Rhoticity in English

1724: 1206: 8136: 30: 1779: 11825: 11816: 618: 610: 1553: 11807: 1996:. The English in the neighbouring Malaysia and Singapore remains non-rhotic. In Brunei English, rhoticity is equal to Philippine dialects of English and Scottish and Irish dialects. Non-rhoticity is mostly found in older generations. The phenomenon is almost similar to the status of American English, which has greatly reduced non-rhoticity. 1883:

are notably non-rhotic and many non-prestige accents have touches of non-rhoticity. In Dublin, the traditional local dialect is largely non-rhotic, but the more modern varieties, referred to by Hickey as "mainstream Dublin English" and "fashionable Dublin English", are fully rhotic. Hickey used that

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began to shift American centers of wealth and political power to rhotic areas, which had fewer cultural connections to the old colonial and British elites. Non-rhotic American speech continued to hold some level of prestige up until the mid-20th century, but rhotic speech in particular became rapidly

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evidence of rhoticity in the mid-nineteenth century lie in two separate corridors. The first runs south from the North Riding of Yorkshire through the Vale of York into north and central Lincolnshire, nearly all of Nottinghamshire, and adjacent areas of Derbyshire, Leicestershire, and Staffordshire.

2012:

The English spoken in most of Africa is based on RP and is generally non-rhotic. Pronunciation and variation in African English accents are largely affected by native African language influences, level of education, and exposure to Western influences. The English accents spoken in the coastal areas

1912:

The lack of consonant /r/ in Cantonese contributes to the phenomenon, but has rhoticity started to exist because of the handover in 1997 and influence by the US and East Asian entertainment industries. Many older and younger speakers among South and East Asians have a non-rhotic accent. Speakers of

566:

Evidence from written documents suggests that loss of postvocalic /r/ began sporadically in England during the mid-15th century, but those /r/-less spellings were uncommon and were restricted to private documents, especially those written by women. In the mid-18th century, postvocalic /r/ was still

932:

The biggest strongholds of non-rhoticity in the United States have always been eastern New England, New York City, and the former plantation region of the South: a band from the South's Atlantic Coast west to the Mississippi River. However, non-rhoticity has been notably declining in all three of

1975:

languages and the growing influence of American English. Other Asian regions with non-rhotic English are Malaysia, Singapore, and Brunei. A typical Malaysian's English would be almost totally non-rhotic because of the nonexistence of rhotic endings in both languages of influence. A more educated

1437:

Non-rhotic accents in the Americas include those of the rest of the Caribbean and Belize. There are people with non-rhotic accents who are children of at least one rhotic-accented parent but grew up, or were educated, in non-rhotic countries like Australia, England, New Zealand, South Africa, or

578:

in some British English influenced southern and eastern American port cities with close connections to Britain, causing their upper-class pronunciation to become non-rhotic, while other American regions remained rhotic. Non-rhoticity then became the norm more widely in many eastern and southern

1596:

After the American Civil War and even more intensely during the early-to-mid-20th century, presumably correlated with the Second World War, rhotic accents began to gain social prestige nationwide, even in the aforementioned areas that were traditionally non-rhotic. Thus, non-rhotic accents are

2016:

Rhoticity may exist in the English that is spoken in the areas in which rhotic Afro-Asiatic or Nilo-Saharan languages are spoken across northern West Africa and in the Nilotic regions of East Africa. More modern trends show an increasing American influence on African English pronunciation

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speaking contexts. These correlations have varied through the last two centuries, and in many cases speakers of traditionally non-rhotic American dialects are now variably rhotic. Variably rhotic or semi-rhotic dialects also exist around the world, including many English dialects of

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is pronounced (as in even non-rhotic accents) before vowels, but also in stressed monosyllables or stressed syllables at the ends of words (e.g. in "car" or "dare"). It is not pronounced at the end of unstressed syllables (e.g. in "water") or before consonants (e.g. "market").

1979:

The classical English spoken in Brunei is non-rhotic. A change that seems to be taking place is that Brunei English is now becoming rhotic from the influence of American English, from the influence of Standard Malay, which is rhotic, and from influence of the languages of

1896:

is heavily influenced by the American dialect and because of Spanish influence in the various Philippine languages. Many East Asians in mainland China, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan who have a good command of English generally have rhotic accents because of the influence of

787:

By the early 19th century, the southern English standard had been fully transformed into a non-rhotic variety, but it continued to be variable in the 1870s. The extent of rhoticity in England in the mid-19th century is summarized as widespread in the book

1999:

A typical teenager's Southeast Asian English would be rhotic, mainly from the prominent influence by American English. Spoken English in Myanmar is non-rhotic, but there are a number of English speakers with a rhotic or partially-rhotic pronunciation.

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of Midwestern, Western, and non-coastal Americans. The prestige of non-rhoticity thus reversed, with non-rhoticity in the 20th century up until today increasingly associated with lower-class rather than higher-class speakers, as in New York City.

54: 5064:. It is found in the speech of the great majority of non-rhotic speakers, including those of England, Wales, the United States, the Caribbean, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. It may be absent in some non-rhotic speakers in the Bahamas. 1702:

This pronunciation occurs in AAVE and occurred for many older non-rhotic Southern speakers. AAVE spoken in areas in which non-AAVE speakers are rhotic is likelier to be rhotic. Rhoticity is generally more common among younger AAVE-speakers.

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increasingly perceived by Americans as sounding foreign or less educated because of an association with working-class or immigrant speakers in Eastern and Southern cities, and rhotic accents are increasingly perceived as sounding more "

1438:

Wales. By contrast, people who have at least one non-rhotic-accented parent but were raised or started their education in Canada, any rhotic Caribbean country, Ireland, Scotland, or the United States speak with rhotic accents.

880:

in the late 18th and the early 19th centuries influenced the American port cities with close connections to Britain, which caused upper-class pronunciation to become non-rhotic in many Eastern and Southern port cities such as

2119:

are rhotic from apparent Scottish influence. Many Māori and Pasifika people, who tend to speak a specific dialect of English, speak with a strong "r," but they are not the only ones to do so. Older Southland speakers use

8397:

as . However, Labov reports this vowel to be slightly raised compared to other dialects. In addition, a study from 2014 found variably in two participating native New Yorkers, one of whom was born in the early 1990s.

8385:. With each younger age group, however, the percentage got progressively lower: 59% of 50- to 59-year-olds, 33% of 40- to 49-year-olds, 24% of 20- to 39-year-olds, and finally, only 4% of 8- to 19-year-olds used for 6127:

Labov et al. suggest that, in New York City English, this merger is present in perception not production. As in, although even locals perceive themselves using the same vowel in both cases, they tend to produce the

11787:. Vol. 1: An Introduction (pp. i–xx, 1–278), Vol. 2: The British Isles (pp. i–xx, 279–466), Vol. 3: Beyond the British Isles (pp. i–xx, 467–674). Cambridge University Press. 10317: 912:

of the 1860s began shifting the United States centers of wealth and political power to areas with fewer cultural connections to the old colonial and British elites. Still, the non-rhotic prestige persisted in the

2221:

Some phonemic mergers are characteristic of non-rhotic accents and usually include one item that historically contained an R, which has been lost in the non-rhotic accent, and another that never did so.

2087:: "board", "church", "Perth"; but "flour", "doctor", "years". It has been speculated that the feature may derive from the fact that many of the first settlers in coastal South Australia, including 8155: 1450:

are non-rhotic today, which stems from a trend in southeastern England that accelerated from the very late 18th century onwards. Rhotic accents are still found south and west of a line from near

917:

and among the upper class even into the early 20th century, by which time many speakers of the East and South were non-rhotic or variably rhotic, often even regardless of their class background.

6581:. Wells lists it unequivocally only for the accent of Trinidad, but it is an option for non-rhotic speakers in England, Australia and New Zealand. Such speakers have a potential four-way merger 11386:

Devonish, Hubert; Harry, Otelemate G. (2004), "Jamaican Creole and Jamaican English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.),

81: 53: 1725: 10216: 4269:

typically has a fully close ending point and thus the vowels are more distinct than in the General South African accent. An alternative realization of the former is an open-mid monophthong

901:. Like regional dialects in England, however, the accents of other areas in the United States remained rhotic in a display of linguistic "lag", which preserved the original pronunciation of 702:

appeared throughout the 16th and 17th centuries, but they were uncommon and were restricted to private documents, especially those written by women. No English authorities described loss of

8156: 3061:. It is found in all or nearly all non-rhotic accents and is present even in some accents that are in other respects rhotic, such as those of some speakers in Jamaica and the Bahamas. 546:

is deleted depending on an array of social factors, such as being more correlated in the 21st century with lower socioeconomic status, greater age, particular ethnic identities, and

5838:

is a common pronunciation error among L2 speakers of English whose native language is Italian, Spanish or Catalan. Notably, EFL speakers who aim at the British pronunciation of

79: 51: 1087:

is . They have other realizations as well, including monophthongal ones. Once again, the pronunciations vary from accent to accent. The same happens to diphthongs followed by

1573:

is now predominantly rhotic. In the late 19th century, non-rhotic accents were common throughout much of the coastal Eastern and Southern United States, including along the

9567: 11290:

Beal, Joan (2004), "English dialects in the North of England: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.),

937:, meanwhile, continues to be largely non-rhotic since most African Americans originate from the former plantation region, where non-rhotic speech dominated in the past. 11427: 11244:

Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul (2004), "New Zealand English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.),

10251: 924:. For instance, rapidly after the 1940s, the standard broadcasting pronunciation heard in national radio and television became firmly rhotic, aligned more with the 11656:

van Rooy, Bertus (2004), "Black South African English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.),

4298: 4033:

does not occur). In Jamaican Patois, the merged vowel is an opening diphthong and that realization can also be heard in Jamaican English, mostly before a sounded

1875:

The prestige form of English spoken in Ireland is rhotic and most regional accents are rhotic, but some regional accents, particularly in the area around counties

80: 52: 11638:

Trudgill, Peter (2004), "The dialect of East Anglia: Phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.),

11308:

Bowerman, Sean (2004), "White South African English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.),

2047:

is entering the speech of younger people under the influence of American English and perhaps of the Scottish dialect that was brought by the Scottish settlers.

441:

environments: when it is immediately after a vowel and not followed by another vowel. For example, in isolation, a rhotic English speaker pronounces the words

3473: 571:. By the early 19th century, the southern British standard was fully transformed into a non-rhotic variety, but some variation persisted as late as the 1870s. 10344: 9950: 1682:

at the end of a word is deleted even when the following word starts with a vowel; thus, "Mister Adams" is pronounced . In a few such accents, intervocalic

1130:

lengthening. The process was not a compensatory lengthening process but an independent development, which explains modern pronunciations featuring both (

933:

these areas since the mid-20th century. In fact, a strongly articulated /r/, alongside full rhoticity, has been dominant throughout the South since then.

4362:

Some of the words listed below may have different forms in traditional Geordie. For the sake of simplicity, the merged vowel is transcribed with ⟨

2246:, creating a new phoneme /ɛə/ distinct from /æ/. Second, when this occurs in non-rhotic dialects, there is potential for the /ɛə/ phoneme to merge with 12040: 12002: 11989: 11981: 11772: 9026: 7893: 6578: 405: 366: 241: 218: 213: 193: 3476:. Such accents include Australian, New Zealand, most South African and some non-rhotic English (e.g. Norfolk, Sheffield) speech. The third edition of 11997: 11268: 5266:. This includes most non-rhotic American English (in Rhode Island, New York City, some Southern U.S., and some African-American accents, but not the 188: 12146: 12017: 11579: 10223: 8708:

Certain words have spellings derived from non-rhotic dialects or renderings of foreign words through non-rhotic pronunciation. In rhotic dialects,

208: 8302:, were homophones. The merged vowel was typically a diphthong , with a mid central starting point, rather than the back rounded starting point of 2013:

of West Africa are primarily non-rhotic because of the underlying varieties of Niger-Congo languages that are spoken in that part of West Africa.

1360:") but rhoticity now is widely used in a region stretching from South Auckland down into the upper North Island, and elsewhere particularly among 9645:

The Southern Accent and 'Bad English': A Comparative Perceptual Study of the Conceptual Network between Southern Linguistic Features and Identity

2017:

particularly among younger urban affluent populations, which may overstress the American rhotic "r", which creates a pseudo-Americanised accent.

801:

The second includes all of Norfolk, western Suffolk and Essex, eastern Cambridgeshire and Hertfordshire, Middlesex, and northern Surrey and Kent.

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found 50% or higher of non-rhotic speech in at least one White speaker within their data sample. Non-rhotic speech may be found in speakers of

9756: 725:

was "sounded firme in the beginning of words, and more liquid in the middle, and ends." The next major documentation of the pronunciation of

8145: 4239:. The vowel is not necessarily as front/close as this and pronunciations such as and also occur, with being the more traditional variant. 1017:

and "Laura Norder" (Law and Order). The typical alternative used by RP speakers (and some rhotic speakers as well) is to insert an intrusive

8238:

that ranged from "South Carolina to Texas and north to eastern Arkansas and the southern edge of Kentucky." This variant happened only when

11857: 10276:

Trudgill, Peter (2000). "Sociohistorical linguistics and dialect survival: a note on another Nova Scotian enclave". In Magnus Leung (ed.).

4179:). In other varieties the difference is more noticeable, e.g. vs. in Broad SAE and vs. in the Cultivated variety. Even in General SAE, 11557: 12032: 12007: 1497:

is more accurately described as variably rhotic, the degree of rhoticity being reduced as one moves up the class and formality scales.

236: 198: 1447: 1044:

are thus pronounced , , or similar (actual pronunciations vary from accent to accent). That length may be retained in phrases and so

784:, which lasted from 1775 to 1783, reported surprise at the significant changes in the fashionable pronunciation that had taken place. 11181: 832:

in the 1950s and the 1960s recorded rhotic or partially-rhotic accents in almost every part of England, including in the counties of

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may interact with rhoticity and result in homophones for which non-rhotic accents have centering diphthongs. Possibilities include

1843: 1661:

more precisely classifies its current form as variably rhotic, with many of its sub-varieties actually being fully rhotic, such as

920:

The most decisive shift of the general American population towards rhoticity (even in previously non-rhotic regions) followed the

11326:

Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (1990), "The Phonetics of Cardiff English", in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.),

1815: 10166: 9559: 9534: 9509: 9484: 3822:

occurs instead in rhotic accents, for instance in parts of the west of England and in some deep Southern American English, like

1483: 11966: 10607: 1118:

The compensatory lengthening view is challenged by Wells, who stated that during the 17th century, stressed vowels followed by

729:

appeared a century later, in 1740, when the British author of a primer for French students of English said that "in many words

359: 173: 8824: 8370:

existing in some older Southern accents; instead, a distinction between the two phonemes was maintained due to a down-gliding

1650: 12105: 12086: 12066: 11616: 11357: 11135: 10800: 10102: 10041: 9625: 1796: 316: 311: 291: 11458: 10291:

Hickey, Raymond (1999). "Dublin English: current changes and their motivations". In Foulkes, Paul; Docherty, Gerard (eds.).

9942: 1822: 11974: 11506: 1352:

since the 1870s, but in general rhoticity is increasing quickly. Rhotic New Zealand English was historically restricted to

183: 10248: 4199:

remains distinct in all varieties, typically as . Kevin Watson reports basically the same, subtle distinction between in

2024:

is also non-rhotic because its liquids are lost at the end of words or before consonants. South African English is mostly

945:

In most non-rhotic accents, if a word ending in written "r" is followed immediately by a word beginning with a vowel, the

6689: 5744:

merger, co-occurring with the /ɑ/–/ɑːr/ merger described above. The outcome of the merger is an open central vowel

1668: 934: 864:, both of which are close to the border with rhotic Scotland, but that this was absent from the majority of inhabitants. 158: 9819: 3846:, thus yielding the same merger as in Cockney but with a distinct phonetic output. Both phenomena are restricted to the 11800: 2201:

speakers are semi-rhotic. That feature is not clearly identified to any particular region or attributed to any defined

1334: 1150:-dropping occurred in the 18th century. The lengthening involved "mid and open short vowels" and so the lengthening of 10580: 1829: 11665: 11647: 11598: 11543: 11524: 11487: 11416: 11395: 11377: 11337: 11317: 11299: 11253: 10735: 10649: 10327: 10300: 10129: 10068: 9984: 9925: 9892: 9711: 9434: 9417:

Gordon, Elizabeth; Campbell, Lyle; Hay, Jennifer; Maclagan, Margaret; Sudbury, Peter; Trudgill, Andrea, eds. (2004).

