1014:
3766:
1314:
25:
3653:), came to be pronounced as just – that is, the final was dropped, but the velar quality of the nasal remained. The change took place in educated London speech around the end of the 16th century, and explains why there is no sound at the end of words like
7006:
3951:, positing a rule that deletes after a nasal before a morpheme boundary, after the nasal has undergone assimilation. A problem with this view is that there are a few words in which is followed neither by a velar nor a morpheme boundary (such as
4637:; if the raising of the soft palate (which converts a nasal to an oral sound) is completed before the release of the tongue tip (which enables a fricative sound), an intervening stop naturally results. The merger of
3378:
relatively recently; the change seems to have taken place in educated
English during the 17th century. Several German-language grammars of English from the late 17th and early 18th centuries transcribed English
6287:
and in the speech of some young
African Americans born in the Southern United States. It is reported to be a highly stigmatized feature, with children who use it often being referred to speech pathologists.
1040:
2644:
In some other words, the coalesced pronunciation is common in
English dialects around the world, but an older non-coalesced form still exists among some speakers of standard British English:
2561:
Unlike yod-dropping, yod-coalescence frequently occurs with clusters that would be considered to span a syllable boundary and so commonly occurs before unstressed syllables. For example, in
6070:
Another possibility is pre-glottalization (or glottal reinforcement), where a glottal stop is inserted before a syllable-final stop, rather than replacing it. That can happen before
4201:
which was presumably pronounced "shepherd, what art thou pursuin', heedless runnin' to thy ruin", although this would sound very odd in an opera today. Similarly, in the poetry of
3166:
1038:
931:
from certain syllable-initial clusters of the type described above. Particular cases of yod-dropping may affect all or some of the dialects that have the relevant clusters.
6377:
3853:. As this occurs around the mining area of Kent, it might be a result of large-scale migration by miners from other more northerly coalfields to Kent in the 1920s.
1039:
6201:, although it is not universal, one of the most stigmatized features of AAVE and often commented on by teachers. Examples of possible AAVE pronunciations include:
934:
The change of to in these positions (as described above) produced some clusters which would have been difficult or impossible to pronounce, which led to what
488:, a development that has affected the speech of the great majority of English speakers, causing them to pronounce ⟨wh-⟩ the same as ⟨w-⟩ (sometimes called the
46:
3980:. The same may apply to those where NG-coalescence is extended to morpheme-internal position, since here a more consistent -deletion rule can be formulated.
3755:
do not rhyme in most modern varieties of
English, although they did in Middle English. The process of NG-coalescence might therefore be referred to as the
3732:, the is pronounced in most accents. The pronunciation with is thus possible only before a vowel; before a consonant, the only possibility is a bare .
6347:
7553:
7540:
7532:
750:
361:
322:
174:
169:
149:
735:
7548:
144:
7687:
7568:
2573:
is assigned to the previous syllable, but it commonly coalesces to . Here are a few examples of yod-coalescence universal in all
English dialects:
164:
6089:. It can occur in RP in the same environments as those mentioned above, without the final restriction so a glottal stop may appear before the
7408:
2849:(many speakers because of the influence by the phonology of their mother languages). That results in pronunciations such as the following:
6170:, 1386), and was considered acceptable in literary English until about 1600. It persists in some dialects of rural England as well as in
6116:
According to Wells, this pre-glottalization originated in the 20th century (at least, it was not recorded until then). Glottalization of
4157:
with greater frequency. It has also been found to be more common among men than women, and less common in more formal styles of speech.
7583:
7558:
6427:
6372:
192:
154:
33:
7163:
6555:
Mees, Inger M.; Collins, Beverley (1999). "Cardiff: A Real-time Study of
Glottalisation". In Foulkes, Paul; Docherty, Gerard (eds.).
4813:
Some originally epenthetic consonants have become part of the established pronunciation of words. This applies, for instance, to the
4533:. This may happen within words or across word boundaries. Examples of stops that will often be elided in this way include the in
3483:
may always have been silent in
English, since this loanword did not enter the language until the late 18th century. The trumpeter
6589:
4976:
7517:
315:
129:
1404:, there is no yod-dropping. The same applies accordingly to British and other accents; the yod is often dropped after initial
808:, which had occurred in London by the end of the 17th century, did not take place in all dialects. A few dialects, notably in
7656:
7637:
7617:
7328:
4003:
1070:
The previously mentioned accents that did not have the → change were not subject to this process. Thus, for example, in much
420:
272:
267:
247:
7525:
3529:(or devoicing of the following approximant) in its new word-initial environment. Some examples of such pronunciations are:
139:
6402:
6258:
6198:
4360:
4146:
114:
7361:
7007:"Insertion and deletion in Northern English (ng): Interacting innovations in the life cycle of phonological processes"
7111:
6790:
6739:
6666:
6564:
6521:
6489:
6457:
308:
1236:
Yod-dropping in the above environments used to be considered nonstandard in
England but now also occurs by educated
7401:
3969:
for those speakers who pronounce them without ), and some in which the is not deleted before a morpheme boundary (
4137:
Today, G-dropping is a feature of colloquial and non-standard speech of all regions, including stereotypically of
1564:
can then be homophonous. A well-known series of
British television advertisements beginning in the 1980s featured
7505:
6683:
6367:
370:
343:
104:
4529:
is followed by another consonant or cluster in the next syllable, the final stop in the first syllable is often
7242:
3086:
4176:). Further evidence that this pronunciation was once standard comes from old rhymes, as in this couplet from
2834:
119:
3781:
Some accents, however, do not show the full effects of NG-coalescence as described above. In these accents,
7428:
6187:
2806:
252:
7542:
7534:
6355:
6351:
6304:
6277:
6269:
6265:
6244:
6233:
6222:
6211:
6191:
6183:
6175:
6145:
6141:
6129:
6117:
6106:
6090:
6086:
6079:
6075:
6071:
6044:
6028:
6024:
6012:
5960:
5956:
5945:
5941:
5929:
5902:
5882:
5869:
5849:
5836:
5816:
5796:
5774:
5752:
5739:
5726:
5706:
5684:
5664:
5651:
5636:
5623:
5603:
5583:
5563:
5550:
5537:
5524:
5504:
5491:
5478:
5465:
5452:
5432:
5419:
5399:
5386:
5373:
5360:
5347:
5334:
5321:
5308:
5295:
5280:
5260:
5240:
5227:
5207:
5193:
5184:
5170:
5166:
5157:
5144:
5124:
5104:
5089:
5076:
5056:
5043:
5023:
5010:
4997:
4984:
4969:
4956:
4943:
4930:
4917:
4904:
4889:
4869:
4814:
4799:
4784:
4780:
4768:
4764:
4750:
4746:
4732:
4728:
4718:
4714:
4710:
4702:
4698:
4678:
4674:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4615:
4611:
4582:
4578:
4332:
4306:
4302:
4279:
4275:
4244:
4240:
4210:
4161:
4154:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4095:
4091:
4045:
4037:
4033:
3999:
3995:
3977:
3948:
3917:
3905:
3890:
3880:
3650:
3638:
3634:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3455:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3396:
3375:
3371:
3364:
3354:
3340:
3332:
3320:
3305:
3301:
3294:
3278:
3274:
3251:
3208:
3188:
3152:
3139:
3126:
3113:
3100:
3080:
3067:
3054:
3041:
3028:
3015:
3002:
2989:
2976:
2963:
2944:
2939:
2625:
2599:
2590:
2577:
2570:
2566:
2543:
2525:
2512:
2499:
2486:
2473:
2460:
2447:
2434:
2421:
2408:
2395:
2382:
2369:
2356:
2341:
2328:
2315:
2302:
2289:
2276:
2263:
2250:
2237:
2217:
2204:
2191:
2178:
2165:
2152:
2139:
2126:
2107:
2102:
2088:
2075:
2062:
2049:
2036:
2023:
2010:
1997:
1978:
1973:
1952:
1939:
1924:
1911:
1898:
1885:
1865:
1850:
1837:
1824:
1807:
1794:
1775:
1770:
1756:
1743:
1730:
1717:
1704:
1691:
1678:
1665:
1652:
1639:
1626:
1613:
1594:
1589:
1577:
1573:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1479:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1428:
1417:
1405:
1401:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1326:
1318:
1289:
1282:
1275:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1252:
1245:
1241:
1230:
1223:
1217:
1210:
1204:
1197:
1191:
1184:
1176:
1161:
1157:
1150:
1143:
1135:
1128:
1120:
1113:
1103:
1099:
1004:
997:
991:
984:
977:
970:
964:
957:
950:
943:
928:
896:
844:
840:
833:
829:
825:
805:
801:
774:
770:
762:
758:
754:
746:
739:
731:
727:
707:
674:
599:
591:
587:
583:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
485:
450:
446:
438:
426:
408:
404:
400:
357:
353:
7394:
4724:
Epenthesis of a stop between a nasal and a fricative can also occur in other environments, for example:
3194:
686:
6513:
5921:
3976:
The above-mentioned accents which lack NG-coalescence may more easily be analyzed as lacking a phoneme
3646:
7305:
7692:
6179:
4182:
4142:
3945:
3192:
1346:
817:
508:
4368:
7463:
6133:
3684:
or is compounded with another word, the pronunciation normally remains. For example, in the words
3239:
94:
730:(the product of the merger of several Middle English vowel sequences) became the rising diphthong
7443:
7438:
7433:
7178:
4875:
4164:
pronunciation was formerly associated with certain upper-class speech is reflected in the phrase
4126:
variant appears to have been fashionable generally during the 18th century, with the alternative
2672:
634:
38:
3438:, this seems to have taken place during the seventeenth century. The change affected words like
5698:
4569:
4131:
3526:
2903:
2867:
2838:
2652:
1237:
1023:
339:
7318:
6774:
4335:.) Both sounds are nonetheless still pronounced before vowels in certain derivatives, such as
7697:
7475:
7132:
6727:
