Richard I of England

1493:. Baha' al-Din, a contemporary Muslim soldier and biographer of Saladin, recorded a tribute to Richard's martial prowess at this battle: "I have been assured ... that on that day the king of England, lance in hand, rode along the whole length of our army from right to left, and not one of our soldiers left the ranks to attack him. The Sultan was wroth thereat and left the battlefield in anger...". Both sides realised that their respective positions were growing untenable. Richard knew that both Philip and his own brother John were starting to plot against him, and the morale of Saladin's army had been badly eroded by repeated defeats. However, Saladin insisted on the razing of Ascalon's fortifications, which Richard's men had rebuilt, and a few other points. Richard made one last attempt to strengthen his bargaining position by attempting to invade Egypt – Saladin's chief supply-base – but failed. In the end, time ran out for Richard. He realised that his return could be postponed no longer, since both Philip and John were taking advantage of his absence. He and Saladin finally came to a settlement on 2 September 1192. The terms provided for the destruction of Ascalon's fortifications, allowed Christian 436:, in the southwest of France. Following his accession, he spent very little time, perhaps as little as six months, in England. Most of his reign was spent on Crusade, in captivity, or actively defending the French portions of the Angevin Empire. Though regarded as a model king during the four centuries after his death, and seen as a pious hero by his subjects, from the 17th century onward he was gradually perceived by historians as a ruler who preferred to use his kingdom merely as a source of revenue to support his armies, rather than regarding England as a responsibility requiring his presence as ruler. This "Little England" view of Richard has come under increasing scrutiny by modern historians, who view it as anachronistic. Richard I remains one of the few kings of England remembered more commonly by his 963:

Brittany, invaded Aquitaine in an attempt to subdue Richard. Richard's barons joined in the fray and turned against their duke. However, Richard and his army succeeded in holding back the invading armies, and they executed any prisoners. The conflict paused briefly in June 1183 when the Young King died. With the death of Henry the Young King, Richard became the eldest surviving son and therefore heir to the English crown. King Henry demanded that Richard give up Aquitaine (which he planned to give to his youngest son John as his inheritance). Richard refused, and conflict continued between them. This refusal is what finally made Henry II bring Queen Eleanor out of prison. He sent her to Aquitaine and demanded that Richard give up his lands to his mother, who would once again rule over those lands.

1083: 2044:, and of his childless marriage. Richard did have at least one illegitimate child, Philip of Cognac, and there are reports on his sexual relations with local women during his campaigns. Historians remain divided on the question of Richard's sexuality. Harvey argued in favour of his homosexuality but has been disputed by other historians, most notably John Gillingham (1994), who argues that Richard was probably heterosexual. Flori (1999) again argued in favour of Richard's homosexuality, based on Richard's two public confessions and penitences (in 1191 and 1195) which, according to Flori, "must have" referred to the sin of 1020: 1727:, in May 1198 Richard and the labourers working on the castle were drenched in a "rain of blood". While some of his advisers thought the rain was an evil omen, Richard was undeterred. As no master-mason is mentioned in the otherwise detailed records of the castle's construction, military historian Richard Allen Brown has suggested that Richard himself was the overall architect; this is supported by the interest Richard showed in the work through his frequent presence. In his final years, the castle became Richard's favourite residence, and writs and charters were written at Château Gaillard bearing " 57: 1711: 1515: 2247:

overwhelmingly favourable." Even historians attached to the court of his enemy Philip Augustus believed that if Richard had not fought against Philip then England would never have had a better king. A German contemporary, Walther von der Vogelweide, believed that Richard's generosity was what made his subjects willing to raise a king's ransom on his behalf. Richard's character was also praised by figures in Saladin's court such as Baha ad-Din and Ibn al-Athir, who judged him the most remarkable ruler of his time. Even in Scotland he won a high place in historical tradition.

605: 8018: 1360: 1459:, only 12 miles (19 km) from Jerusalem. Muslim morale in Jerusalem was so low that the arrival of the Crusaders would probably have caused the city to fall quickly. However, the weather was appallingly bad, cold with heavy rain and hailstorms; this, combined with the fear that the Crusader army, if it besieged Jerusalem, might be trapped by a relieving force, led to the decision to retreat back to the coast. Richard attempted to negotiate with Saladin, but this was unsuccessful. In the first half of 1192, he and his troops refortified 927: 2153: 1183: 673:, fourth daughter of Louis VII; because of the rivalry between the kings of England and France, Louis obstructed the marriage. A peace treaty was secured in January 1169 and Richard's betrothal to Alys was confirmed. Henry II planned to divide his and Eleanor's territories among their three eldest surviving sons: Henry would become King of England and have control of Anjou, Maine, and Normandy; Richard would inherit Aquitaine and Poitiers from his mother; and Geoffrey would become Duke of Brittany through marriage with 8000: 1617:. The Emperor was aggrieved by the support the Plantagenets had given to the family of Henry the Lion and by Richard's recognition of Tancred in Sicily. Henry VI needed money to raise an army and assert his rights over southern Italy and continued to hold Richard for ransom. Nevertheless, to Richard's irritation, Pope Celestine hesitated to excommunicate Henry VI, as he had Duke Leopold, for the continued wrongful imprisonment of Richard. He famously refused to show deference to the Emperor and declared to him, " 1258: 12238: 458: 844: 731: 831:. Several days later, Richard's brothers joined him in seeking reconciliation with their father. The terms the three brothers accepted were less generous than those they had been offered earlier in the conflict (when Richard was offered four castles in Aquitaine and half of the income from the duchy): Richard was given control of two castles in Poitou and half the income of Aquitaine; Henry the Young King was given two castles in Normandy; and Geoffrey was permitted half of 2068: 9278: 12375: 11678: 1890: 12446: 2226: 1346:. The wedding was held in Lemesos on 12 May 1191 at the Chapel of St George and was attended by Richard's sister Joan, whom he had brought from Sicily. The marriage was celebrated with great pomp and splendour, many feasts and entertainments, and public parades and celebrations followed, commemorating the event. When Richard married Berengaria he was still officially betrothed to Alys, and he pushed for the match in order to obtain the 6696:, pp. 454–456 (French). Contemporary accounts refer to various signs of friendship between the two when Richard was at Philip's court in 1187 during his rebellion against his father Henry II, including sleeping in the same bed. But, according to Flori and Gillingham, such signs of friendship were part of the customs of the time, indicating trust and confidence, and cannot be interpreted as proof of the homosexuality of either man. 12429: 947:

reinforcements or lines of retreat. The garrison sallied out of the castle and attacked Richard; he was able to subdue the army and then followed the defenders inside the open gates, where he easily took over the castle in two days. Richard's victory at Taillebourg deterred many barons from thinking of rebelling and forced them to declare their loyalty to him. In 1181–82, Richard faced a revolt over the succession to the county of

1598: 1873: 6897:"Matthew's small sketch of a crossbow above Richard's inverted shield was probably intended to draw attention to the king's magnanimous forgiveness of the man who had caused his death, a true story first told by Roger of Howden, but with a different thrust. It was originally meant to illustrate Richard's stern, unforgiving character, since he only pardoned Peter Basil when he was sure he was going to die; but the 1430:(although he was the highest-ranking surviving leader of the imperial forces). Richard's men tore the flag down and threw it in the moat of Acre. Leopold left the crusade immediately. Philip also left soon afterwards, in poor health and after further disputes with Richard over the status of Cyprus (Philip demanded half the island) and the kingship of Jerusalem. Richard, suddenly, found himself without allies. 12412: 1860:) by chroniclers, the man turned out (according to some sources, but not all) to be a boy. He said Richard had killed his father and two brothers, and that he had intended to kill Richard in revenge. He expected to be executed, but as a final act of mercy Richard forgave him, saying "Live on, and by my bounty behold the light of day", before he ordered the boy to be freed and sent away with 100 1486:, however, was adamant that a direct attack on Jerusalem should be made. This split the Crusader army into two factions, and neither was strong enough to achieve its objective. Richard stated that he would accompany any attack on Jerusalem but only as a simple soldier; he refused to lead the army. Without a united command the army had little choice but to retreat back to the coast. 2274:, however, thought him "a bad son, a bad husband, a selfish ruler, and a vicious man". During his ten years' reign, Richard was in England for no more than six months, and totally absent for the last five years., which led to Stubbs argue that Richard had no sympathy, "or even consideration, for his people. He was no Englishman," and "his ambition was that of a mere warrior." 1214:. Tancred had imprisoned William's widow, Queen Joan, who was Richard's sister, and did not give her the money she had inherited in William's will. When Richard arrived he demanded that his sister be released and given her inheritance; she was freed on 28 September, but without the inheritance. The presence of foreign troops also caused unrest: in October, the people of 2048:. But Flori concedes that contemporary accounts of Richard taking women by force exist, concluding that he probably had sexual relations with both men and women. Flori and Gillingham nevertheless agree that accounts of bed-sharing do not support the suggestion that Richard had a sexual relationship with King Philip II, as other modern authors had suggested. 1154:. In Poitou the ex-provost of Benon, Peter Bertin, was made seneschal, and finally, the household official Helie de La Celle was picked for the seneschalship in Gascony. After repositioning the part of his army he left behind to guard his French possessions, Richard finally set out on the crusade in summer 1190. (His delay was criticised by 719:, Henry the Young King instigated rebellion against Henry II; he wanted to reign independently over at least part of the territory his father had promised him, and to break away from his dependence on Henry II, who controlled the purse strings. There were rumors that Eleanor might have encouraged her sons to revolt against their father. 1698:, was reluctant to sell the manor, as it was one of the diocese's most profitable, and other lands belonging to the diocese had recently been damaged by war. When Philip besieged Aumale in Normandy, Richard grew tired of waiting and seized the manor, although the act was opposed by the Catholic Church. The archbishop issued an 1000:. Henry agreed to name Richard his heir apparent. Two days later Henry died in Chinon, and Richard succeeded him as King of England, Duke of Normandy, and Count of Anjou. Roger of Howden claimed that Henry's corpse bled from the nose in Richard's presence, which was assumed to be a sign that Richard had caused his death. 1988:

all, excessive cruelty. Ralph of Coggeshall, summarising Richard's career, deplores that the King was one of "the immense cohort of sinners". He was criticised by clergy chroniclers for having taxed the clergy both for the Crusade and for his ransom, whereas the church and the clergy were usually exempt from taxes.

1421:, while being carried on a stretcher covered "in a great silken quilt". Eventually, Conrad of Montferrat concluded the surrender negotiations with Saladin's forces inside Acre and raised the banners of the kings in the city. Richard quarrelled with Leopold over the deposition of Isaac Komnenos (related to Leopold's 1174: – who soon died and was replaced by William Longchamp. Richard's brother John was not satisfied by this decision and started scheming against William Longchamp. When Richard was raising funds for his crusade, he was said to have declared, "I would have sold London if I could find a buyer". 5032:"His reliance upon military force proved counterproductive. The more ruthless his punitive expeditions and the more rapacious his mercenaries' plundering, the more hostility he aroused. Even English chroniclers commented on the hatred aroused among Richard's Aquitanian subjects by his excessive cruelty" 6462:

Among the sins for which the King of England was criticised, alongside lust, those of pride, greed, and cruelty loom large. Ralph of Coggeshall, describing his death in 1199, summarises in a few lines Richard's career and the vain hopes raised by his accession to the throne. Alas, he belonged to 'the

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captured Jerusalem, the British press printed cartoons of Richard looking down from the heavens with the caption reading, "At last my dream has come true". General Allenby protested against his campaign being presented as a latter-day Crusade, stating "The importance of Jerusalem lay in its strategic

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against performing church services in the duchy of Normandy; Roger of Howden detailed "unburied bodies of the dead lying in the streets and square of the cities of Normandy". The interdict was still in force when work began on the castle, but Pope Celestine III repealed it in April 1197 after Richard

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Richard had kept 2,700 Muslim prisoners as hostages against Saladin fulfilling all the terms of the surrender of the lands around Acre. Philip, before leaving, had entrusted his prisoners to Conrad, but Richard forced him to hand them over to him. Richard feared his forces being bottled up in Acre as

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is the main source for Richard's activities in this period. According to the chronicle, most of the castles belonging to rebels were to be returned to the state they were in 15 days before the outbreak of war, while others were to be razed. Given that by this time it was common for castles to be

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for the rest of the war. Henry the Young King and the Count of Flanders planned to land in England to assist the rebellion led by the Earl of Leicester. Anticipating this, Henry II returned to England with 500 soldiers and his prisoners (including Eleanor and his sons' wives and fiancées), but on his

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wrote that it was considered "the masterpiece of its time. The reputation of its builder, Cœur de Lion, as a great military engineer might stand firm on this single structure. He was no mere copyist of the models he had seen in the East, but introduced many original details of his own invention into

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to the French in 1193 opened a gap in the Norman defences. The search began for a fresh site for a new castle to defend the duchy of Normandy and act as a base from which Richard could launch his campaign to take back Vexin from French control. A naturally defensible position was identified, perched

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The King of England was struck with great astonishment, and wondered what could mean, and, taking precautions for the future, frequently sent messengers into France for the purpose of recalling his son Richard; who, pretending that he was peaceably inclined and ready to come to his father, made his

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However, since 1978 this approach has been increasingly questioned for its insularity. According to Gillingham, "it is now more widely acknowledged that Richard was head of a dynasty with far wider responsibilities than merely English ones, and that in judging a ruler's political acumen more weight

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famed for personal martial prowess; this was, apparently, the first such instance of this combination. He was known as a valiant, competent military leader and individual fighter who was courageous and generous. At the same time, he was considered prone to the sins of lust, pride, greed and, above

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Royal expenditure on castles declined from the levels spent under Henry II, attributed to a concentration of resources on Richard's war with the king of France. However, the work at Château Gaillard was some of the most expensive of its time and cost an estimated £15,000 to £20,000 between 1196 and

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1194. Henry turned down the offer. The money to release the King was transferred to Germany by the Emperor's ambassadors, but "at the king's peril" (had it been lost along the way, Richard would have been held responsible), and finally, on 4 February 1194 Richard was released. Philip sent a message

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Offended that he was not being obeyed, and aware that the attacks could destabilise his realm on the eve of his departure on crusade, Richard ordered the execution of those responsible for the most heinous murders and persecutions, including rioters who had accidentally burned down Christian homes.

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in June 1170, and in 1171 Richard left for Aquitaine with his mother, and Henry II gave him the duchy of Aquitaine at the request of Eleanor. Richard and his mother embarked on a tour of Aquitaine in 1171 in an attempt to pacify the locals. Together, they laid the foundation stone of St Augustine's

5139:, pp. 465–466 As cited by Flori, the chronicler Giraud le Cambrien reports that Richard was fond of telling a tale according to which he was a descendant of a countess of Anjou who was, in fact, the fairy Melusine, concluding that his family "came from the devil and would return to the devil". 2250:

After Richard's death his image was further romanticized and for at least four centuries Richard was considered a model king by historians such as Holinshed and John Speed. However, in 1621 the Stuart courtier and poet and historian Samuel Daniel criticized Richard for wasting English resources on

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The crusader army made another advance on Jerusalem, and, in June 1192, it came within sight of the city before being forced to retreat once again, this time because of dissension amongst its leaders. In particular, Richard and the majority of the army council wanted to force Saladin to relinquish

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in marriage to the person named by Richard. Isaac changed his mind, however, and tried to escape. Richard's troops, led by Guy de Lusignan, conquered the whole island by 1 June. Isaac surrendered and was confined with silver chains because Richard had promised that he would not place him in irons.

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as a fief, as Aquitaine had been for his father. Further, Eleanor championed the match, as Navarre bordered Aquitaine, thereby securing the southern border of her ancestral lands. Richard took his new wife on crusade with him briefly, though they returned separately. Berengaria had almost as much

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revolted, demanding that the foreigners leave. Richard attacked Messina, capturing it on 4 October 1190. After looting and burning the city Richard established his base there, but this created tension between Richard and Philip. He remained there until Tancred finally agreed to sign a treaty on 4

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Overall, Howden is chiefly concerned with the politics of the relationship between Richard and Philip. Gillingham has addressed theories suggesting that this political relationship was also sexually intimate, which he posits probably stemmed from an official record announcing that, as a symbol of

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in the spring of 1179. The well-defended fortress of Taillebourg seemed impregnable. The castle was surrounded by a cliff on three sides and a town on the fourth side with a three-layer wall. Richard first destroyed and looted the farms and lands surrounding the fortress, leaving its defenders no

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The two kings stayed in Sicily for a while, but this resulted in increasing tensions between them and their men, with Philip plotting with Tancred against Richard. The two kings eventually met to clear the air and reached an agreement, including the end of Richard's betrothal to Philip's sister

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In the meantime, Henry II had raised a very expensive army of more than 20,000 mercenaries with which to face the rebellion. He marched on Verneuil, and Louis retreated from his forces. The army proceeded to recapture Dol and subdued Brittany. At this point Henry II made an offer of peace to his

576:, whom he gave a generous pension after he became king. Little is known about Richard's education. Although he was born in Oxford and brought up in England up to his eighth year, it is not known to what extent he used or understood English; he was an educated man who composed poetry and wrote in 722:

Henry the Young King abandoned his father and left for the French court, seeking the protection of Louis VII; his brothers Richard and Geoffrey soon followed him, while the five-year-old John remained in England. Louis gave his support to the three brothers and even knighted Richard, tying them

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After the conclusion of the war, the process of pacifying the provinces that had rebelled against Henry II began. The King travelled to Anjou for this purpose, and Geoffrey dealt with Brittany. In January 1175 Richard was dispatched to Aquitaine to punish the barons who had fought for him. The

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Historians are divided in their use of the terms "Plantagenet" and "Angevin" in regards to Henry II and his sons. Some class Henry II to be the first Plantagenet king of England; others refer to Henry, Richard and John as the Angevin dynasty, and consider Henry III to be the first Plantagenet

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The Emperor demanded that 150,000 marks (100,000 pounds of silver) be delivered to him before he would release the King, the same amount raised by the Saladin tithe only a few years earlier, and two to three times the annual income of the English Crown under Richard. Meanwhile, Eleanor worked

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After Richard had subdued his rebellious barons he again challenged his father. From 1180 to 1183 the tension between Henry and Richard grew, as King Henry commanded Richard to pay homage to Henry the Young King, but Richard refused. Finally, in 1183 Henry the Young King and Geoffrey, Duke of

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travelled Europe from castle to castle, loudly singing a song known only to the two of them (they had composed it together). Eventually, he came to the place where Richard was being held, and Richard heard the song and answered with the appropriate refrain, thus revealing where the King was

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The rapid conquest of the island by Richard was of strategic importance. The island occupies a key strategic position on the maritime lanes to the Holy Land, whose occupation by the Christians could not continue without support from the sea. Cyprus remained a Christian stronghold until the

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Richard's reputation over the years has "fluctuated wildly", according to historian John Gillingham. According to Gillingham, "Richard's reputation, above all as a crusader, meant that the tone of contemporaries and near contemporaries, whether writing in the West or the Middle East, was

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The brothers made an oath at the French court that they would not make terms with Henry II without the consent of Louis VII and the French barons. With the support of Louis, Henry the Young King attracted many barons to his cause through promises of land and money; one such baron was

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1198. This was more than double Richard's spending on castles in England, an estimated £7,000. Unprecedented in its speed of construction, the castle was mostly complete in two years, when most construction on such a scale would have taken the better part of a decade. According to

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Richard was said to be very attractive; his hair was between red and blond, and he was light-eyed with a pale complexion. According to Clifford Brewer, he was 6 feet 5 inches (1.96 m), although that is unverifiable since his remains have been lost since at least the

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Richard died on 6 April 1199 in the arms of his mother, and thus "ended his earthly day." Because of the nature of his death, it was later said that "the Lion by the Ant was slain". According to one chronicler, Richard's last act of chivalry proved fruitless when the infamous

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difficulty in making the journey home as her husband did, and she did not see England until after his death. After his release from German captivity, Richard showed some regret for his earlier conduct, but he was not reunited with his wife. The marriage remained childless.

1590:("No man who is imprisoned"), which is addressed to his half-sister Marie. He wrote the song, in French and Occitan versions, to express his feelings of abandonment by his people and his sister. The detention of a crusader was contrary to public law, and on these grounds 6557:, and abstain from what is unlawful", and Richard thus "receiving absolution, took back his wife, whom for a long time he had not known, and putting away all illicit intercourse, he remained constant to his wife and the two become one flesh". Roger of Hoveden, 6331:(1). Joël Poupon, Gaël-François Jeannel, Dominique Favier, Speranta-Maria Popescu, Raphaël Weil, Christophe Moulherat, Isabelle Huynh-Charlier, Caroline Dorion-Peyronnet, Ana-Maria Lazar, Christian Hervé & Geoffroy Lorin de la Grandmaison. London, England: 637:

Marriage alliances were common among medieval royalty: they led to political alliances and peace treaties and allowed families to stake claims of succession on each other's lands. In March 1159, it was arranged that Richard would marry one of the daughters of

1971:. He was succeeded by his brother John as king. His French territories, with the exception of Rouen, initially rejected John as a successor, preferring his nephew Arthur. The lack of any direct heirs from Richard was the first step in the dissolution of the 1039:

on 3 September 1189. Tradition barred all Jews and women from the investiture, but some Jewish leaders arrived to present gifts for the new king. According to Ralph of Diceto, Richard's courtiers stripped and flogged the Jews, then flung them out of court.