5807:. A qualitative near-merger is also possible in contemporary General British English, where the vowels come close as 3766:, and like it occurs only in unstressed positions and only in certain words. In Cockney, the merged vowel is usually 2412:

to or is also found in places scattered around England and Scotland. Some speakers, mostly rural, in the area from

1862: 1662: 740:-less pronunciation was becoming common around London even in formal educated speech. The English actor and linguist 352: 11850: 11822: 11813: 11804: 11713:"Phonetic parallels between the close–mid vowels of Tyneside English: Are they internally or externally motivated?" 4116:

is taking place. In the southern dialect area, the pane-pain merger is complete and all three vowels are distinct:

1892:

The English spoken in Asia is predominantly rhotic. In the case of the Philippines, that may be explained because

11954: 11014: 8235: 8168: 7938: 7930: 4334: 4260: 4252: 4206: 4158: 3815: 2238:

occurs, in some dialects of North American English, as an effect of two historical developments. First, when the

1811: 1574: 1558: 387: 148: 10119: 567:

pronounced in most environments, but by the 1740s to the 1770s, it was often deleted entirely, especially after

9668: 8941: 8919: 8766: 8525: 4322: 4272: 4186: 4127: 4052: 1800: 856:

as late as 1976. A study published in 2014 found that there is still some rhoticity amongst older residents of

5262:. This merger occurs in accents with the /ɑː/–/ɑːr/ merger described above that have also undergone the 1909:

is a result of its almost 150-year history as a British Crown colony and later a British dependent territory.

9915: 9747:

Wakelyn, Martin: "Rural dialects in England", in: Trudgill, Peter (1984): Language in the British Isles, p.77

5810: 5755: 4339:. The latter is the most common choice for younger speakers, who tend to reject the centering diphthongs for 2060: 2025: 1762: 1758: 809:

found evidence of accents being overwhelmingly rhotic in urban areas that are now firmly non-rhotic, such as

163: 11675: 9794: 9659:

Thomas, Erik R. (2004). "Rural White Southern Accents". In Kortmann, Bernd; Schneider, Edgar Werner (eds.).

2028:, especially in the Cultivated dialect, which is based on RP, except for some Broad varieties spoken in the 1693:

even within a word if the following syllable begins with a vowel. In such accents, pronunciations like for

11877: 10058: 9975:

Stuart-Smith, Jane (1999). "Glasgow: accent and voice quality". In Foulkes, Paul; Docherty, Gerard (eds.).

9757:

https://www.wgtn.ac.nz/lals/resources/publications/nzej-backissues/2005-donna-starks-and-hayley-reffell.pdf

7950: 7922: 5790: 5747: 532:. Among certain speakers, like some in the northeastern coastal and southern United States, rhoticity is a 296: 20: 11991: 11983: 9075: 9047: 8695: 8680: 8667: 8654: 8641: 8628: 8615: 8602: 8587: 8574: 8552: 8539: 8515: 8500: 8487: 8474: 8459: 8444: 8431: 8412: 8407: 8303: 8279: 8271: 8239: 8218:

and is particularly associated with the early twentieth-century (but now extinct or moribund) dialects of

8096: 8083: 8070: 8057: 8044: 8028: 8015: 7996: 7991: 7964: 7960: 7956: 7912: 7901: 7856: 7843: 7823: 7810: 7797: 7784: 7771: 7758: 7745: 7732: 7719: 7706: 7693: 7680: 7667: 7654: 7641: 7628: 7615: 7602: 7589: 7576: 7563: 7550: 7537: 7524: 7511: 7498: 7485: 7472: 7459: 7446: 7433: 7420: 7407: 7394: 7381: 7368: 7353: 7338: 7325: 7312: 7299: 7286: 7273: 7260: 7247: 7234: 7221: 7208: 7195: 7182: 7169: 7156: 7143: 7130: 7117: 7104: 7091: 7078: 7065: 7052: 7039: 7026: 7013: 7000: 6987: 6974: 6961: 6948: 6935: 6922: 6909: 6896: 6883: 6870: 6857: 6844: 6831: 6818: 6805: 6792: 6777: 6764: 6751: 6738: 6725: 6706: 6701: 6663: 6650: 6630: 6611: 6606: 6540: 6525: 6510: 6495: 6480: 6463: 6448: 6433: 6418: 6403: 6388: 6373: 6358: 6343: 6328: 6313: 6298: 6282: 6267: 6252: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6093: 6078: 6063: 6048: 6033: 6018: 6003: 5988: 5975: 5960: 5945: 5930: 5915: 5900: 5885: 5849: 5842: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5796: 5709: 5694: 5679: 5664: 5649: 5634: 5619: 5604: 5589: 5574: 5559: 5544: 5529: 5514: 5499: 5484: 5469: 5454: 5439: 5424: 5409: 5394: 5379: 5358: 5343: 5328: 5311: 5292: 5287: 5241: 5228: 5215: 5202: 5187: 5174: 5160: 5156: 5147: 5134: 5119: 5100: 5095: 5040: 5020: 5000: 4980: 4960: 4940: 4920: 4899: 4879: 4859: 4839: 4818: 4799: 4778: 4757: 4736: 4715: 4695: 4676: 4654: 4634: 4613: 4593: 4573: 4553: 4534: 4512: 4491: 4471: 4451: 4432: 4408: 4403: 4397: 4393: 4387: 4383: 4363: 4294: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4085: 4077: 4058: 4046: 4034: 4018: 3998: 3959: 3944: 3929: 3910: 3905: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3858: 3854: 3831: 3827: 3819: 3787: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3733: 3720: 3707: 3694: 3681: 3668: 3655: 3642: 3629: 3616: 3603: 3590: 3577: 3564: 3551: 3532: 3527: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3451: 3436: 3423: 3410: 3397: 3384: 3371: 3358: 3345: 3331: 3325: 3310: 3297: 3284: 3271: 3258: 3245: 3230: 3217: 3204: 3191: 3178: 3165: 3152: 3139: 3126: 3107: 3102: 3014: 3001: 2988: 2975: 2962: 2949: 2936: 2923: 2910: 2897: 2884: 2871: 2858: 2845: 2832: 2819: 2806: 2793: 2773: 2760: 2747: 2734: 2721: 2708: 2695: 2682: 2669: 2656: 2643: 2630: 2617: 2604: 2591: 2578: 2565: 2552: 2539: 2526: 2513: 2500: 2487: 2474: 2461: 2442: 2437: 2409: 2405: 2389: 2385: 2363: 2350: 2337: 2324: 2311: 2292: 2287: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2179: 2172: 2165: 2158: 2151: 2147: 2140: 2125: 2121: 2076: 2044: 2020:

By and large, the official spoken English used in post-colonial African countries is non-rhotic. Standard

1953:

speak English with a rhotic pronunciation because of the inherent phonotactics of their native languages.

1711: 1707: 1683: 1679: 1630:. It is still very common all across the South and across all age groups among African American speakers. 1541: 1398:

may vary depending on social, stylistic, and contextual factors. Variably rhotic accents comprise much of

1210: 1194: 1178: 1170: 1166: 1151: 1119: 1092: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1029: 988: 961: 946: 902: 873: 737: 726: 722: 710: 703: 699: 683: 634: 626: 575: 543: 486: 473: 467: 462: 457: 451: 434: 426: 401: 397: 87: 60: 11843: 4288: 1634: 1608:

among Whites is found primarily among older speakers and only in some areas such as central and southern

1427: 1314: 1123: 877: 741: 686:

began during the 15th century and was characterized by sporadic and lexically variable deletion, such as

596:

of mass media (like radio, film, and television) being firmly rhotic since the mid-20th century onwards.

580: 547: 11155: 1734:

mid central vowel) or (a sequence of a mid central vowel and a postalveolar or retroflex approximant).

706:

in the standard language before the mid-18th century, and many did not fully accept it until the 1790s.

12141: 12136: 10668: 9340: 8227: 5802: 4331:

can instead be pronounced as the closing diphthong or, more commonly, the close-mid front monophthong

1577:. Non-rhotic accents were established in all major U.S. cities along the Atlantic coast except for the 1146:) according to their positions: was the regular outcome of the lengthening, which shortened to after 894: 829: 781: 9872: 7955:

by young, middle-class males who, as younger speakers in general, reject the centering diphthongs for

1463: 9535:"Wragby, Lincolnshire - Survey of English Dialects - Accents and dialects | British Library - Sounds" 9510:"Nafferton, Yorkshire - Survey of English Dialects - Accents and dialects | British Library - Sounds" 9389:

devant une consonne est fort adouci, presque muet, & rend un peu longue la voyale qui le precede.

7948: 7936: 7928: 7920: 5818: 5816: 5808: 5800: 5788: 5780: 5753: 5745: 4332: 4320: 4286: 4270: 4258: 4250: 4204: 4184: 4156: 4125: 4071: 4069: 4050: 3847: 3807: 3767: 1750: 1715: 1605: 1419: 9589:

Aveyard, Edward (2023). "The Atlas Linguarum Europae in Great Britain and the Republic of Ireland".

11912: 11142:

MOYCHANDIZE – Translation: Merchandise. "Dat store seem to be selling nutin' but cheap moychandize"

9769: 9345: 7897: 6124:

merger described above, including most British English, but is absent from the Bahamas and Guyana.

1993: 1037: 925: 837: 138: 9485:"Golcar, Yorkshire - Survey of English Dialects - Accents and dialects | British Library - Sounds" 5775:-monophthongization in Australian English) introduces phonemic vowel length to those dialects. In 1836: 733:

before a consonant is greatly softened, almost mute, and slightly lengthens the preceding vowel."

11892: 11887: 11882: 8569: 8310:

in most other accents of English. The merger is responsible for the "Brooklynese" stereotypes of

6787: 6207: 5782: 3769: 1789: 1423: 1387: 1361: 977: 954: 849: 650: 536: 9560:"Appledore, Kent - Survey of English Dialects - Accents and dialects | British Library - Sounds" 4281:

was sometimes realized as a narrow diphthong , but this has virtually disappeared by the 1990s.

10345:"The Readers' Editor writes: Why is American English becoming part of everyday usage in India?" 9426: 8709: 8466: 1960: 1590: 981: 413:

The distinction between rhoticity and non-rhoticity is one of the most prominent ways in which

383: 10653: 5056:

In Wells' terminology, the /ɑː/–/ɑːr/ merger consists of the merger of the lexical sets

11924: 11553: 10751: 10727: 10721: 8974: 8831: 8451: 7829: 5733: 5323: 4148: 2259: 1654: 1415: 1326: 914: 529: 259: 133: 72: 44: 9605: 9418: 4017:, though vowels in both words can be analyzed as belonging to the same phoneme (followed by 3518:. Because they are so numerous, they are excluded from the list of homophonous pairs below. 1671:(AAVE) is largely non-rhotic, and in some non-rhotic Southern and AAVE accents, there is no 11934: 6199: 5845:

but fail to lengthen the vowel sufficiently are perceived as uttering a highly-taboo word,

5776: 5263: 5068: 3991: 2420:

exhibit this conversion, mainly before voiceless fricatives. This gives pronunciation like

1968: 1687: 1489:

The prestige form exerts a steady pressure toward non-rhoticity. Thus, the urban speech of

1459: 890: 806: 642: 414: 11552:

Pollock, Bailey, Berni, Fletcher, Hinton, Johnson, Roberts, & Weaver (17 March 2001).

11190: 8214:. This up-gliding variant historically occurred in some completely non-rhotic dialects of 8: 11902: 11497:

Lass, Roger (1990), "A 'standard' South African vowel system", in Ramsaran, Susan (ed.),

8820: 8363: 7968: 6172: 4236: 3823: 1976:

Malaysian's English may be non-rhotic because Standard Malaysian English is based on RP.

1972: 1622: 1533: 1349: 1342: 1303: 1250: 1240: 768:,... is pronounced so much in the throat as to be little more than the middle or Italian 339: 11499:

Studies in the Pronunciation of English: A Commemorative Volume in Honour of A.C. Gimson

11262:

Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul; Bardsley, Dianne; Kennedy, Marianna; Major, George (2007),

10599: 12022: 11917: 11866: 11732: 11700: 11450: 10585: 9238: 9211: 5779:, the vowels undergo a qualitative near-merger (with the length contrast preserved) as 4371: 3320: 2056: 2001: 1893: 1471: 1322: 1307: 1254: 1230: 909: 857: 584: 521: 334: 8389:. Nearly all native New Yorkers born since 1950, even those whose speech is otherwise 2059:

is non-rhotic. A degree of rhoticity has been observed in a particular sublect of the

1205: 481:

is at the end of a word but the next word begins with a vowel, as in the phrase "bette

12012: 11766: 11736: 11712: 11704: 11661: 11643: 11612: 11607:

Thomas, Erik R. (2008). "Rural White Southern Accents". In Edgar W. Schneider (ed.).

11594: 11573: 11539: 11520: 11502: 11483: 11412: 11391: 11373: 11353: 11333: 11313: 11295: 11263: 11249: 11131: 10796: 10731: 10645: 10498: 10490: 10478: 10400: 10392: 10323: 10296: 10185: 10125: 10098: 10064: 10037: 9980: 9921: 9888: 9664: 9621: 9430: 9419: 9243: 8521: 4062: 3809: 3763: 2243: 1981: 1938: 1914: 1906: 1754: 1617: 1613: 1479: 1407: 1403: 1338: 1169:

in non-final unstressed syllables if another syllable in the same word also contains

1040:, which occurs after the elision of a sound. In RP and many other non-rhotic accents 898: 630: 560: 556: 203: 118: 11454: 9212:"Rhoticity in English, a Journey Over Time Through Social Class: A Narrative Review" 2206: 1884:

as an example of how English in Ireland does not follow prestige trends in England.

1394:(when not before vowels) is optional. In these dialects the probability of deleting 12078: 11788: 11752: 11724: 11690: 11442: 11404: 11277: 10562: 10430: 10382: 10181: 9880: 9613: 9233: 9223: 8994: 8897: 8267: 8215: 8203: 8118: 5823:, with only a slight difference in height in addition to the difference in length. 4113: 3987: 2393: 2108: 2096: 2092: 2021: 1989: 1946: 1942: 1930: 1926: 1898: 1742: 1714:(as in "bird," "work," or "perky") and realize it, as in most rhotic varieties, as 1598: 1570: 1431: 1376: 1353: 1330: 1299: 1295: 1287: 921: 908:

Non-rhotic pronunciation continued to influence American prestige speech until the

593: 533: 509: 505: 497: 422: 306: 11409:

The Cambridge History of the English Language, Volume VI: English in North America

10640:

Hogg, R.M., Blake, N.F., Burchfield, R., Lass, R., and Romaine, S., (eds.) (1992)

10167:"Phonological and Phonetic Characteristics of African American Vernacular English" 9450:

Asprey, Esther (2007). "Investigating residual rhoticity in a non-rhotic accent".

11907: 11588: 11407:(2001). "British and American, Continuity and Divergence". In Algeo, John (ed.). 11367: 11347: 11327: 10387: 10370: 10255: 10092: 8989: 8783: 8263: 6202: 6183: 4243: 3065: 2088: 2064: 1731: 1717: 1578: 1524:

is mostly non-rhotic, but variable rhoticity is present in accents influenced by

1291: 9884: 9871:

Mesthrie, Rajend; Kortmann, Bernd; Schneider, Edgar W., eds. (18 January 2008),

9643: 8860:'s stories, whose name comes from the sound that donkeys make, commonly spelled 7982:

Some of the words listed below may have different forms in traditional Geordie.

5763:

In Australia and New Zealand, the two vowels contrast only by length: for both

2198: 964:

between vowels when the first vowel is one that can occur before syllable-final

12058: 11939: 11929: 11626: 11590:

Learner English: A Teacher's Guide to Interference and Other Problems, Volume 1

10259: 10029: 9007: 8876: 8172: 3496:) British pronunciations, which means that the merger is an option even in RP. 2202: 1985: 1956: 1934: 1525: 1399: 1357: 833: 822: 552: 286: 11757: 11728: 11695: 11446: 11282: 10566: 1706:

Typically, even non-rhotic modern varieties of American English pronounce the

12130: 11796: 11792: 11780: 10788: 10494: 10404: 10396: 10000: 9228: 8907: 8712:

has caused these words to be pronounced rhotically anyway. Examples include:

8558: 8378: 8359: 8343: 8331: 8219: 6176: 5267: 5067:

Homophonous pairs resulting from this merger are rare in accents without the

3041: 2197:). The Māori accent varies from the European-origin New Zealand accent. Some 2029: 1746: 1658: 1646: 1638: 1521: 1318: 882: 814: 517: 501: 9617: 7975:

is realized as an opening-centering diphthong, it may be distinguished from

6688:. It may be found in some southern U.S. non-rhotic speech, some speakers of 6179:), non-rhotic New York City speakers, Trinidad and the Southern hemisphere. 4347:

is realized as an opening-centering diphthong, it may be distinguished from

2168:

among non-rhotic speakers is sometimes pronounced in a few words, including

1695: 10502: 10452: 10434: 9247: 8937: 8724: 8347: 8335: 8230:, likely developing in the prior century. In fact, in speakers born before 7915:, phonetically ) is variable and recessive. It is also not categorical, as 6636: 5270:). This results in a greatly expanded number of homophonous pairs, such as 2210: 2116: 2068: 1964: 1880: 1876: 1582: 1018: 1012: 841: 589: 574:

In the 18th century and possibly the 17th century, the loss of postvocalic

512:. As of the 21st century, the non-rhotic dialects include most of those in 8837: 8117:

is famously associated with early 20th-century New York City English; see

4045:

can be both and ), but sometimes also in other positions. Alternatively,

621:

Red areas are where English dialects of the late 20th century were rhotic.

