2574:
3480:
25:
2007:
All of the above diphthongs came about during the Middle
English. Old English had a number of diphthongs, but all of them had been reduced to monophthongs in the transition to Middle English. Diphthongs in Middle English came about by various processes and at various time periods and tended to change
3079:
Those sounds were lost during later Middle
English and Early Modern English. The timing of the process depended on the dialect; the fricatives were still pronounced in some educated speech in the 16th century, but they had disappeared by the late 17th. Loss of the fricatives was accompanied by some
1998:
was introduced after it. During Early Modern
English, it was fronted in most environments to in southern England, and it and even closer values are found in the contemporary speech of southern England, North America and the Southern Hemisphere. It remains in much of Northern England, Scotland and
440:
of Middle
English. The dialects of Middle English vary greatly over both time and place, and in contrast with Old English and Modern English, spelling was usually phonetic rather than conventional. Words were generally spelled according to how they sounded to the person writing a text, rather than
3028:) consonants were reduced to single ones. This took place after open syllable lengthening; the syllable before a geminate was a closed syllable and sp vowels were not lengthened before (originally) doubled consonants. The loss of gemination may have been stimulated by its small
2833:
In late Old
English, vowels were shortened before clusters of two consonants when two or more syllables followed. Later in Middle English, the process was expanded, and applied to all vowels when two or more syllables followed. This led to the Modern English variations between
8344:
As mentioned above, Modern
English is derived from the Middle English of London, which is derived largely from Anglian Old English, with some admixture of West Saxon and Kentish. One of the most noticeable differences among the dialects is the handling of original Old English
2121:
The following sections describe the major phonological processes occurring between written Late West Saxon, the standard written form of Old
English, and the end of Middle English, which is conventionally dated to around 1500 AD.
9999:
Beatrice
Santorini. The English fricative voicing rule: an outline history. The Department of Linguistics at the University of Pennsylvania. Citing Jespersen 1909: A modern English grammar on historical principles, p.
2204:
In the transition to Middle
English, the system underwent major changes by eliminating the diphthongs and leaving only one pair of low vowels but with a vowel distinction appearing in the long mid vowels:
2385:
Unstressed vowels were gradually confused in late Old
English although spelling lagged behind because a standardized spelling system existed. By Early Middle English, all unstressed vowels were written
1999:
the Caribbean. Meanwhile, the long open vowel, which developed later because of open syllable lengthening, was . It was gradually fronted, to successively , and , in the 16th and the 17th centuries.
452:) is used as the standard Middle English dialect in teaching and when specifying "the" grammar or phonology of Middle English. It is this form that is described below, unless otherwise indicated.
2773:
often led to differences in the stem vowel between singular and plural/genitive. Generally, such differences were regularized by analogy in one direction or another but not in a consistent way:
3598:. For more information, see the section below. The only conditional development considered in detail below is Middle English open-syllable lengthening. In the column on modern spelling,
1823:
seems to indicate that the short vowels were open-mid in quality, but according to Lass, they were close-mid. (There is some direct documentary evidence: in early texts, open-mid
3552:
This table presents the general developments. Many exceptional outcomes occurred in particular environments. For example, vowels were often lengthened in late Old English before
1215:
A sound change that caused fricatives to be voiced before a fully unstressed syllable. That is reflected in the modern pronunciation of the endings thay are spelled
965:('of a woman') . In Middle English, voiced allophones become phonemes and have become solidly established in Modern English as separate phonemes by several sources:
416:
377:
252:
229:
224:
204:
199:
2173:, the standard written form of Old English, included matched pairs of short and long vowels, including seven pairs of pure vowels (the monophthongs
3377:
This is not normally considered a part of the Great Vowel Shift, but during the same time period, most pre-existing Middle English diphthongs were
219:
1134:, resulting in voiced fricatives at the end of a word where only voiceless fricatives had occurred. That is the source of the modern distinctions
2008:
their quality over time. The changes above occurred mostly between early and late Middle English. Early Middle English had a distinction between
2150:. Later, the vowels in many of those words were shortened again, which gives the appearance that no lengthening happened, but evidence from the
10152:
3057:
2418:
was dropped. Inflectional evidence suggests that occurred first when the following word began with a vowel. A century or so later, unstressed
1314:
was normal in Chaucer's time before a vowel-initial word and optional elsewhere. That is assumed to be a poetic relic, with the loss of final
441:
according to a formalised system that might not accurately represent the way the writer's dialect was pronounced, as Modern English is today.
2298:/freːnd/ 'friend'). In the southwest, it took 200 or 300 years for the process to take place, and in the meantime, the sounds were spelled
2157:
9998:
3544:. A summary of the main vowel changes is presented below. The spelling of Modern English largely reflects Middle English pronunciation.
247:
209:
89:
10818:
10419:
3501:
61:
42:
8373:
in Middle English documents from the area. Some words with the sound were borrowed into London Middle English, where the unfamiliar
2650:(when they followed by a single consonant that in turn was followed by another vowel). In addition, non-low vowels were lowered:
68:
3565:
370:
184:
1924:
likewise had existed in the southwest dialects but not in the standard Middle English dialect of London and were indicated as
10424:
10387:
3092:; as such, the preceding vowel was shortened, and the of a diphthong was absorbed. Some developments are illustrated below:
327:
322:
302:
1196:
that introduced the voiced fricative /ð/, instead of original /θ/, at the beginning of unstressed function words. Contrast
194:
1843:.) Later, the short vowels were in fact lowered to become open-mid vowels, as is shown by their values in Modern English.
75:
2116:
1928:. Sometime in the 13th century, they became unrounded and merged with the normal front mid vowels. They derived from the
169:
10145:
3527:
363:
108:
57:
3540:
For a detailed description of the changes between Old English and Middle and Modern English, see the article on the
3509:
10254:
3623:
10655:
10642:
10181:
3541:
2108:
1330:
The sandhi effects on unstressed function words occurred somewhat later, during the transition to Modern English.
398:
159:
10853:
10206:
3505:
2585:
46:
10813:
10778:
10409:
10196:
10138:
2637:
2322:
1001:
916:
apparently had velarised counterparts or allophones and . These occurred after back vowels or the consonant
174:
10399:
10352:
10191:
2624:
was treated as a back vowel in the process; the long equivalent did not occur in the relevant context. See
1227:, having developed in Middle English from - to - and then, after the deletion of the unstressed vowel, to -
464:
307:
9964:
9956:
9915:
9907:
9902:
9866:
9861:
9849:
9844:
9840:
9789:
9784:
9779:
9774:
9753:
9748:
9743:
9716:
9712:
9707:
9703:
9691:
9686:
9633:
9580:
9575:
9570:
9565:
9561:
9540:
9535:
9531:
9526:
9521:
9500:
9495:
9490:
9458:
9453:
9441:
9436:
9426:
9386:
9381:
9376:
9371:
9351:
9256:
9252:
9247:
9243:
9238:
9233:
9176:
9125:
9120:
9069:
9064:
9059:
9054:
9013:
9008:
9003:
8998:
8927:
8868:
8863:
8858:
8853:
8849:
8772:
8691:
8686:
8681:
8676:
8489:
8474:
8378:
8374:
8366:
8362:
8358:
8354:
8350:
8346:
8338:
8334:
8330:
8284:
8276:
8264:
8260:
8200:
8168:
8164:
8160:
8156:
8148:
8098:
8053:
8049:
8045:
7962:
7957:
7949:
7939:
7926:
7913:
7900:
7883:
7873:
7860:
7847:
7830:
7796:
7792:
7788:
7784:
7737:
7699:
7694:
7686:
7642:
7638:
7634:
7494:
7489:
7481:
7415:
7411:
7407:
7402:
7394:
7348:
7344:
7340:
7260:
7256:
7252:
7247:
7239:
7063:
7058:
7050:
6998:
6940:
6915:
6911:
6907:
6897:
6880:
6826:
6822:
6818:
6788:
6748:
6730:
6725:
6717:
6659:
6655:
6651:
6567:
6563:
6557:
6549:
6539:
6522:
6507:
6483:
6479:
6475:
6471:
6441:
6436:
6428:
6287:
6283:
6279:
6249:
6232:
6102:
6089:
6071:
6066:
6058:
6014:
6010:
6006:
5962:
5958:
5952:
5944:
5900:
5896:
5892:
5818:
5746:
5742:
5736:
5728:
5684:
5679:
5671:
5627:
5623:
5619:
5482:
5367:
5362:
5354:
5304:
5287:
5224:
5220:
5216:
5206:
5189:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5094:
5041:
5036:
5028:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4924:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4813:
4809:
4803:
4764:
4655:
4547:
4542:
4534:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4399:
4395:
4390:
4382:
4368:
4355:
4302:
4259:
4255:
4194:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4077:
4073:
4069:
3966:
3962:
3919:
3896:
3875:
3738:
3733:
3725:
3595:
3588:
3584:
3573:
3569:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3406:
3402:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3366:
3362:
3354:
3350:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3288:
3284:
3268:
3233:
3225:
3205:
3199:
3161:
3157:
3146:
3142:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3089:
3045:
2969:
2962:
2958:
2929:
2914:
2901:
2890:
2867:
2746:
2742:
2734:
2722:
2714:
2710:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2554:
2550:
2543:
2511:
2504:
2486:
2479:
2461:
2454:
2419:
2415:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2374:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2348:
2344:
2333:
2329:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2263:
2259:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2081:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2055:
2051:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
1995:
1991:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1921:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1878:
1874:
1866:
1862:
1850:
1836:
1832:
1824:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1767:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1705:
1699:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1663:
1658:
1652:
1647:
1620:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1590:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1568:
1556:
1551:
1545:
1540:
1533:
1528:
1522:
1516:
1511:
1491:
1486:
1480:
1475:
1463:
1454:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1432:
1415:
1409:
1371:
1367:
1355:
1339:
1335:
1315:
1311:
1296:
1288:
1280:
1272:
1264:
1256:
1248:
1228:
1224:
1209:
1201:
1178:
1131:
1108:
1084:
1072:
1068:
938:
934:
930:
917:
913:
909:
886:
871:
867:
863:
816:
812:
807:
788:
782:
774:
769:
764:
747:
741:
736:
729:
723:
717:
712:
706:
701:
695:
690:
675:
670:
663:
659:
654:
650:
643:
639:
623:
612:
607:
599:
412:
408:
3152:
The variable outcome, along with other variable changes and the ambiguity of the Middle English spelling
3053:
2698:, with open-syllable lengthening in the latter word). The process was restricted in the following ways:
10952:
10791:
10327:
10277:
10211:
10186:
82:
10500:
10429:
10287:
10267:
3672:
3061:
2647:
2518:
2370:
1820:
2321:
respectively everywhere but in the southwest (the former West Saxon area) and the southeast (former
1948:, but it can be assumed because of the corresponding distinction in the unrounded mid front vowels.
10823:
10505:
10404:
3490:
3081:
1974:
The quality of the short open vowel is unclear. In early Middle English, it was presumably central
8349:. By the time of the written Old English documents, the Old English of Kent had already unrounded
10957:
10667:
10550:
10520:
10485:
10272:
10216:
10201:
3494:
3291:
is becoming more common among some younger speakers. The same is true in Wales, in names such as
2549:
A new set of diphthongs developed from combinations of vowel+ (either from or from pre-existing
2406:
was dropped when it was part of an inflectional syllable but remained when part of the root like
1987:
1763:
35:
10130:
2968:
Later in Middle English, vowels were shortened before clusters of two consonants, except before
10921:
10708:
10515:
10414:
10074:
8144:
3661:
572:
394:
10565:
10532:
10525:
10434:
10347:
10342:
3164:
in Early Middle English, accounts for the numerous pronunciations of Modern English words in
2112:
1223:' ending and the third-person present indicative ending), which now have the phonemic shape -
557:
270:
144:
2870:
while trisyllabic laxing applied). The change is still fairly productive in Modern English.
2016:
diphthongs, and all of the close-mid diphthongs had been eliminated by late Middle English.
10911:
10773:
10683:
10662:
10572:
10560:
10555:
10299:
10282:
3576:, and new diphthongs arose in Middle English by the combination of vowels with Old English
3346:
504:
312:
1307:
The first three sources (borrowing, dialect mixture and analogy) were already established.
8:
10901:
10808:
10786:
10743:
10728:
10693:
10637:
10582:
10577:
10446:
10332:
10309:
10249:
1847:
1161:
Reduction of double consonants to single consonants, which explains the contrast between
685:
350:
2702:
It did not occur when two or more syllables followed because of the opposing process of
10798:
10607:
10542:
10537:
10492:
10451:
10239:
10165:
8302:
3378:
3165:
2828:
2770:
2703:
2170:
1854:
1853:
existed in the southwest dialects of Middle English, which developed from the standard
567:
345:
10698:
3572:
throughout the history of English. Vowels were diphthongized in Middle English before
3309:
in imitation of the local pronunciations as they may in certain foreign words such as
1004:) that voiced initial fricatives and the more standard dialects that did not. Compare
10926:
10891:
10876:
10860:
10848:
10833:
10803:
10763:
10733:
10713:
10703:
10647:
10627:
10617:
10602:
10587:
10472:
10467:
10394:
10364:
10359:
10337:
10319:
10314:
10304:
10294:
10119:
3342:
3113:
1869:
are direct descendants of the corresponding Old English vowels and were indicated as
1794:
before the occurrence of Middle English breaking, which generated new occurrences of
797:
587:
577:
522:
214:
129:
2858:, etc. In some cases, later changes have led to apparently anomalous results, e.g.
10906:
10838:
10828:
10768:
10758:
10753:
10738:
10723:
10718:
10632:
10622:
10480:
10374:
10262:
10244:
10234:
8294:
8152:
3646:
3221:
3213:
3085:
1318:
having been completed in spoken English (a similar situation to Modern French; see
946:
562:
449:
433:
317:
10916:
10896:
10881:
10843:
10748:
10688:
10612:
10597:
10592:
10382:
10369:
10113:
3029:
2013:
1940:. There is no direct evidence that there was ever a distinction between open-mid
1882:
1809:
1501:
1346:. It is also the only distinction that is consistently indicated in spelling, as
594:
582:
2878:
In late Old English, vowels were shortened before clusters of three consonants:
10931:
10886:
8251:
3665:
3650:
3640:
3634:
3358:
3217:
2009:
1813:
1635:
1220:
1040:
905:
880:('ring') is ; did not occur alone in Middle English, unlike in Modern English.
634:
498:
479:
425:
297:
1897:
may have existed in learned speech in loanwords from Old French, also spelled
10946:
10123:
8159:) does not appear in the above chart. Its main source is late Middle English
3449:
3049:
3033:
2023:
Reinterpretation of Old English sequences of a vowel followed by Old English
1861:, but not in the standard Middle English dialect of London. The close vowels
974:
10042:
Degemination in English, with special reference to the Middle English period
8306:
3681:
3349:
that affected the pronunciation of all of the long vowels. The high vowels
2643:
1816:
8518:
have their spelling from West Saxon but their pronunciation from Anglian.
3627:
3617:
2089:
1953:
1929:
1858:
1640:
1506:
1427:
1422:
1029:
1017:
901:
890:
754:
470:
437:
8576:
8561:
3088:
of preceding vowels. In some cases, the velar fricative developed into
2573:
2221:, respectively. Subsequently, the low vowels were modified as follows:
1917:
was the vernacular pronunciation that was used in French-derived words.
8238:
3469:
3025:
2096:
2085:
1694:
1670:
1563:
1470:
1343:
978:
894:
526:
292:
10161:
9856:
9698:
9448:
8583:
2526:
2130:
In late Old English, vowels were lengthened before certain clusters:
1613:
1303:
The status of the sources in Chaucer's Middle English is as follows:
428:
8599:
may actually be from the influence of a related form with unmutated
8483:
has its spelling from West Saxon but its pronunciation from Kentish;
3479:
3064:, occurring after back vowels. The usual spelling in both cases was
1247:). The sound change also affects function words ending in original -
858:
The sounds marked in parentheses in the table above are allophones:
432:
is necessarily somewhat speculative since it is preserved only as a
24:
9976:
8275:); occasional shortening and later relengthening of Middle English
3345:
was a fundamental change in late Middle English (post-Chaucer) and
3329:
3323:
3228:
and instead exhibit special vowel developments in some such words:
2351:
respectively in Old English and remained as such in Middle English.
