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laws, which would be challenging to reconcile with the right to be forgotten. Some academics see that only a limited form of the right to be forgotten would be reconcilable with US constitutional law; the right of an individual to delete data that he or she has personally submitted. In this limited
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Businesses that manage their clients' online reputations have responded to the European Court ruling by exercising the right to be forgotten as a means to remove unfavorable information. One technique used by reputation consulting companies is to submit multiple requests for each link, written with
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upheld the right to be forgotten, in a case involving a woman who originally went to court in order to get a marriage certificate annulled, claiming to have never been married to the man on the certificate. After the two parties came to an agreement, the woman's father wanted her name to be removed
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The 2012 draft European Data Protection Regulation Article 17 detailed the "right to be forgotten and to erasure". By Article 17 individuals to whom the data appertains are granted the right to "obtain from the controller the erasure of personal data relating to them and the abstention from further
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The form asks people to select one of the 28 countries that make up the European Union, as well as Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland. "The form allows an individual or someone representing an individual to put in a request" for the removal of any URLs believed to be a violation of the
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Who killed Sedlmayr? Its a matter of public record, but if one of the men and his German law firm gets their way, Knowledge (and EFF) will not be allowed to tell you. A few days ago, the online encyclopedia received a cease and desist letter from one of the convictsârepresented by the aptly named
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of Internet-based information. To balance this criticism, the proposed General Data Protection Regulation included an exception "for the processing of personal data carried out solely for journalistic purposes or the purpose of artistic or literary expression in order to reconcile the right to the
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The draft General Data Protection Regulation was written broadly and this has caused concern. It has attracted criticism that its enactment would require data controlling companies to go to great lengths to identify third parties with the information and remove it. The proposed regulation has also
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As of February 2017, the Delhi High Court is hearing a case involving a man requesting to have information regarding his mother and wife to be removed from a search engine. The man believes that having his name linked to the search is hindering his employment options. The Delhi High Court is still
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The European Parliament was once "expected to adopt the proposals in first reading in the April 2013 Plenary session". The right to be forgotten was replaced by a more limited right to erasure in the version of the GDPR adopted by the European Parliament in March 2014. Article 17 provides that the
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The EU defines "data controllers" as "people or bodies that collect and manage personal data". The EU General Data Protection Regulation requires data controllers who have been informed that an individual has requested the deletion of any links to or copies of information must "take all reasonable
381:
This data leak caused serious social consequences for Google as the public expressed their outrage and fear over the information that was recently made public. Though only 5% of requests were made by criminals, politicians, and public figures, the content removed was what sparked the most fear. In
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to be removed along with a short description, and - in some cases - attachment of legal identification. The applicant receives an email from Google confirming the request but the request must be assessed before it is approved for removal. If the request is approved, searches using the individual's
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manifesto included a pledge to allow social media platform users to remove outdated information that was posted when they were younger than the age of 18. "A Tory victory on the 8th of June will lead to those youthful indiscretions on Facebook and Twitter being open to erasure. But there are also
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assumes that the reach of a country's jurisdiction is limited to its geographic territory. However, online interactions are independent of geographic location and present across multiple locations, rendering the traditional concept of territorial sovereignty moot. Therefore, the EU and the United
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The guidelines created by the KCC include that data subjects can remove content that includes the URL links, and any evidence consisting of personal information. The commission included different amendments to the guideline. This includes describing the Guidelines as a "minimum" and "preliminary"
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Security researchers from CISPA, Saarland University and the University of Auckland are working to develop software to support the automation of the right to be forgotten in a scalable, provable and privacy-preserving manner. The team's software, Oblivion, would automate the process of verifying
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introduced a bill proposing that individuals be allowed to require search engines and online speakers to remove information that is "inaccurate", "irrelevant", "inadequate", or "excessive", that is "no longer material to current public debate or discourse" and is causing demonstrable harm to the
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regarding the right to be forgotten and argued to keep it from becoming EU law. However, in the upcoming elections in the UK laws could be passed to allow minors to remove embarrassing posts or photos on social media that could come back to affect job applications or public image in later life.
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Other criticisms involving the right to be forgotten concerns the policies for data removal regarding minors. The U.S. has laws that protect the privacy of minors. The California Minor Eraser Law is a law that allows California residents younger than the age of 18 to request to have information
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agreement, a data transfer pact that enables the transfer of data between the EU and US companies in a manner consistent with the EU's data protection schemes. Article 25 of the Data Protection Directive articulates that cross-border transfer of data can take place only if the "third country in
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Virginia Simari, the judge in favor of De Cunha, stated that people have the right to control their image and avert others from "capturing, reproducing, broadcasting, or publishing one's image without permission". In addition, Simari used a treatise written by Julio CĂ©sar Rivera, a Buenos Aires
2972:"European Parliament legislative resolution of 12 March 2014 on the proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data (General Data Protection Regulation)"
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In response to the criticism, the EU has released a factsheet to address what it considers myths about the right to be forgotten. In addition to this, for further clarification of the law, the factsheet provides information about the important court case C-131/12 and frequently asked questions
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regulations, including the right to be forgotten, Article 25 poses a threat to trans-Atlantic data flows. Therefore, the EU and the United States began negotiations to mediate the differences through the Safe Harbor agreement, which as a result of debate and discussion between the two parties,
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The regulatory differences in the protection of personal data between countries has real impact on international relations. The right to be forgotten, specifically, is a matter of EU-US relations when applied to cross-border data flow, as it raises questions about territorial sovereignty. The
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Google notifies websites that have URLs delinked, and various news organizations, such as BBC, have published lists of delinked articles. Complainants have been named in news commentary regarding those delinkings. In August 2015 the British Data Protection Agency issued an enforcement action
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Simeonovski, Milivoj; Bendun, Fabian; Asghar, Muhammad Rizwan; Backes, Michael; Marnau, Ninja; Druschel, Peter. "Oblivion: Mitigating Privacy Leaks by Controlling the Discoverability of Online Information." The 13th International Conference on Applied Cryptography and Network Security (ACNS
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The French Data Protection Agency appealed to the EU courts to seek action on Google for failing to delink in its global servers. In September 2019 the Court of Justice for the EU issued its decision, finding that Google is not required to delink on sites external to the EU, concluding that
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If Google refuses a request to delink material, Europeans can appeal to their local data protection agency. As of May 2015, the British Data Protection Agency had treated 184 such complaints, and overturned Google's decision in about a quarter of those. If Google fails to comply with a Data
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provides protection and exemption for companies listed as "media" companies, like newspapers and other journalistic work. However, Google purposely opted out of being classified as a "media" company, therefore the company is not protected. Judges in the European Union ruled that because the
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European Commission. Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Protection of Individuals with Regard to the Processing of Personal Data and On the Free Movement of Such Data (General Data Protection Regulation). 2012/0011 (COD). Article 3. "Territorial
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decision that allows the suppression of a criminal's name in news accounts once he is released from custody. Previously, Alexander H. Stopp, attorney for Werlé and Lauber, had won a default judgment in German court, on behalf of Lauber, against the Wikimedia Foundation. According to the
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that search engines are responsible for the content they point to and thus, Google was required to comply with EU data privacy laws. On its first day of compliance only (May 30, 2014), Google received 12,000 requests to have personal details removed from its search engine.
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The regulatory differences on the right to be forgotten along with numerous other data protection rights have affected discussions and negotiations on trans-Atlantic data privacy regulations. A case in point is the EU and the United States' endeavors to develop the
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individual's privacy. Regardless of who is submitting the form, some form of photo identification of the person the form is being submitted for must be present. This is meant to serve as proof that the person for whom the request was made for does in fact approve.
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has argued that Google cannot escape compliance with the law of France implementing the decision of the European Court of Justice in 2014, pointing out that the U.S. and other nations have long maintained that their local laws have "extra-territorial effects".
1158:(CNIL) asked Google to remove data from all versions available in any part of the world. Google and other entities argued that European data regulators should not be allowed to decide what Internet users around the world find when they use a search engine.
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revealed her history, and she successfully sued the producer. The court reasoned that "any person living a life of rectitude has that right to happiness which includes a freedom from unnecessary attacks on his character, social standing or reputation."
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Argentina's efforts to protect their people's right to be forgotten has been called "the most complete" because individuals are able to correct, delete, or update information about themselves. Overall, their information is bound to remain confidential.
3998:"Document 52012PC0011 â Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data (General Data Protection Regulation)"
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about a person be removed from Internet searches and other directories in some circumstances. The issue has arisen from desires of individuals to "determine the development of their life in an autonomous way, without being perpetually or periodically
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requiring Google to delink some of these more recent articles from searches for a complainant's name, after Google refused to do so. Google complied with the request. Some academics have criticized news organizations and Google for their behavior.
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magazine examined the 64 reports relating to UK directorships, finding that in 27 (42%) the director was the only person named, in the remaining only the director and co-directors were named, and 23 (36%) involve directorships started since 2012.
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In September 2019, the European Court of Justice ruled that the Right to be Forgotten did not apply outside of its member states. The ruling meant that Google did not have to delete the names of individuals from all of its international versions.
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sites and references to past petty crimes appearing in search engine listings for a person's name. The main concern is for the potentially undue influence that such results may exert upon a person's online reputation indefinitely if not removed.
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760:. The court held here that there were limits to the right to control one's life and facts about oneself, and held that there is social value in published facts, and that a person cannot ignore their celebrity status merely because they want to.
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noted that Google is not required to comply with removal requests at all, as it can refer requests to the information commissioner in the relevant country for a decision weighing the respective merits of public interest and individual rights.