19:

For the quality of realization of English phoneme /r/ among dialects, see

12098: 12093: 11897: 8231: 8223: 7896:. These include some southern U.S. non-rhotic speakers, some speakers of 4176: 3045: 2258:

to become homophones. Thus, the merger occurs almost exclusively in some

2080: 1627: 1529: 1505:

Most Scottish accents are rhotic. Non-rhotic speech has been reported in

1494: 1414:, Guyana, Antigua and Barbuda, and the Bahamas. They include current-day 1278: 664: 540: 525: 438: 11534:

Lass, Roger (2002), "South African English", in Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.),

10947: 10553:

Sutton, Peter (1989). "Postvocalic R in an Australian English dialect".

1095:, which reduces to schwa, as usual, in non-rhotic speech. In isolation, 613:

Red areas indicate where rural English accents were rhotic in the 1950s.

12050: 8857: 8390: 8184: 5724:

In Wells' terminology, this consists of the merger of the lexical sets

4167:). The difference between the two phonemes is so sometimes subtle that 3504: 3074: 2779: 1475: 1455: 1451: 1274: 1264: 1076: 1033: 985: 958: 810: 714: 568: 281: 102: 11515:

Lass, Roger (1999). "Phonology and Morphology". In Lass, Roger (ed.).

11028: 10809: 10371:"Which /r/ are you using as an English teacher? rhotic or non-rhotic?" 7971:). This categorically undoes the merger for those speakers. Even when 6186:, coupled with those mergers, produces a few more homophones, such as 4343:, which categorically undoes the merger for those speakers. Even when 1959:

can vary between being non-rhotic due to the traditional influence of

1478:, increasingly among older and rural speakers only), in some parts of 1364:

communities. This particular rhoticism manifests itself mostly in the

756:(1791), Walker reported, with a strong tone of disapproval, that "the 11835: 11554:"Phonological Features of African American Vernacular English (AAVE)" 11189:(2nd ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, archived from 9469:

Aveyard, Edward (2019). "Berliner Lautarchiv: the Wakefield Sample".

8762: 8741: 8242:

was followed by a consonant in the same morpheme; thus, for example,

6143:

Most speakers with the pawn-porn merger also have the same vowels in

4104:

vowel. The merger appears to be receding, as items descended from ME

3843: 3826:, preserving the Middle English phonotactic constraint against final 3459: 2084: 1950: 1902: 1672: 1653:, although this feature has been receding in recent generations. The 1586: 1536:

is largely non-rhotic, some speakers may supplant the front vowel of

1506: 1104: 818: 754:

Critical Pronouncing Dictionary and Expositor of the English Language

490: 11517:

The Cambridge History of the English Language, Volume III: 1476–1776

5795:, at least for middle-class speakers. A more local pronunciation of 2083:

position (after a vowel and before a consonant), though only within

1778: 12045: 10923: 10869: 10421:

Salbrina, S.; Deterding, D. (2010). "Rhoticity in Brunei English".

9344:(1962–71). Some areas with partial rhoticity, such as parts of the 8949: 8927: 8914: 8808: 8196:

is a diphthongized vowel sound, , used as the pronunciation of the

3741: 1745:

is entirely rhotic except for small isolated areas in southwestern

1690: 1552: 1467: 861: 852:

found that there was still rhoticity in the West Yorkshire site of

393: 276: 10677:, pp. 136–37, 203–6, 234, 245–47, 339–40, 400, 419, 443, 576. 9318: 9316: 9314: 9312: 9310: 8104: 3830:: . In other words, in traditional Appalachian dialect, the final 9169: 9167: 9165: 8745: 7908: 5254:

In Wells' terminology, the /ɒ/–/ɑːr/ merger is a merger of

4305: 2417: 2072: 1609: 1510: 1490: 617: 513: 10060:

English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change - Google Books

3997:

In Jamaica, the merger occurs after deletion of the postvocalic

693: 687: 677: 671: 658: 609: 11660:, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 943–952, 11642:, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 163–177, 11390:, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 964–984, 11312:, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 931–942, 11294:, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 113–133, 11248:, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 580–602, 10901: 10899: 10280:. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell International. p. 197. 9661:

A Handbook of Varieties of English: A Multimedia Reference Tool

9307: 9002: 8853: 8703: 8687: 8510: 5374: 4216: 2413: 2216: 1922: 1918: 1411: 886: 853: 10983: 10935: 10757: 9162: 3460:

Polysyllabic morpheme-final /ɪd/–/əd/–/ərd/ merger

11059: 10600:"5. – Speech and accent – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand" 9689: 8813: 8797: 8594: 8366:, this merger did not occur in the South, despite up-gliding 5370: 3443: 2112: 1642: 992: 713:

as being weakened but still present. The English playwright

629:

in English appear in the early 15th century and occur before

271: 11428:"A gesture-based account of intrusive consonants in English" 10971: 10896: 10821: 9604:

Watt, Dominic; Llamas, Carmen; Johnson, Daniel Ezra (2014).

8206: 3742:

Polysyllabic morpheme-final /oʊ/–/ə/–/ər/ merger

1028:

For non-rhotic speakers, what was once a vowel, followed by

10581:

Southland dialect study to shed light on language evolution

8817:(which is a concept in several Asian religions, not a god). 8381:

in New York City, 100% of the people 60 and over used for

6470: 3237: 3085: 1563: 1390:

rhotic accents are widely documented, in which deletion of

845: 11743:

Watt, Dominic; Allen, William (2003), "Tyneside English",

11519:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 56–186. 11261: 10953: 10622: 10453:"Rhoticity in Brunei English : A diachronic approach" 9606:"Sociolinguistic Variation on the Scottish-English Border" 6175:). These include the accents of Southern England (but see 3472:

is present in non-rhotic accents which have undergone the

1103:

is . For some speakers, some long vowels alternate with a

11411:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 59–85. 10959: 9870: 9416: 8774: 7360: 7345: 6569:. It is found in those non-rhotic accents containing the 3499:

A large number of homophonous pairs involve the syllabic

10911: 10644:. (Volume 5) Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 9837: 9677: 7947:

as the merger itself, though it is still used alongside

7919:

can instead be pronounced as the close-mid monophthongs

7885:. It may be present in those speakers who have both the 3888:

before consonants, although in some words the unreduced

1091:, but they may be considered to end in rhotic speech in 991:

at word boundaries, especially if one or both vowels is

496:

The rhotic dialects of English include most of those in

10845: 10833: 10522: 9854: 9852: 9297: 9295: 9293: 9280: 9278: 9276: 8727:, which most rhotic dialects would instead convey with 8175:("thirtieth", "thirty-first", "first", "heard", "urge") 709:

During the mid-17th century, several sources described

9364: 8969:, which Americans pronounce with the rhotic consonant. 8912:

Transliteration of Cantonese words and names, such as

4068:

It is possible in northern East Anglian varieties (to

3488:

mentioned below) as possible (though less common than

11478:

Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (2006).

11183:

The Social Stratification of English in New York City

11047: 10886: 10884: 10857: 10691: 10689: 10687: 10685: 10683: 10249:

The regional development of African American Language

9263: 9261: 9259: 9257: 9140: 9138: 9136: 9134: 9132: 9130: 9128: 9126: 9124: 8105:

Tautosyllabic pre-consonantal /ɔɪ/–/ɜːr/ merger

1649:, show some non-rhoticity along with the traditional 11609:

Varieties of English: The Americas and the Caribbean

10769: 10701: 10090: 9917:

Varieties of English: The Americas and the Caribbean

9849: 9729: 9717: 9398: 9290: 9273: 8234:, this sound apparently predominated throughout the 4151:, but the vowels typically remain distinct as (for 2124:

variably after vowels, but younger speakers now use

1375:

Semi-rhotic accents have also been studied, such as

461:, but a non-rhotic speaker "drops" or "deletes" the 392:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see 10534: 10319:

Indian Writing in English: Pre to Post Independence

9150: 4076:), but only in the case of items descended from ME 1803:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 752:in his 1775 rhyming dictionary. In his influential 579:regions of the United States, as well as generally 485:pples," most non-rhotic speakers will preserve the 11349:Australian English Pronunciation and Transcription 10995: 10881: 10680: 10477:Gupta, Anthea F.; Hiang, Tan Chor (January 1992). 10450: 9471:Transactions of the Yorkshire Dialect Society: 1–5 9254: 9121: 9045:Other terms synonymous with "non-rhotic" include " 9027:English-language vowel changes before historic /r/ 8358:in the lyrics of the English-language version of " 8258:In some cases, particularly in New York City, the 7877:merger consists of the merger of the lexical sets 6680:merger consists of the merger of the lexical sets 6561:merger consists of the merger of the lexical sets 6136:vowel higher and more retracted than the vowel of 6112:merger consists of the merger of the lexical sets 2262:. In extreme cases, these two can also merge with 11745:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 11683:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 11329:English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change 11269:Journal of the International Phonetic Association 10420: 10057:Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (1990a). 9603: 9452:Leeds Working Papers in Linguistics and Phonetics 9425:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 8262:sound gliding from a schwa upwards even led to a 7979:by the openness of the first element: or vs. . 6692:, some speakers in Guyana and some Welsh speech. 6190:. Specifically, the phonemic merger of the words 6120:. It is found in most of the same accents as the 3814:occurs in other non-rhotic accents, such as some 2107:New Zealand English is predominantly non-rhotic. 429:, is preserved in all pronunciation contexts. In 12128: 11015:"Italian Speakers' English Pronunciation Errors" 10264:The Oxford Handbook on African American Language 9943:"Why the classic Noo Yawk accent is fading away" 8377:In 1966, according to a survey that was done by 1052:is . A final schwa usually remains short and so 721:, published posthumously in 1640, recorded that 493:) since it is followed by a vowel in this case. 406:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters 10719: 10056: 9940: 4351:by the openness of the first element: or for 1556:Red dots show major U.S. cities where the 2006 780:...." Americans returning to England after the 11771:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 ( 11611:. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 87–114. 11477: 11332:, Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 87–103, 11113: 11077: 11041: 10262:, Lisa Green, and Jennifer Bloomquist (eds.), 10097:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 25–26. 10001:"Is Corby the most Scottish place in England?" 9970: 9968: 9421:New Zealand English: Its Origins and Evolution 9322: 1765:, which may be non-rhotic or variably rhotic. 1126:underwent a lengthening process, known as pre- 796:he only areas of England... for which we have 790:New Zealand English: its Origins and Evolution 11851: 11385: 11153: 10815: 10642:The Cambridge History of the English Language 10446: 10444: 10416: 10414: 10247:Wolfram, Walt; Kohn, Mary E. (forthcoming). " 10121:Investigations in Sociohistorical Linguistics 10036:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 9706: 9704: 9591:Transactions of the Yorkshire Dialect Society 9210:Costa, Davide; Serra, Raffaele (6 May 2022). 4366:⟩. For a related merger not involving 4316:is recessive and has never been categorical ( 3089:may be identical with the second syllable of 1313:Non-rhotic accents include most varieties of 1177:. Examples include the dropping of the first 980:" has been stigmatized, but many speakers of 848:, where rhoticity has since disappeared. The 360: 39:Examples of a rhotic and a non-rhotic speaker 11578:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 11352:(2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press, 11219: 9974: 9663:. New York: Mouton de Gruyter. p. 316. 9383: 8979: 8704:Effect of non-rhotic dialects on orthography 5752:or, less frequently, an open-mid back vowel 2217:Mergers characteristic of non-rhotic accents 2139:vowel. Younger Southland speakers pronounce 16:Pronunciation of 'r' across English dialects 11345: 11325: 11243: 10965: 10875: 10628: 10589:. 9 December 2016. Retrieved 19 March 2019. 10024: 10022: 9965: 9116:A Manual of English Phonetics and Phonology 957:." Many non-rhotic speakers also insert an 11858: 11844: 11365: 10989: 10517:The English Language: A Linguistic History 10476: 10472: 10470: 10441: 10411: 10266:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 147. 9701: 9695: 9209: 9011: 8829: 8723:used in non-rhotic dialects to indicate a 8236:older speech of the Southern United States 4021:in the latter case, so that the merger of 3969: 3868:In RP, there are certain prefixes such as 367: 353: 11756: 11742: 11694: 11471:A Phonology and Prosody of Modern English 11281: 11125: 10905: 10386: 10375:Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 10368: 9913: 9770:"A New (Rhotic?) Dialect in New Zealand?" 9237: 9227: 9200:Labov, Ash, and Boberg (2006), pp. 47–48. 8326:. This merger is also known for the word 8266:of the vowel classes associated with the 1863:Learn how and when to remove this message 1486:, and in the areas that border Scotland. 1348:Non-rhotic accents have been dominant in 1286:Rhotic accents include most varieties of 1165:Even General American commonly drops the 1158:was not a compensatory process caused by 11953: 11655: 11637: 11633:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 11346:Cox, Felicity; Fletcher, Janet (2017) , 11307: 11147: 10977: 10851: 10827: 10528: 10519:. Oxford University Press: Canada, 2006. 10275: 10117: 10028: 10019: 8954: 8932: 1551: 1204: 616: 608: 12147:Splits and mergers in English phonology 11154:Trawick-Smith, Ben (1 September 2011). 10479:"Post-Vocalic /r/ in Singapore English" 10467: 10050: 9934: 9879:, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 244–258, 9588: 9468: 8346:of the 1930s and 1940s. The songwriter 1657:has traditionally been non-rhotic, but 1217:in English rural dialects of the 1950s 940: 12129: 11865: 11673: 11606: 11468: 11403: 11089: 10863: 10552: 10343:Reddy, C. Rammanohar (6 August 2017). 10315: 10290: 10214: 10164: 9658: 9449: 9404: 9301: 9284: 9196: 9194: 9186: 7886: 4327:has always been a distinct vowel), as 4285:is phonemically distinct, normally as 4001:in a preconsonantal position, so that 3022: 2161:(usually the same as in General NZE). 1059:In RP and similar accents, the vowels 421:, the sound of the historical English 11952: 11839: 11779: 11213: 11179: 11156:"On the Hunt for the New Orleans Yat" 11101: 11053: 10941: 10929: 10787: 10775: 10763: 10707: 10695: 10674: 10515:Brinton, Lauren and Leslie Arnovick. 10342: 9858: 9843: 9735: 9723: 9683: 9641: 9570:from the original on 15 February 2022 9173:Labov, Ash, and Boberg (2006), p. 47. 9156: 8988: 3044:, this consists of the merger of the 2209:tends to pronounce "r" as usually an 1635:local dialects of eastern New England 953:. That phenomenon is referred to as " 11710: 11586: 11560:from the original on 25 October 2016 11533: 11514: 11496: 11425: 11289: 11065: 11001: 10917: 10890: 10839: 10540: 10165:Thomas, Erik R. (4 September 2007). 10144: 9953:from the original on 11 October 2013 9392: 9370: 9267: 9182: 9144: 7864: 6671: 6577:merger that have also undergone the 6548: 5051: 3806:, etc. take a similar path. The mid 2225: 2075:settlements. These speakers realise 1801:adding citations to reliable sources 1772: 698:'cardinal'. Those spellings without 396:. For the distinction between , 11480:The Atlas of North American English 10726:. Oxford University Press. p. 10610:from the original on 9 January 2017 10094:English Historical Sociolinguistics 9767: 9191: 8253: 8124: 6690:African American Vernacular English 6103: 5719: 5249: 3970:/eɪ/–/ɛər/–/ɪər/ merger 3880:that have a free variation between 2371: 1963:(RP) or rhotic from the underlying 1669:African-American Vernacular English 935:African-American Vernacular English 13: 11658:A handbook of varieties of English 11640:A handbook of varieties of English 11388:A handbook of varieties of English 11310:A handbook of varieties of English 11292:A handbook of varieties of English 11246:A handbook of varieties of English 10665:Labov, Ash, and Boberg (2006: 234) 10336: 10322:. Nitya Publications. p. 89. 9920:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 396. 9118:, Gunter Narr Verlag, 2011, p. 60. 9073:"; synonyms for "rhotic" include " 8134: 6159:), yielding a three-way merger of 4219:. The latter is used not only for 3892:is preferred. Before vowels, only 2115:in the far south of New Zealand's 2067:, especially in speakers from the 1547: 1372:vowel often remaining non-rhotic. 1335:Trinidadian and Tobagonian English 1025:would otherwise have been placed. 592:, for example as reflected in the 101:Problems playing these files? See 28: 14: 12158: 11369:Gimson's Pronunciation of English 10720:Upton, Clive; Eben Upton (2004). 10555:Australian Journal of Linguistics 9712:Shorter Oxford English Dictionary 2099:whalers, spoke rhotic varieties. 1641:and extending into the states of 1474:(north and west of the centre of 1048:pronounced in isolation is , but 984:(RP) now frequently "intrude" an 682:). A second phase of the loss of 625:The earliest traces of a loss of 415:varieties of the English language 11207: 11173: 11119: 11107: 11095: 11083: 11071: 10793:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary 10750:Clive and Eben Upton (2004), p. 10278:Language Structure and Variation 10186:10.1111/j.1749-818X.2007.00029.x 10174:Language and Linguistics Compass 9877:Africa, South and Southeast Asia 8202: 8183:Problems playing this file? See 8153: 6198:was the basis for a joke in the 5071:(see below). Two such pairs are 4249:can also be similar to cardinal 3478:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary 2213:, like in the Scottish dialect. 2132:vowel and occasionally with the 1777: 867: 77: 49: 11501:, Routledge, pp. 272–285, 11236: 11128:The YAT Language of New Orleans 11035: 11021: 11007: 10781: 10744: 10713: 10659: 10634: 10592: 10573: 10546: 10509: 10362: 10309: 10284: 10269: 10241: 10208: 10199: 10158: 10149: 10138: 10111: 10084: 9993: 9941:McClear, Sheila (2 June 2010). 9907: 9864: 9812: 9787: 9761: 9750: 9741: 9652: 9634: 9597: 9582: 9552: 9527: 9502: 9477: 9462: 9443: 9410: 9376: 9351: 9328: 9114:Paul Skandera, Peter Burleigh, 8169:Older Southern American English 7904:) and some speakers in Guyana. 5045:In fully non-rhotic varieties. 5025:In fully non-rhotic varieties. 5005:In fully non-rhotic varieties. 4904:In fully non-rhotic varieties. 4864:In fully non-rhotic varieties. 4823:In fully non-rhotic varieties. 4783:In fully non-rhotic varieties. 4762:In fully non-rhotic varieties. 4741:In fully non-rhotic varieties. 4720:In fully non-rhotic varieties. 4659:In fully non-rhotic varieties. 4618:In fully non-rhotic varieties. 4598:In fully non-rhotic varieties. 4517:In fully non-rhotic varieties. 4496:In fully non-rhotic varieties. 4301:) and a disyllabic elsewhere. 3990:and partially also in Northern 3974:The merger of the lexical sets 3816:older Southern American English 2189:, and the name of the letter R 2043:). It appears that postvocalic 1788:needs additional citations for 1763:Shelburne Counties, Nova Scotia 1699:, or for "bear up" are heard. 1663:that of northeastern New Jersey 1559:Atlas of North American English 1466:area because of migration from 1430:, as well as some varieties of 1200: 1032:, is now usually realized as a 433:, speakers no longer pronounce 388:International Phonetic Alphabet 11593:, Cambridge University Press, 11538:, Cambridge University Press, 11114:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006) 11078:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006) 11042:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006) 10932:, pp. 298, 522, 540, 557. 10217:"Rural white Southern accents" 10124:. Cambridge University Press. 9873:"Pakistani English: phonology" 9323:Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006) 9203: 9176: 9108: 9039: 8945: 8923: 8770: 8526:intervocalic alveolar flapping 8350:, a native New Yorker, rhymed 7892:described above, and also the 4191:, strongly distinguished from 3863:tomato and cucumber production 3330:"Pita" may also be pronounced 2392:) occurs for some speakers of 2102: 1193:. In more careful speech, all 1173:, which may be referred to as 748:to indicate the long vowel of 1: 11717:Language Variation and Change 11631:Language in the British Isles 11482:. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 10091:Milla, Robert McColl (2012). 10034:Language in the British Isles 9348:, are not shaded on this map. 9101: 8751:British English slang words: 8250:would have been pronounced . 4108:are being transferred to the 2193:(General NZE pronunciations: 2061:Australian Aboriginal English 1639:that of Boston, Massachusetts 1071:), when they are followed by 588:prestigious nationwide after 465:sound and pronounces them as 10388:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.05.542 10222:. p. 16. Archived from 9610:Sociolinguistics in Scotland 8993:), which does not contain a 5155:can also be pronounced with 4061:, which produces a variable 3746:A conditioned merger of EME 2150:(General NZE pronunciation: 2050: 1604:Today, non-rhoticity in the 1448:English varieties in England 1441: 1410:, for example, as spoken in 583:, until the 1860s, when the 73:Non-rhotic (British) speaker 21:Pronunciation of English /r/ 7: 11372:(8th ed.), Routledge, 11229:Berlin/NY: Mouton DeGruyter 10816:Devonish & Harry (2004) 10451:Nur Raihan Mohamad (2017). 9885:10.1515/9783110208429.1.244 9020: 8838: 7869:In Wells' terminology, the 6676:In Wells' terminology, the 6553:In Wells' terminology, the 6108:In Wells' terminology, the 4265:, as in South Africa), but 2274:to become homophonous with 1500: 1428:Eastern New England English 1418:, most modern varieties of 1197:sounds are still retained. 1009:Australia-r-and New Zealand 10: 12163: 11473:. Heidelberg: Carl Winter. 10483:York Papers in Linguistics 10369:Demirezen, Mehmet (2012). 9385:...dans plusieurs mots, l' 9341:Survey of English Dialects 4084:. Those descended from ME 4013:is normally distinct from 3853:In Cockney, the resulting 3334:and therefore not merged. 2079:as in the preconsonantal 1768: 1011:, the formerly well-known 830:Survey of English Dialects 805:In the late 19th century, 782:American Revolutionary War 736:By the 1770s, postvocalic 604: 599: 113:History and description of 18: 12031: 11965: 11961: 11948: 11873: 11761:(inactive 25 August 2024) 11758:10.1017/S0025100303001397 11729:10.1017/S0954394500121040 11696:10.1017/s0025100307003180 11447:10.1017/s0952675799003693 11366:Cruttenden, Alan (2014), 11283:10.1017/S0025100306002830 11130:. iUniverse. p. 67. 10966:Cox & Fletcher (2017) 10944:, pp. 504, 544, 577. 10876:Collins & Mees (1990) 10818:, pp. 460, 463, 476. 10795:(3rd ed.). Longman. 10766:, pp. 167, 305, 318. 10723:Oxford rhyming dictionary 10629:Bauer & Warren (2004) 10567:10.1080/07268608908599416 9914:Schneider, Edgar (2008). 8980: 8830: 8823: 4112:class; in other words, a 2007: 1737: 1470:in the 1930s, in some of 1420:Southern American English 1122:and another consonant or 1079:that end in schwa and so 1005:Australia and New Zealand 228:Development of consonants 45:Rhotic (American) speaker 11990:Changes before historic 11982:Changes before historic 11797:10.1017/CBO9780511611766 11793:10.1017/CBO9780511611759 11536:Language in South Africa 11068:, pp. 123–124, 126. 