5865:, 2008. Richard would have his revenge on Dreux when the Bishop was captured, clad in a mailcoat and fully armed, by Richard's men in 1197; the king promptly clapped him into prison, from whence he was released only in 1200, a year after Richard's death. 1450:

broke ranks to charge the right wing of Saladin's forces. Richard then ordered a general counterattack, which won the battle. Arsuf was an important victory. The Muslim army was not destroyed, despite the considerable casualties it suffered, but it did

1230:, son of Geoffrey, as his heir, and Tancred promised to marry one of his daughters to Arthur when he came of age, giving a further 20,000 ounces (570 kg) of gold that would be returned by Richard if Arthur did not marry Tancred's daughter. 1747:

Determined to resist Philip's designs on contested Angevin lands such as the Vexin and Berry, Richard poured all his military expertise and vast resources into the war on the French King. He organised an alliance against Philip, including

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Château Gaillard was ahead of its time, featuring innovations that would be adopted in castle architecture nearly a century later. Allen Brown described Château Gaillard as "one of the finest castles in Europe", and military historian Sir

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unity between the two countries, the kings of England and France had slept overnight in the same bed. Gillingham has characterized this as "an accepted political act, nothing sexual about it;... a bit like a modern-day photo opportunity".

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the crusade and wars in France. This "remarkably original and consciously anachronistic interpretation" eventually became the common opinion of scholars. Though Richard's popular image tended to be dominated by the positive qualities of

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and raised the barons who were loyal to himself and his mother in rebellion against his father. Eleanor was captured, so Richard was left to lead his campaign against Henry II's supporters in Aquitaine on his own. He marched to take

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Richard swore an oath to renounce his past wickedness in order to show himself worthy to take the cross. He started to raise and equip a new crusader army. He spent most of his father's treasury (filled with money raised by the

634:, states that: "He was tall, of elegant build; the colour of his hair was between red and gold; his limbs were supple and straight. He had long arms suited to wielding a sword. His long legs matched the rest of his body". 1625:, Bishop of Beauvais and Philip of France's cousin, the conditions of Richard's captivity worsened, and he was kept in chains, "so heavy," Richard declared, "that a horse or ass would have struggled to move under them." 1329:

in 1570. Richard's exploit was well publicised and contributed to his reputation, and he also derived significant financial gains from the conquest of the island. Richard left Cyprus for Acre on 5 June with his allies.

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While his father visited his lands from Scotland to France, Richard probably spent his childhood in England. His first recorded visit to the European continent was in May 1165, when his mother took him to Normandy. His

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to John: "Look to yourself; the devil is loose". Furthermore, upon the sudden death of Leopold, under the pressure of the Pope, the new duke Frederick was forced to abandon his marriage plan with Eleanor of Brittany.

1127:(£6,500). To raise still more revenue he sold the right to hold official positions, lands, and other privileges to those interested in them. Those already appointed were forced to pay huge sums to retain their posts. 810:

sons; on the advice of Louis the offer was refused. Henry II's forces took Saintes by surprise and captured much of its garrison, although Richard was able to escape with a small group of soldiers. He took refuge in

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mother) and his position within the crusade. Leopold's banner had been raised alongside the English and French standards. This was interpreted as arrogance by both Richard and Philip, as Leopold was a vassal of the

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started to mention him as a contemporary and supporter of King Richard the Lionheart, Robin being driven to outlawry, during the misrule of Richard's evil brother John, while Richard was away at the Third Crusade.

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on Cyprus. He ordered Isaac to release the prisoners and treasure. Isaac refused, so Richard landed his troops and took Lemesos. Various princes of the Holy Land arrived in Lemesos at the same time, in particular

1455:; this was considered shameful by the Muslims and boosted the morale of the Crusaders. In November 1191, following the fall of Jaffa, the Crusader army advanced inland towards Jerusalem. The army then marched to 995:

in the company of other French nobles. In exchange for Philip's help against his father, Richard paid homage to Philip in November 1188. On 4 July 1189, the forces of Richard and Philip defeated Henry's army at

1666:. Richard forgave John when they met again and named him as his heir in place of their nephew Arthur. At Winchester, on 11 March 1194, Richard was crowned a second time to nullify the shame of his captivity. 1558:

by Leopold of Austria, who accused Richard of arranging the murder of his cousin Conrad of Montferrat. Moreover, Richard had personally offended Leopold by casting down his standard from the walls of Acre.

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When Henry II and Louis VII made a truce on 8 September 1174, its terms specifically excluded Richard. Abandoned by Louis and wary of facing his father's army in battle, Richard went to Henry II's court at

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In the historiography of the second half of the 20th century, much interest was shown in Richard's sexuality, in particular whether there was evidence of homosexuality. The topic had not been raised by

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in 1194, just after Richard's return to France from captivity and money-raising in England, Philip fled, leaving his entire archive of financial audits and documents to be captured by Richard. At the

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An election forced Richard to accept Conrad of Montferrat as King of Jerusalem, and he sold Cyprus to his defeated protégé, Guy. Only days later, on 28 April 1192, Conrad was stabbed to death by the

819:, where Louis VII had been joined by Henry the Young King after abandoning his plan to invade England. Louis was defeated and a peace treaty was signed in September 1174, the Treaty of Montlouis. 1446:

on 7 September 1191. Saladin attempted to harass Richard's army into breaking its formation in order to defeat it in detail. Richard maintained his army's defensive formation, however, until the

979:, and, in spite of the person who had the custody thereof, carried off the greater part of his father's treasures, and fortified his castles in Poitou with the same, refusing to go to his father. 942:. The increasing cruelty of his rule led to a major revolt there in 1179. Hoping to dethrone Richard, the rebels sought the help of his brothers Henry and Geoffrey. The turning point came in the 815:

arrival found out that the rebellion had already collapsed. William I of Scotland and Hugh Bigod were captured on 13 and 25 July respectively. Henry II returned to France and raised the siege of

6739:, p. 37. Ailes, Adrian (1982). The Origins of The Royal Arms of England. Reading: Graduate Center for Medieval Studies, University of Reading. pp. 52–63. Charles Boutell, A. C. Fox-Davies, ed., 2202:. It also does not correspond to the historical reality, since the King's jailers did not hide the fact; on the contrary, they publicised it. An early account of this legend is to be found in 1546:, who objected to Richard's annexation of Cyprus, formerly Byzantine territory. Disguised as a Knight Templar, Richard sailed from Corfu with four attendants, but his ship was wrecked near 903:

Henry seemed unwilling to entrust any of his sons with resources that could be used against him. It was suspected that the King had appropriated Alys of France, Richard's betrothed, as his

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After Henry II fell seriously ill in 1170, he enacted his plan to divide his territories, although he would retain overall authority over his sons and their territories. His son Henry was

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was married to the widowed Isabella, although she was carrying Conrad's child. The murder was never conclusively solved, and Richard's contemporaries widely suspected his involvement.

1096: 1406:, Isabella's first husband, from whom she had been forcibly divorced in 1190. Humphrey was loyal to Guy and spoke Arabic fluently, so Richard used him as a translator and negotiator. 501:; William died before Richard's birth. As a younger son of King Henry II, Richard was not expected to ascend the throne. Four more children were born to King Henry and Queen Eleanor: 1067:, claimed that the jealous and bigoted citizens started the rioting, and that Richard punished the perpetrators, allowing a forcibly converted Jew to return to his native religion. 8197: 2316: 7432: 1637:. Both clergy and laymen were taxed for a quarter of the value of their property, the gold and silver treasures of the churches were confiscated, and money was raised from the 7527: 1804: 1574:

Hadmar of Kuenring. This mishap was soon known in England, but the regents were for some weeks uncertain of his whereabouts. While in prison, Richard wrote the musical piece

1658:

In Richard's absence, his brother John revolted with the aid of Philip; amongst Philip's conquests in the period of Richard's imprisonment was a part of Normandy called

1618: 7534: 1135:

and the King's chancellor, made a show of bidding £3,000 to remain as Chancellor. He was apparently outbid by a certain Reginald the Italian, but that bid was refused.

1269:

with an army of 17,000 men, but a storm dispersed his large fleet. After some searching, it was discovered that the ship carrying his sister Joan and his new fiancée,

601:, was that he could not speak English. This indicates that by the late 12th century a knowledge of English was expected of those in positions of authority in England. 1398:: Conrad, whose defence of Tyre had saved the kingdom in 1187, was supported by Philip of France, son of his first cousin Louis VII of France, and by another cousin, 1107:

Richard had already taken the cross as Count of Poitou in 1187. His father and Philip II had done so at Gisors on 21 January 1188 after receiving news of the fall of

11807: 11757: 10484: 2036:

historians, a fact denounced as a "conspiracy of silence" by John Harvey (1948). The argument primarily drew on accounts of Richard's behaviour, as well as of his

589:

During his captivity, English prejudice against foreigners was used in a calculated way by his brother John to help destroy the authority of Richard's chancellor,

12097: 11972: 11220: 681:. At the ceremony where Richard's betrothal was confirmed, he paid homage to the king of France for Aquitaine, thus securing ties of vassalage between the two. 11185: 1115:. After Richard became king, he and Philip agreed to go on the Third Crusade, since each feared that during his absence the other might usurp his territories. 872:

On this campaign, Richard acquired the name "the Lion" or "the Lionheart" due to his noble, brave and fierce leadership. He is referred to as "this our lion" (

6162: 1995:

and troubadours of his entourage; he was also a poet himself. He was interested in writing and music, and two poems are attributed to him. The first one is a

1043:

When a rumour spread that Richard had ordered all Jews to be killed, the people of London attacked the Jewish population. Many Jewish homes were destroyed by

11852: 11762: 938:

After his failure to overthrow his father, Richard concentrated on putting down internal revolts by the nobles of Aquitaine, especially in the territory of

12556: 12257: 12197: 11822: 8190: 7357: 2309: 697:

when he was granted the lance and banner emblems of his office; the ceremony took place in Poitiers and was repeated in Limoges, where he wore the ring of

865:

built in stone, and that many barons had expanded or refortified their castles, this was not an easy task. Roger of Howden records the two-month siege of

11327: 1277:, along with the wrecks of several other vessels, including the treasure ship. Survivors of the wrecks had been taken prisoner by the island's ruler, 1095:

demanding that the Jews be left alone. The edict was only loosely enforced, however, and the following March further violence occurred, including a

560:. According to Angevin family tradition, there was even 'infernal blood' in their ancestry, with a claimed descent from the fairy, or female demon, 11967: 9391: 643: 12037: 8183: 2302: 626: 11295: 9194: 7962:

Medieval Sourcebook: Guillame de Tyr (William of Tyre): Historia rerum in partibus transmarinis gestarum (History of Deeds Done Beyond the Sea)

7931: 7906: 1686:(December 1195) between Richard and Philip II, neither king was allowed to fortify the site; despite this, Richard intended to build the vast 12067: 11942: 10826: 1550:, forcing Richard and his party into taking a dangerous land route through central Europe. On his way to the territory of his brother-in-law 1645:

taxes. At the same time, Richard's brother John and King Philip of France offered 80,000 marks for Henry VI to hold Richard prisoner until

4957:

Giraldi Cambrensis topographia Hibernica, dist. III, cap. L; ed. James F. Dimock in: Rolles Series (RS), Band 21, 5, London 1867, S. 196.

4168: 1760:, and his father-in-law, King Sancho VI of Navarre, who raided Philip's lands from the south. Most importantly, he managed to secure the 9360: 5792: 2259:'s verdict: "he was a bad son, a bad husband, and a bad king, but a gallant and splendid soldier" ("History of the Crusades" Vol. III). 7961: 4204:

Although there are numerous variations of the story's details, it is not disputed that Richard did pardon the person who shot the bolt.

12561: 11837: 11319: 9683: 9496: 966:

In 1187, to strengthen his position, Richard allied himself with 22-year-old Philip II, the son of Eleanor's ex-husband Louis VII by

759: 7518: 1489:

A period of minor skirmishes with Saladin's forces commenced, punctuated by another defeat in the field for the Ayyubid army at the

1123:), raised taxes, and even agreed to free King William I of Scotland from his oath of subservience to Richard in exchange for 10,000 12616: 12511: 10695: 2094:. It is likely, therefore, that Richard introduced this heraldic design. In his earlier Great Seal of 1189, he had used either one 1634: 1326: 1171: 1009: 12496: 12491: 9827: 9663: 12486: 11125: 10119: 10026: 8967: 639: 522: 39: 35: 532:

Richard is often depicted as having been the favourite son of his mother. His father was Angevin-Norman and great-grandson of

432:. He was born in England, where he spent his childhood; before becoming king, however, he lived most of his adult life in the 11485: 11155: 11011: 9925: 9688: 9322: 7842: 7743: 7695: 7678:

The annals of Roger de Hoveden: comprising The history of England and of other countries of Europe from A.D. 732 to A.D. 1201

7655: 7636: 7581: 7559: 7506: 7484: 7460: 7441: 7417: 7398: 7337: 7318: 7299: 7280: 7254: 7235: 7194: 7171: 7152: 7133: 7111: 7067: 7049: 7024: 6967: 6840: 6605: 6420: 6134: 5830: 5754: 5684: 5628: 5570: 5536: 5017: 4992: 4933: 4604: 4507: 4331: 4238: 3720: 767: 498: 11714: 1150:

was replaced as seneschal and temporarily imprisoned for fiscal mismanagement. Payn de Rochefort, an Angevin knight, became

12501: 10711: 10703: 10256: 10190: 9636: 9337: 9216: 9085: 3754: 3151: 506: 12581: 12506: 12400: 11635: 11089: 10604: 10099: 10089: 9812: 9802: 9648: 2278:

might be attached to contemporary opinion than to views which occurred to no one until many centuries after his death."

1187: 12591: 12418: 11952: 11394: 11335: 9930: 9486: 9253: 9187: 6720: 4174: 4133: 1300:

The local magnates abandoned Isaac, who considered making peace with Richard, joining him on the crusade, and offering

1409:

Richard and his forces aided in the capture of Acre, despite Richard's serious illness. At one point, while sick from

11515: 11343: 11228: 11197: 11131: 10922: 10869: 9913: 8013: 7879: 7860: 7820: 7801: 7213: 4262: 7542: 12566: 10727: 9731: 9342: 9146: 6166: 3770: 3372: 2177: 510: 12536: 11191: 11137: 11059: 10508: 10331: 2356: 2103: 1252: 763: 12117: 1394:

the previous year. Guy's claim was challenged by Conrad of Montferrat, second husband of Sibylla's half-sister,

1223:

Joan was to receive 20,000 ounces (570 kg) of gold as compensation for her inheritance, which Tancred kept.

12606: 11161: 11107: 11035: 10644: 10556: 9822: 5698:

A History of the Crusades: Volume Two, The Later Crusades 1187–1311, The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison

2263: 2230: 2127: 1838: 1703:

made gifts of land to the archbishop and the diocese of Rouen, including two manors and the prosperous port of

1630: 774:

for a rebellion in Suffolk. The alliance with Louis was initially successful, and by July 1173 the rebels were

674: 7091: 5880: 12576: 12471: 11604: 11065: 10988: 10970: 10877: 10652: 10524: 10311: 10223: 9792: 9481: 9355: 9332: 9312: 9180: 9021: 3745: 2657: 2181: 2171:

Around the middle of the 13th century, various legends developed that, after Richard's capture, his minstrel

1837:, he "devastated the Viscount's land with fire and sword". He besieged the tiny, virtually unarmed castle of 1391: 869:; while the castle was "notoriously strong", Richard's siege engines battered the defenders into submission. 758:, who was promised £1,000 and several castles. The brothers also had supporters ready to rise up in England. 642:; however, these arrangements failed, and the marriage never took place. Henry the Young King was married to 502: 490: 291: 1938:, a symbolically important substance because it had been present both at the birth and embalming of Christ. 654:, the dynasty on the French throne, the two houses were sometimes in conflict. In 1168, the intercession of 12017: 11857: 11752: 11642: 11173: 11095: 10516: 9935: 9016: 8857: 8820: 1753: 1211: 827:

on 23 September and begged for forgiveness, weeping and falling at the feet of Henry, who gave Richard the

79: 1386:

Guy of Lusignan, who had brought troops to help him in Cyprus. Guy was the widower of his father's cousin

835:. Eleanor remained Henry II's prisoner until his death, partly as insurance for Richard's good behaviour. 12596: 12541: 12531: 11236: 11119: 11017: 10810: 10735: 10687: 9797: 8582: 7087: 6996: 5726: 4071: 3379: 2135: 2123: 755: 670: 10636: 8571: 11947: 11359: 11260: 10588: 10564: 9026: 8960: 8867: 8545: 8513: 6593: 5528:

Siege of Acre, 1189–1191: Saladin, Richard the Lionheart, and the Battle That Decided the Third Crusade

4088: 2431: 2203: 1483: 1399: 1207: 803: 746: 31: 8009: 7994: 6754: 5721:

Baha' al-Din Yusuf Ibn Shaddad (also rendered Beha al-Din and Beha Ed-Din), trans. C.W. Wilson (1897)

1082: 12586: 12551: 12546: 12526: 12355: 11442: 11203: 11149: 11101: 11077: 11071: 11053: 10906: 10885: 10834: 10580: 10540: 10094: 9658: 9240: 8862: 8657: 8602: 8210: 5474:

The itinerary of King Richard I, with studies on certain matters of interest connected with his reign

3420: 2262:

Victorian England was divided on Richard: many admired him as a crusader and man of God, erecting an

1274: 367: 359: 17: 12277: 11917: 11777: 11707: 6319:"The embalmed heart of Richard the Lionheart (1199 A.D.): a biological and anthropological analysis" 1321:, and it was subsequently acquired, in 1192, by Guy of Lusignan and became a stable feudal kingdom. 811: 738: 685: 394:

and was therefore not expected to become king, but his two elder brothers predeceased their father.

12521: 12516: 12027: 11622: 11410: 11083: 10938: 10612: 10572: 10441: 10364: 10249: 9066: 8663: 8652: 8358: 8214: 8206: 6125:. California studies in the history of art. Vol. 21. University of California Press. pp. 4142: 3688: 3135: 1795:

today), echoing his earlier boast to Emperor Henry that his rank acknowledged no superior but God.

1524: 1278: 1072: 658:

was necessary to secure a truce between them. Henry II had conquered Brittany and taken control of

239: 9469: 2324:

Norman English and early Plantagenet monarchs and their relationship with rulers of Western Europe

1138:

Richard made some final arrangements on the continent. He reconfirmed his father's appointment of

12571: 12132: 11887: 11648: 11564: 11418: 11402: 11113: 11041: 10861: 10436: 10084: 9787: 9749: 9643: 8632: 8627: 8612: 8587: 5461: 3761: 2753: 2744: 2666: 2438: 2374: 2365: 2079: 1941: 1930:

in Anjou. In 2012, scientists analysed the remains of Richard's heart and found that it had been

1395: 1203: 462: 281: 12435: 8294: 5861:, ii. 493–494, cited in John Gillingham, "The Kidnapped King: Richard I in Germany, 1192–1194," 1019: 612:(in various shades of red) on the continent, which Richard eventually inherited from his parents 12601: 11797: 11617: 10983: 10802: 10668: 10660: 10500: 10171: 8811: 8696: 8642: 8617: 8592: 8577: 8449: 8284: 3460: 1775:

Partly as a result of these and other intrigues, Richard won several victories over Philip. At

1749: 1490: 1434:

he believed his campaign could not advance with the prisoners in train. He, therefore, ordered

951:. His opponents turned to Philip II of France for support, and the fighting spread through the 919:, as valuable. Richard was discouraged from renouncing Alys because she was the sister of King 414: 301: 8754: 6923: 6597: 6411:

Saccio, Peter; Black, Leon D. (2000). "John, The Legitimacy of the King; The Angevin Empire".

6126: 5890: 5820: 5749:

Eddé, Anne-Marie "Saladin" trans. Jean Marie Todd Harvard University Press 2011. pp. 267–269.

5618: 5560: 5526: 1338:

Before leaving Cyprus on crusade, Richard married Berengaria, the first-born daughter of King

56: 12227: 12207: 12102: 12092: 11912: 11802: 11597: 11386: 11167: 11143: 11047: 10930: 10914: 10762: 10532: 10326: 10316: 9860: 9768: 9726: 9673: 9457: 9430: 9347: 9107: 9031: 9010: 8953: 8801: 8711: 8691: 8622: 8560: 8550: 8540: 8419: 8414: 8387: 8348: 8343: 6706: 5477: 5061: 4499: 3786: 2735: 2689: 2407: 2239: 2091: 2072: 2062: 2037: 1497:

and merchants access to Jerusalem, and initiated a three-year truce. Richard, being ill with

1471: 1270: 878: 771: 710: 573: 533: 514: 194: 118: 12611: 12378: 11812: 8506: 8258: 6585: 6561:, trans. Henry T. Riley, 2. Vols. (London: H.G. Bohn, 1853; repr. New York: AMS Press, 1968) 1621:". The King was at first shown a certain measure of respect, but later, at the prompting of 1514: 1318: 1182: 12481: 12476: 12267: 12152: 12112: 11882: 11817: 11590: 11029: 10978: 10853: 10596: 9780: 9736: 9707: 9678: 9600: 9561: 9476: 9379: 9317: 9305: 9203: 9113: 9096: 9075: 8779: 8726: 8716: 8706: 8679: 8597: 8520: 8454: 8409: 8399: 8393: 8376: 8326: 8089: 8081: 8061: 8032: 7968:

Williams, Patrick A (1970). "The Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat: Another Suspect?".