6171:
6159:, and both forms continued into Middle English, the latter, metathesizing to "ask". The form
3802:
2830:
1958:
1871:
215:
89:
726:, which has the sound . Many such clusters arose in dialects in which the falling diphthong
7624:
7485:
3407:
3255:
2826:
2223:
257:
7353:
7160:
1175:
Many varieties of
English have extended yod-dropping to the following environments if the
399:
that have occurred in the history of English, involving consonant clusters beginning with
8:
7453:
7077:
6709:
4850:
4845:
3331:
in Middle English, and this spelling survives in Modern English, despite the loss of the
1467:
1302:
area of Southern Ontario in 1994, over 80% of respondents under the age of 40 pronounced
813:
704:
494:
295:
6027:
in clusters is a feature even of standard accents, such as RP. There, may be heard for
3672:
The change in fact applies not only at the end of a word, but generally at the end of a
7573:
7468:
7417:
7149:
6629:
6297:
5976:
4549:
4099:
4055:, G-dropping does not involve the dropping of any sound, simply the replacement of the
4029:
3826:
3798:
3336:
2846:
2818:
2539:
1819:
1814:
1471:
1338:
378:
290:
6597:
6163:
appears in Chaucer: "I axe, why the fyfte man Was nought housband to the Samaritan?" (
4079:
is sometimes used to indicate that a speaker uses the G-dropping pronunciation, as in
3936:, that analysis no longer appears to hold. Nevertheless, some linguists (particularly
7563:
7357:
7324:
7107:
6786:
6782:
6735:
6662:
6658:
6633:
6560:
6517:
6485:
6481:
6453:
6421:
6262:
5928:
with a following consonant. This can occur within or between words. For example, the
5822:
5802:
5405:
5062:
4364:
4122:
pronunciation may be inherited from the former distinct present participle form. The
4041:
3909:
3846:
3502:
2797:
In certain English accents, yod-coalescence also occurs in stressed syllables, as in
2551:
1361:
because, like in the Welsh English dialects discussed above, they retain a diphthong
821:
396:
159:
74:
7078:"The Oddest and Dumbest English Spellings, Part 15, With a Note on Words and Things"
6908:
4649:
has been found to be often shorter (and the longer) than in the underlying cluster
3739:
does not show the effects of coalescence, and the pronunciation is retained, as in
7629:
6621:
6052:
5988:
3857:
3211:, apparently during the 17th century. An intermediate stage may have been an with
2842:
2765:
2736:
2707:
2678:
1565:
1342:
1299:
1256:
500:
262:
7458:
7346:
7320:
Glocal English: The Changing Face and Forms of Nigerian English in a Global World
7167:
7101:
6473:
6284:
6056:
5972:
5937:
5925:
4630:
4490:
4287:
3921:
3818:
3794:
3617:
3392:
2822:
2814:
2569:
cluster would not usually be subject to yod-dropping in General American, as the
1525:
938:
calls Early Yod Dropping in which the was elided in the following environments:
719:
6974:
2906:. It has certainly become established in words of the first group listed above (
2810:
7609:
7490:
7480:
7352:(1. publ., 4. print. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p.
6893:
Elemente der Phonetik und Orthoepie des Deutschen, Englischen und Französischen
6838:
6625:
6016:
5953:
5888:
5855:
5780:
5758:
5712:
5690:
5670:
5609:
5589:
5569:
5510:
5438:
5266:
5246:
5213:
5130:
5110:
5029:
4526:
4202:
4060:
3884:
3842:
3758:
3522:
3459:
3415:
3403:
3243:
1317:
The areas marked in pink show where in the United States a distinction between
1298:
distinguishing Canadians from Americans. However, in a survey conducted in the
478:
430:
242:
6809:
6406:
6136:, meaning that the order of the consonants is switched. For example, the word
4028:, etc. G-dropping speakers may pronounce this syllable as or (reducing to a
1294:
The lack of yod-dropping in those contexts has occasionally been held to be a
7681:
6933:
6855:
6714:
24. How is 'Pulitzer' pronounced? The correct pronunciation is 'PULL it sir.'
6650:
6505:
6048:
5980:
4150:
3861:
3810:
3613:
3484:
1071:
935:
809:
662:
654:
646:
638:
504:
454:
442:
4661:
having or . The epenthesis does not occur between syllables, in words like
3238:
in practically all varieties of Modern English. They remain distinct in the
6441:
6165:
6020:
4173:
3937:
3925:
3212:
1576:
in words like "use", "unit", etc. only if there is no consonant before the
1521:
650:
1540:
but also to the position after nonalveolar consonants as well: pairs like
1259:, yod-dropping is found not only in the above environments but also after
7649:
7644:
7448:
7190:
4645:
is not necessarily complete, however; the duration of the epenthetic in
4064:
4056:
3717:
3713:
3642:
2671:
Coalescence can even occur across word boundaries, as in the colloquial "
2555:
1857:
1447:
respectively, but many American speakers keep the yod, realizing them as
658:
462:
6059:, and it is followed by another consonant except (normally) a liquid or
7601:
6382:
5959:. Other cases of assimilation also occur, such as pronunciation of the
4607:
3989:
3822:
3814:
3806:
3633:
NG-coalescence is a historical sound change by which the final cluster
3235:
3170:
1295:
1062:
642:
618:
390:
237:
6307:
is rhotacized to in consonant clusters, causing pronunciations like:
7386:
7133:"Phonological Features of African American Vernacular English (AAVE)"
6083:
6060:
4634:
4575:
An earlier reduction that took place in early Middle English was the
3965:
3913:
3838:
3830:
637:, but it is much less widespread than wh-reduction, and is generally
374:
3875:, NG-coalescence is extended to morpheme-internal position, so that
2922:
etc.), and it does not generally occur in those of the third group (
1568:, who was from Norfolk and described his turkeys as "bootiful" (for
1248:
is not normally dropped in RP in medial positions, however: compare
7596:
6701:
6612:
Chambers, J. K. (1998). "Social embedding of changes in progress".
4629:
The epenthesis is a natural consequence of the transition from the
4371:. The new final consonant may be slightly lengthened as an effect.
4177:
3868:
3673:
3489:
2547:
349:
232:
5991:(or vowel), but voiceless (, ) after a voiceless consonant, as in
4832:
For the insertion of glottal stops before certain consonants, see
1357:
6008:
4706:
4530:
4138:
4130:
being adopted in educated speech around the 1820s, possibly as a
3765:
3467:
3411:
3267:
2918:
etc.), but it is not yet universal in those of the second group (
1498:
1098:
remain distinct: the first member of each pair has the diphthong
924:
457:
characteristic of that environment). This occurred with the word
4568:, the sound later came to be re-inserted by some speakers as a
4274:
By analogy with words like these, certain other words ending in
3897:(although the is not dropped before a stressed syllable, as in
3348:
1351:
703:
Y-cluster reductions are reductions of clusters ending with the
557:
551:
545:
481:(the latter words having had an unrounded vowel in Old English).
24:
6449:
4587:
4576:
4187:
4169:
4107:
3994:
G-dropping is a popular name for the feature of speech whereby
3872:
3834:
3681:
2725:
1313:
5967:
as . Voicing assimilation determines the sound of the endings
4564:. This change took place around the 17th century. In the word
4051:
Relative to the great majority of modern dialects, which have
3735:
In other cases (when it is not morpheme-final), word-internal
2780:
5791:
5769:
5287:
5096:
3270:
and in several varieties of Scots in the nineteenth century.
2748:
2690:
1934:
227:
836:
and have not been subject to the reductions described here.
6300:
5940:
nasal by way of assimilation with the following velar stop
4896:
4153:
class of the speaker, with speakers of lower classes using
4008:
3850:
2866:
In certain varieties such as Australian, Ugandan, and some
2786:
2751:
2693:
723:
6109:, pre-glottalization is common even before a vowel, as in
2774:
2745:
2716:
2687:
7348:
African American English : a linguistic introduction
6378:
Phonological history of English fricatives and affricates
4548:
Historically, similar reductions have taken place before
3410:
recorded it in parts of the Northern English counties of
2783:
2722:
2713:
2684:
2348:
6934:"Ellis Atlas survival of distinction between kn- and n-"
6856:"Ellis Atlas survival of distinction between wr- and r-"
6197:
S-cluster metathesis has been observed in some forms of
4586:(the sent-cent merger). This led to the modern sound of
4359:
General reduction of final consonant clusters occurs in
3585:
6725:
6590:"Changes in Progress in Canadian English: Yod-dropping"
2667:(also in RP ), the intermediate form being also common
1337:
General American thus undergoes yod-dropping after all
1032:
in a dialect that was not subject to early yod-dropping
6151:
This example has a long history: the Old English verb
4354:
6023:, ) regardless of what follows it, the glottaling of
4705:
described above, and in rapid speech may involve the
4653:. Some speakers preserve a clearer distinction, with
4614:, making it identical or very similar to the cluster
3370:
Most dialects of English reduced the initial cluster
2887:
That can lead to additional homophony; for instance,
2771:
2742:
2550:
respectively (for the meanings of those symbols, see
6296:
Yod-rhotacization is a process that occurs for some
5924:
of adjacent consonants is common, particularly of a
4247:(the plum-plumb merger). This affects words such as
3391:, implying that a stage of assimilation (or perhaps
2777:
2719:
1179:
is in the same syllable as the preceding consonant:
348:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
7208:
The Origins and Development of the English Language
6903:
6901:
6732:
Varieties of English 3: The Pacific and Australasia
5987:(in verb forms): these are voiced (, ) following a
4098:is a long-established one. Old English verbs had a
4032:in some cases), while non-G-dropping speakers have
3218:As a result of this reduction, pairs of words like
3177:
2902:Yod-coalescence has traditionally been resisted in
2845:, and even some varieties of English in Asia, like
2768:
2739:
2710:
2681:
1528:extend yod-dropping not only to the position after
1408:, for example, but it is not dropped in words like
641:where it is found. Aside from accents with general
515:
7345:
6734:. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter. p. 60.