271:, and the "right to know" are typically favored over removing or increasing difficulty to access truthfully published information regarding individuals and corporations. Although the term "right to be forgotten" is a relatively new idea, the
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There were concerns that the proposed General Data Protection Regulation would result in Google and other Internet search engines not producing neutral search results, but rather producing biased and patchy results, and compromising the
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ruled that German websites do not have to check their archives in order to provide permanent protection of personality rights for convicted criminals. The case occurred after the names of the brothers were found on the website of
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Europe's jurisdiction of data also extends beyond its borders into countries that does not have "adequate" protections. For instance, Europe's transfer of data to vulnerable countries are limited, resulting in companies like
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390:"Currently, there is no obligation under EU law, for a search engine operator who grants a request for de-referencing made by a data subject ... to carry out such a de-referencing on all the versions of its search engine."
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In July 2015, Google accidentally revealed data on delinkings that "shows 95% of Google privacy requests are from citizens out to protect personal and private information â not criminals, politicians and public figures."
1052:. He claimed that the critique was "defamatory, mean-spirited, opinionated, offensive and simply irrelevant for the arts". and the St. Lawrence parish of the Roman Catholic church in Kutno, Poland asked Google to remove
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1360:"What is Google deleting under the 'right to be forgotten' - and why? What if there were a page on a 'revenge porn' site about you - would you want to use Google's 'right to be forgotten' to get it taken out of search?"
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Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data (General Data Protection
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Simeonovski, Milivoj; Bendun, Fabian; Asghar, Muhammad Rizwan; Backes, Michael; Marnau, Ninja; Druschel, Peter (2015). "Oblivion: Mitigating Privacy Leaks by Controlling the Discoverability of Online Information".
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Europe's data protection laws do not implement a "right to be forgotten", but a more limited "right to erasure". Variations on the concept a right to be forgotten have existed in Europe for many years, including:
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Blackman, Josh. "Omniveillance, Google, Privacy in Public, and the Right to Your Digital Identity: A Tort for Recording and Disseminating an Individual's Image over the Internet." Santa Clara L. Rev. 49 (2009):
2478:"Judgment of the Court of Justice in Case C-131/12: An internet search engine operator is responsible for the processing that it carries out of personal data which appear on web pages published by third parties"
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European Commission. Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Protection of Individuals with Regard to the Processing of Personal Data and On the Free Movement of Such Data
352:
In July 2014, in the early stages of Google's effort to comply with the court ruling, legal experts questioned whether Google's widely publicized delistings of a number of news articles violated the UK and EU
569:, in an archive article dating from July 2000. The presiding judge Gregor Galke stated "This is not a blank check", and stated that the right to rehabilitation of offenders had been taken into consideration.
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Coliver, Sandra. Editor. "Striking a Balance. Hate Speech, Freedom of Expression and Non-Discrimination." Article 19. (1992) International Centre against Censorship. Human Rights Centre. University of Essex.
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include the inability to require removal of information possessed by companies outside the jurisdiction. There is no global framework to allow individuals control over their online image. However, Professor
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Researchers have noted that the current capabilities of this technology have some limitations. The software can only determine whether a piece of information is available, not whether it should be removed.
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sites in its search results, and have accused Google of orchestrating a publicity campaign to escape the burdensome obligation to comply with the law. Julia Powles, a law and technology researcher at the
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worries that the ruling will be "used by other governments that aren't as forward and progressive as Europe to do bad things", though has since distanced himself from that statement. For example, pianist
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said, "The Court also made clear that journalistic work must not be touched; it is to be protected." However, Google was criticized for taking down (by the Costeja precedent) a BBC News weblog post about
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of 1974, that after a certain period of time many criminal convictions are "spent", meaning that information regarding said person should not be considered when obtaining insurance or seeking employment.
47:
as a consequence of a specific action performed in the past". The right entitles a person to have data about them deleted so that it can no longer be discovered by third parties, particularly through
85:. The right to privacy constitutes information that is not known publicly, whereas the right to be forgotten involves revoking public access to information that was known publicly at a certain time.
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States are forced to confront their regulatory differences and negotiate on a set of regulations that apply to all foreign companies processing and handling data of European citizens and residents.
2726:"AbwĂ€gung bei einem Unterlassungsanspruch zwischen dem Recht auf freie MeinungsĂ€uĂerung und dem Persönlichkeitsrecht (Resozialisierung) bei elektronischen Pressearchiven einen Mordfall betreffend"
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1151:, which was headed by May from 2016 to 2019, has pushed for policies that aggressively remove illegal material from the Internet and fine firms that do not take action in removing said material.
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1096:"described the EU's Right to be Forgotten as deeply immoral, as the organisation that operates the online encyclopedia warned the ruling will result in an Internet riddled with
793:, held an event concerning the question, "Should the U.S. adopt the 'Right to be Forgotten' online?" The side against the motion won with a 56% majority of the voting audience.
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While opinions among experts are divided in the U.S., one survey indicated that 9 in 10 Americans want some form of the right to be forgotten. The consumer rights organization
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Opinions on the right to be forgotten differ greatly between the United States and EU countries. In the United States, accessibility, the right of free speech according to the
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Knowledge is under a censorship attack by a convicted murderer who is invoking Germany's privacy laws in a bid to remove references to his killing of a Bavarian actor in 1990.
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Major criticisms stem from the idea that the right to be forgotten would restrict the right to freedom of speech. Many nations, and the United States in particular (with the
462:, which rejected the claim on the grounds that it was lawful and accurate, but accepted a complaint against Google and asked Google to remove the results. Google sued in the
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plans to fine social media firms for not moving at the speed of political opportunism over extreme content." The United Kingdom has not yet fully adopted the ruling of the
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Loi constitutionnelle modifiant la constitution de la RĂ©publique et canton de GenĂšve (Cst-GE) (Pour une protection forte de lâindividu dans lâespace numĂ©rique) (12945), (
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Palazzi, Pablo. "Derecho al olvido en Internet e información sobre condenas penales (a propósito de un reciente fallo holandés)." La Ley 17 de diciembre de 2014: (2014).
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1117:, opining that "There is a public sphere of memory and truth, and there is a private one...Without the freedom to be private, we have precious little freedom at all."
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newspaper about an auction for his foreclosed home, for a debt that he had subsequently paid. He initially attempted to have the article removed by complaining to the
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920:
different angles in an attempt to get links removed. Google, for example, does not limit the number of requests that can be submitted on the removal of a given link.
732:(1931), an ex-prostitute was charged with murder and then acquitted; she subsequently tried to assume a quiet and anonymous place in society. However, the 1925 movie
2544:
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Koops, E. J. "Forgetting footprints, shunning shadows: A critical analysis of the 'right to be forgotten' in big data practice." SCRIPTed 8, no. 3 (2011): 229-256.
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disclosed a draft European Data Protection Regulation to supersede the directive, which included specific protection in the right to be forgotten in Article 17. A
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1037:(eventually, Peston reported that his weblog post has remained findable in Google after all). Despite these criticisms and Google's action, the company's CEO,
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775:. These criticisms are consistent with the proposal that the only information that can be removed by user's request is content that they themselves uploaded.
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Directive 95/46/EC on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data. EU Directive 1995.
1712:
Directive 95/46/EC on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data. EU Directive 1995.
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announced a program to allow subjects of relatively inconsequential stories to have the stories contextualized, removed from Google searches or anonymized.
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1001:, a Spanish company which compiles such reports about private company directors, consisting entirely of information they are required by law to disclose;
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form of the right individuals could not have material removed that has been uploaded by others, as demanding the removal of information could constitute
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There is opposition to further recognition of the right to be forgotten in the United States as commentators argue that it will contravene the right to
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As a result of the mass surveillance performed by the US government on European citizens' data, the Safe Harbor agreement has been invalidated by the
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Mitrou, Lilian; Karyda, Maria (2012). "EU's Data Protection Reform and the right to be forgottenâA legal response to a technological challenge?".
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in which the plaintiffs demand the removal of certain search results, and require removal of links to photographs. One case, brought by artist
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Bolton, Robert, "The Right to Be Forgotten: Forced Amnesia in a Technological Age," 31 J. Marshall J. Info. Tech. & Privacy L. 133 (2015).
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To exercise the right to be forgotten and request removal from a search engine, one must complete a form through the search engine's website.
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2030:"Slippery Google greases up, aims to squirm out of EU privacy grasp. Will the huge advertising firm manage to spin its way free of the law?"
2007:
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Wolfgang Werlé and Manfred Lauber became infamous for killing a German actor in 1990. Now they are suing to force Knowledge to forget them.
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someone's personal information can be found in a Google search result, to help Google staff manage the high volume of take-down requests.
876:
522:. In Germany, the law seeks to protect the name and likenesses of private persons from unwanted publicity. On January 18, 2008, a court in
409:
are among the ten most delinked sites. In addition to Google, Yahoo and Bing have also made forms available for making delinking requests.
4685:
2849:
827:, providing consumers with the right to delete their personal information from covered businesses. In October 2023, the state enacted the
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On November 28, 2019, the German constitutional court in Karlsruhe ruled that German murderer Paul Termann has the right to be forgotten.
329:
in Article 17 of the version of the GDPR that was adopted by the European Parliament in March 2014 and which became EU law in April 2016.
3334:
Melvin v. Reid, 112 Cal.App. 285, 297 P. 91 (1931); Sidis v F-R Publishing Corporation 311 U.S. 711 61 S. Ct. 393 85 L. Ed. 462 1940 U.S.
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argues that not all rights must be compatible and this conflict between the two rights is not detrimental to the survival of either.
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3752:(2000). "Freedom of Speech, Information Privacy, and the Troubling Implications of a Right to Stop People from Speaking about You".
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3032:"Fact Sheet: Plan to Protect Privacy in the Internet Age by Adopting a Consumer Privacy Bill of Rights | The White House"
511:, Werlé's lawyers also challenged an Internet service provider in Austria which published the names of the convicted killers.