6922:, California studies in the history of art, vol. 21, University of California Press, 1987, 6737:

Woodward's: A Treatise on Heraldry, British and foreign, With English and French Glossaries

6336: 5593: 4108: 4052: 3777: 3713: 3697: 3397: 2383: 2267: 1848:

On 26 March 1199, Richard was hit in the shoulder by a crossbow bolt, and the wound turned

1435: 1403: 1387: 1339: 1294: 1199: 494: 486: 391: 259: 136: 131: 11700: 5786: 1670: 907:. This made a marriage between Richard and Alys technically impossible in the eyes of the 8: 12452: 12212: 11922: 11902: 11867: 11772: 11767: 11681: 11611: 11522: 11426: 11351: 11268: 11179: 11023: 10548: 10242: 10206: 10057: 10007: 9988: 9981: 9945: 9896: 9619: 9590: 9585: 9580: 9573: 9504: 9491: 9398: 9293: 9263: 9245: 9235: 9140: 9090: 8806: 8759: 8701: 8637: 8434: 8424: 8404: 8370: 8175: 8103: 8065: 4124: 3704: 3429: 3404: 3388: 2762: 2728: 2192: 1945: 1724: 1695: 1691: 1306: 1293:. All declared their support for Richard provided that he support Guy against his rival, 952: 920: 884: 716: 646:, daughter of Louis VII of France, on 2 November 1160. Despite this alliance between the 541: 518: 482: 406: 387: 249: 108: 11832: 6340: 5679:

Eddé, Anne-Marie "Saladin" trans. Jean Marie Todd Harvard University Press 2011. p. 266

1715: 1687: 1602: 1563: 1390:

and was trying to retain the kingship of Jerusalem, despite his wife's death during the

1219:

March 1191. The treaty was signed by Richard, Philip, and Tancred. Its main terms were:

1056: 397:

By the age of 16, Richard had taken command of his own army, putting down rebellions in

12282: 12252: 12182: 12157: 12042: 11992: 11987: 11977: 11877: 11654: 11501: 11493: 11466: 11434: 10379: 10336: 10198: 9969: 9940: 9920: 9877: 9719: 9631: 9163: 9042: 8843: 8481: 8429: 8353: 8017: 7872:

The Chronicle of the Third Crusade: The Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi

7722: 7612: 7470: 7427: 6712: 6554: 6365: 6318: 4099: 2712: 2675: 2390: 2131: 1830: 1769: 1683: 1591: 1467: 1427: 1347: 1310: 1240: 1227: 1151: 1139: 1048: 967: 866: 734: 655: 621:. John, his youngest brother, was known to be 5 feet 5 inches (1.65 m). 478: 433: 11962: 11957: 4309: 1791: – "God and my Right" – as his motto (still used by the 1710: 1359: 12364: 12222: 12202: 12192: 12147: 12137: 12082: 11997: 11872: 11628: 11508: 11303: 10794: 10719: 10628: 10399: 10104: 10064: 10019: 9835: 9741: 9668: 9595: 9134: 9004: 8988: 8980: 8476: 8289: 8072: 7925: 7900: 7875: 7856: 7838: 7816: 7797: 7739: 7691: 7651: 7632: 7624: 7616: 7577: 7555: 7502: 7480: 7456: 7437: 7413: 7394: 7333: 7314: 7295: 7276: 7269: 7250: 7231: 7209: 7190: 7183: 7167: 7148: 7129: 7107: 7063: 7045: 7020: 6963: 6836: 6716: 6601: 6586: 6416: 6370: 6352: 6275: 6248: 6130: 5826: 5750: 5680: 5624: 5566: 5532: 5431: 5013: 4988: 4600: 4503: 4327: 4258: 4234: 3189: 2705: 2165: 2147: 2029: 1956:, the former archbishop of Canterbury), the King having presumably spent 33 years in 1128: 1036: 1024: 959:. The excessive cruelty of Richard's punitive campaigns aroused even more hostility. 786: 618: 590: 363: 351: 217: 8337: 2152: 926: 693:. In June 1172, at age 14, Richard was formally recognised as duke of Aquitaine and 12621: 12308: 12237: 12172: 12127: 12122: 12057: 12047: 11937: 11907: 11892: 11787: 11742: 11737: 11458: 11311: 10954: 10818: 10786: 10778: 10620: 10321: 9438: 8976: 8794: 8784: 8674: 8647: 8499: 8331: 8251: 8244: 8133: 8004: 7714: 7604: 7494: 7362: 6360: 6344: 6323: 4301: 3469: 3174: 3113: 2235: 2172: 2126:, forms the basis of several emblems of English national sports teams (such as the 2111: 1968: 1927: 1792: 1780: 1543: 1301: 1236: 1167: 1147: 1068: 1032: 988: 904: 577: 549: 355: 347: 308: 222: 180: 66: 7381: 1235:

Alys. In 1190 King Richard, before leaving for the Holy Land for the crusade, met

916: 604: 582: 12287: 12177: 12167: 12142: 12107: 12087: 12032: 11847: 11583: 10419: 10109: 9872: 9817: 9509: 9228: 9124: 9037: 8789: 8534: 8364: 8316: 8306: 8300: 8129: 8120: 8093: 7939: 7673: 7474: 7264: 7121: 6588:

Sodomy, Masculinity and Law in Medieval Literature: France and England, 1050–1230

6550: 6398:, p. 234) ascribes Sandford's vision to the day before Palm Sunday, 3 April 1232. 6332: 4293: 3160: 2682: 2256: 1967:

Richard produced no legitimate heirs and acknowledged only one illegitimate son,

1953: 1879: 1852:. Richard asked to have the crossbowman brought before him; called alternatively 1841:. Some chroniclers claimed that this was because a local peasant had uncovered a 1811: 1622: 1439: 1314: 1290: 1159: 1124: 1052: 931: 908: 861: 857: 790: 724: 694: 537: 470: 375: 343: 296: 155: 75: 12327: 12262: 12077: 12072: 11982: 11932: 11927: 11897: 11842: 11540: 11450: 11276: 10374: 10074: 9159: 9058: 9048: 8887: 8774: 8731: 8685: 8470: 8144: 8110: 7366: 3167: 2286: 2271: 2187: 1972: 1842: 1614: 1551: 1519: 1375: 1163: 609: 526: 371: 7608: 7349: 1257: 843: 782: 457: 12465: 12217: 12062: 12052: 11747: 11556: 11244: 9908: 9807: 9258: 7574:

A History of the Art of War in the Middle Ages, Volume Two: 1278–1485 AD

6356: 6271: 5781: 5620:

The Social Politics of Medieval Diplomacy: Anglo-German Relations (1066–1307)

3128: 1853: 1818: 1807:

Inverted coat of arms of Richard, indicating his death, from a manuscript of

1761: 1629:

tirelessly to raise the ransom for her son's release. Leopold also requested

1569: 1479: 1132: 1120: 930:

Richard I in profile, funerary effigy above the tomb containing his heart in

848: 828: 631: 441: 402: 331: 286: 11862: 11782: 8162: 4496:

Tales From the Long Twelfth Century: The Rise and Fall of the Angevin Empire

2196:. It seems unconnected to the real Jean 'Blondel' de Nesle, an aristocratic 1669:

Richard began his reconquest of the lost lands in Normandy. The fall of the

1075:, reacted by remarking, "If the King is not God's man, he had better be the 401:

against his father. Richard was an important Christian commander during the

12315: 12012: 11548: 10946: 10384: 10369: 10183: 10069: 9653: 8912: 8669: 7830: 7705:

Turner, Ralph (1997). "Richard Lionheart and English Episcopal Elections".

7569: 7016: 6374: 6244: 5423: 2096: 1935: 1912: 1857: 1740: 1663: 1659: 1447: 1382:

Richard landed at Acre on 8 June 1191. He gave his support to his Poitevin

1266: 741:, the castle Richard retreated to after Henry II's forces captured 60 730: 647: 8264: 1342:. Richard had first grown close to her at a tournament held in her native 948: 597:. One of the specific charges laid against Longchamp, by John's supporter 386:

at various times during the same period. He was the third of five sons of

12321: 12022: 12007: 11827: 10770: 10394: 10359: 10306: 8917: 8902: 8487: 6528:

Harvey, pp. 33–34. This question was mentioned, however, in Richard, A.,

6236: 2282: 2255:

and military competence, his reputation among historians was typified by

2161: 2016: 1948:(1226–1235), announced that he had seen a vision of Richard ascending to 1679: 799: 598: 545: 429: 235: 12345: 11723: 9277: 7311:

Richard Coeur De Lion: Kingship, Chivalry And War in the Twelfth Century

5796:. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 295. 4597:

Lionheart and Lackland: King Richard, King John and the Wars of Conquest

2067: 1992: 1776: 956: 727:, a contemporary poet, described the rebellion as a "war without love". 517:. Richard also had two half-sisters from his mother's first marriage to 12340: 12303: 12002: 10743: 10451: 10431: 10389: 10301: 10265: 9172: 8892: 8882: 8872: 8459: 8321: 7794:

The Conquest of Jerusalem and the Third Crusade: Sources in Translation

7726: 7223: 6279: 6252: 5435: 4290: 2213: 2157: 2000: 1926:(where he died), and the rest of his body at the feet of his father at 1849: 1646: 1155: 698: 425: 95: 7736:

The Reign of Richard Lionheart, Ruler of the Angevin empire, 1189–1199

7093:

The History of the Knights Templars, the Temple Church, and the Temple

7042:

The Reign of Richard Lionheart, Ruler of the Angevin empire, 1189–1199

6348: 1613:

and handed over to Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI, who imprisoned him in

342:

because of his reputation as a great military leader and warrior, was

12350: 10446: 10424: 10351: 10045: 8907: 8877: 8464: 8439: 6553:

tells of a hermit who warned, "Be thou mindful of the destruction of

2122:). The coat of three lions continues to represent England on several 2041: 2033: 1996: 1961: 1957: 1908: 1904: 1889: 1699: 1478:

Jerusalem by attacking the basis of his power through an invasion of

1456: 1422: 1143: 1108: 775: 651: 569: 418: 8945: 8565: 7718: 7592: 2225: 1923: 168: 12187: 11792: 11005: 10141: 10079: 8897: 8838: 8444: 8269: 8154: 7762: 7453:

Royal: Issue of the Kings and Queens of Medieval England, 1066–1399

2252: 1931: 1861: 1826: 1757: 1642: 1597: 1547: 1418: 943: 893: 832: 824: 678: 669:

Early in the 1160s there had been suggestions Richard should marry

561: 383: 379: 7892:

Gesta Regis Henrici II & Gesta Regis Ricardi Benedicti Abbatis

1470:

before he could be crowned. Eight days later Richard's own nephew

444:, and is an enduring iconic figure both in England and in France. 11378: 11252: 8815: 8721: 7988: 7501:(annotated, illustrated ed.), University of Michigan Press, 7347:—— (2004). "Richard I (1157–1199), king of England". 7126:

Feudal Britain: The Completion of the Medieval Kingdoms 1066–1314

5785: 5740:. by Jacob Abbott, New York and London Harper & Brothers 1902 1922:

Richard's heart was buried at Rouen in Normandy, his entrails in

1638: 1494: 1460: 1364: 1343: 1285: 1215: 1112: 997: 939: 690: 594: 437: 410: 230: 5451:. by Jacob Abbot, New York and London Harper & Brothers 1902 1872: 802:

but was rejected by the inhabitants; he withdrew to the city of

409:

and achieving several victories against his Muslim counterpart,

12272: 8607: 8555: 8279: 8274: 7680:, vol. 2, translated by Riley, Henry T., London: H.G. Bohn 7433:

The Plantagenets: The Warrior Kings and Queens Who Made England

2352:: Bold borders indicate legitimate children of English monarchs 2087: 2045: 2008: 1984: 1949: 1916: 1856:, John Sabroz, Dudo, and Bertrand de Gourdon (from the town of 1765: 1704: 1610: 1576: 1555: 1414: 1383: 1195: 976: 794: 778: 742: 659: 474: 398: 7686:

Stafford, Pauline; Nelson, Janet L.; Martindale, Jane (2001).

6639: 6143: 5703: 2290:

importance, there was no religious impulse in this campaign".

12394: 10234: 8998: 8527: 5661: 2220: 1675: 1584: 1539: 1443: 1206:

had seized power, although the legal heir was William's aunt

1076: 1044: 992: 912: 816: 663: 557: 6962:. Vol. 1. Miami, Florida: HardPress. pp. 550–551. 2110:

Richard is also credited with having originated the English

11692: 8311: 6905:

adopted a later popular conception of the generous hearted

6632:, Cambridge, 1951–194, t. III, pp. 41ff.; and Boswell, J., 6628:, New York, 1974, pp. 38, 88, 202, 212, 257; Runciman, S., 6614: 6241:

Eleanor of Aquitaine: By the Wrath of God, Queen of England

4865: 4863: 4848: 2011:

that he wrote during his imprisonment at Dürnstein Castle,

1834: 1803: 1518:

Depiction of Richard being pardoned by Emperor Henry VI in

1452: 1092: 553: 8205: 7707:

Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies

7230:, Translated by Jean Birrell, Edinburgh University Press, 6785: 6651: 6413:

Shakespeare's English Kings: History, Chronicle, and Drama

6205: 6163:"King Richard I of England Versus King Philip II Augustus" 5800: 5010:

Eleanor of Aquitaine: The Richest Queen in Medieval Europe

4255:

European Language Matters: English in Its European Context

1554:, Richard was captured shortly before Christmas 1192 near 6193: 5372: 5348: 5292: 5280: 5217: 5142: 2082:

of Richard I (1198) shows him bearing a shield depicting

1690:. Richard tried to obtain the manor through negotiation. 1438:. He then moved south, defeating Saladin's forces at the 1186:

Richard and Philip of France, French manuscript of 1261.

9215: 7952: 7915: 7890: 7685: 5178: 4971:

Collection de documents inédits sur l'histoire de France

4860: 4570: 4273: 4271: 1619:

I am born of a rank which recognises no superior but God

1313:

as governors. He later sold the island to the master of

447: 11221:

The Downfall and The Death of Robert Earl of Huntington

6181: 5472:

mention the 8th as the date of his arrival (L. Landon,

5090: 2134:" anthem), and endures as one of the most recognisable 2086:. This is the first instance of the appearance of this 1983:

Contemporaries considered Richard as both a king and a

1055:, and others managed to escape. Among those killed was 851:

of Richard, struck in his capacity as count of Poitiers

11649:

The Tales of Robin Hood (former Nottingham attraction)

7393:, vol. 3, Jewish Publication Society of America, 7000:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. News & World Report, L.P. 6797: 6675: 6663: 6470: 6298: 6286: 5932: 5687:"two members of the Assassin Sect, disguised as monks" 4914: 1768:

for his nephew, Henry the Lion's son, who was elected

1284:

On 1 May 1191, Richard's fleet arrived in the port of

1059:, a respected Jewish scholar. Roger of Howden, in his 1014: 7914:

Roger of Hoveden (1868–1871), Stubbs, William (ed.),

7913: 7776:

Radulfi de Diceto Decani Lundoniensis Opera Historica

6913:, transforming history into romance". Suzanne Lewis, 6818:

Recueil de l'origine de la langue et poesie françoise

5494: 5360: 5319: 5268: 5241: 5229: 5166: 4762: 4760: 4438: 4436: 4268: 2207:

Recueil de l'origine de la langue et poesie françoise

7833:(1984), "L'impossible rencontre", in J'ai lu (ed.), 7389:

Graetz, Heinrich Bella Löwy; Bloch, Philipp (1902),

6994:

Curry, Andrew (8 April 2002). "The First Holy War".

6060: 5205: 1783:(sometimes called Courcelles) in 1198, Richard took 346:

from 1189 until his death in 1199. He also ruled as

11186:

The King's Disguise, and Friendship with Robin Hood

5637: 5506: 5482: 4352: 4231:

Writing War: Medieval Literary Responses to Warfare

2186:and seems to be the inspiration for the opening to 11328:Conquests of the Longbow: The Legend of Robin Hood 7622: 7517: 7348: 7268: 7182: 6755:"Why do England have three lions on their shirts?" 6715:" series. Harry N. Abrams, Inc. 1997. p. 59. 6624:, p. 448 (French). See for example Brundage, 6536:, vol. I–II, Paris, 1903, t. II, p. 130, cited in 6089: 6087: 5963: 5961: 5959: 5066: 4887: 4757: 4558: 4433: 4421: 2107:, arms which he may have adopted from his father. 2022: 1239:, who spoke to him of a prophecy contained in the 1023:Richard I being anointed during his coronation in 838: 469:Richard was born on 8 September 1157, probably at 745:and 400 archers who fought for Richard when 326:(8 September 1157 – 6 April 1199), known as 12463: 9392:Margaret of France, Queen of England and Hungary 7888: 7672: 7519:"Richard I slept with French king 'but not gay'" 7203: 6863: 6634:Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality 6498: 6496: 6165:. Historynet.com. 23 August 2006. Archived from 5154: 5057: 4453: 4451: 1678:, an important transport route, in the manor of 1194:In September 1190 Richard and Philip arrived in 806:, which he established as a base of operations. 7991:at the official website of the British monarchy 7954:Itinerarium Peregrinorum et Gesta Regis Ricardi 7774:Ralph of Diceto (1876). Stubbs, William (ed.). 7773: 7769:. Translated by Ailes, Marianne. Boydell Press. 7663: 7554:, London: English Heritage and B. T. Batsford, 7013:Holy Warriors: a Modern History of the Crusades 6854: 6852: 6446: 6444: 6149: 6123:The Art of Matthew Paris in the Chronica Majora 6084: 5997: 5956: 5904:The Magnificent Century: The Pageant of England 5822:The Lives of the Popes in the Early Middle Ages 5315:(2nd ed.). London: Routledge. p. 170. 5012:. The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. p. 83. 4904: 4902: 2347: 2341: 2334: 2328: 2212:At some time around the 16th century, tales of 1653: 1538:Bad weather forced Richard's ship to put in at 1509: 1504: 627:Itinerarium peregrinorum et gesta regis Ricardi 11296:Robin of Sherwood: The Touchstones of Rhiannon 7889:—— (1867), Stubbs, William (ed.), 7629:The Place of War in English History, 1066–1214 6708:Heraldry: An Introduction to a Noble Tradition 4819: 4817: 4792: 4790: 900:in the context of the Accon campaign of 1191. 405:, leading the campaign after the departure of 11708: 10827:Tom and Jerry: Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse 10250: 9188: 8961: 8191: 8167: 7938: 7096:, London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans 7040:Turner, Ralph V.; Heiser, Richard R. (2000). 6493: 6038: 6036: 5623:. University of Michigan Press. p. 138. 5406: 5404: 5402: 5389: 5387: 5338: 5336: 5334: 5258: 5256: 5195: 5193: 4448: 2310: 1878:Tomb containing the heart of King Richard in 1086:Silver penny of Richard I, York Museums Trust 911:, but Henry prevaricated: he regarded Alys's 7733: 7361:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 6907: 6849: 6530: 6441: 5696:Wolff, Robert L., and Hazard, H. W. (1977). 5599:Kyng R. let breke his baner, / And kest it i 5428:History of King Richard the First of England 5109: 5107: 5105: 5033: 4899: 4691: 4381: 4277: 2197: 1991:Richard was a patron and a protector of the 1785: 701:, who was the personification of Aquitaine. 12557:English military personnel killed in action 8758:Monarchs of England and Scotland after the 7541:. 18 March 2008. p. 25. Archived from 7388: 6916: 6899: 6820:. Paris: Mamert Patisson. pp. 130–131. 6410: 6406: 6404: 6392: 5863:German Historical Institute London Bulletin 5725:, Palestine Pilgrims' Text Society, London. 5160: 5125: 4838: 4836: 4834: 4832: 4814: 4787: 4777: 4775: 4169:Cultural depictions of Richard I of England 2285:, when British troops commanded by General 1809: 1729: 1567: 1417:, he picked off guards on the walls with a 1061: 666:, which had been part of Margaret's dowry. 11715: 11701: 10257: 10243: 10170: 9195: 9181: 8968: 8954: 8935:Debated or disputed rulers are in italics. 8198: 8184: 8016: 7930:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 7905:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 7734:——; Heiser, Richard R (2000), 7346: 7327: 7308: 7289: 7263: 6982: 6946: 6935: 6886: 6875: 6645: 6583: 6571: 6517: 6488: 6387: 6199: 6187: 6066: 6054: 6033: 6003: 5967: 5950: 5926: 5776: 5774: 5709: 5667: 5655: 5643: 5512: 5500: 5488: 5399: 5384: 5331: 5253: 5223: 5190: 5084: 4893: 4869: 4854: 4808: 4766: 4751: 4739: 4679: 4522: 4442: 4404: 4370: 4321: 2317: 2303: 2221:Historical reputation and modern reception 1226:Richard officially proclaimed his nephew, 704: 55: 9859: 9767: 9684:Thomas of Brotherton, 1st Earl of Norfolk 9654:Joan, Countess of Hertford and Gloucester 9497:Eleanor of England, Countess of Leicester 9456: 7869: 6364: 6116: 6114: 5825:. K. Paul, Trench, Trübner. p. 417. 5102: 4985:Queens Consort: England's Medieval Queens 2176:incarcerated. The story was the basis of 1609:On 28 March 1193, Richard was brought to 1605:, where Richard was at first kept captive 760:Robert de Beaumont, 3rd Earl of Leicester 9706: 9560: 9417: 9378: 9202: 7967: 7853:Richard Cœur de Lion in History and Myth 7810: 7761: 7469: 7204:Cannon, John; Hargreaves, Anne (2004) . 7166:(in German). Albatros Im Patmos Verlag. 7010: 6532:Histoire des comtes de Poitout, 778–1204 6401: 6316: 5845: 5780: 5558: 5310: 4829: 4772: 4493: 4326:. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 243. 4228: 2238:'s 1856 statue of Richard I outside the 2224: 2151: 2090:, which later became established as the 2066: 1802: 1709: 1596: 1513: 1358: 1265:In April 1191, Richard left Messina for 1261:The Near East in 1190 (Cyprus in purple) 1256: 1181: 1172:William de Mandeville, 3rd Earl of Essex 1081: 1018: 1010:Government in Norman and Angevin England 925: 842: 729: 603: 456: 417:and ended the campaign without retaking 10006: 9895: 9828:Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester 9664:Margaret of England, Duchess of Brabant 9618: 9361:William de Longespée, Earl of Salisbury 9292: 7590: 7549: 7358:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 7351:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 7247:Richard Coeur de Lion: le roi-chevalier 7086: 6815: 6317:Charlier, Philippe (28 February 2013). 6042: 5991: 5906:. Garden City: Doubleday, 1951, pp. 4–7 5868: 5771: 5700:. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 80. 5616: 5562:The Crusades: The War for the Holy Land 5430:(3rd ed.). Harper & Brothers. 5007: 4346: 2339:: Red borders indicate English monarchs 1482:. The leader of the French contingent, 1177: 552:, and from there legend linked them to 14: 12464: 10120:Arthur Plantagenet, 1st Viscount Lisle 10027:Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales 9968: 8001:Works by or about Richard I of England 7950: 7850: 7791: 7704: 7645: 7515: 7493: 7407: 7249:(in French), Paris: Biographie Payot, 7244: 7228:Richard the Lionheart: Knight and King 7180: 7120: 7101: 6957: 6860:Kings and Queens of Britain: Richard I 6803: 6791: 6693: 6681: 6669: 6657: 6621: 6537: 6476: 6450: 6304: 6292: 6223: 6211: 6111: 5979: 5938: 5886: 5874: 5806: 5765: 5531:. Yale University Press. p. 119. 5524: 5422: 5410: 5393: 5378: 5366: 5354: 5342: 5325: 5298: 5286: 5274: 5262: 5247: 5235: 5211: 5199: 5184: 5172: 5148: 5136: 5113: 5096: 5072: 4982: 4594: 4582: 4571:Stafford, Nelson & Martindale 2001 4415: 4392: 4358: 1501:, left for England on 9 October 1192. 1027:in 1189, from a 13th-century chronicle 640:Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona 40:Richard Coeur de Lion (disambiguation) 36:Richard the Lionheart (disambiguation) 11696: 11156:Robin Hood and the Bishop of Hereford 10472: 10276: 10238: 10169: 10139: 10043: 10005: 9967: 9926:Thomas of Lancaster, Duke of Clarence 9894: 9858: 9766: 9705: 9689:Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent 9617: 9559: 9455: 9416: 9377: 9323:Matilda of England, Duchess of Saxony 9291: 9214: 9176: 8975: 8949: 8179: 8166: 7530:from the original on 10 January 2022. 7450: 7426: 7222: 7161: 7142: 7044:. Harlow: Longman. pp. 256–257. 6993: 6960:The Constitutional History of England 6752: 6464: 6435: 6265: 6120: 6093: 6078: 6027: 6015: 5896: 5612: 5610: 5045: 4920: 4908: 4881: 4842: 4823: 4796: 4781: 4727: 4715: 4703: 4667: 4655: 4643: 4631: 4619: 4546: 4534: 4481: 4469: 4457: 4427: 4141: 4132: 4130: 4123: 4121: 4107: 4105: 4098: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4070: 4068: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4045: 4043: 4041: 4039: 4037: 4035: 3937: 3897: 3885: 3841: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3785: 3783: 3776: 3769: 3767: 3760: 3753: 3751: 3744: 3742: 3728: 3726: 3719: 3717: 3712: 3710: 3703: 3696: 3694: 3687: 3599: 3517: 3515: 3513: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3497: 3495: 3493: 3487: 3475: 3468: 3466: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3428: 3426: 3419: 3417: 3403: 3396: 3387: 3385: 3378: 3376: 3371: 3321: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3215: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3173: 3166: 3164: 3159: 3150: 3148: 3134: 3132: 3127: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3106: 3104: 3076: 3070: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3030: 3028: 3022: 3008: 3006: 3004: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2888: 2874: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2864: 2862: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2761: 2759: 2752: 2750: 2743: 2741: 2734: 2732: 2727: 2711: 2709: 2704: 2702: 2688: 2686: 2681: 2679: 2674: 2665: 2656: 2568: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2488: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2480: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2458: 2437: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2389: 2382: 2373: 2371: 2364: 1273:, was anchored on the south coast of 1246: 1031:Richard I was officially invested as 768:Hugh de Kevelioc, 5th Earl of Chester 448:Early life and accession in Aquitaine 12401: 10191:Edward of Middleham, Prince of Wales 9808:John of Gaunt, 1st Duke of Lancaster 9637:Margaret of France, Queen of England 9338:Eleanor of England, Queen of Castile 9217:Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou 7917:Chronica Magistri Rogeri de Houedene 7782: 7568: 7057: 6830: 6235: 6105: 5818: 4181: 2141: 1735:" (at the Fair Castle of the Rock). 1542:, in the lands of Byzantine Emperor 1035:on 20 July 1189 and crowned king in 1003: 789:, and Hugh de Kevelioc had captured 540:traced his family's lineage through 11636:Robin Good and His Not-So-Merry Men 11126:Robin Hood's Progress to Nottingham 11090:Robin Hood and the Prince of Aragon 10605:Wolfshead: The Legend of Robin Hood 10116:Illegitimate: Elizabeth Plantagenet 10100:George Plantagenet, Duke of Bedford 10090:Richard of Shrewsbury, Duke of York 9813:Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York 9803:Lionel of Antwerp, Duke of Clarence 9649:Eleanor of England, Countess of Bar 7837:(in French), J'ai Lu, p. 318, 7650:(illustrated ed.), Heinemann, 6835:. Thames & Hudson. p. 70. 5723:Saladin Or What Befell Sultan Yusuf 5565:. Simon and Schuster. p. 294. 1934:with various substances, including 1633:, niece of Richard, marry his heir 1354: 1015:Coronation and anti-Jewish violence 24: 11395:The Merry Adventures of Robin Hood 11336:Robin Hood: The Legend of Sherwood 11012:Willie and Earl Richard's Daughter 9931:John of Lancaster, Duke of Bedford 9487:Joan of England, Queen of Scotland 9276: 9254:Hamelin de Warenne, Earl of Surrey 7815:. University of California Press. 7754: 7476:The Oxford Book of Royal Anecdotes 7313:, London: Hambledon & London, 7062:. London: Anthem Press. Figure 1. 5607: 4308:), possibly from a reputation for 4175:The Crusade and Death of Richard I 25: 12633: 11516:(Everything I Do) I Do It for You 11344:Robin Hood: Defender of the Crown 11229:The Merrie Men of Sherwood Forest 11198:Robin Hood and the Valiant Knight 11132:Robin Hood Rescuing Three Squires 10870:The Zany Adventures of Robin Hood 9914:Joan of Navarre, Queen of England 8014:National Portrait Gallery, London 7982: 7870:Nicholson, Helen J., ed. (1997). 7835:Les Croisades vues par les Arabes 7811:Gabrieli, Francesco, ed. (1969). 7593:"King John and the Norman Church" 7499:Crusades: The Illustrated History 7332:, London: Yale University Press, 7147:, Woodbridge: The Boydell Press, 6549:Summarised in McLynn, pp. 92–93. 6268:Eleanor of Aquitaine: A Biography 4934:"Richard the Lionheart Biography" 1829:suppressing a revolt by Viscount 1562:Leopold kept Richard prisoner at 630:, a Latin prose narrative of the 27:King of England from 1189 to 1199 12562:English people of French descent 12444: 12427: 12410: 12374: 12373: 12236: 11677: 11676: 10984:Robin Hood (DC Comics character) 10728:The New Adventures of Robin Hood 9732:John of Eltham, Earl of Cornwall 9343:Joan of England, Queen of Sicily 7552:English Heritage Book of Castles 7516:Martin, Nicole (18 March 2008). 7033: 7004: 6987: 6976: 6951: 6940: 6929: 6915:The Art of Matthew Paris in the 6891: 6880: 6869: 6824: 6809: 6772: 6746: 6741:The Handbook to English Heraldry 6729: 6699: 6687: 6577: 6564: 6543: 6522: 6511: 6482: 6456: 6429: 6390:, p. 8. Roger of Wendover ( 6381: 6310: 6259: 6229: 6217: 6155: 6099: 6072: 6048: 6021: 6009: 5985: 5973: 5944: 5920: 5909: 5851: 5839: 5812: 5759: 5743: 5731: 5715: 5690: 5617:Huffman, Joseph Patrick (2009). 4938:www.medieval-life-and-times.info 4198: 1888: 1871: 1363:Depiction of Richard (left) and 1188:Bibliothèque Nationale de France 1102: 888:, while the byname "lionheart" ( 489:. He was the younger brother of 12617:Children of Henry II of England 12512:Christians of the Third Crusade 11192:Robin Hood and the Golden Arrow 11138:Robin Hood Rescuing Will Stutly 11060:Robin Hood and the Curtal Friar 10509:Douglas Fairbanks in Robin Hood 10203:Katherine, Countess of Pembroke 8235:Monarchs of Scotland until 1603 7813:Arab Historians of the Crusades 7690:. Manchester University Press. 6584:Burgwinkle, William E. (2004). 5673: 5649: 5586: 5552: 5518: 5454: 5442: 5416: 5304: 5130: 5119: 5078: 5051: 5039: 5026: 5001: 4976: 4973:, vol. 11, Paris 1897, col. 62. 4960: 4951: 4926: 4875: 4802: 4745: 4733: 4721: 4709: 4697: 4685: 4673: 4661: 4649: 4637: 4625: 4613: 4588: 4576: 4564: 4552: 4540: 4528: 4516: 4487: 4475: 4463: 4409: 4398: 4386: 4375: 4115: 3793: 3736: 3411: 3142: 2719: 2696: 2414: 2357:Family tree of English monarchs 2023:Speculation regarding sexuality 1442:30 miles (50 km) north of 1253:Conquest of Cyprus by Richard I 1051:. Some sought sanctuary in the 839:Final years of Henry II's reign 764:Hugh Bigod, 1st Earl of Norfolk 206: 90:3 September 1189 – 6 April 1199 12497:British monarchs buried abroad 12492:12th-century dukes of Normandy 11162:Robin Hood and Queen Katherine 11108:The Bold Pedlar and Robin Hood 11036:Robin Hood and Guy of Gisborne 10264: 9823:Margaret, Countess of Pembroke 8232:Monarchs of England until 1603 7851:Nelson, Janet L., ed. (1992). 7597:The Harvard Theological Review 7143:Brown, Richard Allen (1976) , 7079: 4559:Prestwich & Prestwich 2004 4364: 4340: 4315: 4283: 4257:, Cambridge University Press, 4247: 4222: 4188: 2293: 2128:England national football team 1825:In March 1199, Richard was in 1631:Eleanor, Fair Maid of Brittany 13: 1: 12487:12th-century English monarchs 11605:The Bandit of Sherwood Forest 11066:The Jolly Pinder of Wakefield 10989:Robin Hood (Disney character) 10878:Maid Marian and Her Merry Men 10653:Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves 10525:The Bandit of Sherwood Forest 10312:The Jolly Pinder of Wakefield 10044: 9952:Illegitimate: Edmund Leboorde 9482:Richard, 1st Earl of Cornwall 9356:Geoffrey (archbishop of York) 9333:Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany 9313:William IX, Count of Poitiers 7951:Stubbs, William, ed. (1864). 7145:Allen Brown's English Castles 7060:King John: An Underrated King 6463:immense cohort of sinners'" ( 4967:L'Estoire de la Guerre Sainte 4211: 2270:. The late-Victorian scholar 2019:and a version in Old French. 1529: 1368: 898:L'Estoire de la Guerre Sainte 793:in Brittany. Richard went to 62: 11858:Eustache le Peintre de Reims 11722: 11320:The Adventures of Robin Hood 11096:Robin Hood and the Scotchman 10958:(2016 Philippines TV series) 10696:The Adventures of Robin Hood 10517:The Adventures of Robin Hood 10277: 10140: 9936:Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester 7382:UK public library membership 6997:U.S. News & World Report 6864:Cannon & Hargreaves 2004 6753:Ingle, Sean (18 July 2002). 6507:(in French). Larousse. 2005. 5819:Mann, Horace Kinder (1914). 4969:, v. 2310, ed. G. Paris in: 4599:. Random House. p. 24. 4229:Saunders, Connie J. (2004). 4216: 2084:three lions passant-guardant 2005:Dalfin je us voill desrenier 1978: 1895:Richard’s Tomb at Fontevraud 1654:War against Philip of France 1566:under the care of Leopold's 1510:Captivity, ransom and return 1505:Life after the Third Crusade 1212:Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor 860:notes that the chronicle of 723:together through vassalage. 452: 424:Richard probably spoke both 7: 12502:Burials at Fontevraud Abbey 11360:Hood: Outlaws & Legends 11120:Robin Hood and Allan-a-Dale 11018:Rose the Red and White Lily 8842:British monarchs after the 8010:Portraits of King Richard I 7767:The History of the Holy War 7688:Law, Laity and Solidarities 7668:(in Latin). Essex, England. 7479:, Oxford University Press, 7451:Leese, Thelma Anna (1996), 7208:. Oxford University Press. 7206:Kings and Queens of Britain 7106:, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 7104:German Knighthood 1050–1300 7011:Phillips, Jonathan (2009). 6636:, Chicago, 1980, pp. 231ff. 6503:"Richard I the Lionheart". 6415:. Oxford University Press. 