10878:, pp. 92–93, 95–97. 10215:Thomas, Erik R. (2005). 10118:Trudgill, Peter (2010). 10063:. Multilingual Matters. 9346:East Riding of Yorkshire 9229:10.3389/fsoc.2022.902213 9032: 8374:sound: something like . 8109:A conditioned merger of 7898:African-American English 4005:can be homophonous with 2154:) but only sometimes in 1564:African-American English 1516: 1292:Irish or Hiberno-English 1038:compensatory lengthening 926:General American English 872:The loss of postvocalic 11893:Anglo-Frisian languages 11180:Labov, William (1966), 11126:Canatella, Ray (2011). 10906:Watt & Allen (2003) 10652:p. 387. Retrieved from 10381:. Elsevier: 2659–2663. 10316:Rathod, Rakesh (2019). 10295:. Arnold. p. 272. 10155:Harris (2006), pp. 2–5. 9979:. Arnold. p. 210. 9618:10.1057/9781137034717_5 9359:The Dialects of England 8978:for the Korean surname 8163:Examples of up-gliding 7900:(in both cases towards 7865:/oʊ/–/ʊər/ merger 6672:/oʊ/–/oʊr/ merger 6549:/ɔː/–/ʊər/ merger 6208:The Pirates of Penzance 5052:/ɑː/–/ɑːr/ merger 4147:is possible in General 3464:A merger of words like 2376:A merger of words like 2230:A merger of words like 2226:/ɛə/–/ɛər/ merger 2195:/ˈɑɪələnd,ˈmiəli,ɵː,ɐː/ 2063:spoken on the coast of 1992:. Rhoticity is used by 1887: 1589:, because of its early 1566:throughout the country. 1424:New York Latino English 1107:ending in schwa and so 850:Atlas Linguarum Europae 694: 688: 678: 672: 659: 654: 646: 384:phonetic transcriptions 11711:Watt, Dominic (2000), 11674:Watson, Kevin (2007), 11587:Swan, Michael (2001), 10435:10.1075/eww.31.2.01sha 10205:Pollock et al. (1998). 9384: 9357:Based on P. Trudgill, 9216:Frontiers in Sociology 9012: 8710:spelling pronunciation 8139: 7943:is as stereotypically 7911:, the merger (towards 6104:/ɔː/–/ɔr/ merger 5826:A three-way merger of 5720:/ʌ/–/ɑːr/ merger 5250:/ɒ/–/ɑːr/ merger 3850:varieties of English. 3040:In the terminology of 2372:/ʌ/–/ɜːr/ merger 1961:Received Pronunciation 1812:"Rhoticity in English" 1567: 1532:. Additionally, while 1283: 1021:wherever an intrusive 982:Received Pronunciation 803: 622: 614: 489:in that position (the 381:This article contains 33: 11925:Anglo-Norman language 11264:"New Zealand English" 11227:New York City English 9000:The English spelling 8843:("paper") spelled as 8138: 7959:(females often merge 5734:South African English 5732:. It occurs in Black 4149:South African English 2260:New York City English 1907:whose English dialect 1686:is deleted before an 1655:New York City dialect 1555: 1416:New York City English 1327:South African English 1208: 1099:, is pronounced and 949:is pronounced, as in 915:Eastern United States 794: 620: 612: 174:Development of vowels 119:English pronunciation 32: 11955:Phonological history 11935:Early Modern English 11426:Gick, Bryan (1999). 10992:, pp. 122, 124. 10980:, pp. 167, 172. 10920:, pp. 123, 126. 10830:, pp. 170, 172. 10606:. 5 September 2013. 9768:Ben (19 June 2012). 9642:Hayes, Dean (2013). 8864:in American English. 8330:, used often by the 8246:was never ; rather, 8146:Southern up-gliding 6200:Gilbert and Sullivan 5264:father-bother merger 5069:father-bother merger 4231:is homophonous with 3992:East Anglian English 3986:is possible in some 3790:); thus, words like 3778:is homophonous with 2408:. The conversion of 1797:improve this article 1651:Rhode Island dialect 1620:, as well as in the 1509:since the 1970s and 1368:vowel, but with the 941:Modern pronunciation 807:Alexander John Ellis 11888:Proto-West-Germanic 11878:Proto-Indo-European 11676:"Liverpool English" 11469:Kurath, H. (1964). 11017:. 22 November 2013. 10954:Bauer et al. (2007) 10908:, pp. 268–269. 10842:, pp. 277–279. 10229:on 22 December 2014 9846:, pp. 76, 221. 9698:, pp. 119–120. 9686:, pp. 224–225. 9334:Based on H. Orton, 8403: 8364:New Orleans English 8286:; thus, words like 8033:With yod-dropping. 7987: 7969:thought-goat merger 6697: 6602: 6216: 6173:horse-hoarse merger 5857: 5771:. This (as well as 5736:as a result of its 5283: 5091: 4379: 4237:square-nurse merger 4171:can be misheard as 4100:have a distinctive 3901: 3824:Appalachian English 3523: 3098: 2433: 2283: 2244:sporadically raised 1534:Port Talbot English 1458:(especially in the 1350:New Zealand English 1343:Singaporean English 1223: (non-rhotic) 1209:Final post-vocalic 417:are classified. In 149:General development 12023:Trisyllabic laxing 12003:Close front vowels 11867:History of English 11785:Accents of English 11104:, pp. 508 ff. 10586:New Zealand Herald 10423:English World-Wide 10254:2018-11-06 at the 9373:, pp. 114–15. 8867:Southern American 8402:Homophonous pairs 8401: 8140: 7986:Homophonous pairs 7985: 6696:Homophonous pairs 6695: 6601:Homophonous pairs 6600: 6215:Homophonous pairs 6214: 5856:Homophonous pairs 5855: 5777:Colchester English 5282:Homophonous pairs 5281: 5090:Homophonous pairs 5089: 4378:Homophonous pairs 4377: 4372:near-square merger 4299:fleece–near merger 3900:Homophonous pairs 3899: 3861:-insertion, as in 3786:as (phonemically 3762:is similar to the 3522:Homophonous pairs 3521: 3516:bleaches-bleachers 3510:suffixes, such as 3097:Homophonous pairs 3096: 2432:Homophonous pairs 2431: 2282:Homophonous pairs 2281: 2095:missionaries, and 2057:Australian English 2002:Sri Lankan English 1894:Philippine English 1757:variety spoken in 1593:rhotic influence. 1581:area, centered on 1568: 1323:Australian English 1308:Philippine English 1284: 1056:in isolation is . 976:). The so-called " 910:American Civil War 858:Berwick upon Tweed 772:, lengthened into 744:used the spelling 631:coronal consonants 623: 615: 585:American Civil War 431:non-rhotic accents 335:History of English 34: 12142:Rhotic consonants 12137:English phonology 12124: 12123: 12120: 12119: 12116: 12115: 12013:Great Vowel Shift 11998:Close back vowels 11618:978-3-11-019636-8 11464:on 12 April 2013. 11405:Fisher, John Hurt 11359:978-1-316-63926-9 11196:on 24 August 2014 11137:978-1-4620-3295-2 10990:Cruttenden (2014) 10802:978-1-4058-8118-0 10104:978-0-7486-4181-9 10043:978-0-521-28409-7 9696:Cruttenden (2014) 9627:978-1-349-44192-1 9382:Original French: 9325:, pp. 5, 47. 8800:pronunciation of 8765:pronunciation of 8701: 8700: 8522:weak vowel merger 8167:in the speech of 8158: 8102: 8101: 7884: 7880: 7862: 7861: 7830:wine–whine merger 6687: 6683: 6669: 6668: 6568: 6564: 6546: 6545: 6158: 6154: 6119: 6115: 6101: 6100: 5717: 5716: 5261: 5257: 5247: 5246: 5063: 5059: 5049: 5048: 4139:A near-merger of 4063:Mary-merry merger 4057:before a sounded 3967: 3966: 3764:weak vowel merger 3739: 3738: 3474:weak vowel merger 3457: 3456: 3064:In some accents, 3060: 3053: 3020: 3019: 2369: 2368: 1994:Chinese Bruneians 1982:Indians in Brunei 1939:Iranian languages 1873: 1872: 1865: 1847: 1755:Lunenburg English 1618:Norfolk, Virginia 1614:Savannah, Georgia 1513:since the 1980s. 1408:Caribbean English 1404:Pakistani English 1339:Malaysian English 1304:Barbadian English 1036:. That is called 878:prestige standard 594:national standard 377: 376: 251:Variable features 237:Single consonants 204:Great Vowel Shift 125:Historical stages 82: 55: 12154: 12018:Open back vowels 11993: 11985: 11963: 11962: 11950: 11949: 11860: 11853: 11846: 11837: 11836: 11831: 11829: 11828: 11820: 11819: 11811: 11810: 11776: 11770: 11762: 11760: 11739: 11707: 11698: 11680: 11670: 11652: 11634: 11622: 11603: 11583: 11577: 11569: 11567: 11565: 11548: 11530: 11511: 11508:978-0-41507180-2 11493: 11474: 11465: 11463: 11457:. Archived from 11432: 11422: 11400: 11382: 11362: 11342: 11322: 11304: 11286: 11285: 11258: 11230: 11225:Newman, Michael 11223: 11217: 11211: 11205: 11204: 11203: 11201: 11195: 11188: 11177: 11171: 11170: 11168: 11166: 11151: 11145: 11144: 11123: 11117: 11111: 11105: 11099: 11093: 11087: 11081: 11075: 11069: 11063: 11057: 11051: 11045: 11039: 11033: 11032: 11029:"Suggestionisms" 11025: 11019: 11018: 11011: 11005: 10999: 10993: 10987: 10981: 10975: 10969: 10963: 10957: 10951: 10945: 10939: 10933: 10927: 10921: 10915: 10909: 10903: 10894: 10888: 10879: 10873: 10867: 10861: 10855: 10849: 10843: 10837: 10831: 10825: 10819: 10813: 10807: 10806: 10785: 10779: 10773: 10767: 10761: 10755: 10748: 10742: 10741: 10717: 10711: 10705: 10699: 10693: 10678: 10672: 10666: 10663: 10657: 10638: 10632: 10626: 10620: 10619: 10617: 10615: 10596: 10590: 10577: 10571: 10570: 10550: 10544: 10538: 10532: 10526: 10520: 10513: 10507: 10506: 10474: 10465: 10464: 10448: 10439: 10438: 10418: 10409: 10408: 10390: 10366: 10360: 10359: 10357: 10355: 10340: 10334: 10333: 10313: 10307: 10306: 10288: 10282: 10281: 10273: 10267: 10245: 10239: 10238: 10236: 10234: 10228: 10221: 10212: 10206: 10203: 10197: 10196: 10194: 10192: 10171: 10162: 10156: 10153: 10147: 10142: 10136: 10135: 10115: 10109: 10108: 10088: 10082: 10081: 10079: 10077: 10054: 10048: 10047: 10026: 10017: 10016: 10014: 10012: 9997: 9991: 9990: 9972: 9963: 9962: 9960: 9958: 9938: 9932: 9931: 9911: 9905: 9904: 9903: 9901: 9868: 9862: 9856: 9847: 9841: 9835: 9834: 9832: 9830: 9816: 9810: 9809: 9807: 9805: 9791: 9785: 9784: 9782: 9780: 9765: 9759: 9754: 9748: 9745: 9739: 9733: 9727: 9721: 9715: 9708: 9699: 9693: 9687: 9681: 9675: 9674: 9656: 9650: 9649: 9638: 9632: 9631: 9601: 9595: 9594: 9586: 9580: 9579: 9577: 9575: 9556: 9550: 9549: 9547: 9545: 9531: 9525: 9524: 9522: 9520: 9506: 9500: 9499: 9497: 9495: 9481: 9475: 9474: 9466: 9460: 9459: 9447: 9441: 9440: 9424: 9414: 9408: 9402: 9396: 9391: 9388: 9380: 9374: 9368: 9362: 9355: 9349: 9332: 9326: 9320: 9305: 9299: 9288: 9282: 9271: 9265: 9252: 9251: 9241: 9231: 9207: 9201: 9198: 9189: 9180: 9174: 9171: 9160: 9154: 9148: 9142: 9119: 9112: 9095: 9077: 9049: 9043: 9015: 8995:liquid consonant 8992: 8987: 8983: 8982: 8961:The spelling of 8956: 8947: 8934: 8925: 8841: 8835: 8834: 8827: 8772: 8697: 8682: 8669: 8656: 8643: 8630: 8617: 8604: 8589: 8576: 8554: 8541: 8524:, normally with 8517: 8502: 8489: 8476: 8461: 8446: 8433: 8414: 8409: 8404: 8400: 8393:, now pronounce 8373: 8369: 8338:as a variant of 8309: 8305: 8285: 8281: 8277: 8273: 8268:General American 8261: 8254:Coil–curl merger 8241: 8216:American English 8213: 8212: 8209: 8208: 8199: 8195: 8166: 8160: 8159: 8149: 8137: 8128: 8119:coil-curl merger 8116: 8112: 8098: 8085: 8072: 8059: 8046: 8030: 8017: 7998: 7993: 7988: 7984: 7978: 7974: 7966: 7962: 7958: 7954: 7942: 7934: 7926: 7918: 7914: 7903: 7894:pour–poor merger 7882: 7878: 7858: 7845: 7825: 7812: 7799: 7786: 7773: 7760: 7747: 7734: 7721: 7708: 7695: 7682: 7669: 7656: 7643: 7630: 7617: 7604: 7591: 7578: 7565: 7552: 7539: 7526: 7513: 7500: 7487: 7474: 7461: 7448: 7435: 7422: 7409: 7396: 7383: 7370: 7355: 7340: 7327: 7314: 7301: 7288: 7275: 7262: 7249: 7236: 7223: 7210: 7197: 7184: 7171: 7158: 7145: 7132: 7119: 7106: 7093: 7080: 7067: 7054: 7041: 7028: 7015: 7002: 6989: 6976: 6963: 6950: 6937: 6924: 6911: 6898: 6885: 6872: 6859: 6846: 6833: 6820: 6807: 6794: 6779: 6766: 6753: 6740: 6727: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6694: 6685: 6681: 6665: 6652: 6632: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6599: 6579:pour–poor merger 6566: 6562: 6542: 6527: 6512: 6497: 6482: 6465: 6450: 6435: 6420: 6405: 6390: 6375: 6360: 6345: 6330: 6315: 6300: 6284: 6269: 6254: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6217: 6213: 6156: 6152: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6117: 6113: 6095: 6080: 6065: 6050: 6035: 6020: 6005: 5990: 5977: 5962: 5947: 5932: 5917: 5902: 5887: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5854: 5851: 5844: 5837: 5833: 5829: 5822: 5814: 5806: 5798: 5794: 5786: 5774: 5759: 5751: 5743: 5739: 5731: 5727: 5711: 5696: 5681: 5666: 5651: 5636: 5621: 5606: 5591: 5576: 5561: 5546: 5531: 5516: 5501: 5486: 5471: 5456: 5441: 5426: 5411: 5396: 5381: 5360: 5345: 5330: 5313: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5280: 5259: 5255: 5243: 5230: 5217: 5204: 5189: 5176: 5162: 5158: 5149: 5136: 5121: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5088: 5061: 5057: 5042: 5022: 5002: 4982: 4962: 4942: 4922: 4901: 4881: 4861: 4841: 4820: 4801: 4780: 4759: 4738: 4717: 4697: 4678: 4656: 4636: 4615: 4595: 4575: 4555: 4536: 4514: 4493: 4473: 4453: 4434: 4410: 4405: 4399: 4395: 4389: 4385: 4380: 4376: 4369: 4365: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4330: 4326: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4308:, the merger of 4296: 4292: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4268: 4264: 4256: 4248: 4226: 4223:but also in the 4222: 4214: 4210: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4182: 4166: 4162: 4154: 4146: 4142: 4135: 4131: 4123: 4119: 4114:pane-pain merger 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4087: 4079: 4075: 4060: 4056: 4049:can be laxed to 4048: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4000: 3988:Jamaican English 3985: 3981: 3977: 3961: 3946: 3931: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3898: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3860: 3856: 3842:) is distinctly 3833: 3829: 3821: 3813: 3789: 3773: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3735: 3722: 3709: 3696: 3683: 3670: 3657: 3644: 3631: 3618: 3605: 3592: 3579: 3566: 3553: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3520: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3453: 3438: 3425: 3412: 3399: 3386: 3373: 3360: 3347: 3333: 3327: 3312: 3299: 3286: 3273: 3260: 3247: 3232: 3219: 3206: 3193: 3180: 3167: 3154: 3141: 3128: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3095: 3055: 3048: 3035: 3028: 3016: 3003: 2990: 2977: 2964: 2951: 2938: 2925: 2912: 2899: 2886: 2873: 2860: 2847: 2834: 2821: 2808: 2795: 2775: 2762: 2749: 2736: 2723: 2710: 2697: 2684: 2671: 2658: 2645: 2632: 2619: 2606: 2593: 2580: 2567: 2554: 2541: 2528: 2515: 2502: 2489: 2476: 2463: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2430: 2411: 2407: 2394:Jamaican English 2391: 2387: 2365: 2352: 2339: 2326: 2313: 2294: 2289: 2284: 2280: 2265: 2249: 2241: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2181: 2174: 2167: 2160: 2153: 2149: 2142: 2138: 2137: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2078: 2046: 2036:suffixes, as in 2022:Liberian English 1901:. That excludes 1899:American English 1868: 1861: 1857: 1854: 1848: 1846: 1805: 1781: 1773: 1743:Canadian English 1729: 1728: 1727: 1721: 1713: 1709: 1685: 1681: 1599:General American 1571:American English 1543: 1528:, especially in 1432:Scottish English 1377:Jamaican English 1331:Nigerian English 1300:American English 1296:Canadian English 1288:Scottish English 1272: 1262: 1248: 1238: 1228: 1222: 1212: 1196: 1180: 1172: 1168: 1153: 1121: 1094: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1042:card, fern, born 1031: 1001:the idea-r-of it 990: 963: 948: 922:Second World War 904: 875: 739: 728: 724: 712: 705: 701: 697: 691: 685: 681: 675: 662: 637:, giving modern 636: 628: 577: 545: 488: 476: 475: 470: 469: 464: 460: 459: 454: 453: 436: 428: 423:rhotic consonant 403: 399: 369: 362: 355: 307:T-glottalization 110: 109: 89: 84: 83: 62: 57: 56: 31: 12162: 12161: 12157: 12156: 12155: 12153: 12152: 12151: 12127: 12126: 12125: 12112: 12082:-glottalization 12027: 11957: 11944: 11869: 11864: 11834: 11826: 11817: 11808: 11764: 11763: 11678: 11668: 11650: 11627:Trudgill, Peter 11625: 11619: 11601: 11571: 11570: 11563: 11561: 11551: 11546: 11527: 11509: 11490: 11461: 11430: 11419: 11398: 11380: 11360: 11340: 11320: 11302: 11256: 11239: 11234: 11233: 11224: 11220: 11212: 11208: 11199: 11197: 11193: 11186: 11178: 11174: 11164: 11162: 11152: 11148: 11138: 11124: 11120: 11112: 11108: 11100: 11096: 11088: 11084: 11076: 11072: 11064: 11060: 11052: 11048: 11040: 11036: 11027: 11026: 11022: 11013: 11012: 11008: 11000: 10996: 10988: 10984: 10978:Trudgill (2004) 10976: 10972: 10964: 10960: 10952: 10948: 10940: 10936: 10928: 10924: 10916: 10912: 10904: 10897: 10889: 10882: 10874: 10870: 10862: 10858: 10852:Bowerman (2004) 10850: 10846: 10838: 10834: 10828:Trudgill (2004) 10826: 10822: 10814: 10810: 10803: 10786: 10782: 10774: 10770: 10762: 10758: 10749: 10745: 10738: 10718: 10714: 10706: 10702: 10694: 10681: 10673: 10669: 10664: 10660: 10639: 10635: 10627: 10623: 10613: 10611: 10598: 10597: 10593: 10578: 10574: 10551: 10547: 10539: 10535: 10529:Bowerman (2004) 10527: 10523: 10514: 10510: 10475: 10468: 10449: 10442: 10419: 10412: 10367: 10363: 10353: 10351: 10341: 10337: 10330: 10314: 10310: 10303: 10289: 10285: 10274: 10270: 10256:Wayback Machine 10246: 10242: 10232: 10230: 10226: 10219: 10213: 10209: 10204: 10200: 10190: 10188: 10180:(5): 450–475 . 