1819:
but no corresponding distinction in short vowels. The behaviour of
530:
404:
287:
2278:(yielding /frøːnd/ 'friend'). Everywhere except in the southwest,
10160:
3317:
3293:
3036:
of words existed that were distinguished solely by that feature.
2152:
1327:
The reduction of double consonants was apparently about to occur.
9969:
9940:
9930:
9920:
9887:
9881:
9871:
9824:
9814:
9804:
9794:
9758:
9728:
9722:
9670:
9664:
9654:
9644:
9638:
9617:
9607:
9601:
9591:
9585:
9545:
9505:
9475:
9469:
9463:
9417:
9407:
9401:
9391:
9355:
9342:
9332:
9322:
9312:
9302:
9292:
9282:
9272:
9262:
9217:
9211:
9201:
9191:
9181:
9160:
9150:
9140:
9130:
9104:
9094:
9084:
9074:
9038:
9028:
9018:
8982:
8972:
8962:
8952:
8942:
8932:
8911:
8905:
8895:
8889:
8879:
8873:
8833:
8827:
8817:
8807:
8797:
8787:
8777:
8756:
8746:
8736:
8726:
8716:
8706:
8696:
8614:
8608:
8555:
8513:
8503:
8493:
8478:
8463:
8451:
8439:
8429:
8419:
8409:
8399:
8389:
8369:
remained as such well into Middle English times and was written
8333:
in American dialects that still maintain the difference between
8288:
8228:
8218:
8208:
8194:
8184:
8122:
8116:
8106:
8082:
8072:
8062:
8028:
8018:
8008:
7991:
7981:
7971:
7930:
7917:
7904:
7891:
7864:
7851:
7838:
7814:
7804:
7768:
7758:
7741:
7728:
7718:
7708:
7670:
7660:
7650:
7618:
7608:
7598:
7588:
7571:
7561:
7551:
7533:
7523:
7513:
7503:
7465:
7459:
7449:
7443:
7433:
7423:
7378:
7372:
7362:
7356:
7324:
7318:
7301:
7295:
7285:
7279:
7269:
7219:
7213:
7203:
7186:
7176:
7166:
7157:
7140:
7134:
7124:
7118:
7108:
7098:
7088:
7082:
7072:
7034:
7024:
7011:
7002:
6989:
6972:
6962:
6949:
6923:
6888:
6864:
6854:
6844:
6834:
6802:
6792:
6779:
6762:
6752:
6739:
6701:
6691:
6681:
6667:
6635:
6629:
6619:
6613:
6603:
6586:
6576:
6530:
6491:
6455:
6449:
6412:
6402:
6396:
6386:
6376:
6366:
6360:
6350:
6333:
6323:
6313:
6296:
6263:
6253:
6240:
6216:
6206:
6196:
6179:
6169:
6159:
6149:
6139:
6133:
6116:
6106:
6093:
6080:
6042:
6032:
6022:
5990:
5980:
5970:
5928:
5918:
5908:
5876:
5866:
5856:
5846:
5836:
5826:
5802:
5792:
5782:
5765:
5755:
5712:
5702:
5692:
5655:
5645:
5635:
5603:
5597:
5587:
5577:
5560:
5550:
5533:
5523:
5513:
5503:
5493:
5473:
5463:
5453:
5443:
5433:
5423:
5406:
5396:
5386:
5376:
5338:
5328:
5318:
5308:
5295:
5268:
5258:
5248:
5238:
5232:
5197:
5172:
5162:
5130:
5120:
5114:
5104:
5098:
5085:
5079:
5069:
5059:
5049:
5012:
5006:
4989:
4979:
4969:
4952:
4946:
4905:
4895:
4863:
4853:
4847:
4837:
4831:
4821:
4784:
4774:
4768:
4755:
4745:
4735:
4725:
4715:
4709:
4699:
4689:
4672:
4659:
4646:
4636:
4619:
4602:
4592:
4582:
4572:
4566:
4556:
4518:
4508:
4498:
4465:
4455:
4445:
4428:
4418:
4408:
4363:
4350:
4340:
4330:
4320:
4310:
4286:
4267:
4234:
4228:
4218:
4212:
4202:
4178:
4168:
4158:
4144:
4134:
4101:
4095:
4085:
4052:
4042:
4025:
4015:
3995:
3985:
3975:
3945:
3939:
3929:
3923:
3910:
3900:
3887:
3866:
3856:
3838:
3828:
3818:
3805:
3787:
3777:
3767:
3757:
3747:
2810:
2800:
2788:
2778:
2498:
2492:
2473:
2467:
2448:
2442:
1873:. (In the standard dialect of Middle English, the sounds became
8241:
3279:
2682:. That accounts, for example, for the vowel difference between
2357:
Thiatleft an asymmetric system consisting of five short vowels
1978:
since it represented the coalescence of the Old English vowels
1320:
1193:
1112:
455:
In the rest of the article, abbreviations are used as follows:
445:
10098:, tr. James Walker, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, pp. 27–29.
981:, which introduced sounds where they had not occurred: modern
4277:
2517:
In the last two examples, the stressed vowel was affected by
970:
942:
282:
3602:
means a sequence of a single consonant followed by a vowel.
2546:, became vocalized to . This occurred around the year 1200.
2270:'friend') respectively simplified to new front-round vowels
3311:
3273:
3271:
most commonly appears today in the typically-Scottish word
3212:
is realized as even today in some traditional dialects of
2343:
In the southeast, the vowels had already been unrounded to
2380:
8259:). Other sources are Early Modern English lengthening of
2193:, existed in earlier Old English but had been reduced to
2437:
The changes steadily effaced most inflectional endings:
8530:
are actually regular developments, particularly if the
2542:
The sound , which had been a post-vocalic allophone of
2019:
The following processes produced the above diphthongs:
1742:
and had apparently passed through early Middle English
1362:, especially in borrowings from Greek and sometimes as
2965:, which occurred in the transition to Middle English.
2158:
Phonological history of Old English: Vowel lengthening
1059:
Analogical changes that levelled former alternations:
3722:
a; æ; ea; ā+CC; often ǣ+CC,ēa+CC; occ. ē+CC (WS ǣ+CC)
448:
in the late 14th century (essentially, the speech of
3608:: In this table, abbreviations are used as follows:
3470:
Vowel equivalents from Old English to Modern English
2957:, this shortening occurred before the raising of OE
1963:
derived from the open syllable lengthening of short
403:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
2608:was inserted between a front vowel and a following
2527:Vocalization of and development of new diphthongs
1000:Dialect mixture between Old English dialects (like
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3297:. English-speakers from elsewhere may replace the
2616:was inserted between a back vowel and a following
8139:The Modern English vowel that is usually spelled
3019:
1310:As indicated by versification, the loss of final
10944:
2709:It only occasionally applied to the high vowels
417:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
8586:
8357:, and the late Old English of Anglia unrounded
8171:, which come from various sources: Old English
3686:>! = produces by analogy or irregular change
3425:The remaining diphthongs developed as follows:
2402:; during the Middle English period, this final
2177:) and two pairs of height-harmonic diphthongs:
1342:because of the large number of borrowings from
3287:is usual in Scotland although the alternative
3052:, is believed to have had two allophones: the
2394:. Also, in late Old English, final unstressed
969:Borrowings from foreign languages, especially
494:LLME = very late Middle English (post-Chaucer)
10146:
8668:Example (Old and Modern English forms given)
3361:, ultimately producing the modern diphthongs
2769:The effects of open-syllable lengthening and
1990:, it could not have been a front vowel since
1050:
1043:
533:) are shown in the tables below. Phonemes in
371:
5351:i; y; ī+CC,ȳ+CC; occ. ēoc,ēc; occ. ī+CV,ȳ+CV
3708:Early Modern English pronunciation, c. 1600
2631:
2369:in southwest. Some symmetry was restored by
8591:). Also, some apparent instances of modern
8444:etc. show the normal (Anglian) development;
8254:
4531:e; eo; occ. y; ē+CC; ēo+CC; occ. ǣ+CC,ēa+CC
4280:
3508:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2973:
2612:(pronounced in this context), and a vowel
2422:also dropped in the plural genitive ending
2328:In the southwest, the front rounded vowels
537:were added across Middle English; those in
10153:
10139:
2175:/ɑ(ː)//æ(ː)//e(ː)//i(ː)//o(ː)//u(ː)//y(ː)/
378:
364:
10094:Many examples from Fernand Mossé (1968),
10067:
10036:
10034:
8534:is a development of earlier (West Saxon)
3528:Learn how and when to remove this message
2873:
2165:
2125:
2102:
2035:after front vowels) or with pre-existing
1808:Middle English had a distinction between
444:The Middle English speech of the city of
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
10118:. Vol. 2. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
10056:
10054:
7478:ī; ȳ; often i+ld,mb,nd; often y+ld,mb,nd
3068:, which is retained today in words like
2638:Open-syllable lengthening § English
929:In Old English, , , were allophones of
2620:(pronounced in this context). A short
2531:and development of new diphthongs": -->
2430:in Modern English) and the past ending
2381:Reduction and loss of unstressed vowels
1967:, from the Old English short diphthong
1251:that are normally unstressed. Contrast
853:
10945:
10111:
10031:
3711:Modern English pronunciation, c. 2000
3702:Middle English pronunciation, c. 1400
2557:) and also from French loanwords: see
2365:, with additional fron rounded vowels
2185:. Two additional pairs of diphthongs,
1334:The strongest distinction was between
436:. Nevertheless, there is a very large
10134:
10051:
8233:); borrowings from Latin and French (
3264:, meaning 'anything' and 'nothing').
2822:
2604:During the 12th or the 13th century,
2201:, respectively, by late Old English.
2156:indicates otherwise. For details see
1391:
525:of Chaucer's Middle English (whether
3699:Late Old English (Anglian), c. 1000
3506:adding citations to reliable sources
3473:
3369:, and all other vowels were raised.
3336:
2568:
2286:were soon respectively unrounded to
924:
407:. For the distinction between ,
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
2117:Phonological history of Old English
841:The exact nature of Middle English
16:Historical, reconstructed phonology
13:
8522:Some apparent instances of modern
2373:, which restored a long low vowel
1111:in some dialects (such as that of
949:. That led to many alternations:
941:, respectively, occurring between
516:
14:
10969:
8456:shows the West Saxon development;
3705:Modern English spelling, c. 1500
3372:
2231:merged to a single central vowel
1952:would have derived directly from
1291:in many varieties of English vs.
889:in syllable-final position after
10115:English pronunciation, 1500–1700
10075:"Annexe 4: Linguistic Variables"
3478:
2572:
2414:). Around Chaucer's time, final
2410:or in derivational endings like
1758:. However, early Middle English
541:were removed during the period.
23:
8630:
6055:u; occ. y; ū+CC; w+ e,eo,o,y +r
3547:
3542:phonological history of English
2558:
2553:) or vowel+ (from pre-existing
2109:Phonological history of English
2080:Middle English breaking before
1909:in Modern English, rather than
1119:, with two plurals, analogical
989:(both borrowings from French);
399:International Phonetic Alphabet
34:needs additional citations for
10088:
10022:
10013:
10004:
9992:
8619:"apart, differently" (compare
8542:, as the normal i-mutation of
8468:shows the Kentish development;
3020:Reduction of double consonants
2648:lengthened in an open syllable
1219:(the noun plural ending, the '
845:is unknown. This article uses
834:
1:
9985:
3240:) and in the dialectal words
3200:/ou/,/uː/,/au/,/ʌf/,/ɒf/,/ɔː/
2866:with only two syllables (but
2390:, which probably represented
2002:
1920:The mid-front rounded vowels
1738:produced late Middle English
544:
10096:A Handbook of Middle English
3664:(prestige British accent of
3649:(generalised U.S. accent of
1283:, originally the same word;
7:
10388:Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect
8653:Late Old English (Anglian)
8199:); diphthongization before
3680:> = produces by regular
3054:voiceless palatal fricative
2686:and the alternative plural
2625:
2564:
2336:remained, and were spelled
2095:Borrowing, especially from
1766:became late Middle English
1095:, respectively). Contrast
10:
10974:
10105:
10019:Dobson (1968), pp. 594 ff.
10010:Dobson (1968), pp. 545 ff.
8365:. In the West Saxon area,
6054:
4530:
3732:
3729:
3724:
3721:
3123:('to laugh') → ME → LLME
3048:, when it occurred in the
2826:
2635:
2106:
1730:The Old English sequences
1087:, originally derived from
836:
550:Middle English consonants
488:EME = Early Middle English
124:History and description of
58:"Middle English phonology"
10869:
10676:
10460:
10227:
10172:
9899:
9848:
9839:
9836:
9690:
9685:
9682:
9579:
9574:
9569:
9440:
9435:
9432:
9230:āw, āgV, ow, ogV, ōw, ōgV
9124:
9068:
9063:
8867:
8862:
8857:
8690:
8685:
8680:
7961:
7956:
7953:
7948:
7945:
7698:
7693:
7690:
7685:
7682:
7493:
7488:
7485:
7480:
7477:
7251:
7246:
7243:
7235:
7062:
7057:
7054:
7049:
7046:
6936:
6729:
6724:
6721:
6716:
6713:
6561:
6556:
6553:
6548:
6545:
6435:
6432:
6424:
6275:
6070:
6065:
6062:
6057:
5951:
5948:
5940:
5740:
5735:
5732:
5727:
5724:
5366:
5361:
5358:
5353:
5350:
5035:
5032:
5024:
4928:
4923:
4917:
4802:
4796:
4546:
4541:
4538:
4533:
4394:
4389:
4386:
4378:
3957:
3737:
3673:open-syllable lengthening
3062:voiceless velar fricative
3039:
2642:Around the 13th century,
2632:Open-syllable lengthening
2519:open-syllable lengthening
2371:open syllable lengthening
2305:The front rounded vowels
2294:(yielding Middle English
1913:, it can be assumed that
1901:, but, as it merged with
1821:open syllable lengthening
1693:
1634:
1612:
1500:
1421:
1396:
1393:
1381:
1181:in the verb (Old English
491:LME = Late Middle English
239:Development of consonants
3564:, and vowels changed in
3082:compensatory lengthening
2972:and in some cases where
2363:/ɛː//eː//iː//ɔː//oː//uː/
10420:Regional North American
10048:, CUP 2011, pp. 231 ff.