5311:Phillips, Jonathan (2014). 4233:. D.S. Brewer. p. 38. 4162: 2178:André Ernest Modeste Grétry 2136:national symbols of England 2124:coins of the pound sterling 2056: 1731:apud Bellum Castrum de Rupe 1402:. Richard also allied with 1333: 1162:.) He appointed as regents 756:Philip I, Count of Flanders 671:Alys, Countess of the Vexin 10: 12638: 12582:Medieval history of Cyprus 12507:Burials at Rouen Cathedral 10589:A Challenge for Robin Hood 10565:The Men of Sherwood Forest 9274: 7648:Medieval England 1042–1228 7102:Arnold, Benjamin (1999) , 6594:Cambridge University Press 4494:Huscroft, Richard (2016). 2432:Saint Margaret of Scotland 2354: 2145: 2060: 2007:, and the second one is a 1952:in March 1232 (along with 1484:Hugh III, Duke of Burgundy 1436:all the prisoners executed 1400:Leopold V, Duke of Austria 1250: 1198:. After the death of King 1007: 987:With news arriving of the 876:) as early as 1187 in the 708: 32:Richard I (disambiguation) 29: 12592:Monarchs killed in action 12356:Trovadorismo/trobadorismo 12336: 12296: 12245: 12234: 12018:Jehan le Cuvelier d'Arras 11753:Andrieu Contredit d'Arras 11730: 11672: 11575: 11532: 11477: 11443:In the Shadow of Midnight 11370: 11287: 11212: 11204:A True Tale of Robin Hood 11174:Robin Hood's Golden Prize 11150:Robin Hood and the Bishop 11102:Robin Hood and the Ranger 11078:Robin Hood and the Tinker 11072:Robin Hood and the Tanner 11054:Robin Hood and the Potter 10997: 10969: 10896: 10886:Robin Hood: Men in Tights 10845: 10754: 10679: 10581:The Triumph of Robin Hood 10541:Rogues of Sherwood Forest 10492: 10483: 10479: 10473: 10468: 10412: 10350: 10294: 10287: 10283: 10272: 10219: 10178: 10165: 10148: 10135: 10095:Anne of York, Lady Howard 10052: 10039: 10014: 10001: 9976: 9963: 9903: 9890: 9867: 9854: 9775: 9762: 9714: 9701: 9659:Alphonso, Earl of Chester 9626: 9613: 9568: 9555: 9464: 9451: 9425: 9412: 9386: 9373: 9300: 9287: 9241:Geoffrey, Count of Nantes 9223: 9210: 9156: 9123: 9074: 9057: 8987: 8930: 8853: 8837: 8833: 8770: 8753: 8749: 8226: 8222: 8173: 8168:Links to related articles 8151: 8142: 8127: 8117: 8108: 8100: 8086: 8070: 8058: 8053: 8026: 7944:A History of the Crusades 7792:Edbury, Peter W. (1996). 7609:10.1017/s0017816000001383 7294:, Butler and Tanner Ltd, 7275:, New York: Times Books, 7181:Brewer, Clifford (2000), 7128:, London: Edward Arnold, 6630:A History of the Crusades 5559:Asbridge, Thomas (2012). 4322:Gillingham, John (1978). 4154: 4152: 4139: 4060: 4029: 4021: 4019: 4013: 4011: 4009: 4003: 4001: 3999: 3991: 3983: 3977: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3967: 3965: 3959: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3951: 3943: 3941: 3935: 3931: 3925: 3921: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3895: 3891: 3883: 3879: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3855: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3839: 3835: 3813: 3801: 3799: 3774: 3758: 3701: 3681: 3679: 3675: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3597: 3593: 3587: 3583: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3523: 3511: 3509: 3501: 3499: 3491: 3489: 3479: 3401: 3394: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3319: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3307: 3275: 3271: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3257: 3229: 3225: 3223: 3221: 3211: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3197: 3171: 3157: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3086: 3084: 3074: 3072: 3056: 3054: 3046: 3042: 3036: 3026: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3014: 3002: 3000: 2984: 2982: 2966: 2964: 2956: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2930: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2886: 2882: 2880: 2860: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2796: 2770: 2725: 2672: 2663: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2640: 2638: 2636: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2576: 2566: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2532: 2520: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2478: 2474: 2462: 2460: 2450: 2435: 2387: 2380: 2071:The "three lions" of the 2051: 1919:as soon as Richard died. 1682:. Under the terms of the 1142:to the important post of 970:. Roger of Howden wrote: 536:. Contemporary historian 317: 274: 269: 265: 255: 245: 229: 216: 188: 175: 162: 149: 145: 124: 114: 104: 94: 86: 74: 54: 49: 11623:Robin Hood Morality Test 11411:The Once and Future King 11084:Robin Hood Newly Revived 10950:(2008 Chinese TV series) 10712:The Legend of Robin Hood 10704:The Legend of Robin Hood 10637:O Mistério de Robin Hood 10613:The Arrows of Robin Hood 10573:Sword of Sherwood Forest 7591:Packard, Sydney (1922), 7328:—— (2002) , 7245:—— (1999f), 7058:Seel, Graham E. (2012). 6958:Stubbs, William (2017). 6816:Fauchet, Claude (1581). 6778:Boutell, Charles, 1859. 6570:McLynn, p. 93; see also 5525:Hosler, John D. (2018). 5034:Turner & Heiser 2000 4692:Turner & Heiser 2000 4382:Turner & Heiser 2000 4278:Turner & Heiser 2000 1854:Pierre (or Peter) Basile 1798: 1594:excommunicated Leopold. 1525:Liber ad honorem Augusti 1073:Archbishop of Canterbury 1047:, and several Jews were 686:crowned as heir apparent 415:finalised a peace treaty 12567:English Roman Catholics 12133:Pierrekin de la Coupele 11888:Gillebert de Berneville 11419:The Outlaws of Sherwood 11403:Bows against the Barons 11042:Robin Hood and the Monk 10862:When Things Were Rotten 10557:The Story of Robin Hood 9788:Edward the Black Prince 7787:(in German). Darmstadt. 7309:—— (1994), 7290:—— (1989), 7189:, London: Abson Books, 7162:—— (2004). 6540:, p. 448 (French). 6121:Lewis, Suzanne (1987). 5793:Encyclopædia Britannica 5462:Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad 5313:The Crusades, 1095–1204 5161:Graetz & Bloch 1902 5126:Graetz & Bloch 1902 5008:Hilliam, David (2004). 4253:Trudgill, Peter (2021) 1585: 1577: 1413:, a disease similar to 1146:of Normandy. In Anjou, 1091:He distributed a royal 991:, he took the cross at 892:) is first recorded in 705:Revolt against Henry II 12537:Deaths by arrow wounds 12208:Thibaut le Chansonnier 11918:Guillaume de Ferrières 11778:Benoît de Sainte-Maure 10172:Richard III of England 9281: 7455:, Heritage Books Inc, 7367:10.1093/ref:odnb/23498 6917: 6908: 6900: 6780:The Art Journal London 6735:Woodward and Burnett, 6592:. Cambridge, England: 6531: 6393: 6266:Meade, Marion (1977). 4595:McLynn, Frank (2012). 2243: 2198: 2168: 2075: 1822: 1810: 1786: 1750:Baldwin IX of Flanders 1730: 1719: 1606: 1568: 1535: 1379: 1262: 1191: 1087: 1062: 1028: 981: 935: 852: 812:Château de Taillebourg 750: 739:Château de Taillebourg 677:, heir presumptive of 613: 586:) and also in French. 466: 166:6 April 1199 (aged 41) 12607:Robin Hood characters 12228:Walter of Bibbesworth 12093:Oede de la Couroierie 11973:Huon de Saint-Quentin 11803:Chardon de Croisilles 11598:The Son of Robin Hood 11565:The Outlaw Chronicles 11256:(1965 musical parody) 11240:(1890 De Koven opera) 11224:(1598 and 1601 plays) 11144:Little John a Begging 10931:Nyayam Meere Cheppali 10923:Naan Sigappu Manithan 10915:Robin and the 7 Hoods 10763:Robin Hood Makes Good 10533:The Prince of Thieves 10442:St Mary's Abbey, York 10365:Much the Miller's Son 10317:Sheriff of Nottingham 9861:Richard II of England 9769:Edward III of England 9727:Edward III of England 9674:Elizabeth of Rhuddlan 9470:Isabella of Angoulême 9458:John, King of England 9431:Berengaria of Navarre 9348:John, King of England 9280: 8028:Richard I of England 7783:Berg, Dieter (2007). 7778:(in Italian). London. 7664:Ralph of Coggeshall. 7646:Purser, Toby (2004), 7550:McNeill, Tom (1992), 7408:Harvey, John (1948), 7292:Richard the Lionheart 7271:Richard the Lionheart 5857:William of Newburgh, 5058:Roger of Hoveden 1853 4983:Hilton, Lisa (2010). 4500:Yale University Press 4324:Richard the Lionheart 2408:William the Conqueror 2240:Palace of Westminster 2228: 2155: 2092:Royal Arms of England 2073:Royal Arms of England 2070: 2063:Royal Arms of England 2061:Further information: 1806: 1713: 1674:high above the River 1600: 1517: 1472:Henry II of Champagne 1362: 1271:Berengaria of Navarre 1260: 1185: 1085: 1022: 1008:Further information: 972: 929: 879:Topographia Hibernica 846: 772:William I of Scotland 762:, joined forces with 733: 607: 574:Hodierna of St Albans 548:kings of England and 534:William the Conqueror 460: 340:Richard the Lionheart 195:Berengaria of Navarre 12577:House of Plantagenet 12472:Richard I of England 12397:Richard I of England 12268:Gertrude of Dagsburg 12163:Richard I of England 12153:Richard de Fournival 12113:Philippe de Nanteuil 11818:Colart le Boutellier 11591:Son of the Guardsman 11264:(1934 Tippett opera) 11114:Robin Hood's Delight 11030:A Gest of Robyn Hode 10979:Statue of Robin Hood 10854:About Seven Brothers 10597:Long Live Robin Hood 9781:Philippa of Hainault 9737:Eleanor of Woodstock 9708:Edward II of England 9679:Edward II of England 9601:Katherine of England 9562:Henry III of England 9477:Henry III of England 9419:Richard I of England 9380:Henry the Young King 9328:Richard I of England 9318:Henry the Young King 9306:Eleanor of Aquitaine 9204:House of Plantagenet 9097:Henry the Young King 9076:House of Plantagenet 8812:William III & II 8377:Henry the Young King 8327:Edward the Confessor 8295:Æthelred the Unready 8033:House of Plantagenet 7666:Chronicon Anglicanum 7535:"Bed-heads of state" 7019:. pp. 327–331. 6831:Holt, J. C. (1982). 5594:Richard Coer de Lyon 5464:on the 7th, but the 3714:Henry the Young King 3698:Isabella of Hainault 3398:Eleanor of Aquitaine 3152:Geoffrey Plantagenet 2384:Bertrade of Montfort 2268:Houses of Parliament 2231:Richard Cœur de Lion 2183:Richard Cœur-de-Lion 2164:on a plaque outside 2015:, with a version in 1404:Humphrey IV of Toron 1388:Sibylla of Jerusalem 1374:, on tiles found at 1340:Sancho VI of Navarre 1295:Conrad of Montferrat 1200:William II of Sicily 1178:Occupation of Sicily 934:(early 13th century) 495:Henry the Young King 487:Eleanor of Aquitaine 392:Eleanor of Aquitaine 328:Richard Cœur de Lion 260:Eleanor of Aquitaine 137:William de Longchamp 132:Eleanor of Aquitaine 30:For other uses, see 12213:Thierri de Soissons 11948:Henry le Débonnaire 11923:Guillaume le Vinier 11903:Gontier de Soignies 11798:Chastelain de Couci 11773:Baudouin des Auteus 11768:Audefroi le Bastart 11758:Aubertin d'Airaines 11618:Robin Hood's Larder 11612:Princess of Thieves 11523:The Tale of Gamelyn 11427:Through a Dark Mist 11180:The Noble Fisherman 11024:Robyn and Gandeleyn 10549:Tales of Robin Hood 10207:Richard of Eastwell 10153:no consort or issue 10058:Elizabeth Woodville 10008:Henry VI of England 9989:Henry VI of England 9982:Catherine of Valois 9946:Philippa of England 9897:Henry IV of England 9620:Edward I of England 9591:Beatrice of England 9586:Margaret of England 9581:Edward I of England 9574:Eleanor of Provence 9532:Bartholomew FitzRoy 9505:Joan, Lady of Wales 9492:Isabella of England 9399:William Plantagenet 9294:Henry II of England 9264:Mary of Shaftesbury 9246:William FitzEmpress 9236:Henry II of England 8760:Union of the Crowns 7957:(in Latin). London. 7738:, Harlow: Longman, 7627:(10 October 2004). 7576:, Greenhill Books, 7539:The Daily Telegraph 7524:The Daily Telegraph 7471:Longford, Elizabeth 7412:, Fontana/Collins, 7391:History of the Jews 7015:. London, England: 6794:, pp. 191–192. 6660:, pp. 456–462. 6648:, pp. 119–139. 6574:, pp. 119–139. 6505:Dictionary of music 6341:2013NatSR...3E1296C 6214:, pp. 233–254. 6150:Ralph_of_Coggeshall 6030:, pp. 355–356. 5953:, pp. 303–305. 5902:Costain, Thomas B. 5809:, pp. 188–189. 5712:, pp. 209–212. 5670:, pp. 198–200. 5658:, pp. 167–171. 5476:, London, 1935, p. 5381:, pp. 134–136. 5357:, pp. 133–134. 5301:, pp. 127–128. 5289:, pp. 124–126. 5151:, pp. 319–320. 4349:, pp. 141–149. 4125:Richard of Cornwall 3430:William FitzEmpress 2729:Matilda of Scotland 2266:to him outside the 2190:'s film version of 2156:Richard affiancing 1946:Bishop of Rochester 1725:William of Newburgh 1696:Archbishop of Rouen 1692:Walter de Coutances 1307:Richard de Camville 1202:in 1189 his cousin 1063:Gesta Regis Ricardi 921:Philip II of France 885:Giraldus Cambrensis 717:Ralph of Coggeshall 542:Matilda of Scotland 519:Louis VII of France 483:Henry II of England 407:Philip II of France 388:Henry II of England 282:Revolt of 1173–1174 250:Henry II of England 12597:People from Oxford 12542:Dukes of Aquitaine 12532:Counts of Poitiers 12283:Maroie de Diergnau 12258:Dame de la Chaucie 12253:Blanche of Castile 12183:Robert de la Piere 12158:Richart de Semilli 12103:Perrin d'Angicourt 12043:Jehan de Grieviler 11993:Jacques de Cysoing 11988:Jacques de Cambrai 11978:Jaque de Dampierre 11913:Guillaume d'Amiens 11878:Gautier de Dargies 11823:Colart le Changeur 11813:Chrétien de Troyes 11655:Once Upon a Studio 11467:King Raven Trilogy 11435:Lady of the Forest 11168:Robin Hood's Chase 11048:Robin Hood's Death 10934:(1985 Telugu film) 10380:David of Doncaster 10337:Richard at the Lee 10332:Bishop of Hereford 10199:John of Gloucester 9970:Henry V of England 9941:Blanche of England 9921:Henry V of England 9878:Isabella of Valois 9720:Isabella of France 9632:Eleanor of Castile 9282: 8844:Acts of Union 1707 8807:James II & VII 8500:Kenneth I MacAlpin 8285:Edgar the Peaceful 7920:(in Latin), London 7895:(in Latin), London 7625:Prestwich, Michael 7185:The Death of Kings 6743:, 11th ed. (1914). 6713:Abrams Discoveries 6626:Richard Lion Heart 6453:, pp. 484–485 6438:, pp. 150–152 6394:Flores historiarum 6006:, pp. 302–304 5916:The Angevin Empire 5787:"Richard I." 5597:II vv. 6027–6028: 5503:, pp. 148–149 5187:, pp. 97–101. 5163:, pp. 409–416 4573:, pp. 168–169 4502:. pp. 19–20. 4128:King of the Romans 4100:Blanche of Castile 4075:Holy Roman Emperor 2676:Eremburga of Maine 2661:Queen of Jerusalem 2244: 2169: 2130:, and the team's " 2076: 1833:. Although it was 1831:Aimar V of Limoges 1823: 1770:Otto IV of Germany 1720: 1684:Treaty of Louviers 1607: 1592:Pope Celestine III 1536: 1428:Holy Roman Emperor 1380: 1348:Kingdom of Navarre 1311:Robert of Thornham 1263: 1247:Conquest of Cyprus 1241:Book of Revelation 1228:Arthur of Brittany 1192: 1152:seneschal of Anjou 1140:William Fitz Ralph 1088: 1049:forcibly converted 1029: 968:Adela of Champagne 936: 867:Castillon-sur-Agen 853: 751: 735:Geoffrey de Rancon 656:Pope Alexander III 614: 467: 434:Duchy of Aquitaine 12392: 12391: 12386: 12385: 12223:Vielart de Corbie 12203:Thibaut de Blazon 12148:Raoul de Soissons 12138:Raoul de Beauvais 12098:Othon de Grandson 11998:Jacques le Vinier 11883:Gautier d'Espinal 11873:Gautier de Coincy 11808:Châtelain d'Arras 11690: 11689: 11668: 11667: 11664: 11663: 11629:Robot of Sherwood 11509:Not in Nottingham 11497:(2006 soundtrack) 11489:(1984 soundtrack) 11304:Robin of the Wood 10965: 10964: 10939:Robin of Locksley 10926:(1985 Tamil film) 10795:Rocket Robin Hood 10720:Robin of Sherwood 10629:Aaj Ka Robin Hood 10464: 10463: 10460: 10459: 10408: 10407: 10400:Gilbert Whitehand 10232: 10231: 10215: 10214: 10161: 10160: 10131: 10130: 10124:Grace Plantagenet 10105:Catherine of York 10065:Elizabeth of York 10035: 10034: 10020:Margaret of Anjou 9997: 9996: 9959: 9958: 9886: 9885: 9850: 9849: 9836:John de Southeray 9793:Isabella de Coucy 9758: 9757: 9742:Joan of the Tower 9697: 9696: 9669:Mary of Woodstock 9609: 9608: 9596:Edmund Crouchback 9551: 9550: 9447: 9446: 9408: 9407: 9401:(died in infancy) 9369: 9368: 9272: 9271: 9170: 9169: 9128:(French appanage) 8989:House of Normandy 8943: 8942: 8926: 8925: 8829: 8828: 8745: 8744: 8740: 8739: 8290:Edward the Martyr 8161: 8160: 8152:Succeeded by 8118:Succeeded by 8087:Succeeded by 8073:Duke of Aquitaine 7844:978-2-2901-1916-7 7785:Richard Löwenherz 7745:978-0-5822-5659-0 7697:978-0-7190-5836-3 7657:978-0-4353-2760-6 7638:978-1-8438-3098-6 7631:. Boydell Press. 7623:Prestwich, J.O.; 7583:978-1-8536-7105-0 7561:978-0-7134-7025-3 7508:978-0-4720-3127-6 7495:Madden, Thomas F. 7486:978-0-1921-4153-8 7462:978-0-7884-0525-9 7443:978-0-1431-2492-4 7436:. Penguin Books. 7419:978-0-0063-2949-7 7400:978-1-5398-8573-3 7380:(Subscription or 7339:978-0-3000-9404-6 7320:978-1-8528-5084-5 7301:978-0-2977-9606-0 7282:978-0-8129-0802-2 7256:978-2-2288-9272-8 7237:978-0-7486-2047-0 7196:978-0-9029-2099-6 7173:978-3-4919-6122-7 7154:978-1-8438-3069-6 7135:978-7-2400-0898-0 7113:978-0-1982-1960-6 7069:978-0-8572-8518-8 7051:978-0-5822-5659-0 7026:978-1-4000-6580-6 6969:978-1-5847-7148-7 6858:John Gillingham, 6842:978-0-5002-5081-5 6607:978-0-5218-3968-6 6422:978-0-1951-2319-7 6349:10.1038/srep01296 6243:. New York City: 6136:978-0-5200-4981-9 5832:978-0-7222-2160-0 5755:978-0-6740-5559-9 5685:978-0-6740-5559-9 5630:978-0-472-02418-6 5572:978-1-8498-3770-5 5538:978-0-3002-3535-7 5099:, pp. 94–95. 5019:978-1-4042-0162-0 4994:978-0-2978-5749-5 4923:, pp. 41–42. 4857:, pp. 50–51. 4826:, pp. 33–34. 4799:, pp. 34–35. 4754:, pp. 49–50. 4730:, pp. 32–33. 4706:, pp. 31–32. 4670:, pp. 29–30. 4646:, pp. 25, 28 4622:, pp. 23–25. 4606:978-0-7126-9417-9 4525:, pp. 28, 32 4509:978-0-3001-8725-0 4395:, pp. 62–64. 4333:978-0-8129-0802-2 4240:978-0-8599-1843-5 4182:Explanatory notes 4158: 4157: 4137:Queen of Scotland 3724:Duchess of Saxony 3383:Count of Flanders 2706:Adela of Normandy 2670:King of Jerusalem 2369:King of Jerusalem 2166:Nottingham Castle 2148:Matter of England 2142:Medieval folklore 1787:Dieu et mon Droit 1744:the stronghold". 