6684:"A Nation Divided on How to Say the Word "Coupon""
4697:. However, this is less common than the merger of
4255:, as well as derived forms with suffixes, such as
3867:On the other hand, in some accents of the west of
1349:, however, preserve the distinction in pairs like
832:– these dialects therefore lack the clusters with
718:, and is sometimes referred to as "yod", from the
6958:A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles
6880:A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles
6843:A Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles
5952:likely becomes , assimilating with the following
4012:ending of verbs, but also in other words such as
3809:, and is also present in north-east varieties of
3475:and other silent letters in English. In fact the
7679:
7378:Black Communications: Breaking Down the Barriers
7054:, Blackwell 1936, cited in Wells (1982), p. 262.
6898:
6472:
3912:. In Middle English, the can be regarded as an
812:, as well as in some parts of northern England,
736:Phonological history of English high back vowels
362:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
7106:. Cambridge University Press. p. 353-354.
6446:An Introduction to the Pronunciation of English
4798:An epenthetic often intervenes in the cluster
3167:List of yod-dropping and coalescence homophones
738:.) They were thus often found before the vowel
6681:
6649:
4209:forms consistently rhyme with words ending in
3616:, these reductions occur only in the broadest
499:). The distinction is maintained, however, in
433:) has been subject to two kinds of reduction:
7402:
7245:, John Wells's Phonetic Blog, 25 August 2010.
6779:A Handbook of Varieties of English: Phonology
6730:. In Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd (eds.).
6440:
4234:
3669:in the standard varieties of Modern English.
3281:during Middle English. For example, the word
3182:
1501:speech, which continues to be the case after
847:are most commonly indicated by the spellings
649:this reduction is mostly found in accents of
316:
7274:, John Benjamins Publishing 2008, pp. 77–78.
7103:Irish English: History and Present Day Forms
6973:in English dates back to 1777, according to
6252:
4520:
4326:
3358:
544:in Middle English. For example, Old English
7272:Phonology: A Cognitive Grammar Introduction
7161:List of AAVE features contrasting with MUSE
7150:HLW: Word Forms: Processes: English Accents
6772:
6554:
4239:In later Middle English, the final cluster
4118:, but not necessarily spoken as such – the
4114:. These merged into a single form, written
4067:consequence of replacing the sound written
3623:
3357:, and the cognate word in Modern German is
3343:. For example, the Old English ancestor of
7409:
7395:
6373:Phonological history of English consonants
5910:
4779:Epenthesis may also happen in the cluster
3712:, there is no sound. An exception is the
685:, etc. is often reduced from to just (a
323:
309:
7195:Linguistics for Everyone: An Introduction
6766:
6097:. It can also occur before a pause as in
4626:have come to be homophones or nearly so.
3434:in Modern English. Like the reduction of
2097:Homophonous pairs after other consonants
1400:, etc., with a syllable break before the
633:. This is sometimes considered a type of
7504:
7253:
7251:
7075:
6998:
6611:
6120:spread rapidly during the 20th century.
4552:in certain words, leading to the silent
4331:, where the cluster has been reduced to
4217:, where "lining" rhymes with "fine in":
4149:. Its use is highly correlated with the
3764:
3458:sound. The cluster is preserved in some
3199:here), hence the spelling of words like
1584:Homophonous pairs after j, r, ʃ, and tʃ
1478:is mainly pronounced without the yod as
1312:
1160:does not appear in Welsh English before
980:(compare in some conservative dialects)
781:. They also occurred in words ending in
582:In some dialects of English the cluster
49:of all important aspects of the article.
7688:Splits and mergers in English phonology
7380:, African American Images, 1991, p. 44.
7316:
7310:
7282:
7280:
7127:
7125:
7123:
6653:; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (2006).
6645:
6643:
6596:. University of Toronto. Archived from
6128:Final consonant clusters starting with
6123:
6043:. More precisely, it occurs in RP when
4601:
4596:
3849:). This also occurs in a small area of
3793:. This is particularly associated with
3777:in various regional dialects of England
3496:
3454:being retained despite the loss of the
3399:) preceded that of complete reduction.
3191:cluster (note that /r/ does not denote
899:is commonly indicated by the spellings
692:
384:
7680:
7416:
7099:
7071:
7069:
7052:A History of Modern Colloquial English
7004:
6426:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
6350:, which features the reverse process,
6140:may be pronounced like "ax", with the
6007:While there are many accents (such as
3187:Old and Middle English had an initial
698:
673:remain distinct; however, the cluster
45:Please consider expanding the lead to
7503:
7390:
7343:
7248:
7076:Liberman, Anatoly (21 October 2009).
6804:
6802:
6504:
4525:When a consonant cluster ending in a
4063:. The name derives from the apparent
3904:It is because of NG-coalescence that
2610:(also in words ending with consonant+
828:diphthong where standard English has
414:
395:The H-cluster reductions are various
7277:
7230:The Blackwell Companion to Phonology
7120:
6811:Why some say CHUBE and some say TOOB
6640:
6343:
6291:
6283:The form has been found to occur in
3924:, but in Modern English, in view of
3908:is now normally regarded one of the
3421:
3292:
1968:Homophonous pairs after d, n, and t
1514:
577:
352:. For the distinction between ,
18:
7066:
7005:Bailey, George (15 December 2020).
6969:The first recorded use of the word
6909:"Wir Ain Leed - Mid Northern Scots"
6655:The Atlas of North American English
6259:African American Vernacular English
6199:African American Vernacular English
4833:
4668:
4509:by the same rule that gives plural
4361:African American Vernacular English
4355:Generalized final cluster reduction
4147:African American Vernacular English
4052:
3426:The Middle English initial cluster
895:, while the historical monophthong
520:The Old English consonant clusters
13:
6895:, 2nd ed., Heilbronn, 1887, p. 171
6799:
6726:Laurie Bauer; Paul Warren (2008).
6682:Duryee, Tricia (6 November 2011).
5920:In English as in other languages,
4286:added to their spelling by way of
3720:forms of adjectives: in the words
2895:come to be pronounced the same as
2538:Yod-coalescence is a process that
2533:
1497:was also a traditional feature of
1012:
14:
7709:
7259:Gimson's Pronunciation of English
6339:
6002:
5936:is often pronounced (becoming a
4610:is inserted in the final cluster
4194:Shepherd, what art thou pursuing,
4006:. This applies especially to the
3998:is used in place of the standard
3628:
3402:The cluster is preserved in some
2554:). The first two are examples of
1424:, but most Americans retain it.)
590:, leading to pronunciations like
516:Reduction of /hl/, /hr/ and /hn/
7197:, Cengage Learning 2012, p. 162.
6775:"New Zealand English: Phonology"
6728:"New Zealand English: phonology"
6346:, described above (and also the
4227:And, if she can but win a crown,
3856:It is also associated with some
3418:in the late nineteenth century.
3339:usually still sound the initial
3327:in Old English; this changed to
3304:is reduced in modern English to
3178:Other initial cluster reductions
2764:
2735:
2706:
2677:
1765:Homophonous pairs after l and s
1061:Problems playing this file? See
1036:
665:. In other dialects of English,
373:includes various changes in the
23:
7370:
7337:
7298:
7289:
7264:
7235:
7222:
7213:
7210:, Cengage Learning 2013, p. 49.
7200:
7183:
7172:
7154:
7143:
7092:
7057:
7044:
7035:
7026:
7017:
6989:
6980:
6963:
6950:
6926:
6885:
6872:
6848:
6832:
6823:
6757:
6748:
6719:
6694:
6675:
6484:: Harcourt College Publishers.
6368:Phonological history of English
5915:
4230:'Twill just new dye the lining.
4215:A Ballad on the Game of Traffic
4172:who frequently engaged in such
3273:Old English also had a cluster
2870:, stressed can also coalesce:
918:
371:phonological history of English
344:International Phonetic Alphabet
37:may be too short to adequately
7304:Online Etymology Dictionary -
7243:"Some day my prints will come"
6773:Bauer, L.; Warren, P. (2005).
6690:. Dow Jones & Company Inc.
6614:Journal of English Linguistics
6582:
6573:
6548:
6539:
6530:
6498:
6466:
6434:
6395:
4305:occurred, this was reduced to
4221:But Weston has a new-cast gown
4168:(used in referring to country
3813:. This includes the cities of
3258:reported distinctions between
3087:intervocalic alveolar flapping
1102:, while the second member has
47:provide an accessible overview
1:
7063:Wells (1982), pp. 17, 19, 26.
7013:. Cambridge University Press.
6777:. In Schneider, E. W. (ed.).
6388:
6031:in such words and phrases as
4309:(the him-hymn merger), as in
4197:Heedless running to thy ruin?
4166:huntin’, shootin’ and fishin’
3983:
2833:, and to a certain extent in
1431:in British pronunciations of
1416:. (British speakers omit the
734:. (For more information, see
421:Pronunciation of English ⟨wh⟩
7179:Ebonics Notes and Discussion
6975:Merriam-Webster's dictionary
6452:: Edward Arnold Publishers.
6186:, from where it has entered
3910:phonemes of standard English
3747:. This means that the words
1572:). Such accents pronounce a
7:
7323:. Peter Lang. p. 208.
7317:Kperogi, Farooq A. (2015).
7023:Wells (1982), pp. 189, 366.
6361:
4282:sound, had a silent letter
4235:Reduction of /mb/ and /mn/
4071:with that normally written
3525:is then subject to regular
3517:are reduced by the loss of
3487:wrote a composition titled
3207:. This was reduced to just
3183:Reduction of /wr/ and /wl/
1463:sound is widely incorrect.
687:voiceless palatal fricative
411:) in some or all dialects.