454:, a case brought by a Spanish man, Mario Costeja GonzĂĄlez, who requested the removal of a link to a digitized 1998 article in
336:'s removal request process requires the applicant to identify their country of residence, personal information, a list of the
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supported the personality rights of Werlé, which by German law includes removing his name from archive coverage of the case.
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laws. The right to be forgotten was invoked to remove from Google searches 120 reports about company directors published by
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251:
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3538:"N.Y. bill would require people to remove 'inaccurate,' 'irrelevant,' 'inadequate' or 'excessive' statements about others"
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5325:
5315:
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Bennett, Steven C. "Right to be forgotten: Reconciling EU and US Perspectives, The." Berkeley J. Int'l L. 30 (2012): 161.
4295:
3638:"Safe harbours are hard to find: the trans-Atlantic data privacy dispute, territorial jurisdiction and global governance"
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requires companies to provide individuals with the choice or opportunity to "opt out", and provides other protections.
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In Article 12 of the Directive 95/46/EC the EU gave a legal basis to Internet protection for individuals. In 2012 the
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In 2016, a Chinese court in Beijing rejected an argument for the right to be forgotten when a judge ruled in favor of
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Palazzi, Pablo. "El reconocimiento en Europa del derecho al olvido en Internet." La Ley 10 de junio de 2014: (2014).
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4560:"UK Election 2017 - Tories offer under-18s the Right to be Forgotten, threaten big fines for social media firms"
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German law firm Stopp and Stoppâdemanding that the perpetrator's name be taken off of the Sedlmayr article page.
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469:(National High Court) which referred a series of questions to the European Court of Justice. The court ruled in
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who wished to spend his adult life quietly, without recognition; however, this was disrupted by an article in
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4868:. "The Right to Erasure: Privacy and the Indefinite Retention of Data", 49 Wake Forest Law Review 433 (2014).
4614:
4244:"Pianist asks The Washington Post to remove a concert review under the E.U.'s 'right to be forgotten' ruling"
2933:"EUROPA - Press Releases - Press release - Data Protection Day 2014: Full Speed on EU Data Protection Reform"
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1621:
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El Derecho al Olvido en Internet: Del Caso Google al Big Data" (2015) (ed.): CreateSpace,, Barcelona, España
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legally solidified that the "right to be forgotten" is a human right when they ruled against Google in the
20:
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1634:(in French), Secrétariat d'Etat chargé de la Prospective et du Développement de l'économie numérique, 2010
5320:
3156:"Right to be forgotten: How a prudent Karnataka HC judgment could pave the way for privacy laws in India"
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639:
has not quite the strength of the EU law, it is a step towards recognition of the right to be forgotten.
4953:
Google Spain, S.L., Google Inc. y Agencia Española de Protección de Datos (AEPD), Mario Costeja Gonzålez
4778:
Castellano, Pere SimĂłn. "The right to be forgotten under European Law: a Constitutional debate." (2012).
1100:". Other commentators have disagreed with Wales, pointing to problems such as Google including links to
305:(Directive 95/46/EC) to regulate the processing of personal data. This is now considered a component of
290:
5674:
4995:
3997:
1956:
1895:
1777:
1296:"The EU Proposal for a General Data Protection Regulation and the roots of the 'right to be forgotten'"
772:
771:, thus potentially breaching peoples' constitutionally protected right to freedom of expression in the
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302:
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Google's responses to the Questionnaire addressed to Search Engines by the Article 29 Working Party
2656:
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cited the "Right To Be Forgotten" in trying to remove a negative review about his performance from
800:
has filed a complaint with the Federal Trade Commission for Americans to obtain the right as well.
2420:
1796:
416:
In December 2022, the judges in Luxembourg further extended the Right to be Forgotten in the case
5547:
5542:
5414:
5196:
5018:
Google Spain and inc v. Agencia Española de Protección de Datos (AEPD) and Mario Costeja Gonzålez
4784:"Right to be forgotten: european data imperialism, national privilege, or universal human right?"
1535:
1148:
1132:
1106:
867:
4980:
4535:
Lewis, Morgan; Kapoor, Bockius LLP-Rahul; Hirsch, W. Reece; Yaghoubi, Shokoh H. (12 July 2016).
3124:"In A First An Indian Court Upholds The 'Right To Be Forgotten' [Read Order] | Live Law"
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3363:
Guarding Life's Dark Secrets: Legal and Social Controls over Reputation, Propriety, and Privacy
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1647:"Control over Personal Data in a Digital Age: Google Spain v AEPD and Mario Costeja Gonzalez"
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63:
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Guidelines on the implementation of the Court of Justice of the European Union judgment on
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1981:"Google de-listing of BBC article 'broke UK and Euro public interest laws' - So WHY do it?"
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903:
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662:
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letter requesting that Werlé's name be removed from the English language Knowledge article
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24:
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3792:(2003). "The Virtues of Knowing Less: Justifying Privacy Protections against Disclosure".
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8:
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5406:
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4344:
4248:
3754:
3692:"The Inevitable Happened: First Company Provides "Right To Be Forgotten" Removal Service"
3447:
Walker, Robert K. "The Right to be forgotten." 64 Hastings Law Journal 257, 2012. Pg 257.
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39:
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
605:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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removed the names of the murderers, which have since then been restored to the article.
66:
and whether creating a right to be forgotten would result in a decreased quality of the
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3771:
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2337:"The Right to be Forgotten in 2022-Luxembourg judges keep surfing the legislative void"
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540:
531:
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Rosen, Jeffrey. "The right to be forgotten." Stanford law review online 64 (2012): 88.
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and a reduction in the freedom of expression in many countries. Sandra Coliver of the
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Sidis v F-R Publishing Corporation 311 U.S. 711 61 S. Ct. 393 85 L. Ed. 462 1940 U.S.
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3306:"Korea Communications Commission Releases Guidelines On "The Right to Be Forgotten""
3219:
3207:
Guidelines on the Right to Request Access Restrictions on Personal Internet Postings
2603:
2522:"EU court rules Google must tweak search results in test of 'right to be forgotten'"
945:. The reason given is: the General Data Protection Regulation is no longer in draft.
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Consideration of the right to be forgotten occurred in US case law, specifically in
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3459:"Your Privacy Is Now At Risk From Search Engines -- Even If The Law Says Otherwise"
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2123:"Privacy watchdog takes first step against those undermining right to be forgotten"
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1628:
Code of Good Practice on Targeted Advertising and the Protection of Internet Users
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Data deletion protocols concerning the death of a user is another consideration.
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Those who favor a right to be forgotten cite its necessity due to issues such as
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4508:"California enacts "Right to be Forgotten" for Minors - Data Protection Report"
4079:"Company directors are deep-sixing Google links citing 'right to be forgotten'"
3036:
2912:"European Parliament gives overwhelming backing to new EU data protection laws"
2608:
2549:
2348:
1435:"La Justicia Argentina Sobreseyó a Adriana Noreña, Directora General de Google"
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1012:
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2879:, European Commission, 2012, Article 17 "Right to be forgotten and to erasure"
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by September 19, upon which the court will continue to investigate the issue.
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4686:"'Oblivion' Is the Software That Could Automate the 'Right to Be Forgotten'"
4444:"Mythbuster: The Court of Justice of the EU and the "Right to be Forgotten""
3590:"Newsom signs bill that would make it easier to delete online personal data"
2393:
2199:"Google says non to French demand to expand right to be forgotten worldwide"
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514:
Wikimedia is based in the United States, where the First Amendment protects
19:"Right to vanish" redirects here. For the right to vanish on Knowledge, see
5638:
5419:
4206:
3827:
3614:"The Globe's Fresh Start initiative: Submit your appeal - The Boston Globe"
3424:
2995:
2753:
2684:
2401:
2057:"Google ordered to remove links to 'right to be forgotten' removal stories"
1334:
Journal of Intellectual Property, Information Technology and E-Commerce Law
1101:
998:
883:
Given the inconsistencies between the EU and the United States on numerous
853:
812:
545:
285:
55:
5044:
List of BBC web pages which have been removed from Google's search results
4067:
2312:"EU court rules Right To Be Forgotten doesn't apply outside member states"
5633:
5153:
4996:
Google's 'Search removal request under European Data Protection law' form
4018:
3521:"Consumer Watchdog: Google Should Extend 'Right To Be Forgotten' to U.S."
2953:
1604:"Explaining the 'right to be forgotten' â the newest cultural shibboleth"
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4615:"France tries to impose 'Right to be Forgotten' globally. Google fights"
2336:
1957:"Google could face legal action over 'right to be forgotten' rejections"
553:, an upsurge in publicity for the case resulting from the legal action.
5618:
4748:
Ausloos, Jef (2012). "The 'Right to be forgotten'âWorth remembering?".
4037:
4035:
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2664:
2638:
1852:"Dear Google: open letter from 80 academics on 'right to be forgotten'"
1038:
974:
820:
768:
71:
44:
4318:"Request made to remove Gerry 'The Monk' Hutch from EU search results"
3918:
3241:
2262:"Google wins landmark case limiting 'right to be forgotten' to Europe"
2166:"Google accidentally reveals data on 'right to be forgotten' requests"
2142:"Google accidentally reveals data on 'right to be forgotten' requests"
250:
In the United Kingdom there is the idea, addressed for example by the
5583:
5034:
Report of the Advisory Council to Google on the Right to be Forgotten
4222:"Musician attempts use EU Right To Be Forgotten to hide a bad review"
4000:. Eur-lex.europa.eu. 3.4.1. Chapter I - General Provisions, Article 4
3885:"The Right To Be Forgotten: Questioning The Nature Of Online Privacy"
3631:
3629:
3627:
2370:"What the "right to be forgotten" means for privacy in a digital age"
2236:"French data regulator rejects Google's right-to-be-forgotten appeal"
1260:"Google wins landmark case: Right to be forgotten only applies in EU"
1020:
561:
5056:
4032:
3861:
3767:
2991:"What did the media miss with the 'right to be forgotten' coverage?"