1671:Château de Gisors 1129:William Longchamp 1037:Westminster Abbey 1025:Westminster Abbey 1004:King and crusader 711:Revolt of 1173–74 619:French Revolution 591:William Longchamp 461:King Richard I's 364:Count of Poitiers 321: 320: 158:, Oxford, England 16:(Redirected from 12629: 12587:Medieval legends 12552:English folklore 12547:Dukes of Gascony 12527:Counts of Nantes 12457: 12449: 12448: 12447: 12440: 12432: 12431: 12430: 12423: 12415: 12414: 12413: 12403: 12377: 12376: 12369: 12309:Occitan language 12240: 12218:Thomas de Herier 12173:Robert de Castel 12128:Pierre de Molins 12123:Pierre de Corbie 12118:Philippe de Remy 12058:Jocelin de Dijon 12048:Jehan de Nuevile 11938:Guiot de Provins 11908:Guibert Kaukesel 11893:Gilles le Vinier 11868:Gaidifer d'Avion 11853:Étienne de Meaux 11833:Conon de Béthune 11788:Blondel de Nesle 11763:Aubin de Sézanne 11743:Adam de la Halle 11738:Adam de Givenchi 11717: 11710: 11703: 11694: 11693: 11680: 11679: 11643:Once Upon a Time 11459:Lady of Sherwood 11312:Super Robin Hood 10955:Alyas Robin Hood 10819:Young Robin Hood 10787:Robin Hoodwinked 10779:Robin Hood Daffy 10621:Robin and Marian 10490: 10489: 10481: 10480: 10470: 10469: 10322:Guy of Gisbourne 10292: 10291: 10285: 10284: 10274: 10273: 10259: 10252: 10245: 10236: 10235: 10167: 10166: 10137: 10136: 10085:Margaret of York 10041: 10040: 10003: 10002: 9965: 9964: 9892: 9891: 9856: 9855: 9764: 9763: 9703: 9702: 9615: 9614: 9557: 9556: 9517:Geoffrey FitzRoy 9453: 9452: 9439:Philip of Cognac 9414: 9413: 9375: 9374: 9289: 9288: 9212: 9211: 9197: 9190: 9183: 9174: 9173: 8970: 8963: 8956: 8947: 8946: 8835: 8834: 8795:Richard Cromwell 8785:The Protectorate 8775:James I & VI 8751: 8750: 8332:Harold Godwinson 8252:Edward the Elder 8245:Alfred the Great 8229: 8228: 8224: 8223: 8200: 8193: 8186: 8177: 8176: 8164: 8163: 8134:Duke of Normandy 8101:Preceded by 8059:Preceded by 8049: 8042: 8041:8 September 1157 8024: 8023: 8020: 8005:Internet Archive 7977: 7958: 7947: 7946:. Vol. 2–3. 7940:Runciman, Steven 7935: 7929: 7921: 7910: 7904: 7896: 7885: 7866: 7847: 7826: 7807: 7788: 7779: 7770: 7748: 7730: 7701: 7681: 7674:Roger of Hoveden 7669: 7660: 7642: 7619: 7586: 7564: 7546: 7531: 7521: 7511: 7489: 7465: 7447: 7422: 7410:The Plantagenets 7403: 7385: 7377: 7375: 7373: 7354: 7342: 7323: 7304: 7285: 7274: 7265:Gillingham, John 7259: 7240: 7219: 7199: 7188: 7177: 7157: 7138: 7122:Barrow, G. W. S. 7116: 7097: 7088:Addison, Charles 7074: 7073: 7055: 7037: 7031: 7030: 7008: 7002: 7001: 6991: 6985: 6980: 6974: 6973: 6955: 6949: 6944: 6938: 6933: 6927: 6920: 6911: 6903: 6895: 6889: 6884: 6878: 6873: 6867: 6856: 6847: 6846: 6828: 6822: 6821: 6813: 6807: 6801: 6795: 6789: 6783: 6776: 6770: 6769: 6767: 6765: 6750: 6744: 6733: 6727: 6726: 6703: 6697: 6691: 6685: 6679: 6673: 6667: 6661: 6655: 6649: 6643: 6637: 6618: 6612: 6611: 6591: 6581: 6575: 6568: 6562: 6547: 6541: 6534: 6526: 6520: 6515: 6509: 6508: 6500: 6491: 6486: 6480: 6474: 6468: 6460: 6454: 6448: 6439: 6433: 6427: 6426: 6408: 6399: 6396: 6385: 6379: 6378: 6368: 6314: 6308: 6302: 6296: 6290: 6284: 6283: 6263: 6257: 6256: 6233: 6227: 6221: 6215: 6209: 6203: 6197: 6191: 6185: 6179: 6178: 6176: 6174: 6169:on 12 March 2008 6159: 6153: 6147: 6141: 6140: 6118: 6109: 6103: 6097: 6091: 6082: 6076: 6070: 6064: 6058: 6052: 6046: 6040: 6031: 6025: 6019: 6013: 6007: 6001: 5995: 5989: 5983: 5977: 5971: 5965: 5954: 5948: 5942: 5936: 5930: 5924: 5918: 5913: 5907: 5900: 5894: 5884: 5878: 5872: 5866: 5855: 5849: 5843: 5837: 5836: 5816: 5810: 5804: 5798: 5797: 5789: 5778: 5769: 5763: 5757: 5747: 5741: 5735: 5729: 5719: 5713: 5707: 5701: 5694: 5688: 5677: 5671: 5665: 5659: 5653: 5647: 5641: 5635: 5634: 5614: 5605: 5590: 5584: 5583: 5581: 5579: 5556: 5550: 5549: 5547: 5545: 5522: 5516: 5510: 5504: 5498: 5492: 5486: 5480: 5458: 5452: 5446: 5440: 5439: 5420: 5414: 5408: 5397: 5391: 5382: 5376: 5370: 5364: 5358: 5352: 5346: 5340: 5329: 5323: 5317: 5316: 5308: 5302: 5296: 5290: 5284: 5278: 5272: 5266: 5260: 5251: 5245: 5239: 5233: 5227: 5221: 5215: 5209: 5203: 5197: 5188: 5182: 5176: 5170: 5164: 5158: 5152: 5146: 5140: 5134: 5128: 5123: 5117: 5111: 5100: 5094: 5088: 5082: 5076: 5070: 5064: 5055: 5049: 5043: 5037: 5030: 5024: 5023: 5005: 4999: 4998: 4980: 4974: 4964: 4958: 4955: 4949: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4930: 4924: 4918: 4912: 4906: 4897: 4891: 4885: 4879: 4873: 4867: 4858: 4852: 4846: 4840: 4827: 4821: 4812: 4806: 4800: 4794: 4785: 4779: 4770: 4764: 4755: 4749: 4743: 4737: 4731: 4725: 4719: 4713: 4707: 4701: 4695: 4689: 4683: 4677: 4671: 4665: 4659: 4658:, pp. 27–28 4653: 4647: 4641: 4635: 4634:, pp. 26–27 4629: 4623: 4617: 4611: 4610: 4592: 4586: 4580: 4574: 4568: 4562: 4556: 4550: 4544: 4538: 4532: 4526: 4520: 4514: 4513: 4491: 4485: 4479: 4473: 4467: 4461: 4455: 4446: 4440: 4431: 4425: 4419: 4413: 4407: 4402: 4396: 4390: 4384: 4379: 4373: 4368: 4362: 4356: 4350: 4344: 4338: 4337: 4319: 4313: 4298:Richard Oc-e-Non 4296:also called him 4287: 4281: 4275: 4266: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4226: 4205: 4202: 4196: 4192: 4146:King of Scotland 4119: 4118: 1216–1272 4117: 4092:Duke of Brittany 3797: 3796: 1199–1216 3795: 3749:Duke of Brittany 3740: 3739: 1189–1199 3738: 3473:King of Scotland 3470:William the Lion 3464:King of Scotland 3415: 3414: 1154–1189 3413: 3380:Philip of Alsace 3175:Matilda of Anjou 3146: 3145: 1135–1154 3144: 3114:Sibylla of Anjou 2766:King of Scotland 2757:King of Scotland 2748:King of Scotland 2739:King of Scotland 2723: 2722: 1100–1135 2721: 2700: 2699: 1087–1100 2698: 2442:King of Scotland 2418: 2417: 1066–1087 2416: 2362: 2361: 2351: 2350: 2345: 2344: 2338: 2337: 2332: 2331: 2319: 2312: 2305: 2236:Carlo Marochetti 2204:Claude Fauchet's 2201: 2120:statant-guardant 2013:Ja nus hons pris 1969:Philip of Cognac 1928:Fontevraud Abbey 1892: 1875: 1815: 1793:British monarchy 1789: 1781:Battle of Gisors 1733: 1716:Château Gaillard 1688:Château Gaillard 1603:Dürnstein Castle 1588: 1580: 1578:Ja nus hons pris 1573: 1564:Dürnstein Castle 1544:Isaac II Angelos 1534: 1531: 1373: 1370: 1355:In the Holy Land 1327:Ottoman invasion 1237:Joachim of Fiore 1168:Bishop of Durham 1148:Stephen of Tours 1097:massacre at York 1069:Baldwin of Forde 1065: 1057:Jacob of Orléans 1033:Duke of Normandy 989:Battle of Hattin 923:, a close ally. 550:Alfred the Great 348:Duke of Normandy 309:Battle of Gisors 223:Philip of Cognac 210: 208: 181:Fontevraud Abbey 153:8 September 1157 100:3 September 1189 67:Fontevraud Abbey 64: 59: 47: 46: 21: 12637: 12636: 12632: 12631: 12630: 12628: 12627: 12626: 12522:Counts of Maine 12517:Counts of Anjou 12462: 12461: 12460: 12456:from Wikisource 12450: 12445: 12443: 12433: 12428: 12426: 12416: 12411: 12409: 12406: 12402:sister projects 12399:at Knowledge's 12393: 12388: 12387: 12382: 12371: 12361: 12332: 12292: 12288:Sainte des Prez 12241: 12232: 12198:Sauvage d'Arraz 12178:Robert de Reims 12168:Robert de Blois 12143:Raoul de Ferier 12108:Perrot de Neele 12088:Moniot de Paris 12033:Jehan de Braine 11963:Hugues de Berzé 11958:Hue de la Ferté 11848:Ernoul le Vieux 11726: 11721: 11691: 11686: 11660: 11584:Miss Robin Hood 11571: 11528: 11473: 11366: 11283: 11232:(1871 operetta) 11213:Stage / theatre 11208: 10993: 10971:Popular culture 10961: 10898: 10892: 10841: 10750: 10675: 10475: 10456: 10420:Sherwood Forest 10404: 10346: 10279: 10268: 10263: 10233: 10228: 10211: 10174: 10157: 10144: 10127: 10110:Bridget of York 10048: 10031: 10010: 9993: 9972: 9955: 9899: 9882: 9873:Anne of Bohemia 9863: 9846: 9818:Mary of Waltham 9798:Joan of England 9771: 9754: 9710: 9693: 9622: 9605: 9564: 9547: 9544:William de Forz 9510:Richard FitzRoy 9460: 9443: 9421: 9404: 9382: 9365: 9296: 9283: 9268: 9229:Empress Matilda 9219: 9206: 9201: 9171: 9166: 9164:king of England 9152: 9127: 9125:House of Valois 9119: 9078: 9070: 9061: 9053: 8991: 8983: 8974: 8944: 8939: 8922: 8849: 8825: 8790:Oliver Cromwell 8766: 8741: 8736: 8583:Constantine III 8492: 8317:Harold Harefoot 8307:Edmund Ironside 8218: 8213: and 8204: 8169: 8157: 8148: 8137: 8132: 8130:King of England 8123: 8114: 8106: 8096: 8092: 8078: 8076: 8068: 8064: 8043: 8037: 8036: 8029: 7985: 7980: 7923: 7922: 7898: 7897: 7882: 7863: 7845: 7829: 7823: 7804: 7757: 7755:Further reading 7752: 7746: 7719:10.2307/4051592 7698: 7658: 7639: 7584: 7562: 7545:on 5 June 2008. 7533: 7509: 7487: 7463: 7444: 7420: 7401: 7379: 7371: 7369: 7340: 7321: 7302: 7283: 7257: 7238: 7216: 7197: 7174: 7155: 7136: 7114: 7082: 7077: 7070: 7052: 7039: 7038: 7034: 7027: 7009: 7005: 6992: 6988: 6983:Gillingham 2004 6981: 6977: 6970: 6956: 6952: 6947:Gillingham 2004 6945: 6941: 6936:Gillingham 2004 6934: 6930: 6918:Chronica Majora 6909:preux chevalier 6901:Chronica Majora 6896: 6892: 6887:Gillingham 2004 6885: 6881: 6876:Gillingham 2004 6874: 6870: 6857: 6850: 6843: 6829: 6825: 6814: 6810: 6802: 6798: 6790: 6786: 6777: 6773: 6763: 6761: 6751: 6747: 6734: 6730: 6723: 6705: 6704: 6700: 6692: 6688: 6680: 6676: 6668: 6664: 6656: 6652: 6646:Gillingham 1994 6644: 6640: 6619: 6615: 6608: 6582: 6578: 6572:Gillingham 1994 6569: 6565: 6551:Roger of Howden 6548: 6544: 6527: 6523: 6518:Gillingham 2002 6516: 6512: 6502: 6501: 6494: 6489:Gillingham 2004 6487: 6483: 6475: 6471: 6467:, p. 335). 6461: 6457: 6449: 6442: 6434: 6430: 6423: 6409: 6402: 6388:Gillingham 1979 6386: 6382: 6333:Nature Research 6315: 6311: 6303: 6299: 6291: 6287: 6274:. p. 329. 6264: 6260: 6247:. p. 319. 6234: 6230: 6222: 6218: 6210: 6206: 6200:Gillingham 1989 6198: 6194: 6188:Gillingham 2004 6186: 6182: 6172: 6170: 6161: 6160: 6156: 6148: 6144: 6137: 6119: 6112: 6104: 6100: 6092: 6085: 6077: 6073: 6067:Gillingham 2002 6065: 6061: 6055:Gillingham 2002 6053: 6049: 6041: 6034: 6026: 6022: 6014: 6010: 6004:Gillingham 2002 6002: 5998: 5990: 5986: 5978: 5974: 5968:Gillingham 2002 5966: 5957: 5951:Gillingham 2002 5949: 5945: 5937: 5933: 5927:Gillingham 2004 5925: 5921: 5914: 5910: 5901: 5897: 5885: 5881: 5873: 5869: 5856: 5852: 5844: 5840: 5833: 5817: 5813: 5805: 5801: 5779: 5772: 5764: 5760: 5748: 5744: 5736: 5732: 5720: 5716: 5710:Gillingham 1979 5708: 5704: 5695: 5691: 5678: 5674: 5668:Gillingham 1979 5666: 5662: 5656:Gillingham 2002 5654: 5650: 5644:Gillingham 2002 5642: 5638: 5631: 5615: 5608: 5591: 5587: 5577: 5575: 5573: 5557: 5553: 5543: 5541: 5539: 5523: 5519: 5513:Gillingham 2002 5511: 5507: 5501:Gillingham 2002 5499: 5495: 5489:Gillingham 2002 5487: 5483: 5459: 5455: 5447: 5443: 5421: 5417: 5409: 5400: 5392: 5385: 5377: 5373: 5365: 5361: 5353: 5349: 5341: 5332: 5324: 5320: 5309: 5305: 5297: 5293: 5285: 5281: 5273: 5269: 5261: 5254: 5246: 5242: 5234: 5230: 5224:Gillingham 2002 5222: 5218: 5210: 5206: 5198: 5191: 5183: 5179: 5171: 5167: 5159: 5155: 5147: 5143: 5135: 5131: 5124: 5120: 5112: 5103: 5095: 5091: 5085:Gillingham 2002 5083: 5079: 5071: 5067: 5056: 5052: 5044: 5040: 5031: 5027: 5020: 5006: 5002: 4995: 4987:. Hachette UK. 4981: 4977: 4965: 4961: 4956: 4952: 4942: 4940: 4932: 4931: 4927: 4919: 4915: 4907: 4900: 4894:Gillingham 2002 4892: 4888: 4880: 4876: 4870:Gillingham 2002 4868: 4861: 4855:Gillingham 2002 4853: 4849: 4841: 4830: 4822: 4815: 4809:Gillingham 2002 4807: 4803: 4795: 4788: 4780: 4773: 4767:Gillingham 2002 4765: 4758: 4752:Gillingham 2002 4750: 4746: 4740:Gillingham 2002 4738: 4734: 4726: 4722: 4714: 4710: 4702: 4698: 4690: 4686: 4680:Gillingham 2002 4678: 4674: 4666: 4662: 4654: 4650: 4642: 4638: 4630: 4626: 4618: 4614: 4607: 4593: 4589: 4581: 4577: 4569: 4565: 4557: 4553: 4545: 4541: 4533: 4529: 4523:Gillingham 2002 4521: 4517: 4510: 4492: 4488: 4480: 4476: 4468: 4464: 4456: 4449: 4443:Gillingham 2002 4441: 4434: 4426: 4422: 4414: 4410: 4405:Gillingham 2004 4403: 4399: 4391: 4387: 4380: 4376: 4371:Gillingham 2004 4369: 4365: 4357: 4353: 4345: 4341: 4334: 4320: 4316: 4294:Bertran de Born 4288: 4284: 4276: 4269: 4252: 4248: 4241: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4208: 4203: 4199: 4193: 4189: 4184: 4165: 4160: 4159: 4145: 4136: 4127: 4114: 4113: 4112:King of England 4111: 4103:Queen of France 4102: 4091: 4074: 4055: 3792: 3791: 3790:King of England 3789: 3780: 3765:King of Castile 3764: 3748: 3735: 3734: 3733:King of England 3732: 3723: 3707: 3691: 3472: 3463: 3424:Count of Nantes 3423: 3410: 3409: 3408:King of England 3407: 3391: 3382: 3192: 3161:Empress Matilda 3154: 3141: 3140: 3139:King of England 3138: 2765: 2756: 2747: 2738: 2718: 2717: 2716:King of England 2715: 2695: 2694: 2693:King of England 2692: 2683:Robert Curthose 2669: 2660: 2441: 2413: 2412: 2411:King of England 2410: 2393: 2377: 2368: 2360: 2359: 2353: 2348: 2342: 2340: 2335: 2329: 2325: 2323: 2296: 2257:Steven Runciman 2223: 2150: 2144: 2102:lions rampants 2065: 2059: 2054: 2025: 1981: 1954:Stephen Langton 1900: 1899: 1898: 1897: 1896: 1893: 1884: 1883: 1882: 1880:Rouen Cathedral 1876: 1845:of Roman gold. 1812:Chronica Majora 1801: 1764:inheritance in 1656: 1623:Philip of Dreux 1586:Ja nuls om pres 1532: 1512: 1507: 1491:Battle of Jaffa 1440:Battle of Arsuf 1371: 1357: 1336: 1319:Robert de Sablé 1315:Knights Templar 1291:Guy of Lusignan 1255: 1249: 1180: 1160:Bertran de Born 1105: 1053:Tower of London 1017: 1012: 1006: 944:Charente Valley 932:Rouen Cathedral 915:, Vexin in the 890:le quor de lion 862:Roger of Howden 858:John Gillingham 841: 725:Jordan Fantosme 713: 707: 695:count of Poitou 610:Angevin domains 538:Ralph de Diceto 471:Beaumont Palace 455: 450: 344:King of England 313: 302:Battle of Jaffa 297:Battle of Arsuf 270:Military career 212: 209: 1191) 204: 200: 197: 184: 183:, Anjou, France 167: 156:Beaumont Palace 154: 141: 82: 76:King of England 70: 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12635: 12625: 12624: 12619: 12614: 12609: 12604: 12599: 12594: 12589: 12584: 12579: 12574: 12572:House of Anjou 12569: 12564: 12559: 12554: 12549: 12544: 12539: 12534: 12529: 12524: 12519: 12514: 12509: 12504: 12499: 12494: 12489: 12484: 12479: 12474: 12459: 12458: 12441: 12439:from Wikiquote 12424: 12395: 12390: 12389: 12384: 12383: 12360: 12359: 12358: 12353: 12348: 12343: 12337: 12334: 12333: 12331: 12330: 12328:Medieval music 12325: 12318: 12313: 12312: 12311: 12300: 12298: 12294: 12293: 12291: 12290: 12285: 12280: 12275: 12270: 12265: 12263:Dame de Gosnai 12260: 12255: 12249: 12247: 12243: 12242: 12235: 12233: 12231: 12230: 12225: 12220: 12215: 12210: 12205: 12200: 12195: 12193:Simon d'Authie 12190: 12185: 12180: 12175: 12170: 12165: 12160: 12155: 12150: 12145: 12140: 12135: 12130: 12125: 12120: 12115: 12110: 12105: 12100: 12095: 12090: 12085: 12083:Moniot d'Arras 12080: 12078:Mahieu le Juif 12075: 12073:Mahieu de Gant 12070: 12065: 12060: 12055: 12050: 12045: 12040: 12035: 12030: 12025: 12020: 12015: 12010: 12005: 12000: 11995: 11990: 11985: 11983:Jacques Bretel 11980: 11975: 11970: 11965: 11960: 11955: 11950: 11945: 11940: 11935: 11933:Guiot de Dijon 11930: 11928:Guillaume Veau 11925: 11920: 11915: 11910: 11905: 11900: 11898:Gobin de Reims 11895: 11890: 11885: 11880: 11875: 11870: 11865: 11860: 11855: 11850: 11845: 11843:Ernoul Caupain 11840: 11835: 11830: 11825: 11820: 11815: 11810: 11805: 11800: 11795: 11790: 11785: 11780: 11775: 11770: 11765: 11760: 11755: 11750: 11745: 11740: 11734: 11732: 11728: 11727: 11720: 11719: 11712: 11705: 11697: 11688: 11687: 11685: 11684: 11673: 11670: 11669: 11666: 11665: 11662: 11661: 11659: 11658: 11651: 11646: 11639: 11632: 11625: 11620: 11615: 11608: 11601: 11594: 11587: 11579: 11577: 11573: 11572: 11570: 11569: 11561: 11553: 11545: 11536: 11534: 11530: 11529: 11527: 11526: 11519: 11512: 11505: 11498: 11490: 11481: 11479: 11475: 11474: 11472: 11471: 11463: 11455: 11451:The Last Arrow 11447: 11439: 11431: 11423: 11415: 11407: 11399: 11391: 11383: 11374: 11372: 11368: 11367: 11365: 11364: 11356: 11348: 11340: 11332: 11324: 11316: 11308: 11300: 11291: 11289: 11285: 11284: 11282: 11281: 11280:(2013 musical) 11277:Robin des Bois 11273: 11265: 11257: 11249: 11241: 11233: 11225: 11216: 11214: 11210: 11209: 11207: 11206: 11200: 11194: 11188: 11182: 11176: 11170: 11164: 11158: 11152: 11146: 11140: 11134: 11128: 11122: 11116: 11110: 11104: 11098: 11092: 11086: 11080: 11074: 11068: 11062: 11056: 11050: 11044: 11038: 11032: 11026: 11020: 11014: 11008: 11001: 10999: 10995: 10994: 10992: 10991: 10986: 10981: 10975: 10973: 10967: 10966: 10963: 10962: 10960: 10959: 10951: 10943: 10935: 10927: 10919: 10911: 10902: 10900: 10894: 10893: 10891: 10890: 10882: 10874: 10866: 10858: 10849: 10847: 10843: 10842: 10840: 10839: 10831: 10823: 10815: 10807: 10799: 10791: 10783: 10775: 10767: 10758: 10756: 10752: 10751: 10749: 10748: 10740: 10732: 10724: 10716: 10708: 10700: 10692: 10683: 10681: 10677: 10676: 10674: 10673: 10665: 10657: 10649: 10641: 10633: 10625: 10617: 10609: 10601: 10593: 10585: 10577: 10569: 10561: 10553: 10545: 10537: 10529: 10521: 10513: 10505: 10496: 10494: 10487: 10477: 10476: 10466: 10465: 10462: 10461: 10458: 10457: 10455: 10454: 10449: 10444: 10439: 10434: 10429: 10428: 10427: 10416: 10414: 10410: 10409: 10406: 10405: 10403: 10402: 10397: 10392: 10387: 10382: 10377: 10375:Arthur a Bland 10372: 10367: 10362: 10356: 10354: 10348: 10347: 10345: 10344: 10339: 10334: 10329: 10324: 10319: 10314: 10309: 10304: 10298: 10296: 10289: 10281: 10280: 10270: 10269: 10262: 10261: 10254: 10247: 10239: 10230: 10229: 10227: 10226: 10220: 10217: 10216: 10213: 10212: 10210: 10209: 10204: 10201: 10197:Illegitimate: 10194: 10193: 10187: 10186: 10179: 10176: 10175: 10163: 10162: 10159: 10158: 10156: 10155: 10149: 10146: 10145: 10133: 10132: 10129: 10128: 10126: 10125: 10122: 10117: 10113: 10112: 10107: 10102: 10097: 10092: 10087: 10082: 10077: 10075:Cecily of York 10072: 10067: 10061: 10060: 10053: 10050: 10049: 10037: 10036: 10033: 10032: 10030: 10029: 10023: 10022: 10015: 10012: 10011: 9999: 9998: 9995: 9994: 9992: 9991: 9985: 9984: 9977: 9974: 9973: 9961: 9960: 9957: 9956: 9954: 9953: 9949: 9948: 9943: 9938: 9933: 9928: 9923: 9917: 9916: 9911: 9904: 9901: 9900: 9888: 9887: 9884: 9883: 9881: 9880: 9875: 9868: 9865: 9864: 9852: 9851: 9848: 9847: 9845: 9844: 9841: 9840:Jane Northland 9838: 9834:Illegitimate: 9831: 9830: 9825: 9820: 9815: 9810: 9805: 9800: 9795: 9790: 9784: 9783: 9776: 9773: 9772: 9760: 9759: 9756: 9755: 9753: 9752: 9748:Illegitimate: 9745: 9744: 9739: 9734: 9729: 9723: 9722: 9715: 9712: 9711: 9699: 9698: 9695: 9694: 9692: 9691: 9686: 9681: 9676: 9671: 9666: 9661: 9656: 9651: 9646: 9640: 9639: 9634: 9627: 9624: 9623: 9611: 9610: 9607: 9606: 9604: 9603: 9598: 9593: 9588: 9583: 9577: 9576: 