10:
7714:
6626:10.1177/007542429802600102
6514:Cambridge University Press
6051:, is preceded by a vowel,
6011:) in which syllable-final
4717:rather than epenthesis in
4278:, which had no historical
3987:
3450:, etc., the spelling with
1427:Additionally, there is no
749:– which was in some cases
696:
418:
388:
69:History and description of
7582:
7516:
7512:
7499:
7424:
6253:Merger of /str/ and /skr/
4739:is often pronounced like
4681:is also possible, making
4618:. For example, the words
4521:Medial cluster reductions
4367:. It also appears in the
4224:On Sundays to be fine in,
4143:Southern American English
3797:accents in areas such as
3785:may be found with , and
3335:sound. Cognates in other
3285:derives from Old English
1365:in words in which RP has
1347:Southern American English
509:Southern American English
184:Development of consonants
7541:Changes before historic
7533:Changes before historic
7261:, Routledge 2013, p. 99.
7137:www.rehabmed.ualberta.ca
7100:Hickey, Raymond (2007).
7032:Wells (1982), pp. 60–64.
6272:. For example, the word
6101:spoken alone but not in
6063:in the same word, as in
4301:Where the final cluster
3940:) do regard a word like
3624:Final cluster reductions
3471:jokes about this silent
1345:, such as working-class
710:, which is the sound of
699:§ Yod-rhotacization
7444:Anglo-Frisian languages
7344:Green, Lisa J. (2002).
7206:Algeo, J., Butcher, C.
6781:. Vol. 1. Berlin:
6559:. Arnold. p. 192.
5911:Alterations of clusters
5192:may also be pronounced
5165:may also be pronounced
4876:Mary-marry-merry merger
4806:, making it rhyme with
4090:The pronunciation with
3973:etc., as noted above).
3586:final cluster reduction
3505:, the initial clusters
3493:, a pun on "new high".
3349:
3300:Middle English initial
1380:However, in words like
1156:Conversely, an initial
635:glide cluster reduction
558:
552:
546:
340:phonetic transcriptions
7232:, Wiley 2011, p. 1906.
7011:Journal of Linguistics
4606:For many speakers, an
4570:spelling pronunciation
4327:
4213:, as in this verse of
4132:spelling pronunciation
3778:
3676:. If a word ending in
3359:
3250:cluster is pronounced
2904:Received Pronunciation
2628:in words ending vowel+
1334:
1017:
1000:clusters, for example
407:(or become reduced to
337:This article contains
7476:Anglo-Norman language
7295:Wells (1982), p. 260.
7286:Wells (1982), p. 261.
7041:Wells (1982), p. 262.
6995:Wells (1982), p. 188.
6986:Wells (1982), p. 567.
6829:Wells (1982), p. 247.
6763:Wells (1982), p. 338.
6754:Wells (1982), p. 330.
6579:Wells (1982), p. 206.
6545:Wells (1982), p. 385.
6536:Wells (1982), p. 207.
6478:A Course in Phonetics
6276:may be pronounced as
6257:For some speakers of
4783:, which then becomes
4290:. Such words include
3893:), thus rhyming with
3768:
3584:→ (also affected by
2831:South African English
2602:in words ending with
2580:in most words ending
1316:
1016:
863:is any consonant and
449:being perceived as a
130:Development of vowels
75:English pronunciation
7506:Phonological history
7486:Early Modern English
7219:Wells (1982), p. 95.
6600:on February 29, 2008
6124:S-cluster metathesis
4998:ˈtʃæn(t)s,ˈtʃɑːn(t)s
4602:Prince–prints merger
4597:Consonant insertions
4369:Local Dublin English
4243:was reduced to just
3641:being realized as a
3497:S-cluster reductions
3408:Alexander John Ellis
3323:cluster was spelled
3308:, making pairs like
3256:Alexander John Ellis
2827:Newfoundland English
1517:is now more common.
923:Yod-dropping is the
761:before (historical)
693:Y-cluster reductions
657:; it also occurs in
429:(spelled ⟨wh⟩ since
397:consonant reductions
385:H-cluster reductions
7439:Proto-West-Germanic
7429:Proto-Indo-European
6845:, vol. 1, 12.81-82.
6710:Columbia University
6706:The Pulitzer Prizes
6082:or also before the
4841:
4775:becomes "kinkston")
4761:becomes "hampster")
4757:becomes "Sampson",
4550:syllabic consonants
4106:and a verbal noun (
3920:, occurring before
3637:, pronounced (the
3277:, which reduced to
2935:
2841:, many speakers in
2835:New Zealand English
2821:, some speakers of
2098:
1969:
1766:
1585:
1485:Yod-dropping after
1470:and to some extent
1341:. A few accents of
1339:alveolar consonants
705:palatal approximant
574:in Modern English.
403:that have lost the
105:General development
7574:Trisyllabic laxing
7554:Close front vowels
7418:History of English
7166:2006-06-22 at the
6510:Accents of English
6132:sometimes undergo
4840:Homophonous pairs
4839:
4325:. (Compare French
4186:, set to music by
4160:The fact that the
4100:present participle
4069:⟨ng⟩
3827:Manchester dialect
3779:
3771:⟨ng⟩
3726:stronger/strongest
3422:Reduction of /ɡn/
3337:Germanic languages
2934:Homophonous pairs
2933:
2847:Philippine English
2819:Zimbabwean English
2651:(also in standard
2096:
1967:
1764:
1583:
1472:Australian English
1335:
1018:
820:, still retain a (
415:Reductions of /hw/
379:consonant clusters
291:History of English
7675:
7674:
7671:
7670:
7667:
7666:
7564:Great Vowel Shift
7549:Close back vowels
7330:978-1-4331-2926-1
7257:Alan Cruttenden,
7139:. March 17, 2001.
6891:Vietor, Wilhelm:
6783:Mouton de Gruyter
6659:Mouton de Gruyter
6594:CHASS.UToronto.ca
6482:Fort Worth, Texas
6336:
6335:
6292:Yod-rhotacization
6268:is pronounced as
6263:consonant cluster
6250:
6249:
6155:also appeared as
6105:. In the case of
5908:
5907:
5823:wine-whine merger
5803:wine-whine merger
5406:cot-caught merger
5063:weak vowel merger
4590:⟨c⟩
4554:⟨t⟩
4487:
4486:
4365:Caribbean English
4284:⟨b⟩
4180:'s 1732 pastoral
4073:⟨n⟩
4042:weak vowel merger
3847:Potteries dialect
3769:Pronunciation of
3680:is followed by a
3610:
3609:
3503:Caribbean English
3501:In some types of
3158:
3157:
2805:. That occurs in
2552:English phonology
2531:
2530:
2094:
2093:
1965:
1964:
1959:foot–goose merger
1872:foot–goose merger
1762:
1761:
1505:, but now, after
1164:in words such as
1041:
800:This change from
769:, or weakened to
712:⟨y⟩
578:Reduction of /hj/
497:cluster reduction
490:wine–whine merger
465:period, and with
333:
332:
207:Variable features
193:Single consonants
160:Great Vowel Shift
81:Historical stages
64:
63:
7705:
7693:Scottish English
7569:Open back vowels
7544:
7536:
7514:
7513:
7501:
7500:
7411:
7404:
7397:
7388:
7387:
7381:
7374:
7368:
7367:
7351:
7341:
7335:
7334:
7314:
7308:
7302:
7296:
7293:
7287:
7284:
7275:
7268:
7262:
7255:
7246:
7239:
7233:
7226:
7220:
7217:
7211:
7204:
7198:
7187:
7181:
7176:
7170:
7158:
7152:
7147:
7141:
7140:
7129:
7118:
7117:
7096:
7090:
7089:
7087:
7085:
7073:
7064:
7061:
7055:
7048:
7042:
7039:
7033:
7030:
7024:
7021:
7015:
7014:
7002:
6996:
6993:
6987:
6984:
6978:
6967:
6961:
6960:, vol. 1, 12.72.
6954:
6948:
6947:
6945:
6944:
6938:www.lel.ed.ac.uk
6930:
6924:
6923:
6921:
6919:
6905:
6896:
6889:
6883:
6882:, vol. 1, 12.71.
6876:
6870:
6869:
6867:
6866:
6860:www.lel.ed.ac.uk
6852:
6846:
6836:
6830:
6827:
6821:
6820:
6819:
6818:
6806:
6797:
6796:
6770:
6764:
6761:
6755:
6752:
6746:
6745:
6723:
6717:
6716:
6698:
6692:
6691:
6679:
6673:
6672:
6647:
6638:
6637:
6609:
6607:
6605:
6586:
6580:
6577:
6571:
6570:
6552:
6546:
6543:
6537:
6534:
6528:
6527:
6502:
6496:
6495:
6480:(4th ed.).
6474:Ladefoged, Peter
6470:
6464:
6463:
6448:(3rd ed.).