2572:"Removal of Google personal information could become work intensive"
2078:"Transparency Report. European privacy requests for search removals"
1749:). 2012/0011 (COD). Article 17. Right to be forgotten and To Erasure
4716:
4667:
4448:
European Commission's Directorate General for Justice and Consumers
4419:"Jimmy Wales is wrong: we do have a personal right to be forgotten"
4366:"Knowledge founder: EU's Right to be Forgotten is 'deeply immoral'"
4341:"Knowledge founder: EU's Right to be Forgotten is 'deeply immoral'"
3718:"European Companies See Opportunity in the 'Right to Be Forgotten'"
1896:"How Google's New 'Right to be Forgotten' Form Works: An Explainer"
1778:"How Google's New "Right To Be Forgotten" Form Works: An Explainer"
432:
to establish European data centers to quarantine data from Europe.
67:
4590:"May Tells Facebook to Offer Kids the Right to Delete Information"
4202:"Google hauled in by Europe over 'right to be forgotten' reaction"
3624:
1689:"Expert: Google Cannot Escape French Law on Right to Be Forgotten"
1295:
62:
Those who oppose the right worry about its effect on the right to
5109:
4393:"Revenge porn: why the right to be forgotten is the right remedy"
3420:"Why Journalists Shouldn't Fear Europe's 'Right to be Forgotten'"
3011:"Factsheet on the 'Right to be Forgotten' ruling (case C-131/12)"
2265:
2104:"Why the BBC is wrong to republish 'right to be forgotten' links"
1938:"'Right to be forgotten' festers as ICO and Google come to blows"
523:
5057:
The Right to Be Forgotten: Forced Amnesia in a Technological Age
4629:"CISPA: The Center for IT-Security, Privacy, and Accountability"
3502:"Hey Google: 9 in 10 Americans Want the 'Right to Be Forgotten'"
3093:"What is the Right to be Forgotten and how it could affect you?"
2634:"Convicted Murderer Sues Knowledge, Demands Removal of His Name"
1919:"Google removing 'right to be forgotten' search links in Europe"
539:
in a German court. The editors of the German-language Knowledge
284:
This raises questions about the limitations of application in a
2604:"Two German Killers Demanding Anonymity Sue Knowledge's Parent"
1623:
Charte sur la publicité ciblée et la protection des internautes
1532:
High Wire: How China Regulates Big Tech and Governs Its Economy
694:
The right to be forgotten was added in the constitution of the
445:
425:
333:
103:
99:
4177:"The 'Right to Be Forgotten' Is Already Messing Up Journalism"
263:(the right to be forgotten) was enacted in French Law in 2010.
5623:
4659:
3844:"The Two Western Cultures of Privacy: Dignity Versus Liberty"
3391:
Melvin v. Reid, 112 Cal.App. 285, 297 P. 91 (1931) at 852-853
1082:
was among the first Knowledge pages to be removed by several
134:
1870:"Search Removal Request Under Data Protection Law in Europe"
1121:
regarding Google, the purpose of the law, and how it works.
535:
reported that Wolfgang Werlé had a case pending against the
486:
whoâtogether with Manfred Lauberâwas convicted of murdering
206:
may be in need of reorganization to comply with Knowledge's
5562:
3048:
2829:"BGH-Urteil â Keine stĂ€ndige Kontrolle von Online-Archiven"
2292:. Court of Justice of the European Union. 24 September 2019
1060:
without any allegations mentioned therein as of that date.
5078:
5024:
Factsheet on the "Right to be Forgotten" ruling (C-131/12)
5011:
List of European Data Protection Authorities (for appeals)
4130:"'Right to be forgotten' and online search engines ruling"
3483:"The U.S. Should Adopt the 'Right to Be Forgotten' Online"
1724:
5th International Conference of Information Law and Ethics
914:
4643:"School of Computer Science - The University of Auckland"
4537:"Get to Know California's 'Online Eraser' Law | Lexology"
4534:
4296:"Index blasts EU court ruling on "right to be forgotten""
3950:"Privacy...?: Foggy thinking about the Right to Oblivion"
3355:
3353:
Friedman, Lawrence Meir (2007). "The Red Kimono [
3206:
2680:"Knowledge sued for publishing convicted murderer's name"
2472:
2417:"What we can salvage from 'right to be forgotten' ruling"
902:. The Safe Harbor agreement has now been replaced by the
337:
4628:
4105:"The right to be forgotten ruling leaves nagging doubts"
860:
2500:"EU court backs 'right to be forgotten' in Google case"
2444:"People have the right to be forgotten, rules EU court"
1454:
Carter, Edward L. "Argentina's Right to Be Forgotten."
1330:"The right to be forgotten: more than a Pandora's Box?"
5029:
Google's Transparency Report (statistics and examples)
3970:
3968:
3966:
2891:"Who can collect and process personal data? - Justice"
1819:
1817:
1156:
Commission nationale de l'informatique et des libertés
349:
Protection Agency decision, it can face legal action.
5672:
3564:"California Unanimously Passes Historic Privacy Bill"
3287:"South Korea Releases Right to Be Forgotten Guidance"
3184:"South Korea Releases Right to Be Forgotten Guidance"
575:
1576:"Chinese Have No Right to Be Forgotten, Court Rules"
4897:
The End of Forgetting: Growing Up with Social Media
4339:Curties, Sophie; Philipson, Alice (6 August 2014).
3963:
3066:"Delhi banker seeks 'right to be forgotten' online"
2749:"Knowledge sued by German killers in privacy claim"
2217:"EU wants 'right to be forgotten' applied globally"
1814:
159:It has been suggested that this article should be
5558:International Association of Privacy Professionals
4948:311 U.S. 711 61 S. Ct. 393 85 L. Ed. 462 1940 U.S.
4043:
3343:Melvin v. Reid, 112 Cal.App. 285, 297 P. 91 (1931)
1092:said, on 6 August 2014, that Knowledge co-founder
98:Argentina has had lawsuits by celebrities against
4474:"Factsheet on the 'Right to be Forgotten' ruling"
2008:"We need to talk about the right to be forgotten"
1826:"How Google determined our right to be forgotten"
1011:Other criticism revolves around the principle of
993:to comply with anti bribery, anticorruption, and
966:First Amendment to the United States Constitution
5720:
5523:Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility
4338:
4193:
4132:(Press release). European Commission. 2014-06-03
2545:"European Court Lets Users Erase Records on Web"
2140:Tippmann, Sylvia; Powles, Julia (14 July 2015).
393:As of September 2015, the most delinked site is
3413:
3411:
3409:
81:The right to be forgotten is distinct from the
5052:stories affected by EU 'right to be forgotten'
4881:The Right to Erasure in EU Data Protection Law
3677:
3675:
3673:
3671:
2728:(in German). Hamburger Justiz. 18 January 2008
2164:Tippmann, Sylvia; Powles, Julia (2015-07-14).
2163:
2139:
767:and freedom of expression, or will constitute
549:observed that the lawsuit has resulted in the
217:to make improvements to the overall structure.
88:
5094:
3399:
3397:
1597:
1595:
1411:"Crovitz: Forget any 'Right to Be Forgotten'"
4709:
3406:
3266:"'ë€ìŽëČ ì§ìiN' ì§ëŹž êž, ê°ìžì 볎 ëšì ìì ëë§ 'ìíì§ ê¶ëŠŹ' ì ì©"
1721:
1469:"Search engines not responsible for content"
877:International Safe Harbor Privacy Principles
258:
3668:
3359:]: The Saga of Gabriel Darley Melvin".
3242:"[ìŹìŹìì ì
ì„] ë°©í”ìì ìŽìí 'ìíì§ ê¶ëŠŹ ê°ìŽëëŒìž'"
2952:
1289:
1287:
1285:
839:deletion mechanism for consumers to direct
168:Right to be forgotten in the European Union
5101:
5087:
5001:Yahoo's Right to be Forgotten Request page
4809:11370/c0c30877-189b-4fd0-b10e-5ab821bd58d3
4019:"Privacy laws: Private data, public rules"
3941:
3394:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2803:"Namen der Sedlmayr-Mörder bleiben online"
2776:"Vor 10 Jahren â Walter Sedlmayr ermordet"
2542:
2341:Verfassungsblog: On Matters Constitutional
1974:
1972:
1970:
1887:
1823:
1592:
1573:
23:. For the current Wikimedia practice, see
4807:
4666:
3947:
3823:"We have no right to be forgotten online"
3530:
3456:
3443:
3441:
1687:Villamar, Lawrence (September 22, 2015).
1525:
1523:
1521:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1386:"We have no right to be forgotten online"
1293:
909:
233:Learn how and when to remove this message
4894:
4102:
3681:The Council: Common Position (EC) no. 95
3561:
3352:
2704:"Convicted Murderer To Knowledge: Shhh!"
2601:
2027:
2023:
2021:
2005:
1978:
1893:
1686:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1282:
1165:
4781:
4747:
4710:Lott-Lavigna, Ruby (17 February 2019).
4584:
4582:
4580:
4554:
4552:
4530:
4528:
4390:
4152:"Why has Google cast me into oblivion?"
4076:
4045:"Some Things Should Not Be 'Forgotten'"
3841:
3303:
2856:
2698:
2631:
2334:
1967:
1794:
1788:
1644:
1408:
1323:
1321:
1086:' query results in the European Union.