9569: 9566: 9565: 9553: 9552: 9549: 9548: 9546: 9545: 9542: 9541:Philip FitzRoy 9539: 9538:Isabel FitzRoy 9536: 9533: 9530: 9527: 9526:Osbert Gifford 9524: 9521: 9518: 9515: 9514:Oliver FitzRoy 9512: 9507: 9503:Illegitimate: 9500: 9499: 9494: 9489: 9484: 9479: 9473: 9472: 9465: 9462: 9461: 9449: 9448: 9445: 9444: 9442: 9441: 9437:Illegitimate: 9434: 9433: 9426: 9423: 9422: 9410: 9409: 9406: 9405: 9403: 9402: 9395: 9394: 9387: 9384: 9383: 9371: 9370: 9367: 9366: 9364: 9363: 9358: 9354:Illegitimate: 9351: 9350: 9345: 9340: 9335: 9330: 9325: 9320: 9315: 9309: 9308: 9301: 9298: 9297: 9285: 9284: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9269: 9267: 9266: 9261: 9256: 9252:Illegitimate: 9249: 9248: 9243: 9238: 9232: 9231: 9224: 9221: 9220: 9208: 9207: 9200: 9199: 9192: 9185: 9177: 9168: 9167: 9160:count of Rouen 9157: 9154: 9153: 9151: 9150: 9144: 9138: 9131: 9129: 9121: 9120: 9118: 9117: 9111: 9105: 9099: 9094: 9088: 9082: 9080: 9072: 9071: 9065: 9063: 9059:House of Blois 9055: 9054: 9052: 9051: 9046: 9040: 9035: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9014: 9008: 9002: 8995: 8993: 8985: 8984: 8973: 8972: 8965: 8958: 8950: 8941: 8940: 8938: 8937: 8931: 8928: 8927: 8924: 8923: 8921: 8920: 8915: 8910: 8905: 8900: 8895: 8890: 8885: 8880: 8875: 8870: 8865: 8860: 8854: 8851: 8850: 8848: 8847: 8831: 8830: 8827: 8826: 8824: 8823: 8818: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8798: 8797: 8792: 8782: 8777: 8771: 8768: 8767: 8765: 8764: 8747: 8746: 8743: 8742: 8738: 8737: 8735: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8694: 8689: 8686:Edward Balliol 8682: 8677: 8672: 8667: 8660: 8655: 8650: 8645: 8640: 8635: 8630: 8625: 8620: 8615: 8610: 8605: 8600: 8595: 8590: 8585: 8580: 8575: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8546:Constantine II 8543: 8538: 8531: 8524: 8517: 8510: 8503: 8495: 8493: 8491: 8490: 8485: 8474: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8397: 8390: 8385: 8380: 8373: 8368: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8346: 8341: 8338:Edgar Ætheling 8334: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8309: 8304: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8277: 8272: 8267: 8262: 8255: 8248: 8240: 8237: 8236: 8233: 8227: 8220: 8219: 8203: 8202: 8195: 8188: 8180: 8174: 8171: 8170: 8159: 8158: 8153: 8150: 8145:Count of Anjou 8140: 8139: 8125: 8124: 8119: 8116: 8111:Count of Maine 8107: 8102: 8098: 8097: 8088: 8085: 8069: 8060: 8056: 8055: 8054:Regnal titles 8051: 8050: 8030: 8027: 8022: 8021: 8007: 7998: 7997:at BBC History 7992: 7984: 7983:External links 7981: 7979: 7978: 7965: 7959: 7948: 7936: 7911: 7886: 7880: 7867: 7861: 7848: 7843: 7827: 7821: 7808: 7802: 7789: 7780: 7771: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7750: 7744: 7731: 7702: 7696: 7683: 7670: 7661: 7656: 7643: 7637: 7620: 7588: 7582: 7566: 7560: 7547: 7526:. p. 11. 7513: 7507: 7491: 7485: 7467: 7461: 7448: 7442: 7424: 7418: 7405: 7399: 7386: 7344: 7338: 7325: 7319: 7306: 7300: 7287: 7281: 7261: 7255: 7242: 7236: 7220: 7214: 7201: 7195: 7178: 7172: 7159: 7153: 7140: 7134: 7118: 7112: 7099: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7075: 7068: 7050: 7032: 7025: 7003: 6986: 6975: 6968: 6950: 6939: 6928: 6890: 6879: 6868: 6848: 6841: 6823: 6808: 6806:, p. 192. 6796: 6784: 6771: 6745: 6728: 6722:978-0810928305 6721: 6698: 6686: 6684:, p. 464. 6674: 6672:, p. 463. 6662: 6650: 6638: 6613: 6606: 6576: 6563: 6542: 6521: 6510: 6492: 6481: 6479:, p. 322. 6469: 6455: 6440: 6428: 6421: 6400: 6380: 6309: 6307:, p. 235. 6297: 6295:, p. 238. 6285: 6258: 6228: 6216: 6204: 6192: 6180: 6154: 6142: 6135: 6110: 6098: 6083: 6081:, p. 113. 6071: 6069:, p. 303. 6059: 6057:, p. 304. 6047: 6032: 6020: 6018:, p. 112. 6008: 5996: 5984: 5972: 5970:, p. 301. 5955: 5943: 5941:, p. 184. 5931: 5919: 5908: 5895: 5879: 5867: 5850: 5838: 5831: 5811: 5799: 5784:, ed. (1911). 5782:Chisholm, Hugh 5770: 5758: 5742: 5730: 5714: 5702: 5689: 5672: 5660: 5648: 5646:, p. 154. 5636: 5629: 5606: 5585: 5571: 5551: 5537: 5517: 5505: 5493: 5481: 5453: 5441: 5415: 5398: 5383: 5371: 5369:, p. 134. 5359: 5347: 5330: 5328:, p. 131. 5318: 5303: 5291: 5279: 5277:, p. 117. 5267: 5252: 5250:, p. 114. 5240: 5238:, p. 111. 5228: 5226:, p. 118. 5216: 5204: 5189: 5177: 5175:, p. 100. 5165: 5153: 5141: 5129: 5118: 5101: 5089: 5077: 5065: 5050: 5038: 5025: 5018: 5000: 4993: 4975: 4959: 4950: 4925: 4913: 4898: 4886: 4874: 4859: 4847: 4828: 4813: 4801: 4786: 4771: 4756: 4744: 4732: 4720: 4708: 4696: 4684: 4672: 4660: 4648: 4636: 4624: 4612: 4605: 4587: 4575: 4563: 4551: 4539: 4527: 4515: 4508: 4486: 4474: 4462: 4447: 4432: 4420: 4408: 4397: 4385: 4374: 4363: 4351: 4339: 4332: 4314: 4282: 4267: 4246: 4239: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4207: 4206: 4197: 4186: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4179: 4178: 4171: 4164: 4161: 4156: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4147: 4140: 4138: 4131: 4129: 4122: 4120: 4106: 4104: 4097: 4095: 4093: 4086: 4084: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4069: 4067: 4065: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4057: 4056:King of France 4050: 4048: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4032: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4022: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4014: 4012: 4010: 4008: 4006: 4004: 4002: 4000: 3998: 3996: 3994: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3896: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3846: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3784: 3782: 3781:King of Sicily 3775: 3773: 3768: 3766: 3759: 3757: 3752: 3750: 3743: 3741: 3727: 3725: 3718: 3716: 3711: 3709: 3708:King of France 3702: 3700: 3695: 3693: 3685: 3684: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3600: 3598: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3586: 3584: 3582: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3477: 3476: 3474: 3467: 3465: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3427: 3425: 3418: 3416: 3402: 3400: 3395: 3393: 3392:King of France 3386: 3384: 3377: 3375: 3369: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3323: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3266: 3264: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3213: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3194: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3172: 3170: 3168:William Adelin 3165: 3163: 3158: 3156: 3155:Count of Anjou 3149: 3147: 3133: 3131: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3111: 3109: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3078: 3077: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3069: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3007: 3005: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2890: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2863: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2780: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2768: 2767: 2760: 2758: 2751: 2749: 2742: 2740: 2733: 2731: 2726: 2724: 2710: 2708: 2703: 2701: 2687: 2685: 2680: 2678: 2673: 2671: 2664: 2662: 2654: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2643: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2625: 2623: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2570: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2456: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2444: 2443: 2436: 2434: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2394:King of France 2388: 2386: 2381: 2379: 2378:Count of Anjou 2372: 2370: 2327: 2326: 2322: 2321: 2314: 2307: 2299: 2298: 2297: 2295: 2292: 2287:Edmund Allenby 2272:William Stubbs 2222: 2219: 2188:Richard Thorpe 2146:Main article: 2143: 2140: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2024: 2021: 1980: 1977: 1973:Angevin Empire 1964:for his sins. 1942:Henry Sandford 1894: 1887: 1886: 1885: 1877: 1870: 1869: 1868: 1867: 1866: 1843:treasure trove 1839:Châlus-Chabrol 1821:(13th century) 1800: 1797: 1655: 1652: 1615:Trifels Castle 1552:Henry the Lion 1520:Peter of Eboli 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1376:Chertsey Abbey 1372: 1250–60 1356: 1353: 1335: 1332: 1305:Richard named 1279:Isaac Komnenos 1251:Main article: 1248: 1245: 1232: 1231: 1224: 1179: 1176: 1164:Hugh de Puiset 1104: 1101: 1016: 1013: 1005: 1002: 874:hic leo noster 840: 837: 709:Main article: 706: 703: 481:, son of King 454: 451: 449: 446: 413:, although he 319: 318: 315: 314: 312: 311: 306: 305: 304: 299: 294: 284: 278: 276: 272: 271: 267: 266: 263: 262: 257: 253: 252: 247: 243: 242: 233: 227: 226: 220: 214: 213: 202: 198: 193: 192: 190: 186: 185: 179: 177: 173: 172: 164: 160: 159: 151: 147: 146: 143: 142: 140: 139: 134: 128: 126: 122: 121: 116: 112: 111: 106: 102: 101: 98: 92: 91: 88: 84: 83: 78: 72: 71: 60: 52: 51: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12634: 12623: 12620: 12618: 12615: 12613: 12610: 12608: 12605: 12603: 12602:Rebel princes 12600: 12598: 12595: 12593: 12590: 12588: 12585: 12583: 12580: 12578: 12575: 12573: 12570: 12568: 12565: 12563: 12560: 12558: 12555: 12553: 12550: 12548: 12545: 12543: 12540: 12538: 12535: 12533: 12530: 12528: 12525: 12523: 12520: 12518: 12515: 12513: 12510: 12508: 12505: 12503: 12500: 12498: 12495: 12493: 12490: 12488: 12485: 12483: 12480: 12478: 12475: 12473: 12470: 12469: 12467: 12455: 12454: 12442: 12438: 12437: 12425: 12421: 12420: 12408: 12407: 12404: 12398: 12381: 12380: 12368: 12367: 12366: 12357: 12354: 12352: 12349: 12347: 12344: 12342: 12339: 12338: 12335: 12329: 12326: 12324: 12323: 12319: 12317: 12314: 12310: 12307: 12306: 12305: 12302: 12301: 12299: 12295: 12289: 12286: 12284: 12281: 12279: 12276: 12274: 12271: 12269: 12266: 12264: 12261: 12259: 12256: 12254: 12251: 12250: 12248: 12244: 12239: 12229: 12226: 12224: 12221: 12219: 12216: 12214: 12211: 12209: 12206: 12204: 12201: 12199: 12196: 12194: 12191: 12189: 12186: 12184: 12181: 12179: 12176: 12174: 12171: 12169: 12166: 12164: 12161: 12159: 12156: 12154: 12151: 12149: 12146: 12144: 12141: 12139: 12136: 12134: 12131: 12129: 12126: 12124: 12121: 12119: 12116: 12114: 12111: 12109: 12106: 12104: 12101: 12099: 12096: 12094: 12091: 12089: 12086: 12084: 12081: 12079: 12076: 12074: 12071: 12069: 12066: 12064: 12063:Lambert Ferri 12061: 12059: 12056: 12054: 12053:Jehan de Trie 12051: 12049: 12046: 12044: 12041: 12039: 12038:Jehan Fremaux 12036: 12034: 12031: 12029: 12026: 12024: 12021: 12019: 12016: 12014: 12011: 12009: 12006: 12004: 12001: 11999: 11996: 11994: 11991: 11989: 11986: 11984: 11981: 11979: 11976: 11974: 11971: 11969: 11966: 11964: 11961: 11959: 11956: 11954: 11953:Henri de Lacy 11951: 11949: 11946: 11944: 11941: 11939: 11936: 11934: 11931: 11929: 11926: 11924: 11921: 11919: 11916: 11914: 11911: 11909: 11906: 11904: 11901: 11899: 11896: 11894: 11891: 11889: 11886: 11884: 11881: 11879: 11876: 11874: 11871: 11869: 11866: 11864: 11861: 11859: 11856: 11854: 11851: 11849: 11846: 11844: 11841: 11839: 11836: 11834: 11831: 11829: 11826: 11824: 11821: 11819: 11816: 11814: 11811: 11809: 11806: 11804: 11801: 11799: 11796: 11794: 11791: 11789: 11786: 11784: 11781: 11779: 11776: 11774: 11771: 11769: 11766: 11764: 11761: 11759: 11756: 11754: 11751: 11749: 11748:Adenet Le Roi 11746: 11744: 11741: 11739: 11736: 11735: 11733: 11729: 11725: 11718: 11713: 11711: 11706: 11704: 11699: 11698: 11695: 11683: 11675: 11674: 11671: 11657: 11656: 11652: 11650: 11647: 11645: 11644: 11640: 11637: 11633: 11630: 11626: 11624: 11621: 11619: 11616: 11614: 11613: 11609: 11607: 11606: 11602: 11600: 11599: 11595: 11593: 11592: 11588: 11586: 11585: 11581: 11580: 11578: 11574: 11567: 11566: 11562: 11559: 11558: 11554: 11551: 11550: 11546: 11543: 11542: 11538: 11537: 11535: 11531: 11525: 11524: 11520: 11517: 11513: 11510: 11506: 11503: 11499: 11496: 11495: 11491: 11488: 11487: 11483: 11482: 11480: 11476: 11469: 11468: 11464: 11461: 11460: 11456: 11453: 11452: 11448: 11445: 11444: 11440: 11437: 11436: 11432: 11429: 11428: 11424: 11421: 11420: 11416: 11413: 11412: 11408: 11405: 11404: 11400: 11397: 11396: 11392: 11389: 11388: 11384: 11381: 11380: 11376: 11375: 11373: 11369: 11362: 11361: 11357: 11354: 11353: 11349: 11346: 11345: 11341: 11338: 11337: 11333: 11330: 11329: 11325: 11322: 11321: 11317: 11314: 11313: 11309: 11306: 11305: 11301: 11298: 11297: 11293: 11292: 11290: 11286: 11279: 11278: 11274: 11272:(1998 ballet) 11271: 11270: 11266: 11263: 11262: 11258: 11255: 11254: 11250: 11247: 11246: 11245:The Foresters 11242: 11239: 11238: 11234: 11231: 11230: 11226: 11223: 11222: 11218: 11217: 11215: 11211: 11205: 11201: 11199: 11195: 11193: 11189: 11187: 11183: 11181: 11177: 11175: 11171: 11169: 11165: 11163: 11159: 11157: 11153: 11151: 11147: 11145: 11141: 11139: 11135: 11133: 11129: 11127: 11123: 11121: 11117: 11115: 11111: 11109: 11105: 11103: 11099: 11097: 11093: 11091: 11087: 11085: 11081: 11079: 11075: 11073: 11069: 11067: 11063: 11061: 11057: 11055: 11051: 11049: 11045: 11043: 11039: 11037: 11033: 11031: 11027: 11025: 11021: 11019: 11015: 11013: 11009: 11007: 11003: 11002: 11000: 10998:Child ballads 10996: 10990: 10987: 10985: 10982: 10980: 10977: 10976: 10974: 10972: 10968: 10957: 10956: 10952: 10949: 10948: 10944: 10941: 10940: 10936: 10933: 10932: 10928: 10925: 10924: 10920: 10917: 10916: 10912: 10909: 10908: 10907:Mexicali Rose 10904: 10903: 10901: 10895: 10888: 10887: 10883: 10880: 10879: 10875: 10872: 10871: 10867: 10864: 10863: 10859: 10856: 10855: 10851: 10850: 10848: 10844: 10837: 10836: 10832: 10829: 10828: 10824: 10821: 10820: 10816: 10813: 10812: 10808: 10805: 10804: 10800: 10797: 10796: 10792: 10789: 10788: 10784: 10781: 10780: 10776: 10773: 10772: 10768: 10765: 10764: 10760: 10759: 10757: 10753: 10746: 10745: 10741: 10738: 10737: 10733: 10730: 10729: 10725: 10722: 10721: 10717: 10714: 10713: 10709: 10706: 10705: 10701: 10698: 10697: 10693: 10690: 10689: 10685: 10684: 10682: 10678: 10671: 10670: 10666: 10663: 10662: 10658: 10655: 10654: 10650: 10647: 10646: 10642: 10639: 10638: 10634: 10631: 10630: 10626: 10623: 10622: 10618: 10615: 10614: 10610: 10607: 10606: 10602: 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10154: 10151: 10150: 10147: 10143: 10138: 10134: 10123: 10121: 10118: 10115: 10114: 10111: 10108: 10106: 10103: 10101: 10098: 10096: 10093: 10091: 10088: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10078: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10066: 10063: 10062: 10059: 10055: 10054: 10051: 10047: 10042: 10038: 10028: 10025: 10024: 10021: 10017: 10016: 10013: 10009: 10004: 10000: 9990: 9987: 9986: 9983: 9979: 9978: 9975: 9971: 9966: 9962: 9951: 9950: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9939: 9937: 9934: 9932: 9929: 9927: 9924: 9922: 9919: 9918: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9909:Mary de Bohun 9906: 9905: 9902: 9898: 9893: 9889: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9870: 9869: 9866: 9862: 9857: 9853: 9842: 9839: 9837: 9833: 9832: 9829: 9826: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9816: 9814: 9811: 9809: 9806: 9804: 9801: 9799: 9796: 9794: 9791: 9789: 9786: 9785: 9782: 9778: 9777: 9774: 9770: 9765: 9761: 9751: 9747: 9746: 9743: 9740: 9738: 9735: 9733: 9730: 9728: 9725: 9724: 9721: 9717: 9716: 9713: 9709: 9704: 9700: 9690: 9687: 9685: 9682: 9680: 9677: 9675: 9672: 9670: 9667: 9665: 9662: 9660: 9657: 9655: 9652: 9650: 9647: 9645: 9642: 9641: 9638: 9635: 9633: 9629: 9628: 9625: 9621: 9616: 9612: 9602: 9599: 9597: 9594: 9592: 9589: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9579: 9578: 9575: 9571: 9570: 9567: 9563: 9558: 9554: 9543: 9540: 9537: 9534: 9531: 9529:Eudes FitzRoy 9528: 9525: 9523:Henry FitzRoy 9522: 9519: 9516: 9513: 9511: 9508: 9506: 9502: 9501: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9480: 9478: 9475: 9474: 9471: 9467: 9466: 9463: 9459: 9454: 9450: 9440: 9436: 9435: 9432: 9428: 9427: 9424: 9420: 9415: 9411: 9400: 9397: 9396: 9393: 9389: 9388: 9385: 9381: 9376: 9372: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9353: 9352: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9310: 9307: 9303: 9302: 9299: 9295: 9290: 9286: 9279: 9265: 9262: 9260: 9259:Emma of Anjou 9257: 9255: 9251: 9250: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9237: 9234: 9233: 9230: 9226: 9225: 9222: 9218: 9213: 9209: 9205: 9198: 9193: 9191: 9186: 9184: 9179: 9178: 9175: 9165: 9161: 9155: 9148: 9145: 9142: 9139: 9136: 9133: 9132: 9130: 9126: 9122: 9115: 9112: 9109: 9106: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9092: 9089: 9087: 9084: 9083: 9081: 9077: 9073: 9068: 9064: 9060: 9056: 9050: 9049:William (III) 9047: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9018: 9015: 9012: 9009: 9006: 9003: 9000: 8997: 8996: 8994: 8990: 8986: 8982: 8978: 8971: 8966: 8964: 8959: 8957: 8952: 8951: 8948: 8936: 8933: 8932: 8929: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8884: 8881: 8879: 8876: 8874: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8856: 8855: 8852: 8846: 8845: 8840: 8839: 8836: 8832: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8787: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8772: 8769: 8763: 8761: 8756: 8755: 8752: 8748: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8687: 8683: 8681: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8665: 8661: 8659: 8658:Alexander III 8656: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8611: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8601: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8573: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8536: 8532: 8530: 8529: 8525: 8523: 8522: 8518: 8516: 8515: 8514:Constantine I 8511: 8509: 8508: 8504: 8502: 8501: 8497: 8496: 8494: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8483: 8478: 8475: 8473: 8472: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8395: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8378: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8366: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8339: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8302: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8260: 8256: 8254: 8253: 8249: 8247: 8246: 8242: 8241: 8239: 8238: 8234: 8231: 8230: 8225: 8221: 8216: 8212: 8208: 8201: 8196: 8194: 8189: 8187: 8182: 8181: 8178: 8172: 8165: 8156: 8147: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8135: 8131: 8126: 8122: 8113: 8112: 8105: 8099: 8095: 8091: 8084: 8083: 8075: 8074: 8067: 8063: 8057: 8052: 8047: 8040: 8035: 8034: 8025: 8019: 8015: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8002: 7999: 7996: 7993: 7990: 7987: 7986: 7975: 7971: 7966: 7963: 7960: 7956: 7955: 7949: 7945: 7942:(1951–1954). 