6438:
6432:
6431:
6425:
6417:
6415:
6414:
6405:. Archived from
6399:
6357:
6353:
6348:coil–curl merger
6310:
6309:
6306:
6303:speakers, where
6279:
6271:
6267:
6246:
6235:
6224:
6213:
6204:
6203:
6193:
6185:
6180:Jamaican English
6177:
6147:
6143:
6131:
6119:
6108:
6092:
6088:
6081:
6077:
6073:
6046:
6030:
6026:
6014:
5989:voiced consonant
5962:
5958:
5947:
5943:
5931:
5904:
5884:
5871:
5851:
5838:
5818:
5798:
5776:
5754:
5741:
5728:
5708:
5686:
5666:
5653:
5638:
5625:
5605:
5585:
5565:
5552:
5539:
5526:
5506:
5493:
5480:
5467:
5454:
5434:
5421:
5401:
5388:
5375:
5362:
5349:
5336:
5323:
5310:
5297:
5282:
5262:
5242:
5229:
5209:
5195:
5186:
5172:
5168:
5159:
5146:
5126:
5106:
5091:
5078:
5058:
5045:
5025:
5012:
4999:
4986:
4971:
4958:
4945:
4932:
4919:
4906:
4891:
4871:
4842:
4838:
4816:
4801:
4786:
4782:
4770:
4766:
4752:
4748:
4734:
4730:
4720:
4716:
4712:
4704:
4700:
4680:
4676:
4669:Other insertions
4652:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4617:
4613:
4591:
4584:
4580:
4555:
4377:
4376:
4334:
4330:
4308:
4304:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4246:
4242:
4212:
4183:Acis and Galatea
4163:
4156:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4097:
4093:
4074:
4070:
4047:
4039:
4035:
4001:
3997:
3979:
3950:
3922:velar consonants
3919:
3907:
3892:
3882:
3858:American English
3772:
3730:younger/youngest
3652:
3640:
3636:
3532:
3531:
3521:. The following
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3457:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3398:
3377:
3373:
3366:
3362:
3356:
3352:
3342:
3334:
3322:
3307:
3303:
3296:
3280:
3276:
3253:
3210:
3198:
3190:
3154:
3141:
3128:
3115:
3102:
3082:
3069:
3056:
3043:
3030:
3017:
3004:
2991:
2978:
2965:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2932:
2843:Scottish English
2793:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2758:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2733:) and "whatcha"
2732:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2700:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2627:
2601:
2592:
2579:
2572:
2568:
2545:
2527:
2514:
2501:
2488:
2475:
2462:
2449:
2436:
2423:
2410:
2397:
2384:
2371:
2358:
2343:
2330:
2317:
2304:
2291:
2278:
2265:
2252:
2239:
2224:vile–vial merger
2219:
2206:
2193:
2180:
2167:
2154:
2141:
2128:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2090:
2077:
2064:
2051:
2038:
2025:
2012:
1999:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1954:
1941:
1926:
1913:
1900:
1887:
1867:
1852:
1839:
1826:
1809:
1796:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1745:
1732:
1719:
1706:
1693:
1680:
1667:
1654:
1641:
1628:
1615:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1575:
1566:Bernard Matthews
1539:
1535:
1531:
1524:accents such as
1512:
1508:
1504:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1481:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1430:
1419:
1407:
1403:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1343:American English
1328:
1320:
1300:Golden Horseshoe
1291:
1284:
1277:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1257:General American
1254:
1247:
1243:
1240:-speakers. (The
1232:
1225:
1219:
1212:
1206:
1199:
1193:
1186:
1178:
1163:
1159:
1152:
1145:
1137:
1130:
1122:
1115:
1105:
1101:
1043:
1042:
1015:
1006:
999:
993:
986:
979:
972:
966:
959:
952:
945:
930:
898:
846:
842:
835:
831:
827:
807:
803:
776:
772:
764:
760:
756:
748:
741:
733:
729:
713:
709:
676:
601:
593:
589:
585:
561:
555:
549:
543:
539:
535:
532:were reduced to
531:
527:
523:
487:
452:
448:
440:
428:
410:
406:
402:
359:
355:
325:
318:
311:
263:T-glottalization
66:
65:
59:
56:
50:
27:
19:
7713:
7712:
7708:
7707:
7706:
7704:
7703:
7702:
7678:
7677:
7676:
7663:
7633:-glottalization
7578:
7508:
7495:
7420:
7415:
7385:
7384:
7375:
7371:
7364:
7342:
7338:
7331:
7315:
7311:
7303:
7299:
7294:
7290:
7285:
7278:
7269:
7265:
7256:
7249:
7240:
7236:
7228:Yu, A.C.L., in
7227:
7223:
7218:
7214:
7205:
7201:
7188:
7184:
7177:
7173:
7168:Wayback Machine
7159:
7155:
7148:
7144:
7131:
7130:
7121:
7114:
7097:
7093:
7083:
7081:
7074:
7067:
7062:
7058:
7049:
7045:
7040:
7036:
7031:
7027:
7022:
7018:
7003:
6999:
6994:
6990:
6985:
6981:
6968:
6964:
6956:Jespersen, O.,
6955:
6951:
6942:
6940:
6932:
6931:
6927:
6917:
6915:
6907:
6906:
6899:
6890:
6886:
6878:Jespersen, O.,
6877:
6873:
6864:
6862:
6854:
6853:
6849:
6837:
6833:
6828:
6824:
6816:
6814:
6808:
6807:
6800:
6793:
6771:
6767:
6762:
6758:
6753:
6749:
6742:
6724:
6720:
6700:
6699:
6695:
6680:
6676:
6669:
6648:
6641:
6610:Excerpts from:
6603:
6601:
6588:
6587:
6583:
6578:
6574:
6567:
6553:
6549:
6544:
6540:
6535:
6531:
6524:
6516:. p. 207.
6512:. Vol. 1.
6503:
6499:
6492:
6471:
6467:
6460:
6439:
6435:
6419:
6418:
6412:
6410:
6403:"Archived copy"
6401:
6400:
6396:
6391:
6364:
6344:yod-coalescence
6294:
6255:
6126:
6047:appears in the
6019:(realized as a
6005:
5918:
5913:
4671:
4604:
4599:
4589:
4553:
4523:
4357:
4288:hypercorrection
4283:
4237:
4075:. The spelling
4072:
4068:
3992:
3986:
3860:accents in the
3795:English English
3789:may rhyme with
3770:
3649:with the velar
3631:
3626:
3499:
3424:
3393:debuccalization
3298:
3185:
3180:
2823:Hiberno-English
2815:Estuary English
2767:
2763:
2738:
2734:
2709:
2705:
2680:
2676:
2536:
2534:Yod-coalescence
1526:Norfolk dialect
1515:yod-coalescence
1068:
1067:
1059:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1044:
1037:
1034:
1019:
1013:
921:
867:is any vowel),
839:The diphthongs
711:
701:
695:
580:
518:
423:
417:
393:
387:
367:
366:
365:
329:
300:
277:
202:
179:
124:
99:
60:
54:
51:
44:
32:This article's
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7711:
7701:
7700:
7695:
7690:
7673:
7672:
7669:
7668:
7665:
7664:
7662:
7661:
7654:
7653:
7652:
7647:
7635:
7627:
7622:
7615:
7607:
7599:
7594:
7588:
7586:
7580:
7579:
7577:
7576:
7571:
7566:
7561:
7556:
7551:
7546:
7538:
7530:
7522:
7520:
7510:
7509:
7497:
7496:
7494:
7493:
7491:Modern English
7488:
7483:
7481:Middle English
7478:
7473:
7472:
7471:
7466:
7461:
7456:
7446:
7441:
7436:
7434:Proto-Germanic
7431:
7425:
7422:
7421:
7414:
7413:
7406:
7399:
7391:
7383:
7382:
7369:
7363:978-0521891387
7362:
7336:
7329:
7309:
7297:
7288:
7276:
7270:Nathan, G.S.,
7263:
7247:
7234:
7221:
7212:
7199:
7182:
7171:
7153:
7142:
7119:
7112:
7091:
7065:
7056:
7043:
7034:
7025:
7016:
6997:
6988:
6979:
6962:
6949:
6925:
6897:
6884:
6871:
6847:
6831:
6822:
6798:
6791:
6765:
6756:
6747:
6740:
6718:
6693:
6674:
6667:
6651:Labov, William
6639:
6581:
6572:
6565:
6547:
6538:
6529:
6522:
6506:Wells, John C.