915:Response by reputation management firms
680:South Korea's Communications Commission
5721:
4680:
4678:
4502:
4500:
4416:
4268:"Notice of removal from Google Search"
4256:from the original on 14 November 2014.
4174:
4149:
4041:
3911:European Journal of Law and Technology
3904:
3788:
3748:
3635:
3499:
3438:
3417:
3367:. Stanford University Press. pp.
2988:
2746:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2414:
2367:
2120:
2101:
1916:
1601:
1518:
1501:
1486:
1357:
1113:concerns in an editorial published by
846:
843:to delete their personal information.
5538:Electronic Privacy Information Center
5082:
4913:
4788:Review of European Administrative Law
4199:
3974:
3820:
3715:
3178:
3176:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3060:
3058:
2831:(in German). Focus. December 15, 2009
2747:Arthur, Charles (November 13, 2009).
2441:
2233:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2072:
2070:
2054:
2018:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1529:
1383:
1344:
1327:
861:Connection to international relations
477:
5006:Bing's European Privacy Request form
4577:
4549:
4525:
3975:Rosen, Jeffrey (February 13, 2012).
3882:
3587:
2632:Kravets, David (November 11, 2009).
2602:Schwartz, John (November 12, 2009).
2450:. Conde Nast Digital. Archived from
2309:
2259:
2196:
1849:
1318:
1257:
1109:, made a rebuttal to Wales' and the
927:
833:California Privacy Protection Agency
585:
190:
145:
5518:Center for Democracy and Technology
4916:Ctrl + Z: The Right to Be Forgotten
4675:
4497:
4450:. 18 September 2014. Archived from
4103:Zittrain, Jonathan (13 July 2014).
3518:
3239:
2590:
2260:Chee, Foo Yun (24 September 2019).
2234:Gibbs, Samuel (21 September 2015).
1504:"Argentina's Right to be Forgotten"
435:
13:
4946:Sidis v F-R Publishing Corporation
4942:112 Cal.App. 285, 297 P. 91 (1931)
4750:Computer Law & Security Review
4735:
4712:"The weird rise of cyber funerals"
4077:Parloff, Roger (21 October 2014).
3555:
3173:
3141:
3109:
3055:
2152:
2067:
1935:
1824:Powles, Julia; Chaparro, Enrique.
1747:General Data Protection Regulation
1560:
1544:10.1093/oso/9780197682258.001.0001
1300:Computer Law & Security Review
1054:the Polish Knowledge page about it
649:Personal Data Protection Bill 2019
582:General Data Protection Regulation
576:General Data Protection Regulation
311:General Data Protection Regulation
303:European Data Protection Directive
14:
5765:
4989:
4315:
4298:. Index on Censorship. 2014-05-13
4241:
4175:Scheer, Peter Z. (July 2, 2014).
4042:Wright, Jason (19 January 2015).
3562:Lapowsky, Issie (June 28, 2018).
3500:Coffee, Patrick (20 March 2015).
2574:. Europe News.Net. Archived from
2543:Streitfeld, David (13 May 2014).
2028:Orlowski, Andrew (17 June 2014).
1409:Crovitz, L. Gordon (2010-11-15).
556:On December 15, 2009, the German
482:On October 27, 2009, lawyers for
460:Spanish Agency of data protection
141:
5706:
5694:
5682:
5657:
5656:
5124:Right of access to personal data
4800:10.7590/187479820X15881424928426
4703:
4653:
4635:
4621:
4607:
4466:
4436:
4410:
4391:Edwards, Lilian (29 July 2014).
4384:
4358:
4332:
4309:
4288:
4260:
4235:
4214:
4168:
4143:
4122:
4096:
4011:
3990:
3932:
3898:
3876:
3835:
3814:
3782:
3742:
3709:
3684:
3606:
3457:Steinberg, Joseph (2014-06-02).
2121:Boiten, Eerke (24 August 2015).
2055:Gibbs, Samuel (20 August 2015).
2006:Drummond, David (10 July 2014).
1979:Orlowski, Andrew (4 July 2014).
1954:
1917:Arthur, Charles (27 June 2014).
1437:. Infotechnology.com. 2012-09-21
1258:Vaas, Lisa (25 September 2019).
1170:Conceptual overview of Oblivion.
932:
868:Westphalian international system
778:In a June 2014 opinion piece in
708:
590:
195:
150:
5734:Internet and the European Union
4417:Powles, Julia (8 August 2014).
3952:. Peterfleischer.blogspot.co.nz
3948:Fleischer, Peter (2011-03-09).
3905:Bernal, Paul Alexander (2011).
3642:Review of International Studies
3581:
3512:
3493:
3475:
3450:
3385:
3346:
3337:
3328:
3316:
3297:
3284:
3278:
3258:
3233:
3212:
3200:
3085:
3024:
3003:
2982:
2964:
2956:; Hyams, Oliver (15 May 2014).
2946:
2925:
2904:
2883:
2842:
2821:
2795:
2768:
2740:
2718:
2692:
2672:
2649:
2625:
2564:
2536:
2514:
2492:
2466:
2435:
2408:
2361:
2328:
2303:
2279:
2253:
2227:
2209:
2190:
2133:
2114:
2095:
2048:
1999:
1948:
1929:
1910:
1894:Sullivan, Danny (30 May 2014).
1862:
1843:
1770:
1752:
1738:
1715:
1706:
1680:
1638:
1614:
1602:Arthur, Charles (14 May 2014).
1502:Carter, Edward (January 2013).
1358:Arthur, Charles (4 July 2014).
979:Open Society Justice Initiative
893:European Union Court of Justice
825:California Consumer Privacy Act
397:. Three of Google's own sites,
325:was replaced by a more limited
252:Rehabilitation of Offenders Act
5533:Electronic Frontier Foundation
5513:American Civil Liberties Union
5467:Privacy-enhancing technologies
5074:Understand Your Privacy Rights
4960:
4848:Gallo Sallent, Juan Antonio; "
4200:Gibbs, Samuel (24 July 2014).
4150:Peston, Robert (2 July 2014).
3821:Mayes, Tessa (18 March 2011).
2708:Electronic Frontier Foundation
1795:Brindle, Beth (4 March 2015).
1508:Emory International Law Review
1461:
1456:Emory International Law Review
1448:
1427:
1402:
1377:
1294:Mantelero, Alessandro (2013).
1251:
1207:International human rights law
789:, an organization that stages
689:
673:
509:Electronic Frontier Foundation
1:
4782:Gstrein, Oskar Josef (2020).
2989:Powles, Julia (21 May 2014).
2935:. Europa.eu. January 27, 2014
2914:. Out-law.com. March 12, 2014
2442:Solon, Olivia (13 May 2014).
2419:. Wired.co.uk. Archived from
2415:Powles, Julia (15 May 2014).
2335:Gstrein, Oskar Josef (2022).
1244:
968:), have very strong domestic
418:C-460/20 TU, RE vs Google LLC
4899:. Harvard University Press.
3883:Ryan, Timothy (2011-05-02).
3588:Wong, Queenie (2023-10-10).
2368:Newman, Abraham (Jan 2015).
1850:Kiss, Jemima (14 May 2015).
1797:"How can Google forget you?"
1530:Zhang, Angela Huyue (2024).
1218:Martin v. Hearst Corporation
923:
744:Sidis v. FR Publishing Corp.
724:Sidis v. FR Publishing Corp.
504:Federal Constitutional Court
93:
21:Knowledge:Courtesy vanishing
7:
5258:Data protection authorities
5108:
4883:. Oxford University Press.
4740:
4021:. The Economist. 2012-01-28
3977:"The Right to Be Forgotten"
3636:Kobrin, Stephen J. (2004).
3418:Hendel, John (2012-01-25).
2958:"The Right to Be Forgotten"
2480:(Press release). Luxembourg
2197:Hern, Alex (30 July 2015).
2102:Powles, Julia (July 2015).
1384:Mayes, Tessa (2014-05-21).
1185:
1161:
89:Recognition by jurisdiction
10:
5770:
5462:Social networking services
4762:10.1016/j.clsr.2012.01.006
3842:Whitman, James Q. (2004).
3716:Scott, Mark (2014-07-08).
3519:Eng, James (7 July 2015).
2893:. Ec.europa.eu. 2014-06-26
2349:10.17176/20221220-121718-0
1645:Lynskey, Orla (May 2015).
1312:10.1016/j.clsr.2013.03.010
773:United States Constitution
646:
579:
165:into a new article titled
118:. Article 43 explains it:
18:
5652:
5576:
5553:Global Network Initiative
5505:
5497:Virtual assistant privacy
5477:Privacy-invasive software
5405:
5369:
5256:
5152:
5116:
5062:The Right to be Forgotten
4974:
3654:10.1017/S0260210504005856
3487:intelligencesquaredus.org
2784:(in German). 14 July 2000
2657:"Cease and Desist letter"
2474:European Court of Justice
1574:Sixth Tone (2016-05-05).
1138:European Court of Justice
941:This section needs to be
904:Privacy Shield principles
713:
599:This section needs to be
442:European Court of Justice
355:Data Protection Directive
273:European Court of Justice
4933:
4914:Jones, Meg Leta (2016).
4873:
4462:– via archive.org.
3220:"ë°©í”ì, 'ìíì§ ê¶ëŠŹ ê°ìŽëëŒìž' ì ì "
2287:"Press Release No112/19"
1192:Article 29 Working Party
705:voted on June 18, 2023.
642:
558:Federal Court of Justice
291:Viktor Mayer-Schönberger
128:
5548:Future of Privacy Forum
5543:European Digital Rights
4895:Eichhorn, Kate (2019).