10046:Analysing Older English
9970:
9941:
9931:
9921:
9888:
9882:
9872:
9825:
9815:
9805:
9795:
9759:
9729:
9723:
9671:
9665:
9655:
9645:
9639:
9618:
9608:
9602:
9592:
9586:
9546:
9506:
9476:
9470:
9464:
9418:
9408:
9402:
9392:
9356:
9343:
9333:
9323:
9313:
9303:
9293:
9283:
9273:
9263:
9218:
9212:
9202:
9192:
9182:
9161:
9151:
9141:
9131:
9105:
9095:
9085:
9075:
9039:
9029:
9019:
8983:
8973:
8963:
8953:
8943:
8933:
8912:
8906:
8896:
8890:
8880:
8874:
8834:
8828:
8818:
8808:
8798:
8788:
8778:
8757:
8747:
8737:
8727:
8717:
8707:
8697:
8643:means "any consonant";
8615:
8609:
8587:
8578:
8563:
8556:
8514:
8504:
8494:
8479:
8464:
8452:
8440:
8430:
8420:
8410:
8400:
8390:
8297:, lengthening of short
8289:
8242:
8229:
8219:
8209:
8195:
8185:
8123:
8117:
8107:
8083:
8073:
8063:
8029:
8019:
8009:
7992:
7982:
7972:
7931:
7918:
7905:
7892:
7865:
7852:
7839:
7815:
7805:
7769:
7759:
7742:
7729:
7719:
7709:
7671:
7661:
7651:
7619:
7609:
7599:
7589:
7572:
7562:
7552:
7534:
7524:
7514:
7504:
7466:
7460:
7450:
7444:
7434:
7424:
7379:
7373:
7363:
7357:
7325:
7319:
7302:
7296:
7286:
7280:
7270:
7220:
7214:
7204:
7187:
7177:
7167:
7158:
7141:
7135:
7125:
7119:
7109:
7099:
7089:
7083:
7073:
7035:
7025:
7012:
7003:
6990:
6973:
6963:
6950:
6924:
6889:
6865:
6855:
6845:
6835:
6803:
6793:
6780:
6763:
6753:
6740:
6702:
6692:
6682:
6668:
6636:
6630:
6620:
6614:
6604:
6587:
6577:
6531:
6492:
6456:
6450:
6413:
6403:
6397:
6387:
6377:
6367:
6361:
6351:
6334:
6324:
6314:
6297:
6264:
6254:
6241:
6217:
6207:
6197:
6180:
6170:
6160:
6150:
6140:
6134:
6117:
6107:
6094:
6081:
6043:
6033:
6023:
5991:
5981:
5971:
5929:
5919:
5909:
5877:
5867:
5857:
5847:
5837:
5827:
5803:
5793:
5783:
5766:
5756:
5713:
5703:
5693:
5656:
5646:
5636:
5604:
5598:
5588:
5578:
5561:
5551:
5534:
5524:
5514:
5504:
5494:
5474:
5464:
5454:
5444:
5434:
5424:
5407:
5397:
5387:
5377:
5339:
5329:
5319:
5309:
5296:
5269:
5259:
5249:
5239:
5233:
5198:
5173:
5163:
5131:
5121:
5115:
5105:
5099:
5086:
5080:
5070:
5060:
5050:
5013:
5007:
4990:
4980:
4970:
4953:
4947:
4906:
4896:
4864:
4854:
4848:
4838:
4832:
4822:
4785:
4775:
4769:
4756:
4746:
4736:
4726:
4716:
4710:
4700:
4690:
4673:
4660:
4647:
4637:
4620:
4603:
4593:
4583:
4573:
4567:
4557:
4519:
4509:
4499:
4466:
4456:
4446:
4429:
4419:
4409:
4364:
4351:
4341:
4331:
4321:
4311:
4287:
4268:
4235:
4229:
4219:
4213:
4203:
4179:
4169:
4159:
4145:
4135:
4102:
4096:
4086:
4053:
4043:
4026:
4016:
3996:
3986:
3976:
3946:
3940:
3930:
3924:
3911:
3901:
3888:
3867:
3857:
3839:
3829:
3819:
3806:
3788:
3778:
3768:
3758:
3748:
3141:('tough') → ME → LLME
2811:
2801:
2789:
2779:
2499:
2493:
2474:
2468:
2449:
2443:
1988:Middle English breaking
1855:Late West Saxon dialect
1764:Middle English breaking
1071:replacing the original
1052:
1045:
900:Based on evidence from
475:PreOE = Pre-Old English
395:phonetic transcriptions
10854:Dialects and varieties
10415:Received Pronunciation
10255:American Sign Language
8255:
8145:Received Pronunciation
4281:
3671:leng. = lengthened by
3662:Received Pronunciation
2974:homorganic lengthening
2874:Pre-cluster shortening
2166:Stressed vowel changes
2126:Homorganic lengthening
2103:Phonological processes
2031:after back vowels and
1387:Middle English vowels
1065:glass, glasses, glassy
1061:grass, grasses, grassy
392:This article contains
10112:Dobson, E.J. (1968).
10028:Dobson (1968), p. 594
8662:Early Modern English
8656:Early Middle English
8647:means "end of word".
8377:was substituted with
3959:(w+, not +g,ck,ng,nk)
3277:and in names such as
3216:and more famously in
2749:remained as such: OE
2741:. Most instances of
2113:Old English phonology
1798:, which later became
1762:that was produced by
1358:sometimes appears as
185:Development of vowels
130:English pronunciation
8659:Late Middle English
6426:(leng. — occ.)
5669:(leng. — occ.)
3502:improve this section
3347:Early Modern English
2976:applied. Examples:
2902:/ˈɡæstli/,/ˈɡɑːstli/
2361:and six long vowels
1848:front rounded vowels
1786:. Apparently, early
1075:between vowels (but
854:Consonant allophones
505:Early Modern English
43:improve this article
10779:Proto-Indo-European
10425:White South African
10064:, CUP 1982, p. 190.
8639:means "any vowel";
8538:from i-mutation of
8303:unvoiced fricatives
4300:(RP, often +f,s,th)
3677:occ. = occasionally
3301:in such cases with
3267:The modern phoneme
1388:
862:is an allophone of
551:
465:Proto-Indo-European
160:General development
10062:Accents of English
8544:⟨ea⟩
8540:⟨ea⟩
8536:⟨ie⟩
8177:⟨ag⟩
8173:⟨aw⟩
8141:⟨au⟩
6230:(b,f,p+ and +l,sh)
5816:(GA, +f,s,th,g,ng)
4991:liornian, leornian
3256:, pronounced like
3220:. Some accents in
3154:⟨ou⟩
3066:⟨gh⟩
3056:, occurring after
2829:Trisyllabic laxing
2823:Trisyllabic laxing
2771:trisyllabic laxing
2704:trisyllabic laxing
2584:. You can help by
1841:⟨eo⟩
1829:⟨ea⟩
1386:
1376:⟨th⟩
1239:with from earlier
885:are allophones of
549:
346:History of English
10953:English phonology
10940:
10939:
10430:Standard Canadian
10166:world's languages
9983:
9982:
9962:(non-centralized)
8601:⟨u⟩
8597:⟨y⟩
8593:⟨u⟩
8548:⟨e⟩
8532:⟨y⟩
8528:⟨y⟩
8524:⟨e⟩
8371:⟨u⟩
8134:
8133:
7881:(often +th,d,t,k)
7047:ē; ēo; often e+ld
5285:(often +th,d,t,v)
3694:
3693:
3593:⟨ġ⟩
3582:⟨g⟩
3578:⟨w⟩
3538:
3537:
3530:
3448:is still used in
3343:Great Vowel Shift
3337:Great Vowel Shift
3114:Great Vowel Shift
2602:
2601:
2388:⟨e⟩
2338:⟨u⟩
2300:⟨o⟩
1926:⟨o⟩
1899:⟨u⟩
1871:⟨u⟩
1728:
1727:
1364:⟨s⟩
1360:⟨z⟩
1352:⟨v⟩
1348:⟨f⟩
993:(from Greek) vs.
957:('of a house') ;
947:voiced consonants
925:Voiced fricatives
866:occurring before
850:
849:indiscriminately.
847:⟨r⟩
830:
829:
514:
513:
388:
387:
262:Variable features
248:Single consonants
215:Great Vowel Shift
136:Historical stages
119:
118:
111:
93:
10965:
10792:Kerkrade dialect
10405:General American
10155:
10148:
10141:
10132:
10131:
10127:
10099:
10092:
10086:
10085:
10083:
10082:
10077:. Arts.gla.ac.uk
10071:
10065:
10058:
10049:
10038:
10029:
10026:
10020:
10017:
10011:
10008:
10002:
9996:
9973:
9966:
9958:
9953:uh, ug#, ūh, ūg#
9944:
9934:
9924:
9917:
9909:
9904:
9891:
9885:
9875:
9868:
9863:
9851:
9846:
9842:
9828:
9818:
9808:
9798:
9791:
9786:
9781:
9776:
9762:
9755:
9750:
9745:
9732:
9726:
9718:
9714:
9709:
9705:
9693:
9688:
9683:āh, āg#, oh, og#
9674:
9668:
9658:
9648:
9642:
9635:
9621:
9611:
9605:
9595:
9589:
9582:
9577:
9572:
9567:
9563:
9549:
9542:
9537:
9533:
9528:
9523:
9509:
9502:
9497:
9492:
9479:
9473:
9467:
9460:
9455:
9443:
9438:
9428:
9421:
9411:
9405:
9395:
9388:
9383:
9378:
9373:
9359:
9353:
9346:
9336:
9326:
9316:
9306:
9296:
9286:
9276:
9266:
9258:
9254:
9249:
9245:
9240:
9235:
9221:
9215:
9205:
9195:
9185:
9178:
9164:
9154:
9144:
9134:
9127:
9122:
9108:
9098:
9088:
9078:
9071:
9066:
9061:
9056:
9051:ǣw, ēaw, ew, eow
9042:
9032:
9022:
9015:
9010:
9005:
9000:
8986:
8976:
8966:
8956:
8946:
8936:
8929:
8915:
8909:
8899:
8893:
8883:
8877:
8870:
8865:
8860:
8855:
8851:
8837:
8831:
8821:
8811:
8801:
8791:
8781:
8774:
8760:
8750:
8740:
8730:
8720:
8710:
8700:
8693:
8688:
8683:
8678:
8650:
8649:
8618:
8613:, influenced by
8612:
8602:
8598:
8595:for Old English
8594:
8590:
8581:
8566:
8559:
8549:
8545:
8541:
8537:
8533:
8529:
8526:for Old English
8525:
8517:
8507:
8497:
8491:
8482:
8476:
8467:
8455:
8443:
8433:
8423:
8413:
8403:
8393:
8380:
8376:
8372:
8368:
8364:
8360:
8356:
8352:
8348:
8340:
8336:
8332:
8295:American English
8292:
8286:
8278:
8266:
8262:
8258:
8245:
8232:
8222:
8212:
8202:
8198:
8188:
8178:
8174:
8170:
8166:
8162:
8158:
8153:General American
8150:
8142:
8126:
8120:
8110:
8100:
8086:
8076:
8066:
8055:
8051:
8047:
8032:
8022:
8012:
7995:
7985:
7975:
7964:
7959:
7951:
7941:
7934:
7928:
7921:
7915:
7908:
7902:
7895:
7885:
7875:
7868:
7862:
7855:
7849:
7842:
7832:
7818:
7808:
7798:
7794:
7790:
7786:
7772:
7762:
7745:
7739:
7732:
7722:
7712:
7701:
7696:
7688:
7674:
7664:
7654:
7644:
7640:
7636:
7622:
7612:
7602:
7592:
7575:
7565:
7555:
7537:
7527:
7517:
7507:
7496:
7491:
7483:
7469:
7463:
7453:
7447:
7437:
7427:
7417:
7413:
7409:
7404:
7396:
7382:
7376:
7366:
7360:
7350:
7346:
7342:
7328:
7322:
7305:
7299:
7289:
7283:
7273:
7262:
7258:
7254:
7249:
7241:
7223:
7217:
7207:
7190:
7180:
7170:
7161:
7144:
7138:
7128:
7122:
7112:
7102:
7092:
7086:
7076:
7065:
7060:
7052:
7038:
7028:
7015:
7006:
7000:
6993:
6976:
6966:
6953:
6942:
6927:
6917:
6913:
6909:
6899:
6892:
6882:
6868:
6858:
6848:
6838:
6828:
6824:
6820:
6806:
6796:
6790:
6783:
6766:
6756:
6750:
6743:
6732:
6727:
6719:
6705:
6695:
6685:
6671:
6661:
6657:
6653:
6639:
6633:
6623:
6617:
6607:
6590:
6580:
6569:
6565:
6559:
6551:
6546:ā; often a+ld,mb
6541:
6534:
6524:
6509:
6495:
6485:
6481:
6477:
6473:
6459:
6453:
6443:
6438:
6430:
6416:
6406:
6400:
6390:
6380:
6370:
6364:
6354:
6337:
6327:
6317:
6300:
6289:
6285:
6281:
6267:
6257:
6251:
6244:
6234:
6220:
6210:
6200:
6183:
6173:
6163:
6153:
6143:
6137:
6120:
6110:
6104:
6097:
6091:
6084:
6073:
6068:
6060:
6046:
6036:
6026:
6016:
6012:
6008:
5994:
5984:
5974:
5964:
5960:
5954:
5946:
5932:
5922:
5912:
5902:
5898:
5894:
5880:
5870:
5860:
5850:
5840:
5830:
5820:
5806:
5796:
5786:
5769:
5759:
5748:
5744:
5738:
5730:
5716:
5706:
5696:
5686:
5681:
5673:
5659:
5649:
5639:
5629:
5625:
5621:
5607:
5601:
5591:
5581:
5564:
5554:
5537:
5527:
5517:
5507:
5497:
5484:
5477:
5467:
5457:
5447:
5437:
5427:
5410:
5400:
5390:
5380:
5369:
5364:
5356:
5342:
5332:
5322:
5312:
5306:
5299:
5289:
5272:
5262:
5252:
5242:
5236:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5208:
5201:
5191:
5176:
5166:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5134:
5124:
5118:
5108:
5102:
5096:
5089:
5083:
5073:
5063:
5053:
5043:
5038:
5030:
5016:
5010:
4993:
4983:
4973:
4956:
4950:
4939:
4935:
4931:
4926:
4909:
4899:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4867:
4857:
4851:
4841:
4835:
4825:
4815:
4811:
4805:
4788:
4778:
4772:
4766:
4759:
4749:
4739:
4729:
4719:
4713:
4703:
4693:
4676:
4663:
4657:
4650:
4640:
4623:
4606:
4596:
4586:
4576:
4570:
4560:
4549:
4544:
4536:
4522:
4512:
4502:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4469:
4459:
4449:
4432:
4422:
4412:
4401:
4397:
4392:
4384:
4370:
4367:
4357:
4354:
4344:
4334:
4324:
4314:
4304:
4290:
4284:
4271:
4261:
4257:
4238:
4232:
4222:
4216:
4206:
4196:
4182:
4172:
4162:
4149:> old poetic
4148:
4138:
4127:
4123:
4119:
4105:
4099:
4089:
4079:
4075:
4071:
4056:
4046:
4029:
4019:
3999:
3989:
3979:
3968:
3964:
3949:
3943:
3933:
3927:
3921:
3914:
3904:
3898:
3891:
3877:
3870:
3860:
3842:
3832:
3822:
3809:
3791:
3781:
3771:
3761:
3751:
3740:
3735:
3727:
3696:
3695:
3647:General American
3611:
3610:
3597:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3533:
3526:
3522:
3519:
3513:
3482:
3474:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3408:
3404:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3368:
3364:
3356:
3352:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3290:
3286:
3270:
3235:
3227:
3222:northern England
3214:northern England
3207:
3201:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3148:
3144:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3091:
3086:diphthongization
3067:
3047:
2971:
2964:
2960:
2931:
2916:
2903:
2892:
2869:
2814:
2804:
2802:crādel, cradeles
2792:
2782:
2748:
2744:
2736:
2724:
2716:
2712:
2690:(Middle English
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2597:
2594:
2576:
2569:
2556:
2552:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2513:
2506:
2502:
2496:
2488:
2481:
2477:
2471:
2463:
2456:
2452:
2446:
2421:
2417:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2376:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2350:
2346:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2301:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2265:
2261:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2083:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2057:
2053:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
1997:
1993:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1927:
1923:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1852:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1769:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1707:
1701:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1665:
1660:
1654:
1649:
1622:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1592:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1570:
1558:
1553:
1547:
1542:
1535:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1513:
1493:
1488:
1482:
1477:
1465:
1456:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1434:
1417:
1411:
1389:
1385:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1341:
1337:
1317:
1313:
1298:
1290:
1282:
1274:
1266:
1258:
1250:
1230:
1226:
1211:
1203:
1185:, with a single
1180:
1169:, with a double
1133:
1110:
1086:
1074:
1070:
1055:
1048:
940:
936:
932:
919:
915:
911:
888:
873:
869:
865:
848:
840:
832:
818:
814:
809:
790:
784:
776:
771:
766:
749:
743:
738:
731:
725:
719:
714:
708:
703:
697:
692:
677:
672:
665:
661:
656:
652:
645:
641:
625:
614:
609:
601:
552:
548:
458:
457:
450:Geoffrey Chaucer
434:written language
414:
410:
380:
373:
366:
318:T-glottalization
121:
120:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
10973:
10972:
10968:
10967:
10966:
10964:
10963:
10962:
10943:
10942:
10941:
10936:
10865:
10819:Scottish Gaelic
10672:
10516:Standard Modern
10456:
10263:Modern Standard
10223:
10168:
10159:
10108:
10103:
10102:
10093:
10089:
10080:
10078:
10073:
10072:
10068:
10059:
10052:
10039:
10032:
10027:
10023:
10018:
10014:
10009:
10005:
9997:
9993:
9988:
8665:Modern English
8633:
8600:
8596:
8592:
8550:; for example,
8547:
8543:
8539:
8535:
8531:
8527:
8523:
8370:
8176:
8172:
8140:
8136:
6938:(often +th,d,t)
6505:(often +th,d,t)
4954:stierne, styrne
3922:(GA) ; OE
3592:
3581:
3577:
3550:
3534:
3523:
3517:
3514:
3499:
3483:
3472:
3379:monophthongized
3375:
3339:
3305:, but some use
3202:respectively).