10169: 10163: 10159: 10154: 10150: 10143: 10139: 10132: 10116: 10112: 10105: 10089: 10085: 10075: 10073: 10071: 10055: 10051: 10044: 10030:Trudgill, Peter 10027: 10020: 10010: 10008: 9999: 9998: 9994: 9987: 9973: 9966: 9956: 9954: 9939: 9935: 9928: 9912: 9908: 9899: 9897: 9895: 9869: 9865: 9857: 9850: 9842: 9838: 9828: 9826: 9824:www.stuff.co.nz 9818: 9817: 9813: 9803: 9801: 9799:www.stuff.co.nz 9793: 9792: 9788: 9778: 9776: 9766: 9762: 9755: 9751: 9746: 9742: 9734: 9730: 9722: 9718: 9709: 9702: 9694: 9690: 9682: 9678: 9671: 9657: 9653: 9639: 9635: 9628: 9602: 9598: 9587: 9583: 9573: 9571: 9558: 9557: 9553: 9543: 9541: 9533: 9532: 9528: 9518: 9516: 9508: 9507: 9503: 9493: 9491: 9483: 9482: 9478: 9467: 9463: 9448: 9444: 9437: 9415: 9411: 9403: 9399: 9386: 9381: 9377: 9369: 9365: 9356: 9352: 9333: 9329: 9321: 9308: 9300: 9291: 9283: 9274: 9266: 9255: 9208: 9204: 9199: 9192: 9181: 9177: 9172: 9163: 9155: 9151: 9143: 9122: 9113: 9109: 9104: 9099: 9098: 9044: 9040: 9035: 9023: 8985: 8807:Hindu god name 8784:Rudyard Kipling 8706: 8371: 8367: 8307: 8283: 8275: 8264:phonemic merger 8259: 8256: 8205: 8201: 8197: 8193: 8190: 8189: 8181: 8179: 8178: 8177: 8176: 8164: 8161: 8154: 8151: 8147: 8141: 8135: 8130: 8126: 8114: 8110: 8107: 7976: 7972: 7916: 7867: 6674: 6551: 6184:lot-cloth split 6137: 6133: 6129: 6106: 5866: 5861: 5772: 5741: 5737: 5729: 5725: 5722: 5252: 5054: 4367: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4328: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4282: 4278: 4266: 4246: 4244:Cardiff dialect 4224: 4220: 4212: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4180: 4164: 4152: 4144: 4140: 4133: 4121: 4117: 4030: 4026: 4022: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3972: 3818:. An r-colored 3744: 3462: 3066:syllabification 3038: 3030: 3023: 2374: 2263: 2247: 2239: 2228: 2219: 2164:Non-prevocalic 2135: 2133: 2129: 2105: 2065:South Australia 2053: 2032:(typically in - 2010: 2004:may be rhotic. 1890: 1869: 1858: 1852: 1849: 1806: 1804: 1794: 1782: 1771: 1740: 1723: 1722: 1579:Delaware Valley 1550: 1519: 1503: 1444: 1315:English English 1282: 1270: 1268: 1260: 1258: 1246: 1244: 1236: 1234: 1226: 1224: 1220: 1218: 1203: 1175:r-dissimilation 995:. For example, 943: 876:in the British 870: 719:English Grammar 607: 602: 534:sociolinguistic 472: 466: 456: 450: 411: 410: 409: 373: 344: 321: 246: 223: 168: 143: 108: 107: 99: 97: 96: 95: 94: 85: 78: 75: 69: 68: 67: 58: 50: 47: 41: 35: 29: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 12160: 12150: 12149: 12144: 12139: 12122: 12121: 12118: 12117: 12114: 12113: 12111: 12110: 12103: 12102: 12101: 12096: 12084: 12076: 12071: 12064: 12056: 12048: 12043: 12037: 12035: 12029: 12028: 12026: 12025: 12020: 12015: 12010: 12005: 12000: 11995: 11987: 11979: 11971: 11969: 11959: 11958: 11946: 11945: 11943: 11942: 11940:Modern English 11937: 11932: 11930:Middle English 11927: 11922: 11921: 11920: 11915: 11910: 11905: 11895: 11890: 11885: 11883:Proto-Germanic 11880: 11874: 11871: 11870: 11863: 11862: 11855: 11848: 11840: 11833: 11832: 11781:Wells, John C. 11777: 11751:(2): 267–271, 11740: 11708: 11689:(3): 351–360, 11671: 11666: 11653: 11648: 11635: 11623: 11617: 11604: 11599: 11584: 11549: 11544: 11531: 11525: 11512: 11507: 11494: 11488: 11475: 11466: 11423: 11417: 11401: 11396: 11383: 11378: 11363: 11358: 11343: 11338: 11323: 11318: 11305: 11300: 11287: 11259: 11254: 11240: 11238: 11235: 11232: 11231: 11218: 11206: 11172: 11146: 11136: 11118: 11106: 11094: 11082: 11070: 11058: 11056:, p. 287. 11046: 11034: 11020: 11006: 10994: 10982: 10970: 10958: 10946: 10934: 10922: 10910: 10895: 10880: 10868: 10866:, p. 358. 10856: 10854:, p. 938. 10844: 10832: 10820: 10808: 10801: 10789:Wells, John C. 10780: 10778:, p. 318. 10768: 10756: 10743: 10736: 10712: 10710:, p. 225. 10700: 10679: 10667: 10658: 10633: 10631:, p. 594. 10621: 10591: 10572: 10561:(1): 161–163. 10545: 10543:, p. 121. 10533: 10531:, p. 940. 10521: 10508: 10466: 10457:Southeast Asia 10440: 10429:(2): 121–137. 10410: 10361: 10335: 10328: 10308: 10301: 10283: 10268: 10260:Sonja Lanehart 10240: 10207: 10198: 10157: 10148: 10137: 10130: 10110: 10103: 10083: 10069: 10049: 10042: 10018: 10007:. 11 July 2014 9992: 9985: 9964: 9933: 9926: 9906: 9893: 9863: 9861:, p. 629. 9848: 9836: 9811: 9786: 9760: 9749: 9740: 9738:, p. 490. 9728: 9726:, p. 201. 9716: 9700: 9688: 9676: 9669: 9651: 9633: 9626: 9596: 9581: 9551: 9526: 9501: 9476: 9461: 9442: 9435: 9409: 9397: 9395:, p. 115. 9375: 9363: 9350: 9327: 9306: 9289: 9272: 9270:, p. 115. 9253: 9202: 9190: 9175: 9161: 9159:, p. 216. 9149: 9147:, p. 114. 9120: 9106: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9097: 9096: 9037: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9030: 9029: 9022: 9019: 9018: 9017: 8998: 8970: 8959: 8955:Wong⁴ Gaa¹wai⁶ 8910: 8901: 8887: 8865: 8850: 8849: 8848: 8818: 8811:misspelled as 8805: 8780: 8779: 8778: 8777:" (the drink)) 8749: 8744:, from Indian 8738: 8705: 8702: 8699: 8698: 8693: 8690: 8684: 8683: 8678: 8675: 8671: 8670: 8665: 8662: 8658: 8657: 8652: 8649: 8645: 8644: 8639: 8636: 8632: 8631: 8626: 8623: 8619: 8618: 8613: 8610: 8606: 8605: 8600: 8597: 8591: 8590: 8585: 8582: 8578: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8563: 8562: 8555: 8550: 8547: 8546:goitre; goiter 8543: 8542: 8537: 8534: 8530: 8529: 8518: 8513: 8508: 8504: 8503: 8498: 8495: 8491: 8490: 8485: 8482: 8478: 8477: 8472: 8469: 8463: 8462: 8457: 8454: 8448: 8447: 8442: 8439: 8435: 8434: 8429: 8426: 8422: 8421: 8418: 8415: 8410: 8362:". Except for 8322:sounding like 8314:sounding like 8255: 8252: 8180: 8173:Strom Thurmond 8162: 8152: 8144: 8143: 8142: 8133: 8132: 8131: 8129: 8123: 8106: 8103: 8100: 8099: 8094: 8091: 8087: 8086: 8081: 8078: 8074: 8073: 8068: 8065: 8061: 8060: 8055: 8052: 8048: 8047: 8042: 8039: 8035: 8034: 8031: 8026: 8023: 8019: 8018: 8013: 8010: 8006: 8005: 8002: 7999: 7994: 7935:. The central 7866: 7863: 7860: 7859: 7854: 7851: 7847: 7846: 7841: 7838: 7834: 7833: 7826: 7821: 7818: 7814: 7813: 7808: 7805: 7801: 7800: 7795: 7792: 7788: 7787: 7782: 7779: 7775: 7774: 7769: 7766: 7762: 7761: 7756: 7753: 7749: 7748: 7743: 7740: 7736: 7735: 7730: 7727: 7723: 7722: 7717: 7714: 7710: 7709: 7704: 7701: 7697: 7696: 7691: 7688: 7684: 7683: 7678: 7675: 7671: 7670: 7665: 7662: 7658: 7657: 7652: 7649: 7645: 7644: 7639: 7636: 7632: 7631: 7626: 7623: 7619: 7618: 7613: 7610: 7606: 7605: 7600: 7597: 7593: 7592: 7587: 7584: 7580: 7579: 7574: 7571: 7567: 7566: 7561: 7558: 7554: 7553: 7548: 7545: 7541: 7540: 7535: 7532: 7528: 7527: 7522: 7519: 7515: 7514: 7509: 7506: 7502: 7501: 7496: 7493: 7489: 7488: 7483: 7480: 7476: 7475: 7470: 7467: 7463: 7462: 7457: 7454: 7450: 7449: 7444: 7441: 7437: 7436: 7431: 7428: 7424: 7423: 7418: 7415: 7411: 7410: 7405: 7402: 7398: 7397: 7392: 7389: 7385: 7384: 7379: 7376: 7372: 7371: 7366: 7363: 7357: 7356: 7351: 7348: 7342: 7341: 7336: 7333: 7329: 7328: 7323: 7320: 7316: 7315: 7310: 7307: 7303: 7302: 7297: 7294: 7290: 7289: 7284: 7281: 7277: 7276: 7271: 7268: 7264: 7263: 7258: 7255: 7251: 7250: 7245: 7242: 7238: 7237: 7232: 7229: 7225: 7224: 7219: 7216: 7212: 7211: 7206: 7203: 7199: 7198: 7193: 7190: 7186: 7185: 7180: 7177: 7173: 7172: 7167: 7164: 7160: 7159: 7154: 7151: 7147: 7146: 7141: 7138: 7134: 7133: 7128: 7125: 7121: 7120: 7115: 7112: 7108: 7107: 7102: 7099: 7095: 7094: 7089: 7086: 7082: 7081: 7076: 7073: 7069: 7068: 7063: 7060: 7056: 7055: 7050: 7047: 7043: 7042: 7037: 7034: 7030: 7029: 7024: 7021: 7017: 7016: 7011: 7008: 7004: 7003: 6998: 6995: 6991: 6990: 6985: 6982: 6978: 6977: 6972: 6969: 6965: 6964: 6959: 6956: 6952: 6951: 6946: 6943: 6939: 6938: 6933: 6930: 6926: 6925: 6920: 6917: 6913: 6912: 6907: 6904: 6900: 6899: 6894: 6891: 6887: 6886: 6881: 6878: 6874: 6873: 6868: 6865: 6861: 6860: 6855: 6852: 6848: 6847: 6842: 6839: 6835: 6834: 6829: 6826: 6822: 6821: 6816: 6813: 6809: 6808: 6803: 6800: 6796: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6781: 6780: 6775: 6772: 6768: 6767: 6762: 6759: 6755: 6754: 6749: 6746: 6742: 6741: 6736: 6733: 6729: 6728: 6723: 6720: 6716: 6715: 6712: 6709: 6704: 6673: 6670: 6667: 6666: 6661: 6658: 6654: 6653: 6648: 6645: 6641: 6640: 6633: 6628: 6625: 6621: 6620: 6617: 6614: 6609: 6550: 6547: 6544: 6543: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6529: 6528: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6514: 6513: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6499: 6498: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6484: 6483: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6467: 6466: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6452: 6451: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6437: 6436: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6422: 6421: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6407: 6406: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6392: 6391: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6377: 6376: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6362: 6361: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6347: 6346: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6332: 6331: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6317: 6316: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6302: 6301: 6296: 6293: 6290: 6286: 6285: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6271: 6270: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6256: 6255: 6250: 6247: 6244: 6240: 6239: 6236: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6122:father–farther 6105: 6102: 6099: 6098: 6096: 6091: 6088: 6084: 6083: 6081: 6076: 6073: 6069: 6068: 6066: 6061: 6058: 6054: 6053: 6051: 6046: 6043: 6039: 6038: 6036: 6031: 6028: 6024: 6023: 6021: 6016: 6013: 6009: 6008: 6006: 6001: 5998: 5994: 5993: 5991: 5986: 5983: 5979: 5978: 5973: 5970: 5966: 5965: 5963: 5958: 5955: 5951: 5950: 5948: 5943: 5940: 5936: 5935: 5933: 5928: 5925: 5921: 5920: 5918: 5913: 5910: 5906: 5905: 5903: 5898: 5895: 5891: 5890: 5888: 5883: 5880: 5876: 5875: 5872: 5869: 5864: 5721: 5718: 5715: 5714: 5712: 5707: 5704: 5700: 5699: 5697: 5692: 5689: 5685: 5684: 5682: 5677: 5674: 5670: 5669: 5667: 5662: 5659: 5655: 5654: 5652: 5647: 5644: 5640: 5639: 5637: 5632: 5629: 5625: 5624: 5622: 5617: 5614: 5610: 5609: 5607: 5602: 5599: 5595: 5594: 5592: 5587: 5584: 5580: 5579: 5577: 5572: 5569: 5565: 5564: 5562: 5557: 5554: 5550: 5549: 5547: 5542: 5539: 5535: 5534: 5532: 5527: 5524: 5520: 5519: 5517: 5512: 5509: 5505: 5504: 5502: 5497: 5494: 5490: 5489: 5487: 5482: 5479: 5475: 5474: 5472: 5467: 5464: 5460: 5459: 5457: 5452: 5449: 5445: 5444: 5442: 5437: 5434: 5430: 5429: 5427: 5422: 5419: 5415: 5414: 5412: 5407: 5404: 5400: 5399: 5397: 5392: 5389: 5385: 5384: 5382: 5377: 5368: 5364: 5363: 5361: 5356: 5353: 5349: 5348: 5346: 5341: 5338: 5334: 5333: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5317: 5316: 5314: 5309: 5306: 5302: 5301: 5298: 5295: 5290: 5251: 5248: 5245: 5244: 5239: 5236: 5232: 5231: 5226: 5223: 5219: 5218: 5213: 5210: 5206: 5205: 5200: 5197: 5193: 5192: 5190: 5185: 5182: 5178: 5177: 5172: 5169: 5165: 5164: 5150: 5145: 5142: 5138: 5137: 5132: 5129: 5125: 5124: 5122: 5117: 5114: 5110: 5109: 5106: 5103: 5098: 5053: 5050: 5047: 5046: 5043: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5030: 5027: 5026: 5023: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5010: 5007: 5006: 5003: 4998: 4995: 4992: 4989: 4986: 4985: 4983: 4978: 4975: 4972: 4969: 4966: 4965: 4963: 4958: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4946: 4945: 4943: 4938: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4926: 4925: 4923: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4906: 4905: 4902: 4897: 4894: 4891: 4888: 4885: 4884: 4882: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4866: 4865: 4862: 4857: 4854: 4851: 4848: 4845: 4844: 4842: 4837: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4825: 4824: 4821: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4805: 4804: 4802: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4789: 4785: 4784: 4781: 4776: 4773: 4770: 4767: 4764: 4763: 4760: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4747: 4743: 4742: 4739: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4726: 4722: 4721: 4718: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4705: 4701: 4700: 4698: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4686: 4682: 4681: 4679: 4674: 4671: 4668: 4665: 4661: 4660: 4657: 4652: 4649: 4646: 4643: 4640: 4639: 4637: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4620: 4619: 4616: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4600: 4599: 4596: 4591: 4588: 4585: 4582: 4579: 4578: 4576: 4571: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4559: 4558: 4556: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4544: 4540: 4539: 4537: 4532: 4529: 4526: 4523: 4519: 4518: 4515: 4510: 4507: 4504: 4501: 4498: 4497: 4494: 4489: 4486: 4483: 4480: 4477: 4476: 4474: 4469: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4457: 4456: 4454: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4441: 4438: 4437: 4435: 4430: 4427: 4424: 4421: 4418: 4417: 4414: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4391: 3971: 3968: 3965: 3964: 3962: 3957: 3954: 3950: 3949: 3947: 3942: 3939: 3935: 3934: 3932: 3927: 3924: 3920: 3919: 3916: 3913: 3908: 3857:is subject to 3743: 3740: 3737: 3736: 3731: 3728: 3724: 3723: 3718: 3715: 3711: 3710: 3705: 3702: 3698: 3697: 3692: 3689: 3685: 3684: 3679: 3676: 3672: 3671: 3666: 3663: 3659: 3658: 3653: 3650: 3646: 3645: 3640: 3637: 3633: 3632: 3627: 3624: 3620: 3619: 3614: 3611: 3607: 3606: 3601: 3598: 3594: 3593: 3588: 3585: 3581: 3580: 3575: 3572: 3568: 3567: 3562: 3559: 3555: 3554: 3549: 3546: 3542: 3541: 3538: 3535: 3530: 3512:merges-mergers 3461: 3458: 3455: 3454: 3449: 3446: 3440: 3439: 3434: 3431: 3427: 3426: 3421: 3418: 3414: 3413: 3408: 3405: 3401: 3400: 3395: 3392: 3388: 3387: 3382: 3379: 3375: 3374: 3369: 3366: 3362: 3361: 3356: 3353: 3349: 3348: 3343: 3340: 3336: 3335: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3314: 3313: 3308: 3305: 3301: 3300: 3295: 3292: 3288: 3287: 3282: 3279: 3275: 3274: 3269: 3266: 3262: 3261: 3256: 3253: 3249: 3248: 3243: 3240: 3234: 3233: 3228: 3225: 3221: 3220: 3215: 3212: 3208: 3207: 3202: 3199: 3195: 3194: 3189: 3186: 3182: 3181: 3176: 3173: 3169: 3168: 3163: 3160: 3156: 3155: 3150: 3147: 3143: 3142: 3137: 3134: 3130: 3129: 3124: 3121: 3117: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3105: 3037: 3021: 3018: 3017: 3012: 3009: 3005: 3004: 2999: 2996: 2992: 2991: 2986: 2983: 2979: 2978: 2973: 2970: 2966: 2965: 2960: 2957: 2953: 2952: 2947: 2944: 2940: 2939: 2934: 2931: 2927: 2926: 2921: 2918: 2914: 2913: 2908: 2905: 2901: 2900: 2895: 2892: 2888: 2887: 2882: 2879: 2875: 2874: 2869: 2866: 2862: 2861: 2856: 2853: 2849: 2848: 2843: 2840: 2836: 2835: 2830: 2827: 2823: 2822: 2817: 2814: 2810: 2809: 2804: 2801: 2797: 2796: 2791: 2788: 