7941: 7937: 7933: 7927: 7919: 7918: 7912: 7908: 7902: 7894: 7893: 7887: 7883: 7881:0-7546-0581-7 7877: 7873: 7868: 7864: 7862:0-9513-0856-4 7858: 7854: 7849: 7846: 7840: 7836: 7832: 7831:Maalouf, Amin 7828: 7824: 7822:0-5200-5224-2 7818: 7814: 7809: 7805: 7803:1-8401-4676-1 7799: 7795: 7790: 7786: 7781: 7777: 7772: 7768: 7764: 7760: 7759: 7747: 7741: 7737: 7732: 7728: 7724: 7720: 7716: 7712: 7708: 7703: 7699: 7693: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7675: 7671: 7667: 7662: 7659: 7653: 7649: 7644: 7640: 7634: 7630: 7626: 7621: 7618: 7614: 7610: 7606: 7602: 7598: 7594: 7589: 7585: 7579: 7575: 7571: 7570:Oman, Charles 7567: 7563: 7557: 7553: 7548: 7544: 7540: 7536: 7529: 7525: 7520: 7514: 7510: 7504: 7500: 7496: 7492: 7488: 7482: 7478: 7477: 7472: 7468: 7464: 7458: 7454: 7449: 7445: 7439: 7435: 7434: 7429: 7425: 7421: 7415: 7411: 7406: 7402: 7396: 7392: 7387: 7383: 7368: 7364: 7360: 7359: 7353: 7352: 7345: 7341: 7335: 7331: 7326: 7322: 7316: 7312: 7307: 7303: 7297: 7293: 7288: 7284: 7278: 7273: 7272: 7266: 7262: 7258: 7252: 7248: 7243: 7239: 7233: 7229: 7225: 7221: 7217: 7215:0-1986-0956-6 7211: 7207: 7202: 7198: 7192: 7187: 7186: 7179: 7175: 7169: 7165: 7164:Die Normannen 7160: 7156: 7150: 7146: 7141: 7137: 7131: 7127: 7123: 7119: 7115: 7109: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7094: 7089: 7085: 7084: 7071: 7065: 7061: 7053: 7047: 7043: 7036: 7028: 7022: 7018: 7014: 7007: 6999: 6998: 6990: 6984: 6979: 6971: 6965: 6961: 6954: 6948: 6943: 6937: 6932: 6925: 6921: 6919: 6912: 6910: 6904: 6902: 6894: 6888: 6883: 6877: 6872: 6865: 6861: 6855: 6853: 6844: 6838: 6834: 6827: 6819: 6812: 6805: 6800: 6793: 6788: 6781: 6775: 6760: 6756: 6749: 6742: 6738: 6732: 6724: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6709: 6702: 6695: 6690: 6683: 6678: 6671: 6666: 6659: 6654: 6647: 6642: 6635: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6617: 6609: 6603: 6599: 6595: 6590: 6589: 6580: 6573: 6567: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6546: 6539: 6535: 6533: 6525: 6519: 6514: 6506: 6499: 6497: 6490: 6485: 6478: 6473: 6466: 6459: 6452: 6447: 6445: 6437: 6432: 6424: 6418: 6414: 6407: 6405: 6397: 6395: 6389: 6384: 6376: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6358: 6354: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6325: 6320: 6313: 6306: 6301: 6294: 6289: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6272:Penguin Books 6269: 6262: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6232: 6226:, p. 234 6225: 6220: 6213: 6208: 6202:, p. 16. 6201: 6196: 6189: 6184: 6168: 6164: 6158: 6152:, p. 94. 6151: 6146: 6138: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6117: 6115: 6108:, p. 33. 6107: 6102: 6096:, p. 62. 6095: 6090: 6088: 6080: 6075: 6068: 6063: 6056: 6051: 6045:, p. 42. 6044: 6039: 6037: 6029: 6024: 6017: 6012: 6005: 6000: 5994:, p. 20. 5993: 5988: 5982:, p. 10. 5981: 5976: 5969: 5964: 5962: 5960: 5952: 5947: 5940: 5935: 5928: 5923: 5917: 5912: 5905: 5899: 5892: 5888: 5883: 5876: 5871: 5864: 5860: 5854: 5848:, p. 85. 5847: 5846:Longford 1989 5842: 5834: 5828: 5824: 5823: 5815: 5808: 5803: 5795: 5794: 5788: 5783: 5777: 5775: 5768:, p. 128 5767: 5762: 5756: 5752: 5746: 5739: 5734: 5727: 5724: 5718: 5711: 5706: 5699: 5693: 5686: 5682: 5676: 5669: 5664: 5657: 5652: 5645: 5640: 5632: 5626: 5622: 5621: 5613: 5611: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5595: 5589: 5574: 5568: 5564: 5563: 5555: 5540: 5534: 5530: 5529: 5521: 5515:, p. 149 5514: 5509: 5502: 5497: 5491:, p. 148 5490: 5485: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5460:According to 5457: 5450: 5445: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5424:Abbott, Jacob 5419: 5413:, p. 138 5412: 5407: 5405: 5403: 5396:, p. 137 5395: 5390: 5388: 5380: 5375: 5368: 5363: 5356: 5351: 5345:, p. 132 5344: 5339: 5337: 5335: 5327: 5322: 5314: 5307: 5300: 5295: 5288: 5283: 5276: 5271: 5265:, p. 116 5264: 5259: 5257: 5249: 5244: 5237: 5232: 5225: 5220: 5214:, p. 99. 5213: 5208: 5202:, p. 101 5201: 5196: 5194: 5186: 5181: 5174: 5169: 5162: 5157: 5150: 5145: 5138: 5133: 5127: 5122: 5115: 5110: 5108: 5106: 5098: 5093: 5087:, p. 107 5086: 5081: 5074: 5069: 5063: 5059: 5054: 5047: 5042: 5036:, p. 264 5035: 5029: 5021: 5015: 5011: 5004: 4996: 4990: 4986: 4979: 4972: 4968: 4963: 4954: 4939: 4935: 4929: 4922: 4917: 4910: 4905: 4903: 4896:, p. 52. 4895: 4890: 4884:, p. 36. 4883: 4878: 4872:, p. 50. 4871: 4866: 4864: 4856: 4851: 4845:, p. 35. 4844: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4833: 4825: 4820: 4818: 4811:, p. 49. 4810: 4805: 4798: 4793: 4791: 4784:, p. 33. 4783: 4778: 4776: 4769:, p. 48. 4768: 4763: 4761: 4753: 4748: 4742:, p. 41. 4741: 4736: 4729: 4724: 4718:, p. 32. 4717: 4712: 4705: 4700: 4693: 4688: 4681: 4676: 4669: 4664: 4657: 4652: 4645: 4640: 4633: 4628: 4621: 4616: 4608: 4602: 4598: 4591: 4584: 4579: 4572: 4567: 4560: 4555: 4548: 4543: 4537:, p. 10. 4536: 4531: 4524: 4519: 4511: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4490: 4484:, p. 28. 4483: 4478: 4471: 4466: 4460:, p. ix. 4459: 4454: 4452: 4445:, p. 24. 4444: 4439: 4437: 4429: 4424: 4418:, p. 58. 4417: 4412: 4406: 4401: 4394: 4389: 4383: 4378: 4372: 4367: 4361:, p. 20. 4360: 4355: 4348: 4343: 4335: 4329: 4325: 4318: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4292: 4286: 4280:, p. 71. 4279: 4274: 4272: 4264: 4263:9781108832960 4260: 4256: 4250: 4242: 4236: 4232: 4225: 4221: 4201: 4191: 4187: 4177: 4176: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4166: 4150: 4149: 4144: 4135: 4126: 4110: 4101: 4096: 4094: 4090: 4073: 4058: 4054: 4034: 4031: 4027: 4025: 4023: 4017: 4015: 4007: 4005: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3989: 3987: 3985: 3981: 3979: 3963: 3961: 3949: 3947: 3945: 3940: 3933: 3929: 3927: 3923: 3901: 3899: 3893: 3889: 3887: 3881: 3877: 3875: 3859: 3857: 3845: 3843: 3837: 3833: 3831: 3816: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3804: 3788: 3779: 3772: 3763: 3756: 3747: 3731: 3722: 3715: 3706: 3699: 3692:Latin Emperor 3690: 3686: 3683: 3677: 3663: 3661: 3645: 3643: 3635: 3633: 3625: 3623: 3615: 3613: 3605: 3603: 3602: 3595: 3591: 3589: 3585: 3527: 3525: 3521: 3519: 3486: 3483: 3481: 3478: 3471: 3462: 3431: 3422: 3406: 3399: 3390: 3381: 3374: 3370: 3367: 3359: 3357: 3349: 3347: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3327: 3325: 3324: 3317: 3309: 3273: 3269: 3267: 3255: 3253: 3227: 3219: 3217: 3214: 3209: 3207: 3196: 3191: 3176: 3169: 3162: 3153: 3137: 3130: 3129:William Clito 3115: 3103: 3100: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3082: 3080: 3079: 3044: 3040: 3038: 3034: 3032: 3018: 3012: 3010: 2971: 2968: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2946: 2944: 2934: 2932: 2928: 2926: 2912: 2910: 2894: 2892: 2891: 2884: 2878: 2876: 2858: 2846: 2844: 2830: 2828: 2814: 2812: 2800: 2798: 2794: 2792: 2781: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2769: 2764: 2755: 2746: 2737: 2730: 2714: 2707: 2691: 2684: 2677: 2668: 2659: 2655: 2652: 2644: 2642: 2634: 2632: 2624: 2622: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2602: 2600: 2592: 2590: 2582: 2580: 2578: 2574: 2572: 2571: 2564: 2536: 2534: 2530: 2528: 2518: 2510: 2508: 2492: 2490: 2476: 2472: 2470: 2457: 2454: 2452: 2448: 2446: 2445: 2440: 2433: 2409: 2392: 2385: 2376: 2367: 2363: 2358: 2320: 2315: 2313: 2308: 2306: 2301: 2300: 2291: 2288: 2284: 2279: 2275: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2264:heroic statue 2260: 2258: 2254: 2248: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2232: 2227: 2218: 2215: 2210: 2208: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2194: 2189: 2185: 2184: 2179: 2174: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2154: 2149: 2139: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2108: 2106: 2105: 2099: 2098: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2074: 2069: 2064: 2049: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2020: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1989: 1986: 1976: 1974: 1970: 1965: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1920: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1891: 1881: 1874: 1865: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1846: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1820: 1819:Matthew Paris 1816: 1814: 1813: 1805: 1796: 1794: 1790: 1788: 1782: 1778: 1773: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1745: 1742: 1736: 1734: 1732: 1726: 1717: 1714:The ruins of 1712: 1708: 1706: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1665: 1661: 1651: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1626: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1604: 1599: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1587: 1581: 1579: 1572: 1571: 1570:ministerialis 1565: 1560: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1527: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1502: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1487: 1485: 1481: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1464: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1431: 1429: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1407: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1392:Siege of Acre 1389: 1385: 1377: 1366: 1361: 1352: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1331: 1328: 1322: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1296: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1259: 1254: 1244: 1242: 1238: 1229: 1225: 1222: 1221: 1220: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1189: 1184: 1175: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1136: 1134: 1133:Bishop of Ely 1130: 1126: 1122: 1121:Saladin tithe 1116: 1114: 1110: 1103:Crusade plans 1100: 1098: 1094: 1084: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1064: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1041: 1038: 1034: 1026: 1021: 1011: 1001: 999: 994: 990: 985: 980: 978: 971: 969: 964: 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288: 287:Third Crusade 285: 283: 280: 279: 277: 273: 268: 264: 261: 258: 254: 251: 248: 244: 241: 237: 234: 232: 228: 224: 221: 219: 215: 196: 191: 187: 182: 178: 174: 170: 165: 161: 157: 152: 148: 144: 138: 135: 133: 130: 129: 127: 123: 120: 117: 113: 110: 107: 103: 99: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 68: 58: 53: 48: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 12451: 12434: 12422:from Commons 12417: 12396: 12372: 12363: 12362: 12320: 12316:Lyric poetry 12162: 12028:Jean le Roux 12013:Jehan Bretel 11653: 11641: 11610: 11603: 11596: 11589: 11582: 11563: 11555: 11549:Holy Warrior 11547: 11539: 11521: 11492: 11484: 11465: 11457: 11449: 11441: 11433: 11425: 11417: 11409: 11401: 11393: 11385: 11377: 11358: 11350: 11342: 11334: 11326: 11318: 11310: 11302: 11294: 11275: 11267: 11259: 11251: 11243: 11235: 11227: 11219: 10953: 10947:Catch Me Now 10945: 10937: 10929: 10921: 10913: 10905: 10884: 10876: 10868: 10860: 10852: 10833: 10825: 10817: 10809: 10801: 10793: 10785: 10777: 10769: 10761: 10742: 10734: 10726: 10718: 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Ashgate. 7713:(1): 1–13. 7224:Flori, Jean 7080:Works cited 6804:Flori 1999f 6792:Flori 1999f 6694:Flori 1999f 6682:Flori 1999f 6670:Flori 1999f 6658:Flori 1999f 6622:Flori 1999f 6596:. pp. 6538:Flori 1999f 6477:Flori 1999f 6451:Flori 1999f 6305:Flori 1999f 6293:Flori 1999f 6224:Flori 1999f 6212:Flori 1999f 5980:Turner 1997 5939:Barrow 1967 5887:Purser 2004 5875:Madden 2005 5807:Flori 1999f 5766:Arnold 1999 5466:Itinerarium 5411:Flori 1999f 5394:Flori 1999f 5379:Flori 1999f 5367:Flori 1999f 5355:Flori 1999f 5343:Flori 1999f 5326:Flori 1999f 5299:Flori 1999f 5287:Flori 1999f 5275:Flori 1999f 5263:Flori 1999f 5248:Flori 1999f 5236:Flori 1999f 5212:Flori 1999f 5200:Flori 1999f 5185:Flori 1999f 5173:Flori 1999f 5149:Flori 1999f 5137:Flori 1999f 5114:Flori 1999f 5097:Flori 1999f 5073:Martin 2008 4583:Brewer 2000 4416:Harvey 1948 4393:Harvey 1948 4359:Flori 1999f 3746:Geoffrey II 3193:of Scotland 2754:Alexander I 2439:Malcolm III 2294:Family tree 2283:World War I 2162:Maid Marian 2132:Three Lions 2078:The second 2038:confessions 2017:Old Occitan 1756:, Count of 1718:in Normandy 1533: 1196 1156:troubadours 800:La Rochelle 783:Neuf-Marché 599:Hugh Nonant 546:Anglo-Saxon 236:Plantagenet 171:, Aquitaine 105:Predecessor 12466:Categories 12436:Quotations 12341:Troubadour 12304:Troubadour 12003:Jean Bodel 11863:Gace Brulé 11783:Bestournés 11557:King's Man 11494:Robin Hood 11371:Literature 11269:Robin Hood 11261:Robin Hood 11237:Robin Hood 10811:Robin Hood 10803:Robin Hood 10744:Robyn Hood 10736:Robin Hood 10688:Robin Hood 10669:Robin Hood 10661:Robin Hood 10645:Robin Hood 10501:Robin Hood 10452:Wentbridge 10432:Nottingham 10390:Friar Tuck 10302:Robin Hood 10288:Characters 10266:Robin Hood 9102:Richard IV 9032:William II 9017:Richard II 8893:Edward VII 8883:William IV 8873:George III 8802:Charles II 8697:Robert III 8643:Malcolm IV 8618:Donald III 8593:Malcolm II 8578:Kenneth II 8460:Henry VIII 8420:Richard II 8415:Edward III 8349:William II 8322:Harthacnut 8149:1189–1199 8138:1189–1199 8115:1186–1199 7428:Jones, Dan 7384:required.) 6833:Robin Hood 6559:The Annals 6465:Flori 1999 6436:Jones 2014 6280:B00328ZUOS 6253:B004OEIDOS 6173:4 February 6094:Brown 1976 6079:Brown 2004 6028:Brown 1976 6016:Brown 2004 5889:, p. 5436:B00P179WN8 5060:, p. 5046:Jones 2014 4943:18 January 4921:Flori 1999 4909:Flori 1999 4882:Flori 1999 4843:Flori 1999 4824:Flori 1999 4797:Flori 1999 4782:Flori 1999 4728:Flori 1999 4716:Flori 1999 4704:Flori 1999 4668:Flori 1999 4656:Flori 1999 4644:Flori 1999 4632:Flori 1999 4620:Flori 1999 4547:Leese 1996 4535:Flori 1999 4482:Flori 1999 4470:Flori 1999 4458:Flori 1999 4428:Flori 1999 4306:Yes and No 4291:troubadour 4212:References 4053:Louis VIII 3778:William II 3461:Malcolm IV 3373:Margaret I 2690:William II 2366:Baldwin II 2355:See also: 2214:Robin Hood 2158:Robin Hood 2104:combatants 2080:Great Seal 2042:penitences 2001:Old French 1850:gangrenous 1647:Michaelmas 1378:in Surrey. 1210:, wife of 856:historian 699:St Valerie 583:lenga d'òc 463:Great Seal 378:; and was 358:; Lord of 96:Coronation 12612:Trouvères 12351:Minnesang 11533:Alan Dale 10897:Alternate 10447:Barnsdale 10425:Major Oak 10352:Merry Men 10046:Edward IV 9114:Henry III 9079:1144–1259 9062:1135–1144 9038:Robert II 9011:Richard I 9005:William I 8908:George VI 8878:George IV 8868:George II 8780:Charles I 8762:from 1603 8712:James III 8692:Robert II 8648:William I 8623:Duncan II 8551:Malcolm I 8541:Donald II 8465:Edward VI 8455:Henry VII 8440:Edward IV 8410:Edward II 8400:Henry III 8383:Richard I 8344:William I 8265:Æthelstan 8077:1172–1199 7995:Richard I 7989:Richard I 7617:160036290 7572:(1991) , 7532:See also 7372:16 August 7330:Richard I 7124:(1967) , 6782:. p. 353. 6357:2045-2322 6106:Oman 1991 5738:Richard I 5449:Richard I 4310:terseness 4217:Citations 4109:Henry III 3730:Richard I 3705:Philip II 3689:Baldwin I 3389:Louis VII 2736:Duncan II 2658:Melisende 2180:'s opera 2034:Edwardian 2030:Victorian 1997:sirventes 1993:trouvères 1979:Character 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660:Gisors 595:Norman 513:, and 497:, and 475:Oxford 426:French 399:Poitou 376:Nantes 374:, and 360:Cyprus 354:, and 256:Mother 246:Father 225:(ill.) 189:Spouse 176:Burial 169:Châlus 38:, and 12453:Texts 12419:Media 12246:Women 11478:Music 11202:154: 11196:153: 11190:152: 11184:151: 11178:148: 11172:147: 11166:146: 11160:145: 11154:144: 11148:143: 11142:142: 11136:141: 11130:140: 11124:139: 11118:138: 11112:136: 11106:132: 11100:131: 11094:130: 11088:129: 11082:128: 11076:127: 11070:126: 11064:124: 11058:123: 11052:121: 11046:120: 11040:119: 11034:118: 11028:117: 11022:115: 11016:103: 11010:102: 10474:Media 9644:Henry 9158:* As 8999:Rollo 8977:Dukes 8628:Edgar 8528:Giric 8394:Louis 8301:Sweyn 8080:with 8046:Died: 8039:Born: 7723:JSTOR 7613:S2CID 6600:–74. 6555:Sodom 5470:Gesta 3190:Henry 2745:Edgar 2118:(now 2114:of a 2112:crest 1799:Death 1676:Seine 1540:Corfu 1480:Egypt 1444:Jaffa 1125:marks 1079:'s". 1077:devil 993:Tours 913:dowry 817:Rouen 664:Vexin 558:Woden 523:Marie 473:, in 372:Maine 368:Anjou 338:) or 231:House 218:Issue 205:( 201: 87:Reign 11502:Love 10493:Film 10295:Main 9750:Adam 9135:John 9108:John 8858:Anne 8821:Anne 8814:and 8670:John 8479:and 8471:Jane 8388:John 8312:Cnut 8121:John 8094:John 7974:XXVI 7932:link 7907:link 7876:ISBN 7857:ISBN 7839:ISBN 7817:ISBN 7798:ISBN 7740:ISBN 7692:ISBN 7652:ISBN 7633:ISBN 7578:ISBN 7556:ISBN 7503:ISBN 7481:ISBN 7457:ISBN 7438:ISBN 7414:ISBN 7395:ISBN 7374:2024 7334:ISBN 7315:ISBN 7296:ISBN 7277:ISBN 7251:ISBN 7232:ISBN 7210:ISBN 7191:ISBN 7168:ISBN 7149:ISBN 7130:ISBN 7108:ISBN 7064:ISBN 7046:ISBN 7021:ISBN 6964:ISBN 6837:ISBN 6766:2016 6717:ISBN 6602:ISBN 6417:ISBN 6371:PMID 6353:ISSN 6276:ASIN 6249:ASIN 6175:2012 6131:ISBN 5827:ISBN 5751:ISBN 5681:ISBN 5625:ISBN 5580:2020 5567:ISBN 5546:2020 5533:ISBN 5468:and 5432:ASIN 5014:ISBN 4989:ISBN 4945:2019 4601:ISBN 4504:ISBN 4328:ISBN 4304:for 4289:The 4259:ISBN 4235:ISBN 4134:Joan 3787:John 3771:Joan 2160:and 2040:and 1915:and 1835:Lent 1762:Welf 1453:rout 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