3153:
3100:('night') → ME
3065:
3042:
3030:functional load
3022:
2876:
2831:
2825:
2817:saddle, saddles
2807:cradle, cradles
2640:
2634:
2598:
2592:
2589:
2582:needs expansion
2567:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2387:
2383:
2359:/a//e//i//o//u/
2337:
2302:in texts there.
2299:
2258:The diphthongs
2253:, respectively.
2209:The diphthongs
2171:Late West Saxon
2168:
2128:
2119:
2105:
2005:
1925:
1898:
1870:
1840:
1828:
1384:
1375:
1363:
1359:
1351:
1347:
1175:house, to house
1107:, still with a
961:('woman') vs.
953:('house') vs.
927:
897:, respectively.
856:
846:
547:
519:
517:Sound inventory
422:
421:
420:
384:
355:
332:
257:
234:
179:
154:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
10971:
10961:
10960:
10958:Middle English
10955:
10938:
10937:
10935:
10934:
10929:
10924:
10919:
10914:
10909:
10904:
10899:
10894:
10889:
10884:
10879:
10873:
10871:
10867:
10866:
10864:
10863:
10858:
10857:
10856:
10846:
10841:
10836:
10831:
10826:
10824:Serbo-Croatian
10821:
10816:
10811:
10806:
10801:
10796:
10795:
10794:
10789:
10781:
10776:
10771:
10766:
10761:
10756:
10751:
10746:
10741:
10736:
10731:
10726:
10721:
10716:
10711:
10706:
10701:
10696:
10691:
10686:
10680:
10678:
10674:
10673:
10671:
10670:
10665:
10660:
10659:
10658:
10650:
10645:
10640:
10635:
10630:
10625:
10620:
10615:
10610:
10605:
10600:
10595:
10590:
10585:
10580:
10575:
10570:
10569:
10568:
10563:
10558:
10553:
10545:
10540:
10535:
10530:
10529:
10528:
10523:
10518:
10510:
10509:
10508:
10503:
10495:
10490:
10489:
10488:
10483:
10475:
10470:
10464:
10462:
10458:
10457:
10455:
10454:
10449:
10444:
10443:
10442:
10437:
10432:
10427:
10422:
10417:
10412:
10407:
10402:
10392:
10391:
10390:
10385:
10377:
10372:
10367:
10362:
10357:
10356:
10355:
10350:
10345:
10340:
10335:
10330:
10322:
10317:
10312:
10307:
10302:
10297:
10292:
10291:
10290:
10285:
10280:
10275:
10270:
10265:
10257:
10252:
10247:
10242:
10237:
10231:
10229:
10225:
10224:
10222:
10221:
10220:
10219:
10214:
10209:
10204:
10199:
10194:
10184:
10179:
10173:
10170:
10169:
10158:
10157:
10150:
10143:
10135:
10129:
10128:
10107:
10104:
10101:
10100:
10087:
10066:
10050:
10030:
10021:
10012:
10003:
9990:
9989:
9987:
9984:
9981:
9980:
9967:
9959:
9954:
9950:
9949:
9918:
9910:
9897:
9896:
9869:
9864:
9852:
9847:
9838:
9834:
9833:
9792:
9787:
9782:
9777:
9772:
9768:
9767:
9756:
9751:
9738:
9737:
9720:
9710:
9694:
9689:
9684:
9680:
9679:
9636:
9631:
9630:ih, īh, yh, ȳh
9627:
9626:
9583:
9578:
9573:
9568:
9559:
9555:
9554:
9543:
9538:
9529:
9524:
9519:
9515:
9514:
9503:
9498:
9485:
9484:
9461:
9456:
9444:
9439:
9434:
9430:
9429:
9389:
9384:
9379:
9374:
9369:
9365:
9364:
9260:
9250:
9241:
9236:
9231:
9227:
9226:
9179:
9174:
9173:iw, īw, yw, ȳw
9170:
9169:
9128:
9123:
9118:
9114:
9113:
9072:
9067:
9062:
9057:
9052:
9048:
9047:
9016:
9011:
9006:
9001:
8996:
8992:
8991:
8930:
8925:
8924:iġ, īġ, yġ, ȳġ
8921:
8920:
8871:
8866:
8861:
8856:
8847:
8843:
8842:
8775:
8770:
8766:
8765:
8694:
8689:
8684:
8679:
8674:
8670:
8669:
8666:
8663:
8660:
8657:
8654:
8632:
8629:
8546:in Anglian is
8520:
8519:
8484:
8469:
8457:
8445:
8132:
8131:
8103:
8101:
8092:
8091:
8059:
8056:
8039:
8038:
8005:
8001:
8000:
7968:
7965:
7960:
7955:
7952:
7947:
7943:
7942:
7888:
7886:
7877:
7876:
7835:
7833:
7828:(occ. +th,d,v)
7824:
7823:
7801:
7799:
7778:
7777:
7755:
7751:
7750:
7705:
7702:
7697:
7692:
7689:
7684:
7680:
7679:
7647:
7645:
7628:
7627:
7585:
7581:
7580:
7548:
7544:
7543:
7500:
7497:
7492:
7487:
7484:
7479:
7475:
7474:
7420:
7418:
7405:
7400:
7397:
7388:
7387:
7353:
7351:
7334:
7333:
7315:
7311:
7310:
7266:
7263:
7250:
7245:
7242:
7233:
7232:
7200:
7196:
7195:
7154:
7150:
7149:
7069:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7053:
7048:
7044:
7043:
6986:
6982:
6981:
6946:
6943:
6934:
6933:
6920:
6918:
6901:
6900:
6885:
6883:
6874:
6873:
6831:
6829:
6812:
6811:
6776:
6772:
6771:
6736:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6720:
6715:
6711:
6710:
6664:
6662:
6645:
6644:
6600:
6596:
6595:
6573:
6570:
6560:
6555:
6552:
6547:
6543:
6542:
6527:
6525:
6520:(occ. +th,d,t)
6516:
6515:
6512:
6510:
6501:
6500:
6488:
6486:
6465:
6464:
6446:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6431:
6422:
6421:
6347:
6343:
6342:
6310:
6306:
6305:
6293:
6290:
6273:
6272:
6237:
6235:
6226:
6225:
6193:
6189:
6188:
6130:
6126:
6125:
6077:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6061:
6056:
6052:
6051:
6019:
6017:
6000:
5999:
5967:
5965:
5955:
5950:
5947:
5938:
5937:
5905:
5903:
5886:
5885:
5823:
5821:
5812:
5811:
5779:
5775:
5774:
5752:
5749:
5739:
5734:
5731:
5726:
5722:
5721:
5689:
5687:
5682:
5677:
5674:
5665:
5664:
5632:
5630:
5613:
5612:
5574:
5570:
5569:
5547:
5543:
5542:
5490:
5486:
5485:
5420:
5416:
5415:
5373:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5357:
5352:
5348:
5347:
5292:
5290:
5281:
5280:
5229:
5227:
5210:
5209:
5194:
5192:
5183:
5182:
5159:
5157:
5140:
5139:
5046:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5031:
5022:
5021:
5003:
4999:
4998:
4966:
4962:
4961:
4943:
4940:
4927:
4922:
4915:
4914:
4892:
4890:
4873:
4872:
4818:
4816:
4806:
4801:
4794:
4793:
4686:
4682:
4681:
4633:
4629:
4628:
4616:
4612:
4611:
4553:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4537:
4532:
4528:
4527:
4495:
4492:
4475:
4474:
4442:
4438:
4437:
4405:
4402:
4393:
4388:
4385:
4376:
4375:
4307:
4305:
4296:
4295:
4264:
4262:
4248:
4247:
4199:
4197:
4188:
4187:
4131:
4128:
4111:
4110:
4082:
4080:
4063:
4062:
4039:
4035:
4034:
4012:
4008:
4007:
3972:
3969:
3955:
3954:
3884:
3880:
3879:
3853:
3849:
3848:
3802:
3798:
3797:
3744:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3728:
3723:
3719:
3718:
3715:
3712:
3709:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3692:
3691:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3684:
3678:
3675:
3669:
3666:Modern English
3656:
3655:
3654:
3651:Modern English
3643:
3641:Modern English
3637:
3635:Middle English
3631:
3620:
3549:
3546:
3536:
3535:
3518:September 2024
3486:
3484:
3477:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3466:
3453:
3423:
3422:
3409:
3400:
3374:
3373:Diphthong loss
3371:
3338:
3335:
3150:
3149:
3135:
3117:
3041:
3038:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3016:
2997:
2951:
2950:
2932:
2904:
2875:
2872:
2827:Main article:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2812:sādel, sadeles
2797:
2767:
2766:
2707:
2636:Main article:
2633:
2630:
2600:
2599:
2579:
2577:
2566:
2563:
2528:
2525:
2515:
2514:
2489:
2464:
2382:
2379:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2341:
2303:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2236:
2213:simplified to
2167:
2164:
2127:
2124:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2093:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2058:
2027:(which became
2004:
2001:
1944:and close-mid
1885:, they became
1726:
1725:
1720:
1709:
1702:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1645:
1643:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1593:
1582:
1577:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1548:
1537:
1526:
1509:
1504:
1498:
1497:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1458:
1447:
1430:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1383:
1380:
1354:respectively.
1332:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1308:
1301:
1300:
1221:Saxon genitive
1213:
1190:
1159:
1130:Loss of final
1128:
1123:and inherited
1057:
1041:Proto-Germanic
998:
926:
923:
922:
921:
906:Modern English
898:
883:
882:
881:
855:
852:
828:
827:
825:
823:
821:
819:
804:
802:
800:
794:
793:
791:
785:
780:
778:
761:
759:
757:
751:
750:
745:
733:
726:
721:
710:
699:
688:
682:
681:
679:
668:
666:
657:
648:
646:
637:
631:
630:
628:
619:
617:
615:
604:
602:
597:
591:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
546:
543:
523:surface sounds
518:
515:
512:
511:
509:
508:
507:
501:
499:Modern English
495:
492:
489:
484:
483:
482:
480:Middle English
476:
473:
467:
426:Middle English
415:⟩, see
391:
390:
389:
386:
385:
383:
382:
375:
368:
360:
357:
356:
354:
353:
348:
342:
339:
338:
337:Related topics
334:
333:
331:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
298:L-vocalization
295:
290:
285:
280:
267:
264:
263:
259:
258:
256:
255:
250:
244:
241:
240:
236:
235:
233:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
191:
188:
187:
181:
180:
178:
177:
172:
170:In Old English
166:
163:
162:
156:
155:
153:
152:
150:Middle English
147:
141:
138:
137:
133:
132:
126:
125:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10970:
10959:
10956:
10954:
10951:
10950:
10948:
10933:
10930:
10928:
10925:
10923:
10920:
10918:
10915:
10913:
10910:
10908:
10905:
10903:
10900:
10898:
10895:
10893:
10890:
10888:
10885:
10883:
10880:
10878:
10875:
10874:
10872:
10868:
10862:
10859:
10855:
10852:
10851:
10850:
10847:
10845:
10842:
10840:
10837:
10835:
10832:
10830:
10827:
10825:
10822:
10820:
10817:
10815:
10812:
10810:
10807:
10805:
10802:
10800:
10797:
10793:
10790:
10788:
10785:
10784:
10782:
10780:
10777:
10775:
10772:
10770:
10767:
10765:
10762:
10760:
10757:
10755:
10752:
10750:
10747:
10745:
10742:
10740:
10737:
10735:
10732:
10730:
10727:
10725:
10722:
10720:
10717:
10715:
10712:
10710:
10707:
10705:
10702:
10700:
10697:
10695:
10692:
10690:
10687:
10685:
10682:
10681:
10679:
10675:
10669:
10668:Luxembourgish
10666:
10664:
10661:
10657:
10656:Maastrichtian
10654:
10653:
10651:
10649:
10646:
10644:
10641:
10639:
10636:
10634:
10631:
10629:
10626:
10624:
10621:
10619:
10616:
10614:
10611:
10609:
10606:
10604:
10601:
10599:
10596:
10594:
10591:
10589:
10586:
10584:
10581:
10579:
10576:
10574:
10571:
10567:
10564:
10562:
10559:
10557:
10554:
10552:
10549:
10548:
10546:
10544:
10541:
10539:
10536:
10534:
10531:
10527:
10524:
10522:
10519:
10517:
10514:
10513:
10511:
10507:
10504:
10502:
10499:
10498:
10496:
10494:
10491:
10487:
10484:
10482:
10479:
10478:
10476:
10474:
10471:
10469:
10466:
10465:
10463:
10459:
10453:
10450:
10448:
10445:
10441:
10438:
10436:
10433:
10431:
10428:
10426:
10423:
10421:
10418:
10416:
10413:
10411:
10408:
10406:
10403:
10401:
10398:
10397:
10396:
10393:
10389:
10386:
10384:
10381:
10380:
10378:
10376:
10373:
10371:
10368:
10366:
10363:
10361:
10358:
10354:
10351:
10349:
10346:
10344:
10341:
10339:
10336:
10334:
10331:
10329:
10326:
10325:
10323:
10321:
10318:
10316:
10313:
10311:
10308:
10306:
10303:
10301:
10298:
10296:
10293:
10289:
10286:
10284:
10281:
10279:
10276:
10274:
10271:
10269:
10266:
10264:
10261:
10260:
10258:
10256:
10253:
10251:
10248:
10246:
10243:
10241:
10238:
10236:
10233:
10232:
10230:
10226:
10218:
10215:
10213:
10210:
10208:
10205:
10203:
10200:
10198:
10195:
10193:
10190:
10189:
10188:
10185:
10183:
10182:Orthographies
10180:
10178:
10175:
10174:
10171:
10167:
10163:
10156:
10151:
10149:
10144:
10142:
10137:
10136:
10133:
10125:
10121:
10117:
10116:
10110:
10109:
10097:
10091:
10076:
10070:
10063:
10060:Wells, J.C.,
10057:
10055:
10047:
10043:
10040:Britton, D.,
10037:
10035:
10025:
10016:
10007:
10001:
9995:
9991:
9979:
9978:
9972:
9968:
9963:
9960:
9955:
9952:
9951:
9948:
9943:
9938:
9933:
9928:
9923:
9919:
9914:
9913:(centralized)
9911:
9906:
9898:
9895:
9890:
9884:
9879:
9874:
9870:
9865:
9860:
9858:
9853:
9835:
9832:
9827:
9822:
9817:
9812:
9807:
9802:
9797:
9793:
9788:
9783:
9778:
9773:
9771:āhC, ohC, ōhC
9770:
9769:
9766:
9761:
9757:
9752:
9747:
9740:
9739:
9736:
9731:
9725:
9721:
9711:
9702:
9700:
9695:
9681:
9678:
9673:
9667:
9662:
9657:
9652:
9647:
9641:
9637:
9632:
9629:
9628:
9625:
9620:
9615:
9610:
9604:
9599:
9594:
9588:
9584:
9560:
9557:
9556:
9553:
9548:
9544:
9539:
9530:
9525:
9520:
9517:
9516:
9513:
9508:
9504:
9499:
9494:
9487:
9486:
9483:
9478:
9472:
9466:
9462:
9457:
9452:
9450:
9445:
9431:
9425:
9420:
9415:
9410:
9404:
9399:
9394:
9390:
9385:
9380:
9375:
9370:
9367:
9366:
9363:
9358:
9350:
9345:
9340:
9335:
9330:
9325:
9320:
9315:
9310:
9305:
9300:
9295:
9290:
9285:
9280:
9275:
9270:
9265:
9261:
9251:
9242:
9237:
9232:
9229:
9228:
9225:
9220:
9214:
9209:
9204:
9199:
9194:
9189:
9184:
9180:
9175:
9172:
9171:
9168:
9163:
9158:
9153:
9148:
9143:
9138:
9133:
9129:
9119:
9116:
9115:
9112:
9107:
9102:
9097:
9092:
9087:
9082:
9077:
9073:
9058:
9053:
9050:
9049:
9046:
9041:
9036:
9031:
9026:
9021:
9017:
9012:
9007:
9002:
8997:
8994:
8993:
8990:
8985:
8980:
8975:
8970:
8965:
8960:
8955:
8951:("recline");
8950:
8945:
8940:
8935:
8931:
8926:
8923:
8922:
8919:
8914:
8908:
8903:
8898:
8892:
8887:
8882:
8876:
8872:
8848:
8845:
8844:
8841:
8836:
8830:
8825:
8820:
8815:
8810:
8805:
8800:
8795:
8790:
8785:
8780:
8776:
8771:
8768:
8767:
8764:
8759:
8754:
8749:
8744:
8739:
8734:
8729:
8724:
8719:
8714:
8709:
8704:
8699:
8695:
8675:
8672:
8671:
8667:
8664:
8661:
8658:
8655:
8652:
8651:
8648:
8646:
8642:
8638:
8628:
8626:
8622:
8617:
8611:
8606:
8589:
8585:
8580:
8574:
8570:
8565:
8558:
8553:
8516:
8511:
8506:
8501:
8496:
8488:
8485:
8481:
8473:
8470:
8466:
8461:
8458:
8454:
8449:
8446:
8442:
8437:
8432:
8427:
8422:
8417:
8412:
8407:
8402:
8397:
8392:
8387:
8384:
8383:
8382:
8342:
8328:
8324:
8320:
8316:
8312:
8308:
8307:voiced velars
8304:
8300:
8296:
8291:
8282:
8274:
8270:
8257:
8253:
8249:
8244:
8240:
8236:
8231:
8226:
8221:
8216:
8211:
8206:
8197:
8192:
8187:
8182:
8154:
8146:
8137:
8130:
8125:
8119:
8114:
8109:
8104:
8102:
8097:
8094:
8093:
8090:
8085:
8080:
8075:
8070:
8065:
8060:
8057:
8044:
8041:
8040:
8036:
8031:
8026:
8021:
8016:
8011:
8006:
8003:
8002:
7999:
7994:
7989:
7984:
7979:
7974:
7969:
7966:
7946:ū; often u+nd
7944:
7938:
7933:
7925:
7920:
7912:
7907:
7899:
7894:
7889:
7887:
7882:
7879:
7878:
7872:
7867:
7859:
7854:
7846:
7841:
7836:
7834:
7829:
7826:
7825:
7822:
7817:
7812:
7807:
7802:
7800:
7783:
7780:
7779:
7776:
7771:
7766:
7761:
7756:
7753:
7752:
7749:
7744:
7736:
7731:
7726:
7721:
7716:
7711:
7706:
7703:
7681:
7678:
7673:
7668:
7663:
7658:
7653:
7648:
7646:
7633:
7630:
7629:
7626:
7621:
7616:
7611:
7606:
7601:
7596:
7591:
7586:
7583:
7582:
7579:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7559:
7554:
7549:
7546:
7545:
7541:
7536:
7531:
7526:
7521:
7516:
7511:
7506:
7501:
7498:
7476:
7473:
7468:
7462:
7457:
7452:
7446:
7441:
7436:
7431:
7426:
7421:
7419:
7406:
7401:
7398:
7393:
7390:
7389:
7386:
7381:
7375:
7370:
7365:
7359:
7354:
7352:
7339:
7336:
7335:
7332:
7327:
7321:
7316:
7313:
7312:
7309:
7304:
7298:
7293:
7288:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7264:
7238:
7234:
7231:
7227:
7222:
7216:
7211:
7206:
7201:
7198:
7197:
7194:
7189:
7184:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7160:
7155:
7152:
7151:
7148:
7143:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7085:
7080:
7075:
7070:
7067:
7045:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7018:
7014:
7009:
7005:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6984:
6983:
6980:
6975:
6970:
6965:
6960:
6956:
6952:
6947:
6944:
6939:
6935:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6919:
6906:
6903:
6902:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6884:
6879:
6876:
6875:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6830:
6817:
6814:
6813:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6795:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6774:
6773:
6770:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6734:
6712:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6663:
6650:
6647:
6646:
6643:
6638:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6598:
6597:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6571:
6544:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6526:
6521:
6518:
6517:
6513:
6511:
6506:
6503:
6502:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6487:
6470:
6467:
6466:
6463:
6462:(bride)-groom
6458:
6452:
6447:
6445:
6440:
6427:
6423:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6405:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6345:
6344:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6308:
6307:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6291:
6278:
6274:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6248:
6243:
6238:
6236:
6231:
6228:
6227:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6191:
6190:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6136:
6131:
6128:
6127:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6101:
6096:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6075:
6053:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6018:
6005:
6002:
6001:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5983:
5978:
5973:
5968:
5966:
5956:
5943:
5939:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5904:
5891:
5888:
5887:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5822:
5817:
5814:
5813:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5777:
5776:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5750:
5723:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5675:
5670:
5667:
5666:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5631:
5618:
5615:
5614:
5611:
5606:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5572:
5571:
5568:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5545:
5544:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5488:
5487:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5418:
5417:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5371:
5349:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5291:
5286:
5283:
5282:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5235:
5230:
5228:
5215:
5212:
5211:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5193:
5188:
5185:
5184:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5158:
5145:
5142:
5141:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5101:
5093:
5088:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5045:
5040:
5027:
5023:
5020:
5015:
5009:
5004:
5001:
5000:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4964:
4963:
4960:
4955:
4949:
4944:
4941:
4920:
4916:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4891:
4878:
4875:
4874:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4817:
4807:
4799:
4795:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4771:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4718:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4684:
4683:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4551:
4529:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4493:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4440:
4439:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4403:
4381:
4377:
4374:
4366:
4361:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4306:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4294:
4289:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4263:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4246:
4242:
4237:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4198:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4129:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4109:
4104:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4081:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3970:
3960:
3956:
3953:
3948:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3926:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3742:
3720:
3716:
3713:
3710:
3707:
3704:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3690:
3685:
3683:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3670:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3658:
3657:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3642:
3638:
3636:
3632:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3619:
3615:
3614:
3613:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3603:
3601:
3567:
3545:
3543:
3532:
3529:
3521:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3497:
3496:
3492:
3487:This section
3485:
3481:
3476:
3475:
3454:
3451:
3450:Welsh English
3428:
3427:
3426:
3410:
3401:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3370:
3360:
3359:diphthongized
3348:
3344:
3334:
3332:
3331:
3326:
3325:
3320:
3319:
3314:
3313:
3296:
3295:
3283:. There, the
3282:
3281:
3276:
3275:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3236:(sounds like
3231:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3203:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3168:
3140:
3136:
3133:/læ(ː)f,lɑːf/
3122:
3118:
3115:
3099:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3087:
3083:
3077:
3075:
3071:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3050:syllable coda
3037:
3035:
3034:minimal pairs
3031:
3027:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2966:
2956:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2900:
2896:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2871:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2830:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2796:
2795:whale, whales
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2740:
2732:
2728:
2720:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2649:
2645:
2639:
2629:
2627:
2596:
2587:
2583:
2580:This section
2578:
2575:
2571:
2570:
2562:
2560:
2547:
2535:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2510:
2501:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2476:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2451:
2445:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2413:
2409:
2378:
2372:
2342:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2313:unrounded to
2304:
2297:
2269:
2257:
2237:
2223:
2222:
2208:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2172:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2123:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2079:
2063:
2059:
2049:
2045:
2044:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2000:
1989:
1972:
1955:
1931:
1918:
1884:
1860:
1856:
1849:
1844:
1839:were spelled
1822:
1818:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1773:
1765:
1749:
1721:
1715:
1710:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1662:
1657:
1655:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1599:
1594:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1576:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1554:
1549:
1543:
1538:
1536:
1527:
1525:
1519:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1483:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1448:
1446:
1440:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1390:
1379:
1345:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1294:
1286:
1278:
1270:
1262:
1254:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1208:with initial
1207:
1200:with initial
1199:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1165:(Old English
1164:
1163:kiss, to kiss
1160:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1083:, still with
1082:
1078:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
975:Ancient Greek
972:
968:
967:
966:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
907:
903:
899:
896:
892:
884:
879:
876:For example,
875:
874:
861:
860:
859:
851:
844:
839:
838:
826:
824:
822:
820:
810:
805:
803:
801:
799:
796:
795:
792:
786:
781:
779:
777:
767:
762:
760:
758:
756:
753:
752:
746:
744:
734:
727:
722:
720:
711:
709:
700:
698:
689:
687:
684:
683:
680:
678:
669:
667:
658:
649:
647:
638:
636:
633:
632:
629:
626:
620:
618:
616:
610:
605:
603:
598:
596:
593:
592:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
553:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
510:
506:
502:
500:
496:
493:
490:
487:
486:
485:
481:
477:
474:
472:
468:
466:
462:
461:
460:
459:
456:
453:
451:
447:
442:
439:
435:
431:
430:
427:
418:
406:
402:
400:
396:
381:
376:
374:
369:
367:
362:
361:
359:
358:
352:
349:
347:
344:
343:
341:
340:
336:
335:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
277:
273:
269:
268:
266:
265:
261:
260:
254:
251:
249:
246:
245:
243:
242:
238:
237:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
192:
190:
189:
186:
183:
182:
176:
173:
171:
168:
167:
165:
164:
161:
158:
157:
151:
148:
146:
143:
142:
140:
139:
135:
134:
131:
128:
127:
123:
122:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
10922:West Frisian
10709:Massachusett
10439:
10207:Prepositions
10176:
10114:
10095:
10090:
10079:. Retrieved
10069:
10061:
10045:
10041:
10024:
10015:
10006:
9994:
9975:
9961:
9946:
9936:
9926:
9922:ġenōg, ġenōh
9912:
9900:
9893:
9877:
9854:
9830:
9820:
9810:
9800:
9764:
9741:
9734:
9696:
9676:
9660:
9650:
9623:
9613:
9597:
9551:
9511:
9488:
9481:
9446:
9423:
9413:
9397:
9361:
9348:
9338:
9328:
9318:
9308:
9298:
9288:
9278:
9268:
9223:
9207:
9197:
9187:
9166:
9156:
9146:
9136:
9110:
9100:
9090:
9080:
9044:
9034:
9024:
8988:
8978:
8968:
8958:
8948:
8938:
8917:
8901:
8885:
8839:
8823:
8813:
8803:
8793:
8783:
8762:
8752:
8742:
8732:
8722:
8712:
8702:
8644:
8640:
8636:
8634:
8624:
8620:
8604:
8572:
8568:
8551:
8521:
8509:
8499:
8486:
8471:
8459:
8447:
8435:
8425:
8415:
8405:
8395:
8385:
8343:
8326:
8322:
8318:
8314:
8310:
8298:
8280:
8272:
8268:
8247:
8234:
8224:
8214:
8204:
8190:
8180:
8138:
8135:
8128:
8112:
8095:
8088:
8078:
8068:
8042:
8034:
8024:
8014:
7997:
7987:
7977:
7936:
7923:
7910:
7897:
7880:
7870:
7857:
7844:
7827:
7820:
7810:
7781:
7774:
7764:
7747:
7734:
7724:
7714:
7676:
7666:
7656:
7631:
7624:
7614:
7604:
7594:
7584:OE +ld,mb,nd
7577:
7567:
7557:
7539:
7529:
7519:
7509:
7471:
7455:
7439:
7429:
7391:
7384:
7368:
7337:
7330:
7307:
7291:
7275:
7236:
7229:
7225:
7209:
7192:
7182:
7172:
7162:
7146:
7130:
7114:
7104:
7094:
7078:
7055:ee,ie(nd/ld)
7040:
7030:
7020:
7016:
7007:
6995:
6978:
6968:
6958:
6954:
6937:
6929:
6904:
6894:
6877:
6870:
6860:
6850:
6840:
6815:
6808:
6798:
6785:
6768:
6758:
6745:
6707:
6697:
6687:
6677:
6673:
6648:
6641:
6625:
6609:
6592:
6582:
6536:
6519:
6504:
6497:
6468:
6461:
6457:(bride)-gome
6425:
6418:
6408:
6392:
6382:
6372:
6356:
6339:
6329:
6319:
6302:
6276:
6269:
6259:
6246:
6229:
6222:
6212:
6202:
6185:
6175:
6165:
6155:
6145:
6122:
6112:
6099:
6086:
6048:
6038:
6028:
6003:
5996:
5986:
5976:
5941:
5934:
5924:
5914:
5889:
5882:
5872:
5862:
5852:
5842:
5832:
5815:
5808:
5798:
5788:
5771:
5761:
5718:
5708:
5698:
5668:
5661:
5651:
5641:
5616:
5609:
5593:
5583:
5566:
5556:
5546:OE ȳ+CV,ī+CV
5539:
5529:
5519:
5509:
5499:
5479:
5469:
5459:
5449:
5439:
5429:
5412:
5402:
5392:
5382:
5344:
5334:
5324:
5314:
5301:
5284:
5277:
5273:
5264:
5254:
5244:
5213:
5203:
5186:
5178:
5168:
5143:
5136:
5126:
5110:
5091:
5075:
5065:
5055:
5025:
5018:
4995:
4985:
4975:
4958:
4918:
4911:
4901:
4876:
4869:
4859:
4843:
4827:
4797:
4790:
4780:
4761:
4751:
4741:
4731:
4721:
4705:
4695:
4678:
4668:
4664:
4652:
4642:
4625:
4608:
4598:
4588:
4578:
4562:
4524:
4514:
4504:
4478:
4471:
4461:
4451:
4434:
4424:
4414:
4379:
4372:
4359:
4346:
4336:
4326:
4316:
4299:
4292:
4273:
4251:
4244:
4240:
4224:
4208:
4191:
4184:
4174:
4164:
4154:
4150:
4140:
4114:
4107:
4091:
4066:
4058:
4048:
4031:
4021:
4004:
4000:
3991:
3981:
3958:
3951:
3935:
3916:
3906:
3893:
3872:
3862:
3847:(at church)
3844:
3834:
3824:
3814:
3810:
3793:
3783:
3773:
3763:
3753:
3682:sound change
3626:(dialect of
3605:
3604:
3599:
3566:complex ways
3551:
3548:Monophthongs
3539:
3524:
3515:
3500:Please help
3488:
3424:
3376:
3340:
3328:
3322:
3316:
3310:
3292:
3278:
3272:
3266:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3229:
3209:
3204:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3166:
3151:
3138:
3120:
3097:
3078:
3073:
3069:
3058:front vowels
3044:The phoneme
3043:
3023:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2967:
2954:
2953:As shown by
2952:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2911:
2907:
2898:
2894:
2887:
2883:
2877:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2832:
2816:
2806:
2794:
2790:whal, whāles
2784:
2780:path, pāthes
2768:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2738:
2730:
2726:
2718:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2644:short vowels
2641:
2603:
2590:
2586:adding to it
2581:
2548:
2541:
2523:
2516:
2508:
2483:
2458:
2436:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2411:
2407:
2384:
2367:/ø(ː)//y(ː)/
2356:
2295:
2267:
2203:
2169:
2162:
2151:
2129:
2120:
2090:front vowels
2061:
2047:
2018:
2006:
1994:rather than
1973:
1919:
1845:
1827:was spelled
1806:Monophthongs
1805:
1804:
1771:
1747:
1729:
1711:
1704:
1651:
1619:
1595:
1584:
1572:
1550:
1539:
1532:
1521:
1515:
1479:
1453:
1442:
1436:
1394:Monophthong
1374:are spelled
1333:
1319:
1302:
1292:
1284:
1276:
1268:
1260:
1252:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1216:
1205:
1197:
1186:
1182:
1174:
1170:
1167:coss, cyssan
1166:
1162:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1080:
1076:
1064:
1060:
1036:
1032:
1025:
1021:
1016:in standard
1013:
1009:
1005:
994:
990:
986:
982:
962:
958:
954:
950:
928:
877:
857:
842:
835:
831:
806:
773:
763:
740:
716:
705:
694:
674:
622:
606:
573:Postalveolar
538:
534:
520:
454:
443:
424:
423:
411:and ⟨
393:
275:
271:
149:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
10652:Limburgish
10533:Greenlandic
10410:New Zealand
10343:Northern Wu
10197:Determiners
10177:Phonologies
10162:Phonologies
9715:(British),
9433:æh, ah, ag#
9255:(British),
8995:æw, aw, agV
8904:(deceive);
8329:, all with
8163:< early
6843: ; OE
6451:(brȳd)-guma
4877:(w+ and +r)
4671:(hand); OE
4115:(w+ and +r)
3628:Old English
3618:Old English
3198:pronounced
2930:/ˈtʃɪldrən/
2785:path, paths
2211:/æɑ̯//æːɑ̯/
2086:back vowels
1954:Old English
1932:diphthongs
1930:Old English
1905:, becoming
1859:Old English
1831:, but both
1817:long vowels
1183:hūs, hūsian
1030:Old English
1018:Old English
1012:(both with
902:Old English
895:back vowels
755:Approximant
471:Old English
438:text corpus
205:Close front
145:Old English
10947:Categories
10912:Vietnamese
10783:Ripuarian
10774:Portuguese
10684:Macedonian
10663:Lithuanian
10573:Hindustani
10400:Australian
10353:Historical
10300:Belarusian
10192:Adjectives
10081:2015-02-21
9986:References
9754:/ɒf/,/ɔːf/
9719:(American)
9501:/æf/,/ɑːf/
9259:(American)
9206:(WS) >
8631:Diphthongs
8293:); and in
8239:Old French
7683:ō; occ. ēo
7237:(often +r)
5250:pere, peru
4732:to cleanse
4609:to stretch
3624:West Saxon
3060:, and the
3032:since few
2868:/suːðernə/
2717:, e.g. OE
2559:Diphthongs
2266:(as in OE
2107:See also:
2097:Old French
2003:Diphthongs
1851:/yyːøøːœː/
1752:/ˈgroːwən/
1397:Diphthong
1344:Old French
979:Old French
545:Consonants
527:allophones
293:H-dropping
210:Diphthongs
200:Close back
69:newspapers
10902:Ukrainian
10809:Sardinian
10787:Colognian
10744:Old Saxon
10729:Norwegian
10694:Maldivian
10638:Latgalian
10583:Icelandic
10578:Hungarian
10566:Samaritan
10447:Esperanto
10333:Cantonese
10310:Bulgarian
10278:Levantine
10250:Afrikaans
10124:310545793
9482:slaughter
8621:to sunder
8584:Old Saxon
8564:starnijaz
8096:(occ. +t)
7861:/mʌðə(r)/
7765:to choose
7392:(occ. +r)
7178:betwēonum
6979:to spread
6932:(before)
6905:(occ. +r)
6599:OE +ld,mb
6176:to clutch
5809:to foster
5767:beġeondan
5599:ēc + nama
5573:OE ēoc,ēc
5214:(occ. +r)
4919:(occ. +r)
4912:to warble
4722:to beckon
4285:> OE '
4049:to wallow
3899:(GA); OE
3796:(donkey)
3489:does not
3224:lack the
3026:geminated
2915:/tʃaɪ̯ld/
2856:gratitude
2848:scholarly
2809:, but ME
2787:, but ME
2593:July 2010
2426:(spelled
2088:, after
2014:close-mid
1986:. During
1810:close-mid
1774:(tough')
1750:('grow')
1604:(early),
1502:Close-mid
1148:to teethe
997:(native).