2784: 2783: 2776: 2771: 2768: 2764: 2763: 2758: 2755: 2751: 2750: 2745: 2742: 2738: 2737: 2732: 2729: 2725: 2724: 2719: 2716: 2712: 2711: 2706: 2703: 2699: 2698: 2693: 2690: 2686: 2685: 2680: 2677: 2673: 2672: 2667: 2664: 2660: 2659: 2654: 2651: 2647: 2646: 2641: 2638: 2634: 2633: 2628: 2625: 2621: 2620: 2615: 2612: 2608: 2607: 2602: 2599: 2595: 2594: 2589: 2586: 2582: 2581: 2576: 2573: 2569: 2568: 2563: 2560: 2556: 2555: 2550: 2547: 2543: 2542: 2537: 2534: 2530: 2529: 2524: 2521: 2517: 2516: 2511: 2508: 2504: 2503: 2498: 2495: 2491: 2490: 2485: 2482: 2478: 2477: 2472: 2469: 2465: 2464: 2459: 2456: 2452: 2451: 2448: 2445: 2440: 2404:homophones as 2373: 2370: 2367: 2366: 2361: 2358: 2354: 2353: 2348: 2345: 2341: 2340: 2335: 2332: 2328: 2327: 2322: 2319: 2315: 2314: 2309: 2306: 2302: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2290: 2227: 2224: 2218: 2215: 2207:Māori language 2203:language shift 2148:/ˌθɵːɹdˈtɵːɹm/ 2128:only with the 2104: 2101: 2052: 2049: 2009: 2006: 1967:of the native 1957:Indian English 1889: 1886: 1871: 1870: 1785: 1783: 1776: 1770: 1767: 1739: 1736: 1645:and (less so) 1606:American South 1549: 1546: 1518: 1515: 1502: 1499: 1443: 1440: 1400:Indian English 1358:Southland burr 1269: 1259: 1245: 1235: 1225: 1219: 1202: 1199: 1014:India-r-Office 997:the idea of it 942: 939: 869: 866: 838:East Yorkshire 834:West Yorkshire 823:West Yorkshire 692:'morning' and 651:Middle English 606: 603: 601: 598: 419:rhotic accents 404:⟩, see 380: 379: 378: 375: 374: 372: 371: 364: 357: 349: 346: 345: 343: 342: 337: 331: 328: 327: 326:Related topics 323: 322: 320: 319: 314: 309: 304: 299: 294: 289: 287:L-vocalization 284: 279: 274: 269: 256: 253: 252: 248: 247: 245: 244: 239: 233: 230: 229: 225: 224: 222: 221: 216: 211: 206: 201: 196: 191: 186: 180: 177: 176: 170: 169: 167: 166: 161: 159:In Old English 155: 152: 151: 145: 144: 142: 141: 139:Middle English 136: 130: 127: 126: 122: 121: 115: 114: 98: 86: 76: 71: 70: 59: 48: 43: 42: 37: 36: 27: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12159: 12148: 12145: 12143: 12140: 12138: 12135: 12134: 12132: 12109: 12108: 12104: 12100: 12097: 12095: 12092: 12091: 12090: 12089: 12085: 12083: 12081: 12077: 12075: 12072: 12070: 12069: 12065: 12063: 12062:-vocalization 12061: 12057: 12055: 12053: 12049: 12047: 12044: 12042: 12039: 12038: 12036: 12034: 12030: 12024: 12021: 12019: 12016: 12014: 12011: 12009: 12006: 12004: 12001: 11999: 11996: 11994: 11988: 11986: 11980: 11978: 11977: 11973: 11972: 11970: 11968: 11964: 11960: 11956: 11951: 11947: 11941: 11938: 11936: 11933: 11931: 11928: 11926: 11923: 11919: 11916: 11914: 11911: 11909: 11906: 11904: 11901: 11900: 11899: 11896: 11894: 11891: 11889: 11886: 11884: 11881: 11879: 11876: 11875: 11872: 11868: 11861: 11856: 11854: 11849: 11847: 11842: 11841: 11838: 11824: 11815: 11806: 11802: 11798: 11794: 11790: 11786: 11782: 11778: 11774: 11768: 11759: 11754: 11750: 11746: 11741: 11738: 11734: 11730: 11726: 11723:(1): 69–101, 11722: 11718: 11714: 11709: 11706: 11702: 11697: 11692: 11688: 11684: 11677: 11672: 11669: 11667:3-11-017532-0 11663: 11659: 11654: 11651: 11649:3-11-017532-0 11645: 11641: 11636: 11632: 11628: 11624: 11620: 11614: 11610: 11605: 11602: 11600:9780521779395 11596: 11592: 11591: 11585: 11581: 11575: 11559: 11555: 11550: 11547: 11545:9780521791052 11541: 11537: 11532: 11528: 11526:0-521-26476-6 11522: 11518: 11513: 11510: 11504: 11500: 11495: 11491: 11489:3-11-016746-8 11485: 11481: 11476: 11472: 11467: 11460: 11456: 11452: 11448: 11444: 11440: 11436: 11429: 11424: 11420: 11418:0-521-26479-0 11414: 11410: 11406: 11402: 11399: 11397:3-11-017532-0 11393: 11389: 11384: 11381: 11379:9781444183092 11375: 11371: 11370: 11364: 11361: 11355: 11351: 11350: 11344: 11341: 11339:1-85359-032-0 11335: 11331: 11330: 11324: 11321: 11319:3-11-017532-0 11315: 11311: 11306: 11303: 11301:3-11-017532-0 11297: 11293: 11288: 11284: 11279: 11276:(1): 97–102, 11275: 11271: 11270: 11265: 11260: 11257: 11255:3-11-017532-0 11251: 11247: 11242: 11241: 11228: 11222: 11216:, p. 216 11215: 11210: 11192: 11185: 11184: 11176: 11161: 11157: 11150: 11143: 11139: 11133: 11129: 11122: 11116:, p. 260 11115: 11110: 11103: 11098: 11091: 11090:Thomas (2008) 11086: 11080:, p. 259 11079: 11074: 11067: 11062: 11055: 11050: 11044:, p. 235 11043: 11038: 11030: 11024: 11016: 11010: 11004:, p. 91. 11003: 10998: 10991: 10986: 10979: 10974: 10968:, p. 65. 10967: 10962: 10956:, p. 98. 10955: 10950: 10943: 10938: 10931: 10926: 10919: 10914: 10907: 10902: 10900: 10893:, p. 72. 10892: 10887: 10885: 10877: 10872: 10865: 10864:Watson (2007) 10860: 10853: 10848: 10841: 10836: 10829: 10824: 10817: 10812: 10804: 10798: 10794: 10790: 10784: 10777: 10772: 10765: 10760: 10753: 10747: 10739: 10737:0-19-280115-5 10733: 10729: 10725: 10724: 10716: 10709: 10704: 10697: 10692: 10690: 10688: 10686: 10684: 10676: 10671: 10662: 10655: 10651: 10650:9780521264785 10647: 10643: 10637: 10630: 10625: 10609: 10605: 10604:Teara.govt.nz 10601: 10595: 10588: 10587: 10582: 10576: 10568: 10564: 10560: 10556: 10549: 10542: 10537: 10530: 10525: 10518: 10512: 10504: 10500: 10496: 10492: 10488: 10484: 10480: 10473: 10471: 10462: 10458: 10454: 10447: 10445: 10436: 10432: 10428: 10424: 10417: 10415: 10406: 10402: 10398: 10394: 10389: 10384: 10380: 10376: 10372: 10365: 10350: 10346: 10339: 10331: 10329:9788194343271 10325: 10321: 10320: 10312: 10304: 10302:0-340-70608-2 10298: 10294: 10287: 10279: 10272: 10265: 10261: 10257: 10253: 10250: 10244: 10225: 10218: 10211: 10202: 10187: 10183: 10179: 10175: 10168: 10161: 10152: 10146: 10141: 10133: 10131:9781139489799 10127: 10123: 10122: 10114: 10106: 10100: 10096: 10095: 10087: 10072: 10070:9781853590313 10066: 10062: 10061: 10053: 10045: 10039: 10035: 10031: 10025: 10023: 10006: 10002: 9996: 9988: 9986:0-340-70608-2 9982: 9978: 9971: 9969: 9952: 9948: 9947:New York Post 9944: 9937: 9929: 9927:9783110208405 9923: 9919: 9918: 9910: 9896: 9894:9783110208429 9890: 9886: 9882: 9878: 9874: 9867: 9860: 9855: 9853: 9845: 9840: 9825: 9821: 9815: 9800: 9796: 9790: 9775: 9771: 9764: 9758: 9753: 9744: 9737: 9732: 9725: 9720: 9714: 9713: 9707: 9705: 9697: 9692: 9685: 9680: 9672: 9666: 9662: 9655: 9647: 9646: 9637: 9629: 9623: 9619: 9615: 9611: 9607: 9600: 9592: 9585: 9569: 9565: 9561: 9555: 9540: 9536: 9530: 9515: 9511: 9505: 9490: 9486: 9480: 9472: 9465: 9457: 9453: 9446: 9438: 9436:9780521642927 9432: 9428: 9423: 9422: 9413: 9407:, p. 73. 9406: 9405:Fisher (2001) 9401: 9394: 9390: 9379: 9372: 9367: 9360: 9354: 9347: 9343: 9342: 9337: 9331: 9324: 9319: 9317: 9315: 9313: 9311: 9304:, p. 77. 9303: 9302:Fisher (2001) 9298: 9296: 9294: 9287:, p. 76. 9286: 9285:Fisher (2001) 9281: 9279: 9277: 9269: 9264: 9262: 9260: 9258: 9249: 9245: 9240: 9235: 9230: 9225: 9221: 9217: 9213: 9206: 9197: 9195: 9188: 9187:Kurath (1964) 9185::31), citing 9184: 9179: 9170: 9168: 9166: 9158: 9153: 9146: 9141: 9139: 9137: 9135: 9133: 9131: 9129: 9127: 9125: 9117: 9111: 9107: 9093: 9091: 9086: 9085:-constricting 9084: 9079: 9072: 9070: 9065: 9063: 9058: 9056: 9051: 9042: 9038: 9028: 9025: 9024: 9014: 9009: 9005: 9004: 8999: 8996: 8991: 8990:[pak] 8977: 8976: 8972:The spelling 8971: 8968: 8964: 8960: 8957: 8951: 8943: 8939: 8935: 8929: 8921: 8917: 8916: 8911: 8909: 8905: 8902: 8899: 8895: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8882: 8878: 8874: 8870: 8866: 8863: 8859: 8855: 8851: 8846: 8842: 8840: 8833: 8826: 8822: 8819: 8816: 8815: 8810: 8806: 8803: 8799: 8795: 8791: 8788: 8787: 8785: 8781: 8776: 8768: 8764: 8760: 8756: 8753: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8743: 8739: 8737: 8733: 8730: 8726: 8722: 8718: 8715: 8714: 8713: 8711: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8685: 8679: 8676: 8673: 8672: 8666: 8663: 8660: 8659: 8653: 8650: 8647: 8646: 8640: 8637: 8634: 8633: 8627: 8624: 8621: 8620: 8614: 8611: 8608: 8607: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8592: 8586: 8583: 8580: 8579: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8565: 8564: 8560: 8556: 8551: 8548: 8545: 8544: 8538: 8535: 8532: 8531: 8527: 8523: 8519: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8506: 8505: 8499: 8496: 8493: 8492: 8486: 8483: 8480: 8479: 8473: 8470: 8468: 8465: 8464: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8450: 8449: 8443: 8440: 8437: 8436: 8430: 8427: 8424: 8423: 8419: 8416: 8411: 8406: 8405: 8399: 8396: 8392: 8388: 8384: 8380: 8379:William Labov 8375: 8365: 8361: 8360:Gloomy Sunday 8357: 8353: 8349: 8345: 8341: 8337: 8333: 8332:Three Stooges 8329: 8325: 8321: 8317: 8313: 8301: 8297: 8294:, as well as 8293: 8289: 8269: 8265: 8251: 8249: 8245: 8237: 8233: 8229: 8225: 8221: 8220:New York City 8217: 8211: 8188: 8186: 8174: 8170: 8150: 8122: 8120: 8095: 8092: 8089: 8088: 8082: 8079: 8076: 8075: 8069: 8066: 8063: 8062: 8056: 8053: 8050: 8049: 8043: 8040: 8037: 8036: 8032: 8027: 8024: 8021: 8020: 8014: 8011: 8008: 8007: 8003: 8000: 7995: 7990: 7989: 7983: 7980: 7970: 7967:instead, see 7952: 7946: 7940: 7932: 7924: 7910: 7905: 7899: 7895: 7891: 7889: 7876: 7872: 7855: 7852: 7849: 7848: 7842: 7839: 7836: 7835: 7831: 7827: 7822: 7819: 7816: 7815: 7809: 7806: 7803: 7802: 7796: 7793: 7790: 7789: 7783: 7780: 7777: 7776: 7770: 7767: 7764: 7763: 7757: 7754: 7751: 7750: 7744: 7741: 7738: 7737: 7731: 7728: 7725: 7724: 7718: 7715: 7712: 7711: 7705: 7702: 7699: 7698: 7692: 7689: 7686: 7685: 7679: 7676: 7673: 7672: 7666: 7663: 7660: 7659: 7653: 7650: 7647: 7646: 7640: 7637: 7634: 7633: 7627: 7624: 7621: 7620: 7614: 7611: 7608: 7607: 7601: 7598: 7595: 7594: 7588: 7585: 7582: 7581: 7575: 7572: 7569: 7568: 7562: 7559: 7556: 7555: 7549: 7546: 7543: 7542: 7536: 7533: 7530: 7529: 7523: 7520: 7517: 7516: 7510: 7507: 7504: 7503: 7497: 7494: 7491: 7490: 7484: 7481: 7478: 7477: 7471: 7468: 7465: 7464: 7458: 7455: 7452: 7451: 7445: 7442: 7439: 7438: 7432: 7429: 7426: 7425: 7419: 7416: 7413: 7412: 7406: 7403: 7400: 7399: 7393: 7390: 7387: 7386: 7380: 7377: 7374: 7373: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7358: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7343: 7337: 7334: 7331: 7330: 7324: 7321: 7318: 7317: 7311: 7308: 7305: 7304: 7298: 7295: 7292: 7291: 7285: 7282: 7279: 7278: 7272: 7269: 7266: 7265: 7259: 7256: 7253: 7252: 7246: 7243: 7240: 7239: 7233: 7230: 7227: 7226: 7220: 7217: 7214: 7213: 7207: 7204: 7201: 7200: 7194: 7191: 7188: 7187: 7181: 7178: 7175: 7174: 7168: 7165: 7162: 7161: 7155: 7152: 7149: 7148: 7142: 7139: 7136: 7135: 7129: 7126: 7123: 7122: 7116: 7113: 7110: 7109: 7103: 7100: 7097: 7096: 7090: 7087: 7084: 7083: 7077: 7074: 7071: 7070: 7064: 7061: 7058: 7057: 7051: 7048: 7045: 7044: 7038: 7035: 7032: 7031: 7025: 7022: 7019: 7018: 7012: 7009: 7006: 7005: 6999: 6996: 6993: 6992: 6986: 6983: 6980: 6979: 6973: 6970: 6967: 6966: 6960: 6957: 6954: 6953: 6947: 6944: 6941: 6940: 6934: 6931: 6928: 6927: 6921: 6918: 6915: 6914: 6908: 6905: 6902: 6901: 6895: 6892: 6889: 6888: 6882: 6879: 6876: 6875: 6869: 6866: 6863: 6862: 6856: 6853: 6850: 6849: 6843: 6840: 6837: 6836: 6830: 6827: 6824: 6823: 6817: 6814: 6811: 6810: 6804: 6801: 6798: 6797: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6783: 6782: 6776: 6773: 6770: 6769: 6763: 6760: 6757: 6756: 6750: 6747: 6744: 6743: 6737: 6734: 6731: 6730: 6724: 6721: 6718: 6717: 6713: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6699: 6693: 6691: 6679: 6662: 6659: 6656: 6655: 6649: 6646: 6643: 6642: 6638: 6634: 6629: 6626: 6623: 6622: 6618: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6604: 6598: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6576: 6572: 6560: 6556: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6531: 6530: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6516: 6515: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6501: 6500: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6486: 6485: 6479: 6476: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6468: 6462: 6460:soared, sword 6459: 6457: 6454: 6453: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6438: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6423: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6408: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6393: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6378: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6364: 6363: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6349: 6348: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6333: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6318: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6304: 6303: 6297: 6294: 6291: 6288: 6287: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6273: 6272: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6257: 6251: 6248: 6245: 6242: 6241: 6237: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6218: 6212: 6210: 6209: 6204: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6185: 6180: 6178: 6177:THOUGHT split 6174: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6151:(a merger of 6150: 6146: 6141: 6125: 6123: 6111: 6097: 6092: 6089: 6086: 6085: 6082: 6077: 6074: 6071: 6070: 6067: 6062: 6059: 6056: 6055: 6052: 6047: 6044: 6041: 6040: 6037: 6032: 6029: 6026: 6025: 6022: 6017: 6014: 6011: 6010: 6007: 6002: 5999: 5996: 5995: 5992: 5987: 5984: 5981: 5980: 5974: 5971: 5968: 5967: 5964: 5959: 5956: 5953: 5952: 5949: 5944: 5941: 5938: 5937: 5934: 5929: 5926: 5923: 5922: 5919: 5914: 5911: 5908: 5907: 5904: 5899: 5896: 5893: 5892: 5889: 5884: 5881: 5878: 5877: 5873: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5859: 5853: 5848: 5841: 5824: 5820: 5812: 5804: 5792: 5784: 5778: 5770: 5766: 5761: 5757: 5749: 5735: 5713: 5708: 5705: 5702: 5701: 5698: 5693: 5690: 5687: 5686: 5683: 5678: 5675: 5672: 5671: 5668: 5663: 5660: 5657: 5656: 5653: 5648: 5645: 5642: 5641: 5638: 5633: 5630: 5627: 5626: 5623: 5618: 5615: 5612: 5611: 5608: 5603: 5600: 5597: 5596: 5593: 5588: 5585: 5582: 5581: 5578: 5573: 5570: 5567: 5566: 5563: 5558: 5555: 5552: 5551: 5548: 5543: 5540: 5537: 5536: 5533: 5528: 5525: 5522: 5521: 5518: 5513: 5510: 5507: 5506: 5503: 5498: 5495: 5492: 5491: 5488: 5483: 5480: 5477: 5476: 5473: 5468: 5465: 5462: 5461: 5458: 5453: 5450: 5447: 5446: 5443: 5438: 5435: 5432: 5431: 5428: 5423: 5420: 5417: 5416: 5413: 5408: 5405: 5402: 5401: 5398: 5393: 5390: 5387: 5386: 5383: 5378: 5376: 5372: 5369: 5366: 5365: 5362: 5357: 5354: 5351: 5350: 5347: 5342: 5339: 5336: 5335: 5332: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5319: 5318: 5315: 5310: 5307: 5304: 5303: 5299: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5285: 5279: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5268:Boston accent 5265: 5240: 5237: 5234: 5233: 5227: 5224: 5221: 5220: 5214: 5211: 5208: 5207: 5201: 5198: 5195: 5194: 5191: 5186: 5183: 5180: 5179: 5173: 5170: 5167: 5166: 5154: 5151: 5146: 5143: 5140: 5139: 5133: 5130: 5127: 5126: 5123: 5118: 5115: 5112: 5111: 5107: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5093: 5087: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5065: 5044: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5028: 5024: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5008: 5004: 4999: 4996: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4987: 4984: 4979: 4976: 4973: 4971:staid, stayed 4970: 4968: 4967: 4964: 4959: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4947: 4944: 4939: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4927: 4924: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4908: 4907: 4903: 4898: 4895: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4886: 4883: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4867: 4863: 4858: 4855: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4846: 4843: 4838: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4826: 4822: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4806: 