4050:The Wall Street Journal
2524:. CBS News. 13 May 2014
2502:. BBC News. 13 May 2014
2394:10.1126/science.aaa4603
1666:10.1111/1468-2230.12126
1536:Oxford University Press
1415:The Wall Street Journal
1328:Weber, Rolf H. (2011).
1107:University of Cambridge
787:Intelligence Squared US
746:(1940), the plaintiff,
698:in the new article 21A
560:(Bundesgerichtshof) in
38:) is the right to have
5589:Cellphone surveillance
5506:Advocacy organizations
5129:Expectation of privacy
4512:Data Protection Report
1171:
910:Response and criticism
541:article about Sedlmayr
529:On November 12, 2009,
281:case on May 13, 2014.
259:
5749:Privacy controversies
5744:Freedom of expression
5568:Privacy International
5139:Right to be forgotten
4879:Ausloos, Jef (2020).
4617:. September 17, 2018.
3979:. Stanford Law Review
2034:www.theregister.co.uk
1985:www.theregister.co.uk
1936:Martin, Alexander J.
1229:Search engine privacy
1169:
987:business intelligence
851:In January 2021, the
829:California Delete Act
661:In January 2017, the
323:right to be forgotten
64:freedom of expression
32:right to be forgotten
4454:on 24 September 2014
4275:WikiMedia Foundation
3907:"A right to delete?"
2702:(10 November 2009).
1898:. Search Engine Land
1760:"EU Privacy Removal"
1111:Wikimedia Foundation
1033:by economics editor
791:Oxford-Style debates
663:Karnataka High Court
537:Wikimedia Foundation
520:freedom of the press
492:Wikimedia Foundation
76:rewriting of history
25:meta:Right to vanish
5754:Internet censorship
5604:Global surveillance
5472:Privacy engineering
5457:Personal identifier
5407:Information privacy
5144:Post-mortem privacy
4981:Esther Hovers, 2021
4345:The Daily Telegraph
4249:The Washington Post
3917:(2). Archived from
3755:Stanford Law Review
3018:European Commission
2976:European Parliament
2808:SĂŒddeutsche Zeitung
2386:2015Sci...347..507N
2316:www.theregister.com
1473:Buenos Aires Herald
1458:. 27 (2013): pg 23.
1224:Right to disconnect
1202:Information privacy
1089:The Daily Telegraph
1064:Index on Censorship
1049:The Washington Post
847:By private entities
785:On March 11, 2015,
748:William James Sidis
653:In April 2016, the
319:European Commission
309:. The new European
215:editing the article
40:private information
5644:Personality rights
5067:2019-12-03 at the
4956:ECLI:EU:C:2014:317
4647:www.auckland.ac.nz
3722:The New York Times
3696:Search Engine Land
3240:ìŹìŹì (2016-04-01).
3071:The Times of India
2852:. 6 November 2019.
2578:on 21 October 2014
2310:Corfield, Gareth.
2223:. CBS Interactive.
1782:Search Engine Land
1197:Fundamental rights
1172:
1149:Conservative Party
995:know your customer
532:The New York Times
478:Caselaw in Germany
466:Audiencia Nacional
260:le droit Ă l'oubli
5689:Freedom of speech
5670:
5669:
5614:Mass surveillance
4866:Tsesis, Alexander
4861:
3856:(6): 1151â1221 .
3790:Solove, Daniel J.
3594:Los Angeles Times
3378:978-0-8047-5739-3
3049:National Archives
2700:Granick, Jennifer
2380:(6221): 507â508.
1654:Modern Law Review
1080:English Knowledge
1066:claimed that the
970:freedom of speech
962:
961:
866:structure of the
798:Consumer Watchdog
765:freedom of speech
702:digital integrity
620:
619:
516:freedom of speech
440:In May 2014, the
399:groups.google.com
243:
242:
235:
208:layout guidelines
189:
188:
108:Virginia da Cunha
5761:
5739:Internet privacy
5711:
5710:
5709:
5699:
5698:
5687:
5686:
5685:
5678:
5660:
5659:
5528:Data Privacy Lab
5487:Privacy software
5134:Right to privacy
5103:
5096:
5089:
5080:
5079:
4929:
4910:
4853:
4829:
4811:
4765:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4724:
4707:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4697:
4682:
4673:
4672:
4670:
4657:
4651:
4650:
4639:
4633:
4632:
4625:
4619:
4618:
4611:
4605:
4604:
4602:
4601:
4586:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4571:
4556:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4543:
4532:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4519:
4504:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4491:
4485:
4479:. Archived from
4478:
4470:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4459:
4440:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4429:
4414:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4403:
4388:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4377:
4362:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4351:
4336:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4313:
4307:
4306:
4304:
4303:
4292:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4281:
4272:
4264:
4258:
4257:
4242:Dewey, Caitlin.
4239:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4228:
4218:
4212:
4211:
4197:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4172:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4162:
4147:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4137:
4126:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4115:
4100:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4089:
4074:
4065:
4064:
4058:
4056:
4047:
4039:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4026:
4015:
4009:
4008:
4006:
4005:
3994:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3984:
3972:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3945:
3939:
3936:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3926:
3902:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3892:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3849:Yale Law Journal
3839:
3833:
3832:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3802:(3): 967â1065 .
3795:Duke Law Journal
3786:
3780:
3779:
3762:(5): 1049â1124.
3746:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3736:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3688:
3682:
3679:
3666:
3665:
3633:
3622:
3621:
3610:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3600:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3574:
3559:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3548:
3534:
3528:
3527:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3469:
3454:
3448:
3445:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3415:
3404:
3401:
3392:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3366:
3350:
3344:
3341:
3335:
3332:
3326:
3320:
3314:
3313:
3301:
3295:
3294:
3282:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3216:
3210:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3194:
3180:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3152:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3120:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3062:
3053:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3015:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2960:. 1 Essex Court.
2950:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2940:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2867:
2854:
2853:
2846:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2836:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2781:Deutschlandradio
2772:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2722:
2716:
2715:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2661:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2616:
2599:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2470:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2307:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2291:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2161:
2150:
2149:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2127:The Conversation
2118:
2112:
2111:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2074:
2065:
2064:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2025:
2016:
2015:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1976:
1965:
1964:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1866:
1860:
1859:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1821:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1756:
1750:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1719:
1713:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1651:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1599:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1571:
1558:
1557:
1527:
1516:
1515:
1499:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1480:
1465:
1459:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1442:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1421:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1355:
1342:
1341:
1325:
1316:
1315:
1291:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1266:. Archived from
1255:
1212:Internet privacy
1059:
957:
954:
948:
936:
935:
928:
831:, requiring the
811:and assemblyman
696:Canton of Geneva
655:Delhi High Court
615:
612:
606:
594:
593:
586:
567:Deutschlandradio
551:Streisand effect
502:, citing a 1973
496:cease and desist
436:Caselaw in Spain
395:www.facebook.com
327:right of erasure
307:human rights law
262:
238:
231:
227:
224:
218:
199:
198:
191:
184:
181:
154:
153:
146:
83:right to privacy
5769:
5768:
5764:
5763:
5762:
5760:
5759:
5758:
5719:
5718:
5717:
5707:
5705:
5693:
5683:
5681:
5673:
5671:
5666:
5648:
5572:
5501:
5401:
5365:
5252:
5246:amended in 2020
5148:
5112:
5107:
5069:Wayback Machine
4992:
4986:
4977:
4963:
4936:
4926:
4907:
4876:
4871:
4743:
4738:
4736:Further reading
4733:
4732:
4722:
4720:
4708:
4704:
4695:
4693:
4684:
4683:
4676:
4658:
4654:
4641:
4640:
4636:
4627:
4626:
4622:
4613:
4612:
4608:
4599:
4597:
4588:
4587:
4578:
4569:
4567:
4558:
4557:
4550:
4541:
4539:
4533:
4526:
4517:
4515:
4506:
4505:
4498:
4489:
4487:
4483:
4476:
4472:
4471:
4467:
4457:
4455:
4442:
4441:
4437:
4427:
4425:
4415:
4411:
4401:
4399:
4389:
4385:
4375:
4373:
4372:. 6 August 2014
4364:
4363:
4359:
4349:
4347:
4337:
4333:
4323:
4321:
4314:
4310:
4301:
4299:
4294:
4293:
4289:
4279:
4277:
4270:
4266:
4265:
4261:
4240:
4236:
4226:
4224:
4220:
4219:
4215:
4198:
4194:
4185:
4183:
4173:
4169:
4160:
4158:
4148:
4144:
4135:
4133:
4128:
4127:
4123:
4113:
4111:
4109:Financial Times
4101:
4097:
4087:
4085:
4075:
4068:
4054:
4052:
4040:
4033:
4024:
4022:
4017:
4016:
4012:
4003:
4001:
3996:
3995:
3991:
3982:
3980:
3973:
3964:
3955:
3953:
3946:
3942:
3937:
3933:
3924:
3922:
3903:
3899:
3890:
3888:
3881:
3877:
3862:10.2307/4135723
3840:
3836:
3819:
3815:
3787:
3783:
3768:10.2307/1229510
3747:
3743:
3734:
3732:
3714:
3710:
3701:
3699:
3690:
3689:
3685:
3680:
3669:
3634:
3625:
3618:BostonGlobe.com
3612:
3611:
3607:
3598:
3596:
3586:
3582:
3572:
3570:
3560:
3556:
3546:
3544:
3542:Washington Post
3536:
3535:
3531:
3517:
3513:
3498:
3494:
3481:
3480:
3476:
3467:
3465:
3455:
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3407:
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3395:
3390:
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3379:
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3333:
3329:
3321:
3317:
3302:
3298:
3283:
3279:
3270:
3268:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3250:
3248:
3238:
3234:
3225:
3223:
3218:
3217:
3213:
3205:
3201:
3192:
3190:
3182:
3181:
3174:
3165:
3163:
3154:
3153:
3142:
3133:
3131:
3122:
3121:
3110:
3101:
3099:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3077:
3075:
3064:
3063:
3056:
3043:
3041:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3013:
3009:
3008:
3004:
2987:
2983:
2970:
2969:
2965:
2951:
2947:
2938:
2936:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2917:
2915:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2896:
2894:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2876:
2869:
2868:
2857:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2834:
2832:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2813:
2811:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2787:
2785:
2774:
2773:
2769:
2760:
2758:
2745:
2741:
2731:
2729:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2697:
2693:
2678:
2677:
2673:
2659:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2630:
2626:
2614:
2612:
2600:
2591:
2581:
2579:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2555:
2553:
2541:
2537:
2527:
2525:
2520:
2519:
2515:
2505:
2503:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2483:
2481:
2476:(13 May 2014).