686:Fricative
429:phonology
313:Rhoticity
220:Open back
99:July 2010
10799:Romanian
10608:Japanese
10561:Tiberian
10556:Biblical
10543:Hawaiian
10538:Gujarati
10501:Standard
10493:Galician
10481:Parisian
10452:Estonian
10383:Standard
10328:Mandarin
10324:Chinese
10288:Tunisian
10283:Moroccan
10268:Egyptian
10240:Acehnese
10212:Pronouns
10187:Grammars
10044:, (in:)
9977:Woughton
9971:Weōcetun
9837:ōh#, ōg#
9811:daughter
9552:straight
9512:laughter
9368:ugV, ūgV
9219:Tiwesdæġ
9213:Tīwesdæġ
8579:stahliją
8225:daughter
8129:to strut
8124:strouten
8121:> ME
8118:strūtian
8048:> GA
8010:ġefunden
7791:> GA
7775:to shoot
7637:> GA
7615:to climb
7542:(of me)
7456:to steer
7410:> GA
7343:> GA
7255:> GA
7230:to yield
6969:to sweat
6910:> GA
6821:> GA
6654:> GA
6478:> GA
6454:> ME
6346:OE w+,+r
6303:to spurn
6282:> GA
6156:to blush
6138:> ME
6118:on bufan
6009:> GA
5895:> GA
5804:fōstrian
5784:gōdspell
5622:> GA
5610:nickname
5605:eke-name
5602:> ME
5265:to swear
5219:> GA
5204:to break
5149:> GA
5056:to speak
4996:to learn
4932:> GA
4882:> GA
4727:clǣnsian
4604:streċċan
4525:to stare
4484:> GA
4236:wealcian
4192:(+lC,l#)
4180:wearnian
4160:weardian
4120:> GA
4072:> GA
4044:wealwian
3717:Example
3330:chutzpah
3324:Sakhalin
3208:spelled
3156:(either
3112:(by the
3024:Double (
3007:(cf. OE
2988:(cf. OE
2944:gōdspell
2927:children
2891:/ɡoʊ̯st/
2864:southern
2852:grateful
2840:divinity
2565:Breaking
2450:meete(n)
2245:rose to
2195:/e(ː)o̯/
2191:/i(ː)y̯/
2187:/i(ː)u̯/
2183:/e(ː)o̯/
2179:/æ(ː)ɑ̯/
2084:( after
2064:('day')
2050:('way')
2010:open-mid
1814:open-mid
1756:/ˈɡrɔwə/
1636:Open-mid
1156:to halve
1140:to house
1081:to glaze
1077:to graze
568:Alveolar
531:phonemes
409:/ /
405:Help:IPA
351:Spelling
288:Flapping
253:Clusters
175:In Scots
10927:Yiddish
10892:Turkish
10877:Tagalog
10861:Swedish
10849:Spanish
10834:Slovene
10804:Russian
10764:Persian
10734:Occitan
10714:Medumba
10704:Marathi
10648:Latvian
10628:Kurdish
10618:Konkani
10603:Italian
10588:Ingrian
10547:Hebrew
10521:Ancient
10506:Bernese
10497:German
10477:French
10473:Finnish
10468:Faroese
10395:English
10365:Cornish
10360:Chukchi
10338:Hokkien
10320:Catalan
10315:Burmese
10305:Bengali
10295:Avestan
10259:Arabic
10164:of the
10106:Sources
10000:188-189
9901:( >
9855:( >
9821:thought
9742:( >
9697:( >
9507:hlæhtor
9489:( >
9447:( >
9414:drought
9329:to grow
9269:to know
9224:Tuesday
9142:hrēowan
9137:to chew
9117:ēw, ēow
9096:scrēawa
9070:/(j)uː/
9045:to draw
8979:(I) buy
8949:(I) lie
8838:) >
8794:to play
8769:eġ, ēġ#
8625:asunder
8610:syndriġ
8490:/ˈbɪzi/
8475:/ˈbɛri/
8301:before
8285:/brɔːd/
8263:before
8157:/ɔ/~/ɑ/
8037:(safe)
7983:ūt, ūte
7924:to look
7770:sċēotan
7667:to hire
7610:climban
7595:to find
7578:to hide
7510:to ride
7470:) >
7454:) >
7451:stīeran
7383:) >
7367:) >
7329:) >
7306:) >
7292:to hear
7290:) >
7244:ear,erV
7221:ġieldan
7183:between
7145:) >
7129:) >
7093:) >
7079:to feed
6974:sprǣdan
6898:/greɪt/
6871:to sear
6866:sēarian
6841:to rear
6786:to beat
6746:to heal
6642:to hold
6640:) >
6637:healdan
6624:) >
6407:) >
6371:) >
6298:spurnan
6186:shuttle
6171:clyċċan
6151:blysċan
6100:to love
6029:to bore
5942:(leng.)
5725:o; ō+CC
5709:to peel
5662:to stir
5657:styrian
5642:to gird
5557:chicken
5525:cȳþþ(u)
5520:to wish
5483:/ˈbɪzi/
5470:to gild
5440:to kiss
5383:written
5325:weather
5302:leather
5260:swerian
5245:to bear
5243:) >
5207:/breɪk/
5181:(lake)
5125:) >
5109:) >
5092:to mete
5090:) >
5026:(leng.)
5017:) >
4957:) >
4907:werbler
4865:steorra
4858:) >
4844:to bark
4842:) >
4839:beorcan
4779:) >
4765:/frɛnd/
4720:) >
4717:bīecnan
4656:/ˈbɛri/
4653:to bury
4589:to tell
4577:) >
4563:to help
4520:starian
4515:to fare
4435:to bake
4380:(leng.)
4373:to last
4369:/lɑːst/
4269:ælmesse
4245:to walk
4241:to roll
4230:walcian
4223:) >
4185:to warn
4165:to ward
4155:swarthy
4106:) >
4061:(bird)
4059:swallow
4054:swealwe
3992:to wash
3952:bramble
3950:) >
3947:brǣmbel
3941:brēmbel
3936:bladder
3934:) >
3931:blǣddre
3925:blēddre
3917:to last
3811:embrace
3714:Source
3568:before
3510:removed
3495:sources
3318:Kharkiv
3294:Loughor
3194:, with
3192:thought
3176:through
3121:hlæhhan
2961:to EME
2955:ghastly
2899:ghastly
2895:gāstliċ
2628:below.
2561:above.
2512:/neɪ̯m/
2412:written
2398:became
2325:area).
2323:Kentish
2153:Ormulum
1922:/øøːœː/
1883:Kentish
1790:became
1608:(late)
1366:. Both
1206:thistle
1053:fuhsin-
1039:, from
1002:Kentish
798:Lateral
588:Glottal
578:Palatal
539:italics
397:in the
83:scholar
10907:Uyghur
10839:Somali
10829:Slovak
10769:Polish
10759:Pashto
10754:Ottawa
10739:Ojibwe
10724:Nepali
10719:Navajo
10633:Kyrgyz
10623:Korean
10551:Modern
10512:Greek
10486:Quebec
10440:Middle
10379:Dutch
10375:Danish
10273:Hejazi
10245:Adyghe
10235:Abkhaz
10122:
9927:enough
9894:plough
9831:sought
9806:dohtor
9765:trough
9661:flight
9547:streht
9471:sleaht
9424:to bow
9409:drouth
9403:drugaþ
9357:flogen
9334:blōwen
9324:grōwan
9309:to owe
9264:cnāwan
9203:trīewe
9162:trēowþ
9147:to rue
9132:ċēowan
9086:lǣwede
9040:dragan
8959:to hie
8954:hīġian
8907:flēoge
8902:to lie
8891:lēogan
8789:pleġan
8723:maiden
8718:mæġden
8673:æġ, ǣġ
8635:Note:
8616:sundor
8605:sundry
8588:stehli
8557:styrne
8515:bycġan
8505:byldan
8480:byrġan
8391:gyldan
8256:Paulus
8230:dohtor
8215:taught
8205:sought
8079:shower
8030:ġesund
8004:OE +nd
7919:lōcian
7874:/glʌv/
7858:mother
7848:/blʌd/
7760:ċēosan
7738:/fuːd/
7662:hȳrian
7590:findan
7445:stēran
7338:(occ.)
7287:hīeran
7226:to pay
7215:ġeldan
7199:OE +ld
7147:needle
7095:greedy
7090:grǣdiġ
7084:grēdiġ
7021:threat
7017:menace
6964:swǣtan
6959:breath
6878:(occ.)
6789:/biːt/
6781:bēatan
6749:/hiːl/
6722:ea,eCV
6631:haldan
6554:oa,oCV
6460:>!
6404:wiersa
6378:werold
6340:hurdle
6335:hyrdel
6330:burden
6325:byrþen
6320:church
6315:ċyriċe
6192:OE +CC
6181:sċytel
6166:cudgel
6161:cyċġel
6144:>!
6141:muchel
6095:lufian
6024:borian
5949:oa,oCV
5799:fodder
5794:fōddor
5789:gospel
5778:OE +CC
5772:beyond
5719:beetle
5714:bitela
5704:pilian
5637:gyrdan
5608:>!
5567:little
5515:wȳsċan
5505:fīftiġ
5500:wisdom
5495:wīsdōm
5489:OE +CC
5465:gyldan
5435:cyssan
5430:bridge
5393:to sit
5388:sittan
5378:writen
5335:heaven
5330:heofon
5305:/lɛðɚ/
5234:beoran
5199:brecan
5187:(occ.)
5111:to eat
5095:/miːt/
5081:meotan
5076:beaver
5071:beofor
5051:specan
5033:ea,eCV
5014:hīerde
5002:OE +CC
4948:sterne
4833:bercan
4823:heorte
4762:friend
4757:frēond
4711:bēcnan
4685:OE +CC
4648:byrġan
4621:seofon
4599:better
4594:betera
4584:tellan
4558:helpan
4365:lǣstan
4360:to ask
4356:/ɑːsk/
4352:āscian
4153:>!
4146:sweart
4136:swearm
3987:wasċan
3920:/læst/
3912:lǣstan
3889:āscian
3883:OE +CC
3815:fathom
3591:, and
3436:→ ENE
3414:→ ENE
3405:→ ENE
3388:→ ENE
3280:Buchan
3254:naught
3248:(from
3234:/niːt/
3196:-ough-
3188:trough
3172:though
3170:(e.g.
3167:-ough-
3129:/laːf/
3127:→ ENE
3110:/naɪt/
3106:/niːt/
3102:/niht/
3074:taught
3040:H-loss
2948:gospel
2919:ċildru
2844:school
2836:divine
2763:ridden
2735:/weːk/
2723:/woːd/
2696:stāves
2688:staves
2626:H-loss
2505:/næːm/
2503:→ LME
2487:/wiːk/
2480:/weːk/
2478:→ LME
2462:/miːt/
2455:/meːt/
2453:→ LME
2296:freend
2268:frēond
2264:/eːo̯/
2199:/y(ː)/
2115:, and
2072:→ LME
2054:→ EME
1959:, and
1957:/eːo̯/
1938:/eːo̯/
1784:/tuːx/
1782:→ LME
1780:/towx/
1778:→ EME
1776:/toːx/
1754:→ LME
1748:grōwan
1402:Short
1382:Vowels
1321:e muet
1245:telles
1241:halles
1231:(e.g.
1194:sandhi
1173:) vs.
1125:staves
1121:staffs
1115:) and
1113:Boston
1105:greasy
1046:fuhsa-
1020:) and
995:either
943:vowels
563:Dental
558:Labial
503:ENE =
463:PIE =
446:London
413:
278:merger
276:caught
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
10917:Welsh
10897:Ubykh
10882:Tamil
10844:Sotho
10814:Scots
10749:Oromo
10699:Māori
10689:Malay
10643:Latin
10613:Kiowa
10598:Irish
10593:Inuit
10526:Koine
10370:Czech
10217:Verbs
10202:Nouns
9974:>
9957:/uːh/
9947:rough
9945:>
9937:tough
9935:>
9925:>
9892:>
9886:>
9878:bough
9876:>
9850:/uːh/
9845:/uːh/
9843:>
9841:/ouh/
9829:>
9826:sōhte
9819:>
9809:>
9801:ought
9799:>
9780:/ɔuh/
9775:/ɔuh/
9763:>
9735:dough
9733:>
9727:>
9706:>
9692:/ɔuh/
9687:/ɔuh/
9677:light
9675:>
9669:>
9666:līoht
9659:>
9656:flyht
9651:right
9649:>
9643:>
9634:/iːh/
9622:>
9614:thigh
9612:>
9606:>
9596:>
9590:>
9571:/iːh/
9566:/iːh/
9564:>
9562:/eih/
9550:>
9534:>
9527:/ɛih/
9522:/ɛih/
9510:>
9480:>
9465:slæht
9442:/auh/
9437:/auh/
9427:/baʊ/
9422:>
9419:būgan
9412:>
9406:>
9396:>
9393:fugol
9362:flown
9360:>
9352:/bou/
9347:>
9339:blown
9337:>
9327:>
9317:>
9307:>
9297:>
9294:sāwol
9287:>
9277:>
9274:crāwa
9267:>
9246:>
9222:>
9216:>
9196:>
9186:>
9167:truth
9165:>
9155:>
9152:blēow
9145:>
9135:>
9109:>
9101:shrew
9099:>
9089:>
9079:>
9065:/juː/
9043:>
9033:>
9023:>
9020:clawu
8987:>
8984:drȳġe
8977:>
8967:>
8957:>
8947:>
8937:>
8934:tiġel
8916:>
8913:flēġe
8910:>
8900:>
8897:lēġan
8894:>
8884:>
8878:>
8852:>
8822:>
8819:leġde
8812:>
8809:leġer
8802:>
8792:>
8782:>
8761:>
8751:>
8741:>
8738:fæġer
8731:>
8721:>
8711:>
8701:>
8607:<
8582:(cf.