4803: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4790: 4787: 4786: 4782: 4777: 4774: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4765: 4761: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4748: 4745: 4744: 4740: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4727: 4724: 4723: 4719: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4706: 4703: 4702: 4699: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4683: 4680: 4675: 4672: 4669: 4666: 4663: 4662: 4658: 4653: 4650: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4641: 4638: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4622: 4621: 4617: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4601: 4597: 4592: 4589: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4580: 4577: 4572: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4560: 4557: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4541: 4538: 4533: 4530: 4527: 4524: 4521: 4520: 4516: 4511: 4508: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4499: 4495: 4490: 4487: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4478: 4475: 4470: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4458: 4455: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4439: 4436: 4431: 4428: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4419: 4415: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4392: 4382: 4381: 4375: 4373: 4360: 4336: 4324: 4307: 4302: 4300: 4290: 4274: 4262: 4257:(though long 4254: 4245: 4240: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4227:set, so that 4218: 4208: 4188: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4160: 4150: 4137: 4129: 4115: 4091: 4083: 4073: 4066: 4064: 4054: 4044: 4040: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 3995: 3993: 3989: 3963: 3958: 3955: 3952: 3951: 3948: 3943: 3940: 3937: 3936: 3933: 3928: 3925: 3922: 3921: 3917: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3903: 3897: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3866: 3864: 3851: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3825: 3817: 3811: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3771: 3765: 3732: 3729: 3726: 3725: 3719: 3717:splendo(u)red 3716: 3713: 3712: 3706: 3703: 3700: 3699: 3693: 3690: 3687: 3686: 3680: 3677: 3674: 3673: 3667: 3664: 3661: 3660: 3654: 3651: 3648: 3647: 3641: 3638: 3635: 3634: 3628: 3625: 3622: 3621: 3615: 3612: 3609: 3608: 3602: 3599: 3596: 3595: 3589: 3586: 3583: 3582: 3576: 3573: 3570: 3569: 3563: 3560: 3557: 3556: 3550: 3547: 3544: 3543: 3539: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3525: 3519: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3506: 3502: 3497: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3450: 3447: 3445: 3442: 3441: 3435: 3432: 3429: 3428: 3422: 3419: 3416: 3415: 3409: 3406: 3403: 3402: 3396: 3393: 3390: 3389: 3383: 3380: 3377: 3376: 3370: 3367: 3364: 3363: 3357: 3354: 3351: 3350: 3344: 3341: 3338: 3337: 3329: 3324: 3322: 3319: 3316: 3315: 3309: 3306: 3303: 3302: 3296: 3293: 3290: 3289: 3283: 3280: 3277: 3276: 3270: 3268:manner, manor 3267: 3264: 3263: 3257: 3254: 3251: 3250: 3244: 3241: 3239: 3236: 3235: 3229: 3226: 3223: 3222: 3216: 3213: 3210: 3209: 3203: 3200: 3197: 3196: 3190: 3187: 3184: 3183: 3177: 3174: 3171: 3170: 3164: 3161: 3158: 3157: 3151: 3148: 3145: 3144: 3138: 3135: 3132: 3131: 3125: 3122: 3119: 3118: 3114: 3111: 3106: 3101: 3100: 3094: 3092: 3088: 3087: 3082: 3078: 3076: 3071: 3067: 3062: 3059: 3052: 3047: 3043: 3042:John C. Wells 3034: 3027: 3013: 3010: 3007: 3006: 3000: 2997: 2994: 2993: 2987: 2984: 2981: 2980: 2974: 2971: 2968: 2967: 2961: 2958: 2955: 2954: 2948: 2945: 2942: 2941: 2935: 2932: 2929: 2928: 2922: 2919: 2916: 2915: 2909: 2906: 2903: 2902: 2896: 2893: 2890: 2889: 2883: 2880: 2877: 2876: 2870: 2867: 2864: 2863: 2857: 2854: 2851: 2850: 2844: 2841: 2838: 2837: 2831: 2828: 2825: 2824: 2818: 2815: 2812: 2811: 2805: 2802: 2799: 2798: 2792: 2789: 2786: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2772: 2769: 2766: 2765: 2759: 2756: 2753: 2752: 2746: 2743: 2740: 2739: 2733: 2730: 2727: 2726: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2713: 2707: 2704: 2701: 2700: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2687: 2681: 2678: 2675: 2674: 2668: 2665: 2662: 2661: 2655: 2652: 2649: 2648: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2635: 2629: 2626: 2623: 2622: 2616: 2613: 2610: 2609: 2603: 2600: 2597: 2596: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2583: 2577: 2574: 2571: 2570: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2557: 2551: 2548: 2545: 2544: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2531: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2518: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2505: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2492: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2479: 2473: 2470: 2467: 2466: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2453: 2449: 2446: 2441: 2436: 2435: 2429: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2383: 2379: 2362: 2359: 2356: 2355: 2349: 2346: 2343: 2342: 2336: 2333: 2330: 2329: 2323: 2320: 2317: 2316: 2310: 2307: 2304: 2303: 2299: 2296: 2291: 2286: 2285: 2279: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2245: 2237: 2233: 2223: 2214: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2185: 2178: 2171: 2162: 2157: 2146: 2118: 2114: 2111:and parts of 2110: 2100: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2048: 2042: 2041: 2035: 2031: 2030:Cape Province 2027: 2023: 2018: 2014: 2005: 2003: 1997: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1977: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1910: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1895: 1885: 1882: 1878: 1867: 1864: 1856: 1845: 1842: 1838: 1835: 1831: 1828: 1824: 1821: 1817: 1814: – 1813: 1809: 1808:Find sources: 1802: 1798: 1792: 1791: 1786:This article 1784: 1780: 1775: 1774: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1747:New Brunswick 1744: 1735: 1733: 1726: 1719: 1704: 1700: 1698: 1697: 1692: 1689: 1677: 1676: 1670: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1659:William Labov 1656: 1652: 1648: 1647:New Hampshire 1644: 1640: 1637:, especially 1636: 1631: 1629: 1625: 1624: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1602: 1600: 1594: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1565: 1561: 1560: 1554: 1548:United States 1545: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1522:Welsh English 1514: 1512: 1508: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1487: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1439: 1435: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1382: 1378: 1373: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1319:Welsh English 1316: 1311: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1280: 1276: 1266: 1256: 1252: 1242: 1232: 1216: 1207: 1198: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1181:in the words 1176: 1163: 1161: 1157: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1124:word boundary 1116: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1057: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1026: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1015: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 960: 956: 952: 938: 936: 930: 927: 923: 918: 916: 911: 906: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 883:New York City 879: 868:United States 865: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 826: 824: 820: 816: 815:Black Country 812: 808: 802: 799: 793: 791: 785: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 734: 732: 720: 716: 707: 696: 690: 680: 674: 669: 667: 661: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 633:, especially 632: 619: 611: 597: 595: 591: 586: 582: 572: 570: 564: 562: 558: 554: 549: 542: 538: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 506:United States 503: 499: 494: 492: 484: 480: 448: 444: 440: 432: 424: 420: 416: 407: 395: 391: 389: 385: 370: 365: 363: 358: 356: 351: 350: 348: 347: 341: 338: 336: 333: 332: 330: 329: 325: 324: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 266: 262: 258: 257: 255: 254: 250: 249: 243: 240: 238: 235: 234: 232: 231: 227: 226: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 195: 192: 190: 187: 185: 182: 181: 179: 178: 175: 172: 171: 165: 162: 160: 157: 156: 154: 153: 150: 147: 146: 140: 137: 135: 132: 131: 129: 128: 124: 123: 120: 117: 116: 112: 111: 106: 104: 93: 74: 66: 46: 40: 22: 12106: 12087: 12079: 12073: 12067: 12059: 12051: 11975: 11913:Northumbrian 11823:0-52128541-0 11814:0-52128540-2 11805:0-52129719-2 11784: 11748: 11744: 11720: 11716: 11686: 11682: 11657: 11639: 11630: 11608: 11589: 11562:. Retrieved 11535: 11516: 11498: 11479: 11470: 11459:the original 11441:(1): 29–54. 11438: 11434: 11408: 11387: 11368: 11348: 11328: 11309: 11291: 11273: 11267: 11245: 11237:Bibliography 11226: 11221: 11214:Labov (1966) 11209: 11198:, retrieved 11191:the original 11182: 11175: 11163:. Retrieved 11160:Dialect Blog 11159: 11149: 11141: 11127: 11121: 11109: 11102:Wells (1982) 11097: 11092:, p. 97 11085: 11073: 11061: 11054:Wells (1982) 11049: 11037: 11023: 11009: 10997: 10985: 10973: 10961: 10949: 10942:Wells (1982) 10937: 10930:Wells (1982) 10925: 10913: 10871: 10859: 10847: 10835: 10823: 10811: 10792: 10783: 10776:Wells (1982) 10771: 10764:Wells (1982) 10759: 10746: 10722: 10715: 10708:Wells (1982) 10703: 10698:, p. ?. 10696:Wells (1982) 10675:Wells (1982) 10670: 10661: 10654:Google Books 10641: 10636: 10624: 10612:. Retrieved 10603: 10594: 10584: 10579:Clark, L.," 10575: 10558: 10554: 10548: 10536: 10524: 10516: 10511: 10486: 10482: 10460: 10456: 10426: 10422: 10378: 10374: 10364: 10352:. Retrieved 10348: 10338: 10318: 10311: 10293:Urban Voices 10292: 10286: 10277: 10271: 10263: 10243: 10231:. Retrieved 10224:the original 10210: 10201: 10189:. Retrieved 10177: 10173: 10160: 10151: 10140: 10120: 10113: 10093: 10086: 10074:. Retrieved 10059: 10052: 10033: 10009:. Retrieved 10004: 9995: 9977:Urban Voices 9976: 9955:. Retrieved 9946: 9936: 9916: 9909: 9898:, retrieved 9876: 9866: 9859:Wells (1982) 9844:Wells (1982) 9839: 9827:. Retrieved 9823: 9814: 9802:. Retrieved 9798: 9789: 9777:. Retrieved 9774:Dialect Blog 9773: 9763: 9752: 9743: 9736:Wells (1982) 9731: 9724:Wells (1982) 9719: 9710: 9691: 9684:Wells (1982) 9679: 9660: 9654: 9644: 9636: 9609: 9599: 9590: 9584: 9572:. Retrieved 9564:sounds.bl.uk 9563: 9554: 9542:. Retrieved 9539:sounds.bl.uk 9538: 9529: 9517:. Retrieved 9514:sounds.bl.uk 9513: 9504: 9492:. Retrieved 9489:sounds.bl.uk 9488: 9479: 9470: 9464: 9455: 9451: 9445: 9420: 9412: 9400: 9378: 9366: 9358: 9353: 9339: 9335: 9330: 9219: 9215: 9205: 9178: 9157:Wells (1982) 9152: 9115: 9110: 9089: 9088: 9082: 9081: 9078:-pronouncing 9074: 9068: 9067: 9061: 9060: 9054: 9053: 9046: 9041: 9001: 8973: 8967:school ma'am 8966: 8962: 8953: 8938:Wong Kar-wai 8931: 8913: 8903: 8893: 8889: 8884: 8880: 8872: 8868: 8861: 8844: 8836: 8812: 8801: 8793: 8789: 8758: 8754: 8735: 8731: 8728: 8725:filled pause 8720: 8716: 8707: 8584:hurst; Hurst 8394: 8386: 8382: 8376: 8355: 8351: 8348:Sam M. Lewis 8339: 8336:Curly Howard 8327: 8323: 8320:thirty-third 8319: 8315: 8311: 8299: 8295: 8291: 8287: 8257: 8247: 8243: 8191: 8182: 8108: 7981: 7944: 7906: 7887: 7874: 7870: 7868: 6677: 6675: 6637:yod-dropping 6594: 6590: 6586: 6582: 6574: 6570: 6558: 6554: 6552: 6532:taught, taut 6206: 6195: 6191: 6187: 6181: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6148: 6144: 6142: 6126: 6121: 6110:caught–court 6109: 6107: 5846: 5839: 5825: 5768: 5764: 5762: 5723: 5275: 5271: 5253: 5152: 5084: 5080: 5076: 5072: 5066: 5055: 5015:their, there 4833:fares, fairs 4361: 4303: 4277:. Formerly, 4241: 4232: 4228: 4172: 4168: 4138: 4089: 4081: 4067: 4042: 4038: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3996: 3973: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3867: 3862: 3852: 3839: 3835: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3745: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3500: 3498: 3477: 3469: 3465: 3463: 3281:miner, minor 3090: 3084: 3080: 3073: 3070:Korea–career 3069: 3063: 3057: 3050: 3046:lexical sets 3039: 3032: 3025: 2425: 2421: 2401: 2397: 2381: 2377: 2375: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2255: 2251: 2235: 2231: 2229: 2220: 2211:alveolar tap 2183: 2176: 2169: 2163: 2159:/ˈfɐːmˌkɐːt/ 2155: 2152:/ˌθɵːdˈtɵːm/ 2144: 2117:South Island 2106: 2091:tin-miners, 2069:Point Pearce 2054: 2039: 2037: 2033: 2019: 2015: 2011: 1998: 1978: 1965:phonotactics 1955: 1911: 1891: 1874: 1859: 1850: 1840: 1833: 1826: 1819: 1807: 1795:Please help 1790:verification 1787: 1751:Newfoundland 1741: 1705: 1701: 1694: 1674: 1667: 1632: 1621: 1603: 1595: 1583:Philadelphia 1569: 1557: 1537: 1520: 1504: 1488: 1484:Lincolnshire 1460:West Country 1445: 1436: 1395: 1391: 1386: 1380: 1374: 1369: 1365: 1347: 1312: 1285: 1214: 1201:Distribution 1190: 1186: 1182: 1174: 1164: 1159: 1155: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1117: 1112: 1111:may be but 1108: 1100: 1096: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1072: 1058: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1027: 1022: 1019:glottal stop 1013: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 973: 969: 965: 950: 944: 931: 919: 907: 871: 842:Lincolnshire 827: 804: 797: 795: 789: 786: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 735: 730: 718: 708: 665: 641:'buttocks' ( 638: 624: 590:World War II 573: 565: 530:South Africa 495: 482: 478: 446: 442: 430: 418: 412: 400:and ⟨ 382: 301: 264: 260: 100: 91: 64: 38: 11898:Old English 11200:16 February 11066:Beal (2004) 11002:Swan (2001) 10918:Beal (2004) 10891:Watt (2000) 10840:Lass (1990) 10541:Lass (2002) 10489:: 139–152. 10145:Gick (1999) 10011:15 February 9829:25 February 9804:25 February 9779:25 February 9574:15 February 9519:15 February 9494:15 February 9393:Lass (1999) 9371:Lass (1999) 9268:Lass (1999) 9145:Lass (1999) 9064:-vocalizing 8852:The donkey 8792:instead of 8232:World War I 8224:New Orleans 8192:Up-gliding 8125:Up-gliding 7875:toad–toured 6188:boss–bourse 4912:raise, rays 4293:before any 4183:can be or 4177:zero copula 2173:/ˈɑɪəɹlənd/ 2103:New Zealand 2081:postvocalic 1949:, etc.) in 1749:, parts of 1678:; that is, 1628:New Orleans 1591:Scots-Irish 1530:North Wales 1495:Southampton 1426:, and some 1379:, in which 1337:, Standard 1191:caterpillar 1162:-dropping. 978:intrusive R 742:John Walker 643:Old English 581:prestigious 541:postvocalic 526:New Zealand 439:postvocalic 194:Close front 134:Old English 12131:Categories 12033:Consonants 12008:Diphthongs 11918:West Saxon 11564:8 November 11165:1 December 10614:15 January 9670:3110197189 9612:: 79–102. 9222:: 902213. 9183:Gick (1999 9102:References 8997:in Korean. 8986:pronounced 8963:schoolmarm 8858:A.A. Milne 8821:Hindustani 8786:'s books: 8559:t–d merger 8391:non-rhotic 8342:in comedy 8324:toity-toid 8228:Charleston 8185:media help 7888:dough–door 6678:dough-door 6445:soar, sore 6400:pore, pour 5867:PALM–START 5032:way, weigh 4853:pair, pear 4648:hair, hair 4587:fare, fair 4485:bare, bear 4429:here, hear 4426:hair, hare 4398:/ai,ɛi(h)/ 4235:as - see 4080:, such as 3774:, so that 3652:humo(u)red 2985:tern, turn 2780:H-dropping 2396:and makes 2266:, causing 2250:, causing 2145:third term 2026:non-rhotic 1969:Indo-Aryan 1823:newspapers 1753:, and the 1688:unstressed 1626:accent of 1575:Gulf Coast 1476:Manchester 1472:Lancashire 1462:), in the 1456:Portsmouth 1454:to around 1452:Shrewsbury 1077:diphthongs 1034:long vowel 986:epenthetic 959:epenthetic 895:Charleston 891:Alexandria 811:Birmingham 715:Ben Jonson 569:low vowels 559:, and the 477:. 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