6497:
6490:
6465:
6458:
6433:
6393:
6392:
6390:
6387:
6386:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6363:
6360:
6334:
6333:
6330:
6326:
6325:
6322:
6318:
6317:
6314:
6293:
6290:
6254:
6251:
6248:
6247:
6241:
6237:
6236:
6230:
6226:
6225:
6219:
6215:
6214:
6208:
6188:London English
6125:
6122:
6015:is frequently
6004:
6003:Glottalization
6001:
5954:bilabial nasal
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5906:
5905:
5900:
5897:
5893:
5892:
5889:pen-pin merger
5885:
5880:
5877:
5873:
5872:
5867:
5864:
5860:
5859:
5856:pen-pin merger
5852:
5847:
5844:
5840:
5839:
5834:
5831:
5827:
5826:
5819:
5814:
5811:
5807:
5806:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5785:
5784:
5781:pen-pin merger
5777:
5772:
5767:
5763:
5762:
5759:pen-pin merger
5755:
5750:
5747:
5743:
5742:
5737:
5734:
5730:
5729:
5724:
5721:
5717:
5716:
5713:pen-pin merger
5709:
5704:
5701:
5695:
5694:
5691:pen-pin merger
5687:
5682:
5679:
5675:
5674:
5671:pen-pin merger
5667:
5662:
5659:
5655:
5654:
5649:
5646:
5642:
5641:
5639:
5634:
5631:
5627:
5626:
5621:
5618:
5614:
5613:
5610:pen-pin merger
5606:
5601:
5598:
5594:
5593:
5590:pen-pin merger
5586:
5581:
5578:
5574:
5573:
5570:pen-pin merger
5566:
5561:
5558:
5554:
5553:
5548:
5545:
5541:
5540:
5535:
5532:
5528:
5527:
5522:
5519:
5515:
5514:
5511:pen-pin merger
5507:
5502:
5499:
5495:
5494:
5489:
5486:
5482:
5481:
5476:
5473:
5469:
5468:
5463:
5460:
5456:
5455:
5450:
5447:
5443:
5442:
5439:pen-pin merger
5435:
5430:
5427:
5423:
5422:
5417:
5414:
5410:
5409:
5402:
5397:
5394:
5390:
5389:
5384:
5381:
5377:
5376:
5371:
5368:
5364:
5363:
5358:
5355:
5351:
5350:
5345:
5342:
5338:
5337:
5332:
5329:
5325:
5324:
5319:
5316:
5312:
5311:
5306:
5303:
5299:
5298:
5293:
5290:
5284:
5283:
5278:
5275:
5271:
5270:
5267:pen-pin merger
5263:
5258:
5255:
5251:
5250:
5247:pen-pin merger
5243:
5238:
5235:
5231:
5230:
5225:
5222:
5218:
5217:
5214:pen-pin merger
5210:
5205:
5202:
5198:
5197:
5187:
5182:
5179:
5175:
5174:
5160:
5155:
5152:
5148:
5147:
5142:
5139:
5135:
5134:
5131:pen-pin merger
5127:
5122:
5119:
5115:
5114:
5111:pen-pin merger
5107:
5102:
5099:
5093:
5092:
5087:
5084:
5080:
5079:
5074:
5071:
5067:
5066:
5059:
5054:
5051:
5047:
5046:
5041:
5038:
5034:
5033:
5030:pen-pin merger
5026:
5021:
5018:
5014:
5013:
5008:
5005:
5001:
5000:
4995:
4992:
4988:
4987:
4982:
4979:
4973:
4972:
4967:
4964:
4960:
4959:
4954:
4951:
4947:
4946:
4941:
4938:
4934:
4933:
4928:
4925:
4921:
4920:
4915:
4912:
4908:
4907:
4902:
4899:
4893:
4892:
4887:
4884:
4880:
4879:
4872:
4867:
4864:
4860:
4859:
4856:
4853:
4848:
4834:Glottalization
4817:in words like
4777:
4776:
4762:
4744:
4673:The merger of
4670:
4667:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4556:in words like
4522:
4519:
4513:from singular
4485:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4473:
4467:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4455:
4449:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4437:
4431:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4419:
4413:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4401:
4395:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4383:
4374:Examples are:
4356:
4353:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4231:
4228:
4225:
4222:
4203:Jonathan Swift
4199:
4198:
4195:
4061:alveolar nasal
4053:NG-coalescence
4004:weak syllables
3988:Main article:
3985:
3982:
3879:is pronounced
3843:Stoke-on-Trent
3757:singer–finger
3722:longer/longest
3630:
3629:NG-coalescence
3627:
3625:
3622:
3608:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3582:
3580:
3574:
3568:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3556:
3550:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3538:
3498:
3495:
3430:is reduced to
3423:
3420:
3416:Northumberland
3406:dialects, and
3297:
3291:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3156:
3155:
3150:
3147:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3134:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3121:
3117:
3116:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3095:
3091:
3090:
3083:
3078:
3075:
3071:
3070:
3065:
3062:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3049:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3036:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3023:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3010:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2997:
2993:
2992:
2987:
2984:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2971:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2942:
2885:
2884:
2878:
2864:
2863:
2857:
2669:
2668:
2662:
2656:
2642:
2641:
2623:
2597:
2588:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2520:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2494:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2468:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2442:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2429:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2416:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2390:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2377:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2364:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2336:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2310:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2297:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2271:
2267:
2266:
2261:
2258:
2254:
2253:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2240:
2235:
2232:
2228:
2227:
2220:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2186:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2168:
2163:
2160:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2134:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2121:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2105:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2070:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2057:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1976:
1963:
1962:
1955:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1906:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1888:
1883:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1868:
1863:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1848:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1805:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1773:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1725:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1699:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1681:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1660:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1592:
1271:, for example
1234:
1233:
1226:, for example
1220:
1213:, for example
1207:
1200:, for example
1194:
1187:, for example
1154:
1153:
1138:
1123:
1058:
1045:
1035:
1022:
1021:
1020:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1007:
994:
987:, for example
981:
973:, for example
967:
946:, for example
920:
917:
818:American South
694:
691:
586:is reduced to
579:
576:
517:
514:
513:
512:
482:
479:Middle English
443:rounded vowels
431:Middle English
419:Main article:
416:
413:
386:
383:
360:⟩, see
336:
335:
334:
331:
330:
328:
327:
320:
313:
305:
302:
301:
299:
298:
293:
287:
284:
283:
282:Related topics
279:
278:
276:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
250:
245:
243:L-vocalization
240:
235:
230:
225:
212:
209:
208:
204:
203:
201:
200:
195:
189:
186:
185:
181:
180:
178:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
136:
133:
132:
126:
125:
123:
122:
117:
115:In Old English
111:
108:
107:
101:
100:
98:
97:
95:Middle English
92:
86:
83:
82:
78:
77:
71:
70:
62:
61:
41:the key points
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7710:
7699:
7696:
7694:
7691:
7689:
7686:
7685:
7683:
7660:
7659:
7655:
7651:
7648:
7646:
7643:
7642:
7641:
7640:
7636:
7634:
7632:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7620:
7616:
7614:
7613:-vocalization
7612:
7608:
7606:
7604:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7593:
7590:
7589:
7587:
7585:
7581:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7567:
7565:
7562:
7560:
7557:
7555:
7552:
7550:
7547:
7545:
7539:
7537:
7531:
7529:
7528:
7524:
7523:
7521:
7519:
7515:
7511:
7507:
7502:
7498:
7492:
7489:
7487:
7484:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7474:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7451:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7442:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7426:
7423:
7419:
7412:
7407:
7405:
7400:
7398:
7393:
7392:
7389:
7379:
7376:Dandy, E.B.,
7373:
7365:
7359:
7355:
7350:
7349:
7340:
7332:
7326:
7322:
7321:
7313:
7307:
7301:
7292:
7283:
7281:
7273:
7267:
7260:
7254:
7252:
7244:
7241:Wells, J.C.,
7238:
7231:
7225:
7216:
7209:
7203:
7196:
7192:
7186:
7180:
7175:
7169:
7165:
7162:
7157:
7151:
7146:
7138:
7134:
7128:
7126:
7124:
7115:
7113:9781139465847
7109:
7105:
7104:
7095:
7079:
7072:
7070:
7060:
7053:
7047:
7038:
7029:
7020:
7012:
7008:
7001:
6992:
6983:
6976:
6972:
6966:
6959:
6953:
6939:
6935:
6929:
6914:
6910:
6904:
6902:
6894:
6888:
6881:
6875:
6861:
6857:
6851:
6844:
6840:
6839:Jespersen, O.
6835:
6826:
6813:
6812:
6805:
6803:
6794:
6792:9783110175325
6788:
6784:
6780:
6776:
6769:
6760:
6751:
6743:
6741:9783110208412
6737:
6733:
6729:
6722:
6715:
6711:
6707:
6703:
6697:
6689:
6685:
6678:
6670:
6668:3-11-016746-8
6664:
6660:
6656:
6652:
6646:
6644:
6635:
6631:
6627:
6623:
6619:
6615:
6599:
6595:
6591:
6585:
6576:
6568:
6566:0-340-70608-2
6562:
6558:
6551:
6542:
6533:
6525:
6523:0-521-22919-7
6519:
6515:
6511:
6507:
6501:
6493:
6491:0-15-507319-2
6487:
6483:
6479:
6475:
6469:
6461:
6459:0-7131-6287-2
6455:
6451:
6447:
6443:
6442:Gimson, A. C.
6437:
6429:
6423:
6409:on 2005-03-20
6408:
6404:
6398:
6394:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6365:
6359:
6349:
6345:
6341:
6331:
6328:
6327:
6323:
6320:
6319:
6315:
6312:
6311:
6308:
6302:
6299:
6289:
6286:
6281:
6275:
6264:
6260:
6242:
6239:
6238:
6231:
6228:
6227:
6220:
6217:
6216:
6209:
6206:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6195:
6189:
6181:
6173:
6169:
6167:
6162:
6158:
6154:
6149:
6139:
6135:
6121:
6114:
6112:
6104:
6100:
6096:
6085:
6068:
6066:
6062:
6058:
6054:
6050:
6049:syllable coda
6042:
6038:
6034:
6022:
6018:
6010:
6000:
5998:
5994:
5990:
5986:
5982:
5978:
5974:
5970:
5966:
5955:
5951:
5939:
5935:
5927:
5923:
5901:
5898:
5895:
5894:
5890:
5886:
5881:
5878:
5875:
5874:
5868:
5865:
5862:
5861:
5857:
5853:
5848:
5845:
5842:
5841:
5835:
5832:
5829:
5828:
5824:
5820:
5815:
5812:
5809:
5808:
5804:
5800:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5787:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5765:
5764:
5760:
5756:
5751:
5748:
5745:
5744:
5738:
5735:
5732:
5731:
5725:
5722:
5719:
5718:
5714:
5710:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5696:
5692:
5688:
5683:
5680:
5677:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5663:
5660:
5657:
5656:
5650:
5647:
5644:
5643:
5640:
5635:
5632:
5629:
5628:
5622:
5619:
5616:
5615:
5611:
5607:
5602:
5599:
5596:
5595:
5591:
5587:
5582:
5579:
5576:
5575:
5571:
5567:
5562:
5559:
5556:
5555:
5549:
5546:
5543:
5542:
5536:
5533:
5530:
5529:
5523:
5520:
5517:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5503:
5500:
5497:
5496:
5490:
5487:
5484:
5483:
5477:
5474:
5471:
5470:
5464:
5461:
5458:
5457:
5451:
5448:
5445:
5444:
5440:
5436:
5431:
5428:
5425:
5424:
5418:
5415:
5412:
5411:
5407:
5403:
5398:
5395:
5392:
5391:
5385:
5382:
5379:
5378:
5372:
5369:
5366:
5365:
5359:
5356:
5353:
5352:
5346:
5343:
5340:
5339:
5333:
5330:
5327:
5326:
5320:
5317:
5314:
5313:
5307:
5304:
5301:
5300:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5285:
5279:
5276:
5273:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5259:
5256:
5253:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5239:
5236:
5233:
5232:
5226:
5223:
5220:
5219:
5215:
5211:
5206:
5203:
5200:
5199:
5191:
5188:
5183:
5180:
5177:
5176:
5164:
5161:
5156:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5143:
5140:
5137:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5123:
5120:
5117:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5094:
5088:
5085:
5082:
5081:
5075:
5072:
5069:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5055:
5052:
5049:
5048:
5042:
5039:
5036:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5022:
5019:
5016:
5015:
5009:
5006:
5003:
5002:
4996:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4968:
4965:
4962:
4961:
4955:
4952:
4949:
4948:
4942:
4939:
4936:
4935:
4929:
4926:
4923:
4922:
4916:
4913:
4910:
4909:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4894:
4888:
4885:
4882:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4868:
4865:
4862:
4861:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4843:
4837:
4835:
4830:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4811:
4809:
4805:
4796:
4794:
4790:
4774:
4763:
4760:
4756:
4745:
4742:
4738:
4727:
4726:
4725:
4722:
4708:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4666:
4664:
4660:
4657:having , and
4656:
4636:
4632:
4627:
4625:
4621:
4609:
4594:
4592:
4585:
4573:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4551:
4546:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4518:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4482:
4480:
4478:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4464:
4462:
4460:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4450:
4446:
4444:
4442:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4428:
4426:
4424:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4410:
4408:
4406:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4378:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4352:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4329:
4324:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4299:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4272:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4229:
4226:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4208:
4205:(1667–1745),
4204:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4185:
4184:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4158:
4152:
4151:socioeconomic
4148:
4144:
4140:
4135:
4133:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4088:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4049:
4043:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4010:
4005:
3991:
3981:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3967:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3938:generativists
3935:
3931:
3927:
3926:minimal pairs
3923:
3915:
3911:
3902:
3900:
3896:
3889:
3886:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3865:
3863:
3862:New York City
3859:
3854:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3811:Welsh English
3808:
3804:
3803:West Midlands
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3776:
3767:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3733:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3670:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3648:
3644:
3621:
3619:
3615:
3612:According to
3605:
3603:
3601:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3504:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3486:
3485:Kenny Wheeler
3482:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3469:
3463:
3461:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3400:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3368:
3363:, pronounced
3361:
3353:, pronounced
3351:
3346:
3338:
3330:
3326:
3317:
3315:
3311:
3293:Reduction of
3290:
3288:
3284:
3271:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3240:Doric dialect
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3216:
3214:
3206:
3202:
3196:
3172:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3138:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2937:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2795:
2791:
2762:
2756:
2730:
2704:
2698:
2674:
2666:
2663:
2661:(also in RP )
2660:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2624:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2598:
2596:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2564:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2544:/dj,tj,sj,zj/
2542:the clusters
2541:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2465:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2439:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2400:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2100:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1971:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1768:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1587:
1581:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1516:
1500:
1483:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1453:/ˈpjuːlɪtsər/
1438:
1434:
1425:
1423:
1415:
1411:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1332:
1324:
1315:
1311:
1310:without yod.