8577:*
8575:<
8573:stȳle
8571:<
8569:steel
8562:*
8560:<
8554:<
8552:stern
8512:<
8502:<
8500:build
8495:bysiġ
8492:<
8477:<
8465:myriġ
8462:<
8460:merry
8453:myċel
8450:<
8438:<
8431:dysiġ
8428:<
8426:dizzy
8418:<
8408:<
8398:<
8388:<
8323:cross
8287:<
8283:<
8281:broad
8252:Latin
8250:<
8243:faune
8237:<
8227:<
8220:tāhte
8217:<
8210:sōhte
8207:<
8193:<
8186:clawu
8183:<
8165:/au̯/
8161:/au̯/
8127:>
8115:; OE
8111:>
8108:būtan
8087:>
8081:; OE
8077:>
8071:; OE
8067:>
8054:/aʊə/
8052:, RP
8050:/aʊr/
8046:/aur/
8035:sound
8033:>
8027:; OE
8025:hound
8023:>
8017:; OE
8015:found
8013:>
7996:>
7990:; OE
7986:>
7980:; OE
7978:mouse
7976:>
7940:/fʊt/
7935:>
7929:; OE
7927:/lʊk/
7922:>
7916:; OE
7914:/bʊk/
7909:>
7903:; OE
7901:/gʊd/
7896:>
7871:glove
7869:>
7863:; OE
7856:>
7853:mōdor
7850:; OE
7845:blood
7843:>
7819:>
7813:; OE
7811:floor
7809:>
7795:, RP
7789:/oːr/
7787:>
7785:/uːr/
7773:>
7767:; OE
7763:>
7754:OE ēo
7748:to do
7746:>
7740:; OE
7733:>
7727:; OE
7723:>
7717:; OE
7713:>
7675:>
7669:; OE
7665:>
7659:; OE
7655:>
7643:/aɪə/
7641:, RP
7639:/aɪr/
7635:/air/
7623:>
7617:; OE
7613:>
7607:; OE
7605:child
7603:>
7597:; OE
7593:>
7576:>
7573:hȳdan
7570:; OE
7568:bride
7566:>
7560:; OE
7556:>
7538:>
7532:; OE
7530:white
7528:>
7522:; OE
7518:>
7512:; OE
7508:>
7505:rīdan
7486:i,iCV
7458:; OE
7442:; OE
7438:>
7432:; OE
7428:>
7414:, RP
7408:/iːr/
7403:/iːr/
7395:/eːr/
7385:where
7371:; OE
7369:there
7347:, RP
7341:/eːr/
7326:dīere
7320:dēore
7314:OE ēo
7294:; OE
7281:hēran
7278:; OE
7274:>
7259:, RP
7253:/iːr/
7248:/eːr/
7240:/ɛːr/
7228:>
7212:; OE
7210:field
7208:>
7193:to be
7191:>
7185:; OE
7181:>
7175:; OE
7173:fiend
7171:>
7168:fēond
7165:; OE
7153:OE ēo
7133:; OE
7117:; OE
7113:>
7107:; OE
7103:>
7097:; OE
7081:; OE
7077:>
7074:fēdan
7039:>
7033:; OE
7029:>
7023:; OE
7019:>
7013:þrēat
7010:; OE
7008:death
7001:; OE
6999:/dɛd/
6994:>
6985:OE ēa
6977:>
6971:; OE
6967:>
6961:; OE
6957:>
6928:>
6914:, RP
6908:/eːr/
6895:great
6893:>
6890:grēat
6869:>
6863:; OE
6859:>
6853:; OE
6849:>
6839:>
6836:rǣran
6825:, RP
6819:/iːr/
6809:cheap
6807:>
6801:; OE
6797:>
6791:; OE
6784:>
6775:OE ēa
6769:wheat
6767:>
6764:hwǣte
6761:; OE
6757:>
6751:; OE
6744:>
6741:hǣlan
6714:ǣ; ēa
6706:>
6700:; OE
6696:>
6690:; OE
6686:>
6680:; OE
6672:>
6658:, RP
6652:/oːr/
6628:; OE
6612:; OE
6608:>
6593:whole
6591:>
6585:; OE
6581:>
6566:, RP
6540:/wʊd/
6535:>
6496:>
6482:, RP
6476:/oːr/
6474:>
6472:/uːr/
6419:worth
6417:>
6414:weorþ
6411:; OE
6409:worse
6398:wersa
6395:; OE
6391:>
6385:; OE
6383:world
6381:>
6375:; OE
6368:weorc
6359:; OE
6355:>
6338:>
6332:; OE
6328:>
6322:; OE
6318:>
6301:>
6286:, RP
6268:>
6262:; OE
6258:>
6252:; OE
6250:/fʊl/
6245:>
6221:>
6215:; OE
6211:>
6205:; OE
6201:>
6184:>
6178:; OE
6174:>
6168:; OE
6164:>
6158:; OE
6154:>
6148:; OE
6135:myċel
6123:above
6121:>
6115:; OE
6111:>
6105:; OE
6103:/lʌv/
6098:>
6092:; OE
6090:/bʌk/
6085:>
6049:board
6047:>
6041:; OE
6037:>
6031:; OE
6027:>
6013:, RP
6007:/oːr/
5995:>
5989:; OE
5985:>
5979:; OE
5975:>
5961:, RP
5935:storm
5933:>
5930:storm
5927:; OE
5925:storc
5923:>
5920:storc
5917:; OE
5913:>
5899:, RP
5881:>
5878:sōfte
5875:; OE
5871:>
5865:; OE
5861:>
5855:; OE
5853:frost
5851:>
5848:frost
5845:; OE
5843:cross
5841:>
5835:; OE
5831:>
5828:moþþe
5807:>
5801:; OE
5797:>
5791:; OE
5787:>
5770:>
5764:; OE
5760:>
5745:, RP
5717:>
5711:; OE
5707:>
5701:; OE
5697:>
5660:>
5654:; OE
5652:first
5650:>
5647:fyrst
5644:; OE
5640:>
5626:, RP
5596:; OE
5592:>
5589:wēoce
5586:; OE
5582:>
5565:>
5562:lȳtel
5559:; OE
5555:>
5552:ċīcen
5538:>
5532:; OE
5528:>
5522:; OE
5518:>
5512:; OE
5510:fifty
5508:>
5502:; OE
5498:>
5478:>
5475:bysiġ
5472:; OE
5468:>
5462:; OE
5458:>
5452:; OE
5448:>
5442:; OE
5438:>
5432:; OE
5428:>
5425:bryċġ
5413:liver
5411:>
5408:lifer
5405:; OE
5401:>
5395:; OE
5391:>
5385:; OE
5381:>
5345:heavy
5343:>
5340:hefiġ
5337:; OE
5333:>
5327:; OE
5323:>
5320:weder
5317:; OE
5315:stead
5313:>
5310:stede
5307:; OE
5300:>
5297:leþer
5278:were-
5276:>
5267:; OE
5263:>
5257:; OE
5253:>
5247:; OE
5240:beran
5223:, RP
5217:/eːr/
5202:>
5177:>
5171:; OE
5169:spear
5167:>
5164:spere
5153:, RP
5147:/iːr/
5135:>
5129:; OE
5116:meodu
5113:; OE
5100:eotan
5097:; OE
5087:metan
5078:; OE
5074:>
5068:; OE
5064:>
5058:; OE
5054:>
5019:heard
5008:hērde
4994:>
4988:; OE
4986:earth
4984:>
4981:eorþe
4978:; OE
4974:>
4965:OE eo
4959:stern
4936:, RP
4910:>
4904:; AN
4900:>
4897:werra
4886:, RP
4868:>
4862:; OE
4849:teoru
4846:; OE
4830:; OE
4828:heart
4826:>
4812:, RP
4789:>
4786:hēold
4783:; OE
4781:theft
4776:þīefþ
4770:þēofþ
4767:; OE
4760:>
4754:; OE
4750:>
4747:lǣssa
4744:; OE
4742:flesh
4740:>
4737:flǣsċ
4734:; OE
4730:>
4724:; OE
4708:; OE
4704:>
4701:mētte
4698:; OE
4694:>
4691:cēpte
4679:knell
4677:>
4674:cnyll
4667:>
4661:lyft-
4658:; OE
4651:>
4645:; OE
4643:merry
4641:>
4638:myriġ
4626:seven
4624:>
4615:OE eo
4607:>
4601:; OE
4597:>
4591:; OE
4587:>
4581:; OE
4565:; OE
4561:>
4523:>
4517:; OE
4513:>
4510:faran
4507:; OE
4503:>
4488:, RP
4482:/eːr/
4472:raven
4470:>
4467:hræfn
4464:; OE
4462:whale
4460:>
4454:; OE
4450:>
4433:>
4430:bacan
4427:; OE
4425:naked
4423:>
4420:nacod
4417:; OE
4413:>
4398:>
4371:>
4362:; OE
4358:>
4349:; OE
4347:after
4345:>
4342:æfter
4339:; OE
4335:>
4329:; OE
4327:grass
4325:>
4319:; OE
4317:glass
4315:>
4291:>
4282:palma
4278:Latin
4272:>
4258:, RP
4252:(+lm)
4243:>
4227:; OE
4211:; OE
4209:small
4207:>
4183:>
4177:; OE
4173:>
4170:wearm
4167:; OE
4163:>
4157:; OE
4151:swart
4143:; OE
4141:swarm
4139:>
4130:OE ea
4124:, RP
4094:; OE
4090:>
4087:heard
4076:, RP
4057:>
4051:; OE
4047:>
4038:OE ea
4030:>
4024:; OE
4022:swath
4020:>
4003:>
3994:; OE
3990:>
3984:; OE
3980:>
3965:, RP
3938:; OE
3915:>
3909:; OE
3905:>
3897:/æsk/
3892:>
3878:(GA)
3876:/hæf/
3871:>
3868:healf
3865:; OE
3861:>
3852:OE ea
3843:>
3840:mæsse
3837:; OE
3833:>
3827:; OE
3823:>
3817:; OE
3813:>
3792:>
3786:; OE
3782:>
3776:; OE
3772:>
3766:; OE
3762:>
3756:; OE
3752:>
3660:RP =
3645:GA =
3639:NE =
3633:ME =
3622:WS =
3616:OE =
3464:/ɔɪ̯/
3462:→ NE
3460:/ui̯/
3456:/ɔi̯/
3446:/ɪu̯/
3442:/juː/
3440:→ NE
3438:/ɪu̯/
3434:/iu̯/
3430:/ɛu̯/
3420:/oʊ̯/
3418:→ NE
3412:/ɔu̯/
3403:/au̯/
3398:/eɪ̯/
3396:→ NE
3386:/ai̯/
3367:/aʊ̯/
3363:/aɪ̯/
3357:were
3250:aught
3230:night
3218:Scots
3184:rough
3180:bough
3158:/ou̯/
3147:/tʌf/
3145:→ NE
3143:/tuf/
3131:→ NE
3125:/laf/
3108:→ NE
3070:night
3009:mētan
3001:mētte
2990:cēpan
2982:cēpte
2946:→ NE
2942:; OE
2938:→ NE
2925:→ NE
2921:+ OE
2917:; OE
2912:child
2910:→ NE
2897:→ NE
2893:; OE
2888:ghost
2886:→ NE
2860:south
2815:→ NE
2805:→ NE
2793:→ NE
2783:→ NE
2761:→ NE
2759:riden
2757:, OE
2753:→ NE
2751:hnutu
2733:→ ME
2729:; OE
2721:→ ME
2684:staff
2646:were
2507:→ NE
2497:→ ME
2482:→ NE
2475:weeke
2472:→ ME
2457:→ NE
2447:→ ME
2444:mētan
2408:seven
2260:/eo̯/
2074:/dɛj/
2070:/dæj/
2068:→ ME
2066:/daʝ/
2056:/wɛj/
2052:/weʝ/
1969:/eo̯/
1934:/eo̯/
1907:/juː/
1881:; in
1770:: OE
1768:/uːh/
1760:/owx/
1746:: OE
1736:/oːɣ/
1732:/oːw/
1641:Front
1507:Front
1428:Front
1423:Close
1405:Long
1295:with
1287:with
1279:with
1271:with
1263:with
1255:with
1237:tells
1233:halls
1177:with
1144:teeth
1136:house
1117:staff
1101:wives
1093:glass
1089:grass
1067:with
1051:*
1044:*
1037:fyxen
1026:vixen
991:ether
971:Latin
963:wīfes
955:hūses
891:front
595:Nasal
583:Velar
497:NE =
478:ME =
469:OE =
401:(IPA)
283:Drawl
230:Pre-R
225:Pre-L
90:JSTOR
76:books
10932:Zuni
10887:Taos
10120:OCLC
9965:/ʊf/
9916:/ʌf/
9908:/ʊf/
9889:plōh
9883:plōg
9867:/aʊ/
9862:/əu/
9816:þoht
9796:āhte
9790:/ɔː/
9785:/ɔː/
9760:trog
9749:/ɔf/
9717:/oʊ/
9713:/əʊ/
9708:/oː/
9704:/ou/
9672:līht
9646:riht
9640:reht
9624:nigh
9603:þēoh
9598:high
9587:hēah
9581:/aɪ/
9576:/əi/
9541:/eɪ/
9536:/eː/
9532:/ei/
9496:/af/
9474:) +
9468:(WS
9459:/ɔː/
9454:/ɔː/
9398:fowl
9387:/aʊ/
9382:/əu/
9377:/uː/
9372:/uː/
9344:boga
9314:āgen
9304:āgan
9299:soul
9289:snow
9284:snāw
9279:crow
9257:/oʊ/
9253:/əʊ/
9248:/oː/
9244:/ou/
9239:/ɔu/
9234:/ɔu/
9208:true
9193:nīwe
9177:/iu/
9157:blew
9126:/iu/
9121:/eu/
9106:dēaw
9091:lewd
9060:/ɛu/
9055:/ɛu/
9030:lagu
9025:claw
9014:/ɔː/
9009:/ɔː/
9004:/au/
8999:/au/
8974:byġe
8964:ryġe
8944:liġe
8939:tile
8928:/iː/
8875:ēage
8869:/aɪ/
8864:/əi/
8859:/iː/
8854:/iː/
8850:/ei/
8835:hīeġ
8832:(WS
8824:laid
8814:lair
8804:rain
8799:reġn
8773:/ɛi/
8763:gray
8758:grǣġ
8753:clay
8748:clǣġ
8743:fair
8733:nail
8728:næġl
8692:/eɪ/
8687:/eː/
8682:/ai/
8677:/ai/
8623:and
8487:busy
8472:bury
8448:much
8441:lyft
8436:lift
8421:mynd
8416:mind
8411:synn
8401:dyde
8386:gild
8337:and
8327:moth
8315:long
8305:and
8290:brād
8277:/ɔː/
8269:salt
8248:Paul
8235:fawn
8196:lagu
8181:claw
8175:and
8169:/ɔu/
8167:and
8149:/ɔː/
8089:sour
8074:sċūr
8043:(+r)
8020:hund
7998:loud
7993:hlūd
7967:OE ū
7963:/aʊ/
7958:/əu/
7950:/uː/
7937:foot
7911:book
7898:good
7866:glōf
7840:blōd
7821:moor
7806:flōr
7797:/ɔː/
7793:/ɔr/
7782:(+r)
7735:food
7725:soon
7720:sōna
7715:moon
7710:mōna
7704:OE ō
7700:/uː/
7695:/uː/
7687:/oː/
7677:wire
7657:fire
7632:(+r)
7625:mind
7620:mynd
7600:ċild
7563:brȳd
7558:mice
7547:OE ȳ