2471:
2467:
2457:
2455:
2440:
2436:
2426:
2424:
2413:
2409:
2366:
2362:
2353:
2351:
2333:
2329:
2320:
2318:
2308:
2304:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2270:
2268:
2258:
2254:
2244:
2242:
2232:
2228:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2195:
2191:
2182:
2180:
2162:
2153:
2138:
2134:
2119:
2115:
2100:
2096:
2086:
2084:
2076:
2075:
2068:
2053:
2049:
2039:
2037:
2026:
2019:
2004:
2000:
1990:
1988:
1977:
1968:
1953:
1949:
1934:
1930:
1915:
1911:
1901:
1899:
1892:
1888:
1878:
1876:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1848:
1844:
1834:
1832:
1822:
1815:
1805:
1803:
1801:How Stuff Works
1793:
1789:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1743:
1739:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1697:
1695:
1685:
1681:
1649:
1643:
1639:
1631:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1600:
1593:
1584:
1582:
1572:
1561:
1554:
1528:
1519:
1500:
1487:
1478:
1476:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1453:
1449:
1440:
1438:
1433:
1432:
1428:
1419:
1417:
1407:
1403:
1394:
1392:
1382:
1378:
1368:
1366:
1356:
1345:
1326:
1319:
1292:
1283:
1273:
1271:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1239:Tiziana Cantone
1188:
1164:
1128:In the UK, the
1057:
989:, particularly
958:
952:
949:
946:
937:
933:
926:
917:
912:
885:digital privacy
863:
849:
835:to establish a
803:In March 2017,
750:, was a former
716:
711:
692:
676:
651:
645:
616:
610:
607:
604:
595:
591:
584:
578:
500:Walter Sedlmayr
488:Walter Sedlmayr
480:
438:
407:www.youtube.com
403:plus.google.com
363:Andrew Orlowski
269:First Amendment
239:
228:
222:
219:
213:Please help by
212:
200:
196:
185:
179:
176:
155:
151:
144:
131:
96:
91:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5767:
5757:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5716:
5715:
5713:European Union
5703:
5691:
5668:
5667:
5665:
5664:
5653:
5650:
5649:
5647:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5629:Search warrant
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5609:Identity theft
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5580:
5578:
5574:
5573:
5571:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5509:
5507:
5503:
5502:
5500:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5482:Privacy policy
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5443:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5422:
5417:
5411:
5409:
5403:
5402:
5400:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5373:
5371:
5367:
5366:
5364:
5363:
5361:United Kingdom
5358:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5276:European Union
5273:
5268:
5262:
5260:
5254:
5253:
5251:
5250:
5249:
5248:
5234:
5232:United Kingdom
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5192:European Union
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5158:
5156:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5120:
5118:
5114:
5113:
5106:
5105:
5098:
5091:
5083:
5077:
5076:
5071:
5059:
5054:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4991:
4990:External links
4988:
4984:
4983:
4976:
4973:
4972:
4971:
4967:
4962:
4959:
4958:
4957:
4949:
4943:
4940:Melvin v. Reid
4935:
4932:
4931:
4930:
4925:978-1479881703
4924:
4911:
4906:978-0674976696
4905:
4892:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4869:
4863:
4859:978-1511412124
4846:
4842:
4839:
4836:
4833:
4830:
4794:(1): 125â152.
4779:
4776:
4773:
4769:
4766:
4756:(2): 143â152.
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4702:
4692:. 22 June 2015
4674:
4652:
4634:
4620:
4606:
4576:
4548:
4524:
4496:
4465:
4435:
4409:
4383:
4357:
4331:
4316:Chubb, Karla.
4308:
4287:
4259:
4234:
4213:
4192:
4167:
4142:
4121:
4095:
4066:
4031:
4010:
3989:
3962:
3940:
3931:
3897:
3875:
3834:
3813:
3781:
3750:Volokh, Eugene
3741:
3708:
3683:
3667:
3623:
3605:
3580:
3554:
3529:
3511:
3492:
3474:
3449:
3437:
3405:
3393:
3384:
3377:
3345:
3336:
3327:
3315:
3296:
3277:
3257:
3246:Byline Network
3232:
3211:
3199:
3172:
3140:
3108:
3084:
3054:
3037:whitehouse.gov
3023:
3002:
2981:
2963:
2945:
2924:
2903:
2882:
2855:
2841:
2820:
2794:
2767:
2739:
2717:
2691:
2671:
2648:
2624:
2609:New York Times
2589:
2563:
2550:New York Times
2535:
2513:
2491:
2465:
2454:on 14 May 2014
2434:
2423:on 16 May 2014
2407:
2360:
2327:
2302:
2278:
2252:
2226:
2208:
2189:
2151:
2132:
2113:
2094:
2066:
2047:
2036:. The Register
2017:
1998:
1987:. The Register
1966:
1947:
1928:
1909:
1886:
1861:
1842:
1813:
1787:
1784:. 30 May 2014.
1769:
1764:www.google.com
1751:
1737:
1714:
1705:
1679:
1660:(3): 522â534.
1637:
1613:
1591:
1559:
1552:
1517:
1485:
1460:
1447:
1426:
1401:
1376:
1343:
1317:
1306:(3): 229â235.
1281:
1264:Naked Security
1249:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1234:Thomas Goolnik
1231:
1226:
1221:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1187:
1184:
1163:
1160:
1084:search engines
1026:Viviane Reding
1013:accountability
960:
959:
940:
938:
931:
925:
922:
916:
913:
911:
908:
862:
859:
848:
845:
819:In June 2018,
807:state senator
757:The New Yorker
735:The Red Kimono
730:Melvin v. Reid
720:Melvin v. Reid
715:
712:
710:
707:
691:
688:
675:
672:
644:
641:
618:
617:
598:
596:
589:
580:Main article:
577:
574:
484:Wolfgang Werlé
479:
476:
444:ruled against
437:
434:
299:European Union
265:
264:
255:
241:
240:
203:
201:
194:
187:
186:
158:
156:
149:
143:
142:European Union
140:
130:
127:
95:
92:
90:
87:
49:search engines
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5766:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5726:
5724:
5714:
5704:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5690:
5680:
5679:
5676:
5663:
5655:
5654:
5651:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5599:Eavesdropping
5597:
5595:
5594:Data security
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5579:
5575:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5510:
5508:
5504:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5492:Secret ballot
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5452:Personal data
5450:
5448:
5445:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5427:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5412:
5410:
5408:
5404:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5374:
5372:
5368:
5362:
5359:
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5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
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5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5263:
5261:
5259:
5255:
5247:
5243:
5240:
5239:
5238:
5237:United States
5235:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5159:
5157:
5155:
5151:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5104:
5099:
5097:
5092:
5090:
5085:
5084:
5081:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5066:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5051:
5047:
5045:
5042:
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5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5019:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4993:
4987:
4982:
4979:
4978:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4955:
4954:
4950:
4947:
4944:
4941:
4938:
4937:
4927:
4921:
4918:. NYU Press.
4917:
4912:
4908:
4902:
4898:
4893:
4890:
4889:9780198847977
4886:
4882:
4878:
4877:
4867:
4864:
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4594:Bloomberg.com
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4503:
4501:
4486:on 2019-12-12
4482:
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4370:The Telegraph
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3935:
3921:on 2019-12-07
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3573:September 17,
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3307:
3304:Yulchon LLC.
3300:
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3291:Bloomberg BNA
3288:
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2035:
2031:
2024:
2022:
2013:
2009:
2002:
1986:
1982:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1962:
1958:
1955:Dean, James.