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1281:
1274:
1258:
1251:
1239:
1229:
1221:
1216:
1208:
1203:
1195:
1190:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1149:
1142:
1139:
1134:
1127:
1124:
1119:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1072:Welsh English
1066:
1064:
1052:
1048:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1003:
995:
990:
982:
976:
968:
963:
956:
949:
941:
940:
939:
937:
932:
926:
916:
914:
910:
906:
902:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
837:
823:
819:
815:
811:
798:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
768:
752:
745:
737:
725:
721:
717:
706:
700:
690:
688:
684:
680:
672:
668:
664:
663:Irish English
660:
656:
655:New York City
652:
648:
647:United States
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
617:
613:
609:
606:, and making
605:
597:
575:
573:
569:
565:
560:
554:
548:
510:
506:
502:
498:
496:
491:
484:Reduction to
483:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
455:labialization
444:
437:Reduction to
436:
435:
434:
432:
422:
412:
398:
392:
382:
380:
376:
372:
363:
351:
347:
345:
341:
326:
321:
319:
314:
312:
307:
306:
304:
303:
297:
294:
292:
289:
288:
286:
285:
281:
280:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
222:
218:
214:
213:
211:
210:
206:
205:
199:
196:
194:
191:
190:
188:
187:
183:
182:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
137:
135:
134:
131:
128:
127:
121:
118:
116:
113:
112:
110:
109:
106:
103:
102:
96:
93:
91:
88:
87:
85:
84:
80:
79:
76:
73:
72:
68:
67:
58:
48:
42:
40:
35:
30:
26:
21:
20:
16:Sound changes
7698:Phonotactics
7657:
7638:
7630:
7618:
7610:
7602:
7591:
7526:
7464:Northumbrian
7377:
7372:
7347:
7339:
7319:
7312:
7300:
7291:
7271:
7266:
7258:
7237:
7229:
7224:
7215:
7207:
7202:
7194:
7189:Denham, K.,
7185:
7174:
7156:
7145:
7136:
7102:
7094:
7082:. Retrieved
7059:
7051:
7050:Wyld, H.C.,
7046:
7037:
7028:
7019:
7010:
7000:
6991:
6982:
6970:
6965:
6957:
6952:
6941:. Retrieved
6937:
6928:
6916:. Retrieved
6913:Scots Online
6912:
6892:
6887:
6879:
6874:
6863:. Retrieved
6859:
6850:
6842:
6834:
6825:
6815:, retrieved
6810:
6778:
6768:
6759:
6750:
6731:
6721:
6713:
6705:
6696:
6688:All Things D
6687:
6677:
6654:
6617:
6613:
6602:. Retrieved
6598:the original
6593:
6584:
6575:
6557:Urban Voices
6556:
6550:
6541:
6532:
6509:
6500:
6477:
6468:
6445:
6436:
6411:. Retrieved
6407:the original
6397:
6340:yod-dropping
6337:
6295:
6282:
6273:
6256:
6196:
6172:Ulster Scots
6166:Wife of Bath
6164:
6160:
6156:
6152:
6150:
6137:
6127:
6115:
6110:
6102:
6098:
6094:
6069:
6064:
6040:
6036:
6032:
6021:glottal stop
6006:
5996:
5992:
5984:
5968:
5964:
5949:
5933:
5922:assimilation
5919:
5916:Assimilation
5189:
5162:
4831:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4812:
4807:
4803:
4802:in the word
4797:
4792:
4791:rhymes with
4788:
4778:
4772:
4758:
4754:
4740:
4736:
4723:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4672:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4628:
4623:
4619:
4605:
4574:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4547:
4542:
4538:
4537:and the in
4534:
4524:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4488:
4476:
4470:
4458:
4452:
4440:
4434:
4422:
4416:
4404:
4398:
4386:
4380:
4373:
4358:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4300:
4295:
4291:
4273:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4238:
4214:
4206:
4200:
4181:
4174:field sports
4165:
4159:
4136:
4115:
4111:
4103:
4094:rather than
4089:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4065:orthographic
4050:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4007:
3993:
3975:
3970:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3946:underlyingly
3941:
3933:
3929:
3903:
3898:
3894:
3887:
3876:
3866:
3855:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3780:
3774:
3773:in the word
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3734:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3709:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3677:
3671:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3647:assimilation
3632:
3611:
3599:
3593:
3577:
3571:
3559:
3553:
3541:
3535:
3500:
3488:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3466:
3464:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3425:
3401:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3369:
3344:
3328:
3324:
3318:
3316:homophones.
3314:knight/night
3313:
3309:
3299:
3286:
3282:
3272:
3263:
3259:
3247:
3246:, where the
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3217:
3213:lip rounding
3204:
3200:
3186:
3160:
3159:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2901:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2886:
2880:
2874:
2865:
2859:
2853:
2802:
2798:
2796:
2760:
2702:
2670:
2664:
2658:
2648:
2643:
2637:
2636:(also vowel+
2633:
2629:
2619:
2615:
2614:, consonant+
2611:
2607:
2603:
2594:
2585:
2581:
2562:
2560:
2537:
1569:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1522:East Anglian
1519:
1484:
1475:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1436:
1432:
1426:
1421:
1413:
1409:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1379:
1356:
1350:
1336:
1333:may be made.
1330:
1322:
1307:
1303:
1293:
1286:
1279:
1272:
1249:
1235:
1227:
1214:
1201:
1188:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1155:
1147:
1140:
1132:
1125:
1117:
1110:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1069:
1060:
1050:
1046:
1029:
1025:
1001:
988:
974:
961:
954:
947:
933:
922:
919:Yod-dropping
912:
908:
904:
900:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
838:
799:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
766:
743:
715:
702:
682:
678:
670:
666:
651:Philadelphia
630:
626:
622:
615:
611:
607:
603:
595:
581:
571:
567:
563:
519:
493:
489:
474:
470:
466:
458:
425:The cluster
424:
394:
368:
356:and ⟨
338:
220:
216:
197:
52:
36:
34:lead section
7449:Old English
6168:'s Prologue
6017:glottalized
5977:possessives
5944:), and the
5896:wyns, wynns
5876:wyns, wynns
5479:ˈprɛzən(t)s
5387:ˈpeɪʃən(t)s
4767:may become
4749:may become
4731:may become
4689:sound like
4501:may become
4057:velar nasal
3718:superlative
3714:comparative
3643:velar nasal
3234:, etc. are
2761:what're you
2556:affrication
1468:New Zealand
1455:, although
1371:/lut~lɪʊ̯t/
1074:pairs like
996:After stop+
814:New England
661:accents of
639:stigmatized
507:, and some
463:Old English
150:Close front
90:Old English
7682:Categories
7584:Consonants
7559:Diphthongs
7469:West Saxon
7191:Lobeck, A.
7084:28 January
6943:2022-05-08
6865:2022-05-08
6817:2023-05-04
6657:. Berlin:
6413:2005-06-14
6389:References
6383:H-dropping
6148:switched.
6134:metathesis
6103:quite easy
6037:quite nice
6033:quite good
5981:verb forms
5899:winds (n.)
5866:winds (n.)
5833:winds (v.)
5813:winds (v.)
5749:winds (n.)
5281:ɪnˈtɛn(t)s
4608:epenthetic
4577:change of
4110:) form in
4030:syllabic
4026:Buckingham
3990:G-dropping
3984:G-dropping
3823:Manchester
3815:Birmingham
3807:Derbyshire
3799:Lancashire
3527:aspiration
3462:dialects.