7540:mine
7525:hwīt
7520:time
7515:tīma
7499:OE ī
7495:/aɪ/
7490:/əi/
7482:/iː/
7472:bier
7464:(WS
7448:(WS
7440:deer
7435:dēor
7430:beer
7425:bēor
7416:/ɪə/
7412:/ɪr/
7380:hwǣr
7377:(WS
7374:hwēr
7361:(WS
7349:/ɛə/
7345:/ɛr/
7331:dear
7323:(WS
7308:fear
7300:(WS
7284:(WS
7276:here
7265:OE ē
7261:/ɪə/
7257:/ɪr/
7218:(WS
7205:feld
7188:bēon
7163:deep
7159:dēop
7142:nǣdl
7139:(WS
7136:nēdl
7131:deed
7123:(WS
7115:feet
7087:(WS
7068:OE ē
7064:/iː/
7059:/iː/
7051:/eː/
7041:deaf
7036:dēaf
7026:rēad
7004:dēaþ
6996:dead
6991:dēad
6955:odor
6951:brǣþ
6945:OE ǣ
6916:/ɛə/
6912:/ɛr/
6881:/eɪ/
6861:sere
6856:sēar
6846:ēare
6827:/ɪə/
6823:/ɪr/
6816:(+r)
6804:ċēap
6799:leaf
6794:lēaf
6759:heat
6754:hǣtu
6735:OE ǣ
6731:/iː/
6726:/eː/
6718:/ɛː/
6708:sore
6698:boar
6688:more
6683:māra
6660:/ɔː/
6656:/ɔr/
6649:(+r)
6634:(WS
6621:eald
6618:(WS
6610:comb
6605:camb
6572:OE ā
6568:/əʊ/
6564:/oʊ/
6558:/oː/
6550:/ɔː/
6537:wood
6532:wudu
6498:door
6493:duru
6484:/ɔː/
6480:/ɔr/
6469:(+r)
6442:/uː/
6437:/uː/
6429:/oː/
6401:(WS
6393:worm
6388:wyrm
6373:work
6365:(WS
6362:werc
6357:word
6352:word
6309:OE y
6292:OE u
6288:/ɜː/
6284:/ər/
6280:/ər/
6277:(+r)
6270:bush
6265:bysċ
6260:bull
6255:bula
6247:full
6242:full
6223:rust
6218:rūst
6213:tusk
6208:tūsc
6203:dust
6198:dūst
6146:much
6129:OE y
6108:uppe
6087:buck
6082:bucc
6076:OE u
6044:bord
6039:fore
6034:fore
6015:/ɔː/
6011:/ɔr/
6004:(+r)
5997:over
5992:ofer
5987:nose
5982:nosu
5977:foal
5972:fola
5963:/əʊ/
5959:/oʊ/
5953:/oː/
5945:/ɔː/
5915:corn
5910:corn
5901:/ɔː/
5897:/ɔr/
5893:/ɔr/
5890:(+r)
5883:soft
5838:cros
5833:moth
5819:/ɔː/
5751:OE o
5699:week
5694:wicu
5685:/iː/
5680:/iː/
5672:/eː/
5628:/ɜː/
5624:/ər/
5620:/ər/
5617:(+r)
5594:wick
5584:sick
5579:sēoc
5540:fist
5535:fȳst
5530:kith
5480:busy
5455:synn
5445:dyde
5419:OE y
5403:fish
5398:fisċ
5372:OE i
5255:pear
5237:(WS
5225:/ɛə/
5221:/ɛr/
5190:/eɪ/
5179:mere
5174:mere
5155:/ɪə/
5151:/ɪr/
5144:(+r)
5137:evil
5132:yfel
5127:mead
5122:medu
5119:(WS
5106:etan
5103:(WS
5084:(WS
5066:meat
5061:mete
5042:/iː/
5037:/eː/
5029:/ɛː/
5011:(WS
4976:earl
4971:eorl
4951:(WS
4942:OE e
4938:/ɜː/
4934:/ər/
4930:/ər/
4925:/ɛr/
4888:/ɔː/
4884:/ɔr/
4880:/ɔr/
4870:star
4855:teru
4852:(WS
4836:(WS
4814:/ɑː/
4810:/ɑr/
4804:/ar/
4798:(+r)
4791:held
4773:(WS
4752:less
4714:(WS
4696:kept
4669:left
4665:weak
4632:OE y
4574:eolh
4571:(WS
4552:OE e
4505:care
4500:caru
4494:OE a
4490:/ɛə/
4486:/ɛr/
4479:(+r)
4457:hwæl
4452:acre
4447:æcer
4441:OE æ
4415:name
4410:nama
4404:OE a
4400:/eɪ/
4396:/eː/
4391:/ɛː/
4383:/aː/
4337:path
4322:græs
4312:glæs
4303:/ɑː/
4293:palm
4288:palm
4274:alms
4260:/ɑː/
4233:(WS
4220:eall
4217:(WS
4204:smæl
4195:/ɔː/
4175:warm
4126:/ɔː/
4122:/ɔr/
4118:/ɔr/
4103:earc
4100:(WS
4092:hard
4078:/ɑː/
4074:/ɑr/
4070:/ar/
4067:(+r)
4032:wasp
4027:wæsp
4017:swæþ
4011:OE æ
4001:dark
3997:wann
3982:swan
3977:swan
3971:OE a
3944:(WS
3928:(WS
3902:fǣtt
3873:half
3858:weax
3845:mass
3807:fæþm
3801:OE æ
3789:assa
3784:sack
3779:sacc
3774:sang
3769:sang
3764:lamb
3759:lamb
3749:mann
3743:OE a
3606:NOTE
3562:/mb/
3558:/nd/
3554:/ld/
3493:any
3491:cite
3416:/oː/
3407:/ɔː/
3394:/eː/
3390:/ɛː/
3365:and
3355:/uː/
3353:and
3351:/iː/
3341:The
3327:and
3312:Bach
3274:loch
3262:nout
3260:and
3252:and
3246:nowt
3244:and
3238:neat
3210:-gh-
3162:/uː/
3098:niht
3072:and
3013:meet
2994:keep
2986:kept
2970:/st/
2963:/ɔː/
2959:/ɑː/
2940:good
2908:ċild
2884:gāst
2862:vs.
2854:vs.
2846:vs.
2838:vs.
2745:and
2739:week
2731:wicu
2727:wood
2719:wudu
2713:and
2694:vs.
2692:staf
2680:/ɔː/
2672:/oː/
2664:/ɛː/
2656:/eː/
2533:edit
2509:name
2500:nāme
2494:nama
2484:week
2469:wicu
2459:meet
2375:/aː/
2349:/eː/
2347:and
2334:/yː/
2332:and
2319:/iː/
2317:and
2311:/yː/
2309:and
2292:/eː/
2290:and
2284:/øː/
2282:and
2276:/øː/
2274:and
2262:and
2251:/ɔː/
2249:and
2247:/ɛː/
2243:/ɑː/
2241:and
2239:/æː/
2227:and
2219:/æː/
2217:and
2197:and
2189:and
2181:and
2148:/ŋɡ/
2144:/mb/
2140:/rd/
2136:/ld/
2132:/nd/
2012:and
1982:and
1961:/œː/
1950:/øː/
1946:/øː/
1942:/œː/
1936:and
1915:/iw/
1911:/iː/
1903:/iw/
1895:/yː/
1891:/eː/
1889:and
1879:/iː/
1877:and
1867:/yː/
1865:and
1846:The
1837:/eː/
1835:and
1825:/ɛː/
1812:and
1800:/uː/
1796:/ow/
1792:/ɔw/
1788:/ow/
1744:/ow/
1740:/ɔw/
1695:Open
1671:Back
1564:Back
1471:Back
1370:and
1350:and
1338:and
1293:pith
1285:with
1275:vs.
1259:vs.
1253:this
1204:vs.
1198:this
1154:vs.
1152:half
1146:vs.
1138:vs.
1099:vs.
1097:wife
1091:and
1079:and
1063:and
1049:vs.
1035:vs.
1024:vs.
1008:vs.
987:vine
985:vs.
983:fine
977:and
912:and
904:and
893:and
878:ring
870:and
787:ʍ •
739:) •
635:Stop
535:bold
521:The
62:news
10870:T–Z
10677:M–S
10461:F–L
10435:Old
10348:Old
10228:A–E
9942:ruh
9932:tōh
9903:/f/
9873:bōg
9744:/f/
9730:dāh
9724:dāg
9619:nēh
9609:þēh
9593:hēh
9491:/f/
9477:-or
9349:bow
9319:own
9198:new
9188:hue
9183:hīw
9111:dew
9081:mew
9076:mǣw
9035:law
8989:dry
8969:rye
8918:fly
8886:eye
8881:ēġe
8846:ēġV
8840:hay
8829:hēġ
8784:way
8779:weġ
8713:may
8708:mæġ
8703:day
8698:dæġ
8627:).
8510:buy
8406:sin
8396:did
8379:/u/
8375:/y/
8367:/y/
8363:/i/
8361:to
8359:/y/
8355:/e/
8353:to
8351:/y/
8347:/y/
8341:).
8339:/ɔ/
8335:/ɑ/
8331:/ɔ/
8319:off
8311:dog
8273:all
8265:/l/
8261:/a/
8201:/h/
8191:law
8113:but
8105:OE
8099:/ʌ/
8084:sūr
8069:our
8064:ūre
8061:OE
8007:OE
7988:out
7973:mūs
7970:OE
7932:fōt
7906:bōc
7893:gōd
7890:OE
7884:/ʊ/
7837:OE
7831:/ʌ/
7816:mōr
7803:OE
7757:OE
7743:dōn
7730:fōd
7707:OE
7672:wīr
7652:fȳr
7649:OE
7587:OE
7553:mȳs
7550:OE
7535:mīn
7502:OE
7467:bǣr
7461:bēr
7422:OE
7399:eer
7364:þǣr
7358:þēr
7355:OE
7317:OE
7303:fǣr
7297:fēr
7271:hēr
7268:OE
7202:OE
7156:OE
7126:dǣd
7120:dēd
7110:fēt
7071:OE
7031:red
6988:OE
6948:OE
6941:/ɛ/
6930:ere
6922:OE
6887:OE
6851:ear
6833:OE
6778:OE
6738:OE
6703:sār
6693:bār
6678:ore
6674:oar
6666:OE
6626:old
6615:ald
6602:OE
6588:hāl
6583:oak
6575:OE
6562:GA
6529:OE
6523:/ʊ/
6508:/ʌ/
6490:OE
6448:OE
6349:OE
6312:OE
6295:OE
6239:OE
6233:/ʊ/
6195:OE
6132:OE
6079:OE
6072:/ʌ/
6067:/ʊ/
6063:u,o
6059:/u/
6021:OE
5969:OE
5957:GA
5907:OE
5873:oft
5868:oft
5863:off
5825:OE
5781:OE
5762:god
5757:god
5754:OE
5747:/ɒ/
5743:/ɑ/
5741:GA
5737:/ɔ/
5729:/o/
5691:OE
5634:OE
5576:OE
5549:OE
5492:OE
5460:sin
5450:did
5422:OE
5375:OE
5368:/ɪ/
5363:/ɪ/
5355:/i/
5294:OE
5288:/ɛ/
5274:man
5270:wer
5231:OE
5196:OE
5161:OE
5048:OE
5005:OE
4968:OE
4945:OE
4902:war
4894:AN
4860:tar
4820:OE
4808:GA
4706:met
4688:OE
4635:OE
4618:OE
4579:elk
4568:elh
4555:OE
4548:/ɛ/
4543:/ɛ/
4535:/e/
4497:OE
4444:OE
4407:OE
4387:aCV
4332:pæþ
4309:OE
4266:OE
4256:/ɑ/
4254:GA
4225:all
4214:all
4201:OE
4133:OE
4108:ark
4097:ærc
4084:OE
4041:OE
4014:OE
4005:wan
3974:OE
3967:/ɒ/
3963:/ɑ/
3961:GA
3907:fat
3894:ask
3886:OE
3863:wax
3855:OE
3825:sat
3820:sæt
3804:OE
3794:ass
3754:man
3746:OE
3739:/æ/
3734:/a/
3726:/a/
3596:/j/
3589:/w/
3585:/ɣ/
3574:/h/
3570:/r/
3504:by
3444:.
3307:/x/
3303:/k/
3299:/x/
3289:/k/
3285:/x/
3269:/x/
3258:out
3242:owt
3232:as
3226:/x/
3206:/h/
3160:or
3139:tōh
3137:OE
3119:OE
3096:OE
3090:/f/
3084:or
3046:/h/
3005:met
2999:OE
2980:OE
2936:gōd
2934:OE
2923:-an
2906:OE
2882:OE
2799:ME
2777:ME
2755:nut
2747:/u/
2743:/i/
2715:/u/
2711:/i/
2676:/o/
2668:/u/
2660:/e/
2652:/i/
2622:/a/
2618:/h/
2614:/u/
2610:/h/
2606:/i/
2588:.
2555:/j/
2551:/w/
2544:/ɡ/
2491:OE
2466:OE
2441:OE
2432:-ed
2424:-es
2420:/ə/
2416:/ə/
2404:/n/
2400:/n/
2396:/m/
2392:/ə/
2345:/e/
2330:/y/
2315:/i/
2307:/y/
2288:/e/
2280:/ø/
2272:/ø/
2233:/a/
2229:/ɑ/
2225:/æ/
2215:/æ/
2082:/h/
2062:dæġ
2060:OE
2048:weġ
2046:OE
2041:/w/
2037:/j/
2033:/ʝ/
2029:/w/
2025:/ɣ/
1996:/i/
1992:/u/
1984:/ɑ/
1980:/æ/
1976:/a/
1965:/ø/
1893:.)
1887:/e/
1875:/i/
1863:/y/
1857:of
1833:/e/
1772:tōh
1614:Mid
1416:/w/
1410:/j/
1372:/ð/
1368:/θ/
1356:/z/
1340:/v/
1336:/f/
1316:/e/
1312:/e/
1297:/θ/
1289:/ð/
1281:/v/
1273:/f/
1269:off
1265:/z/
1257:/s/
1249:/s/
1229:/z/
1225:/z/
1210:/θ/
1202:/ð/
1179:/z/
1132:/e/
1109:/z/
1085:/z/
1073:/z/
1069:/s/
1033:fox
1022:fox
1010:vat
1006:fat
959:wīf
951:hūs
945:or
939:/s/
935:/θ/
931:/f/
918:/w/
914:/r/
910:/l/
887:/h/
872:/ɡ/
868:/k/
864:/n/
833:1.
529:or
272:Cot
45:by
10949::
10053:^
10033:^
9939:;
9929:;
9880:;
9823:;
9813:;
9803:;
9663:;
9653:;
9616:;
9600:;
9558:ēh
9518:eh
9416:;
9400:;
9354:;
9341:;
9331:;
9321:;
9311:;
9301:;
9291:;
9281:;
9271:;
9210:;
9200:;
9190:;
9159:;
9149:;
9139:;
9103:;
9093:;
9083:;
9037:;
9027:;
8981:;
8971:;
8961:;
8941:;
8888:;
8826:;
8816:;
8806:;
8796:;
8786:;
8755:;
8745:;
8735:;
8725:;
8715:;
8705:;
8603::
8567:,
8508:,
8498:,
8434:,
8424:,
8414:,
8404:,
8394:,
8381::
8325:,
8321:,
8317:,
8313:,
8271:,
8246:,
8223:,
8213:,
8189:,
8155::
8151:,
8147::
8058:OE
7954:ou
7691:oo
7224:)
7105:me
7100:mē
6925:ǣr
6676:,
6669:ār
6578:āc
6514:?
6433:oo
6113:up
5858:of
5676:ee
4921:er
4800:ar
4276:;
4239:)
3835:at
3830:æt
3600:CV
3587:→
3580:,
3560:,
3556:,
3458:,
3432:,
3392:→
3381::
3333:.
3321:,
3315:,
3190:,
3186:,
3182:,
3178:,
3174:,
3104:→
3076:.
3011:→
3003:→
2992:→
2984:→
2850:,
2842:,
2737:→
2725:→
2678:→
2674:,
2670:→
2666:,
2662:→
2658:,
2654:→
2521:.
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