1951:
1943:
1939:
1932:
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1566:
1564:
1555:
1553:9780197682258
1549:
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1524:
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1335:
1331:
1324:
1322:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1270:on 2021-01-23
1269:
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1118:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1074:In 2014, the
1072:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1036:
1035:Robert Peston
1032:
1027:
1022:
1016:
1014:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1000:
996:
992:
991:due diligence
988:
982:
980:
976:
971:
967:
956:
953:February 2018
944:
939:
930:
929:
921:
907:
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901:
899:
894:
889:
886:
881:
878:
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869:
858:
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855:
844:
842:
838:
837:one-stop shop
834:
830:
826:
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817:
814:
810:
806:
801:
799:
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792:
788:
783:
781:
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770:
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753:
752:child prodigy
749:
745:
740:
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736:
731:
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725:
721:
709:United States
706:
704:
703:
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683:
681:
678:In May 2016,
671:
667:
664:
659:
656:
650:
640:
636:
634:
628:
624:
614:
611:February 2018
602:
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573:
570:
568:
563:
559:
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493:
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467:
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457:
456:La Vanguardia
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419:
414:
410:
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404:
400:
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328:
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308:
304:
300:
297:In 1995, the
295:
292:
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280:
279:
274:
270:
261:
256:
253:
249:
248:
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234:
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204:This section
202:
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183:
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164:
163:
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139:
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73:
69:
65:
60:
57:
52:
50:
46:
41:
37:
33:
26:
22:
16:Legal concept
5729:Human rights
5639:Human rights
5154:Privacy laws
5138:
5049:
5017:
4985:
4951:
4945:
4939:
4915:
4896:
4880:
4849:
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4721:. Retrieved
4715:
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4694:. Retrieved
4689:
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4637:
4623:
4609:
4598:. Retrieved
4596:. 2017-05-12
4593:
4568:. Retrieved
4566:. 2017-05-15
4563:
4540:. Retrieved
4516:. Retrieved
4514:. 2015-01-14
4511:
4488:. Retrieved
4481:the original
4468:
4456:. Retrieved
4452:the original
4447:
4438:
4426:. Retrieved
4423:The Guardian
4422:
4412:
4400:. Retrieved
4397:The Guardian
4396:
4386:
4374:. Retrieved
4369:
4360:
4348:. Retrieved
4334:
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4311:
4300:. Retrieved
4290:
4278:. Retrieved
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4225:. Retrieved
4216:
4207:The Guardian
4205:
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4184:. Retrieved
4180:
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4124:
4112:. Retrieved
4098:
4086:. Retrieved
4082:
4060:
4053:. Retrieved
4049:
4023:. Retrieved
4013:
4002:. Retrieved
3992:
3981:. Retrieved
3954:. Retrieved
3943:
3934:
3923:. Retrieved
3919:the original
3914:
3910:
3900:
3889:. Retrieved
3878:
3853:
3847:
3837:
3828:The Guardian
3826:
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3759:
3753:
3744:
3733:. Retrieved
3721:
3711:
3700:. Retrieved
3698:. 2014-06-25
3695:
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3645:
3641:
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3608:
3597:. Retrieved
3593:
3583:
3571:. Retrieved
3567:
3557:
3545:. Retrieved
3541:
3532:
3523:
3514:
3505:
3495:
3486:
3477:
3466:. Retrieved
3462:
3452:
3429:. Retrieved
3425:The Atlantic
3423:
3387:
3362:
3354:
3348:
3339:
3330:
3318:
3309:
3299:
3290:
3285:Lim, James.
3280:
3269:. Retrieved
3260:
3249:. Retrieved
3245:
3235:
3224:. Retrieved
3222:. 2016-03-25
3214:
3202:
3191:. Retrieved
3187:
3164:. Retrieved
3162:. 2017-02-07
3159:
3132:. Retrieved
3130:. 2017-02-03
3127:
3100:. Retrieved
3096:
3087:
3076:. Retrieved
3069:
3047:– via
3042:. Retrieved
3040:. 2012-02-23
3035:
3026:
3005:
2996:The Guardian
2994:
2984:
2966:
2954:Baldry, Tony
2948:
2937:. Retrieved
2927:
2916:. Retrieved
2906:
2895:. Retrieved
2885:
2871:
2844:
2833:. Retrieved
2823:
2812:. Retrieved
2806:
2797:
2786:. Retrieved
2779:
2770:
2759:. Retrieved
2754:The Guardian
2752:
2742:
2730:. Retrieved
2720:
2711:
2694:
2685:The Register
2683:
2674:
2663:
2651:
2643:
2637:
2627:
2619:
2613:. Retrieved
2607:
2580:. Retrieved
2576:the original
2566:
2554:. Retrieved
2548:
2538:
2526:. Retrieved
2516:
2504:. Retrieved
2494:
2482:. Retrieved
2468:
2456:. Retrieved
2452:the original
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2437:
2425:. Retrieved
2421:the original
2410:
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2373:
2363:
2352:. Retrieved
2340:
2330:
2319:. Retrieved
2315:
2305:
2294:. Retrieved
2281:
2271:24 September
2269:. Retrieved
2255:
2245:23 September
2243:. Retrieved
2240:The Guardian
2239:
2229:
2220:
2211:
2203:The Guardian
2202:
2192:
2181:. Retrieved
2170:The Guardian
2169:
2146:The Guardian
2145:
2135:
2126:
2116:
2108:The Guardian
2107:
2097:
2087:10 September
2085:. Retrieved
2081:
2061:The Guardian
2060:
2050:
2038:. Retrieved
2033:
2012:The Guardian
2011:
2001:
1989:. Retrieved
1984:
1960:
1950:
1942:The Register
1941:
1931:
1923:The Guardian
1922:
1912:
1900:. Retrieved
1889:
1877:. Retrieved
1873:
1864:
1856:The Guardian
1855:
1845:
1833:. Retrieved
1830:The Guardian
1829:
1804:. Retrieved
1800:
1790:
1781:
1772:
1763:
1754:
1740:
1723:
1717:
1708:
1696:. Retrieved
1692:
1682:
1657:
1653:
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1627:
1622:
1616:
1608:The Guardian
1607:
1583:. Retrieved
1579:
1531:
1511:
1507:
1477:. Retrieved
1475:. 2013-09-05
1472:
1463:
1455:
1450:
1439:. Retrieved
1429:
1418:. Retrieved
1414:
1404:
1393:. Retrieved
1390:The Guardian
1389:
1379:
1367:. Retrieved
1364:The Guardian
1363:
1337:
1333:
1303:
1299:
1272:. Retrieved
1268:the original
1263:
1253:
1216:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1153:
1143:
1133:Conservative
1127:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1102:revenge porn
1098:memory holes
1087:
1078:page on the
1073:
1067:
1062:
1047:
1017:
1010:
1002:
999:Dato Capital
983:
963:
950:
942:
918:
897:
890:
882:
873:
864:
854:Boston Globe
852:
850:
841:data brokers
823:enacted the
818:
813:David Weprin
802:
795:
784:
779:
777:
762:
755:
743:
741:
733:
729:
727:
723:
719:
717:
699:
693:
684:
677:
668:
660:
652:
637:
629:
625:
621:
608:
600:
571:
555:
546:The Guardian
544:
530:
528:
513:
481:
470:
465:
455:
449:
439:
422:
415:
411:
406:
402:
398:
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
367:The Register
366:
359:The Guardian
358:
351:
347:
343:
331:
326:
322:
316:
301:adopted the
296:
286:jurisdiction
283:
276:
266:
244:
229:
220:
205:
177:
166:
160:
132:
123:
120:
115:
112:
97:
80:
61:
56:revenge porn
53:
35:
31:
29:
5634:Wiretapping
5346:Switzerland
5331:South Korea
5321:Philippines
5311:Netherlands
5306:Isle of Man
5227:Switzerland
5207:New Zealand
4961:Legislation
4723:19 February
4690:Motherboard
4280:23 November
4227:11 November
4088:17 February
4055:16 February
3648:: 111â131.
2873:Regulation)
2732:January 13,
2448:Wired.co.uk
1698:October 20,
1145:Theresa May
1094:Jimmy Wales
1076:Gerry Hutch
1058:(in Polish)
1044:Dejan Lazic
1031:Stan O'Neal
809:Tony Avella
690:Switzerland
674:South Korea
45:stigmatized
5723:Categories
5619:Panopticon
5242:California
5117:Principles
4696:2016-02-29
4668:1506.06033
4600:2017-05-31
4570:2017-05-31
4564:diginomica
4542:2017-05-31
4518:2017-05-31
4490:2020-03-02
4458:5 November
4320:. Newstalk
4302:2014-08-09
4186:2014-07-03
4161:2014-07-03
4136:2014-07-03
4025:2014-08-09
4004:2014-08-09
3983:2014-08-09
3956:2014-08-09
3925:2014-05-14
3891:2014-08-09
3735:2017-03-03
3702:2017-03-03
3599:2024-06-04
3468:2014-06-03
3431:2014-08-09
3271:2016-09-18
3251:2016-09-18
3226:2016-09-18
3193:2016-05-23
3166:2017-03-03
3134:2017-03-03
3102:2016-05-23
3078:2016-05-23
3074:. May 2016
3044:2014-08-09
2939:2014-08-09
2918:2014-08-09
2897:2014-08-09
2835:2012-01-13
2814:2009-12-15
2788:2009-12-17
2761:2009-11-15
2665:Wired News
2639:Wired News
2615:2009-11-13
2354:2023-01-14
2321:2020-11-10
2296:2019-09-25
2183:2016-02-29
1585:2016-05-23
1580:Sixth Tone
1479:2014-08-09
1441:2014-08-09
1420:2014-08-09
1395:2014-08-09
1340:: 120â130.
1245:References
1039:Larry Page
975:censorship
821:California
769:censorship
647:See also:
257:In France
74:, and the
72:censorship
5584:Anonymity
5420:Financial
5397:Workplace
5387:Education
5296:Indonesia
5266:Australia
5222:Sri Lanka
5217:Singapore
5162:Australia
5050:Telegraph
4818:219133835
4428:11 August
4402:11 August
3730:0362-4331
3662:145063263
3160:Firstpost
2556:14 August
2178:0261-3077
2040:11 August
1961:The Times
1726:: 29â30.
1674:143317787
1369:11 August
1154:In 2015,
1021:integrity
924:Criticism
816:subject.
722:, and in
700:right to
562:Karlsruhe
490:sent the
94:Argentina
5701:Internet
5662:Category
5577:See also
5430:Facebook
5425:Internet
5377:Consumer
5351:Thailand
5065:Archived
4741:Articles
4717:Wired UK
4376:7 August
4350:6 August
4324:6 August
4254:Archived
4181:Truthdig
4156:BBC News
3547:17 March
3524:NBC News
3128:Live Law
2757:. London
2402:25635090
1514:(1): 23.
1186:See also
1162:Research
1115:Guardian
805:New York
464:Spanish
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