3287:wlisp(ian)
3236:homophones
3171:Wiktionary
2807:Australian
2584:, such as
1449:/ˈkjuːpɒn/
1445:/ˈpʊlɪtsə/
1296:shibboleth
1253:/pəˈsjuːt/
1063:media help
1024:The words
936:John Wells
816:, and the
789:, such as
697:See also:
643:H-dropping
619:homophones
503:, most of
391:H-dropping
389:See also:
238:H-dropping
155:Diphthongs
145:Close back
55:April 2020
7625:Rhoticity
7605:-dropping
6634:144942447
6604:March 30,
6313:beautiful
6178:, and in
6084:affricate
6061:semivowel
5837:ˈwaɪn(d)z
5817:ˈwaɪn(d)z
5624:ˈstæn(d)z
5604:ˈspɪn(d)z
5492:ˈprɪn(t)s
5361:ˈmaɪn(d)z
5296:ˈkaɪn(d)z
5228:ˈhaɪn(d)z
5194:/ˈhaɪnts/
5185:ˈhaɪn(d)z
5145:ˈɡlæn(d)z
5077:ˈfaɪn(d)z
5057:ˈɛrən(d)z
4985:ˈbaɪn(d)z
4957:ˈbræn(d)z
4944:ˈbaɪn(d)z
4870:ˈɛrən(d)z
4851:affricate
4846:fricative
4635:fricative
4539:cold cuts
4349:solemnity
4345:damnation
4059:with the
4040:with the
3966:Singapore
3961:orangutan
3944:as being
3914:allophone
3839:Sheffield
3831:Liverpool
3465:The song
2548:sibilants
2546:into the
1570:beautiful
1480:/ˈdæebʉː/
1459:with the
1441:/ˈkuːpɒn/
1375:/du~dɪʊ̯/
1231:/ɛnˈθuːz/
944:/ʃ,tʃ,dʒ/
645:, in the
600:/ˈjuːmən/
453:with the
375:phonology
258:Rhoticity
165:Open back
39:summarize
7650:stopping
7645:fronting
7597:Flapping
7592:Clusters
7164:Archived
6918:21 March
6620:: 5–36.
6508:(1982).
6476:(2001).
6444:(1980).
6422:cite web
6362:See also
6338:Compare
6223:/ˈɡræps/
6144:and the
6095:mattress
6093:, as in
6065:mattress
5903:ˈwɪn(d)z
5883:ˈwɪn(d)z
5870:ˈwɪn(d)z
5850:ˈwɪn(d)z
5797:ˈwɪn(t)s
5775:ˈwɪn(t)s
5753:ˈwɪn(d)z
5740:ˈwɛn(d)z
5727:ˈwɑn(d)z
5707:ˈvɪn(t)s
5685:ˈtɪn(d)z
5665:ˈtɪn(t)s
5652:ˈtɛn(t)s
5637:ˈtɛn(d)z
5584:ˈsɪn(t)s
5564:ˈsɪn(t)s
5551:ˈsɛn(t)s
5538:ˈsɛn(t)s
5525:ˈsæn(d)z
5505:ˈrɪn(t)s
5475:presents
5472:presence
5466:ˈpɑn(d)z
5453:ˈpɑn(t)s
5433:ˈpɪn(d)z
5420:ˈpɛn(d)z
5400:ˈpɑn(d)z
5383:patients
5380:patience
5367:N's; ens
5348:ˈmɪn(t)s
5335:ˈmɛn(d)z
5322:ˈlɛn(d)z
5309:ˈlæn(d)z
5208:ˈhɪn(t)s
5171:/ˈhɑːns/
5167:/ˈhɑːnz/
5158:ˈhæn(d)z
5125:ˈfɪn(d)z
5105:ˈfɪn(d)z
5090:ˈfɛn(d)z
5024:ˈdɛn(t)s
5011:ˈdɛn(t)s
4970:ˈbʌn(t)s
4931:ˈbɛn(d)z
4918:ˈbæn(d)z
4905:ˈæn(t)si
4827:scramble
4773:Kingston
4737:pinscher
4663:consider
4543:band saw
4341:autumnal
4337:columnar
4178:John Gay
3934:sin–sing
3930:pan–pang
3928:such as
3891:/ˈvɪŋər/
3881:/ˈfɪŋər/
3869:Scotland
3674:morpheme
3490:Gnu High
3355:/kneːo̯/
3310:knot/not
3161:See also
2916:pressure
2632:such as
2608:pressure
2606:such as
1457:Pulitzer
1437:Pulitzer
1398:continue
1114:/tʃɪʊ̯z/
907:, as in
875:, as in
795:precious
779:argument
765:, as in
751:modified
742:, as in
501:Scotland
445:(due to
354:/ /
350:Help:IPA
296:Spelling
233:Flapping
198:Clusters
120:In Scots
7459:Mercian
7454:Kentish
6298:Memphis
6278:/skrit/
6245:/ˈɡæps/
6234:/ˈwɑps/
6192:/ˈɑːks/
6184:/ˈaːks/
6111:teacher
6009:Cockney
5997:knocked
5973:plurals
5971:(as in
5965:bad boy
5950:ten men
5374:ˈɛn(d)z
5277:intents
5274:intense
5261:ˈɪn(d)z
5241:ˈɪn(d)z
5053:errands
5044:-ən(t)s
4890:-ən(t)s
4866:errands
4863:Aaron's
4836:below.
4823:grumble
4819:thimble
4808:attempt
4759:hamster
4741:pincher
4709:of the
4707:elision
4633:to the
4535:postman
4491:plurals
4328:automne
4269:plumber
4265:plumbed
4261:lambing
4139:Cockney
4112:-ing(e)
4081:makin'
4022:ceiling
4018:nothing
4014:morning
3953:gingham
3819:Brummie
3710:hangman
3706:wrongly
3702:wronged
3694:singing
3600:'queeze
3594:squeeze
3560:'tomach
3554:stomach
3468:The Gnu
3444:gnostic
3412:Cumbria
3268:Cumbria
3081:ˈdʒuːɾi
3055:ˈdʒuːli
3029:ˈdʒuːəl
3003:ˈdʒuːəl
2930:etc.).
2920:educate
2912:soldier
2854:dew/due
2811:Cockney
2703:got you
2649:educate
2634:measure
2595:soldier
2563:educate
2487:ˈpʊə(r)
1727:through
1499:Cockney
1394:Matthew
1377:, etc.
1304:student
1276:/ˈtuːn/
1250:pursuit
1228:enthuse
1218:/ˈzuːs/
1205:/ˈluːt/
1148:through
1144:/θrɪʊ̯/
1121:/tʃuːz/
1096:through
965:/dʒuːs/
927:of the
925:elision
859:(where
822:falling
747:/kjuːb/
722:letter
592:/juːdʒ/
562:become
505:Ireland
461:in the
441:before
342:in the
7518:Vowels
7360:
7327:
7110:
6789:
6738:
6665:
6632:
6563:
6520:
6488:
6456:
6450:London
6285:Gullah
6274:street
6261:, the
6212:/ˈæks/
6176:/ˈaks/
6157:acsian
6153:áscian
6099:quite!
6053:liquid
6041:nights
5983:) and
5934:encase
5810:whines
5788:whence
5620:stands
5617:Stan's
5600:spends
5580:scents
5547:scents
5488:prints
5485:prince
5141:glands
5050:Erin's
4994:chants
4991:chance
4953:brands
4858:Notes
4804:dreamt
4755:Samson
4659:prints
4655:prince
4624:prints
4620:prince
4562:listen
4558:castle
4531:elided
4511:messes
4507:desses
4503:tesses
4323:solemn
4315:autumn
4311:column
4188:Handel
4170:gentry
4108:gerund
4085:making
3971:longer
3957:dinghy
3949:/sɪnɡ/
3899:engage
3895:singer
3888:vinger
3877:finger
3873:Ulster
3864:area.
3835:Scouse
3801:, the
3791:finger
3787:singer
3775:tongue
3753:singer
3749:finger
3741:finger
3698:singer
3682:suffix
3667:tongue
3618:creole
3513:, and
3365:/kniː/
3153:ˈtʃuːd
3149:chewed
3068:ˈdʒuːn
3042:ˈdʒuːk
2990:ˈdʒuːd
2964:ˈdʒuːs
2952:Notes
2908:nature
2883:(RP: )
2881:assume
2877:(RP: )
2875:resume
2862:(RP: )
2856:(RP: )
2673:gotcha
2604:-ssure
2586:nature
2565:, the
2493:Q; cue
2335:Hughes
2322:Hughes
2140:ˈbuːti
2133:beauty
2115:Notes
2024:ˈduːər
1986:Notes
1921:slough
1908:slough
1825:ˈluːɪs
1808:ˈgluːm
1795:ˈbluːm
1783:Notes
1753:you'll
1666:ˈdruːp
1640:ˈtʃuːz
1636:choose
1627:ˈbruːm
1614:ˈbruːd
1607:brewed
1602:Notes
1542:beauty
1493:, and
1433:coupon
1422:figure
1410:volume
1390:volume
1382:annual
1290:/ˈnuː/
1283:/ˈduː/
1255:.) In
1244:after
1222:After
1209:After
1196:After
1192:/suːt/
1183:After
1151:/θruː/
1129:/jɪʊ̯/
1118:choose
1080:choose
1005:/bluː/
992:/ruːd/
983:After
969:After
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6630:S2CID
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5830:wines
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4733:/ntʃ/
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4588:soft
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4423:han'
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1104:/uː/
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989:rude
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897:/uː/
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826:/ɪu/
802:/ɪu/
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728:/ɪu/
675:/hj/
669:and
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7543:/r/
7535:/l/
7354:122
7306:Ask
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6622:doi
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6332:→
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6316:→
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4465:→
4447:→
4429:→
4411:→
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3837:),
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3678:-ng
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3341:/k/
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3329:kn-
3325:cn-
3306:/n/
3279:/l/
3266:in
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2593:in
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1126:yew
1088:you
1084:yew
1051:yew
1047:you
1030:yew
1026:you
998:/l/
985:/r/
975:yew
971:/j/
929:/j/
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843:or
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804:to
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773:or
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763:/r/
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631:you
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