4617:
24:
2825:
discusses this distinction, and states that "until very recently, all
Norfolk English speakers consistently and automatically maintained the nose-knows distinction ... In the 1940s and 1950s, it was therefore a totally unremarkable feature of Norfolk English shared by all speakers, and therefore
2866:
as part of dedialectalisation process, the end-point of which will soon be (a few speakers even today maintain a vestigial and variable distinction) the complete merger of the two lexical sets under
8605:
4638:
372:
have undergone many changes since the Old and Middle
English periods. The sound changes discussed here involved at least one phoneme which historically was a diphthong.
1167:
By the late 16th century, the inventory of diphthongs had been reduced as a result of several developments, all of which took place in the mid-to-late 16th century:
45:
8861:
8823:
8810:
8802:
1516:
360:
321:
196:
173:
168:
148:
8818:
143:
8957:
8838:
8618:
163:
8678:
484:, the length of the diphthongs was not indicated in spelling, but in modern editions of OE texts the long forms are often written with a
8853:
191:
32:
2858:
distinction in
Norfolk: "This disappearance was being effected by the gradual and variable transfer of lexical items from the set of
8967:
508:
2667:
accents. As late as 1800s
England, the distinction was still very widespread; the main areas with the merger were in the northern
8307:
8787:
8018:
314:
128:
8926:
8907:
8887:
1589:. General American does not have the centering diphthongs (at least, not as independent phonemes). For more information, see
271:
266:
246:
8795:
2652:
138:
8501:"Surviving 'Estuary English': innovation diffusion, koineisation and local dialect differentiation in the English Fenland"
8370:
6379:
5010:
633:
385:
113:
8573:
8551:
8532:
8464:
4664:
421:(and their exact pronunciation is in any case uncertain). Typical diphthongs are considered to have been as follows:
307:
4646:
8671:
1340:
changed to a rising diphthong, which became the sequence . The change did not occur in all dialects, however; see
8775:
8013:
342:
103:
4642:
1324:
By the late 17th century, these further developments had taken place in the dialect of south-eastern
England:
531:
118:
1614:
1486:. In RP, the starting point of the latter diphthong has now become more centralized and is commonly written
8698:
8474:
Britain, David (2001). "Where did it all start? Dialect contact, the 'Founder
Principle' and the so-called
251:
8812:
8804:
8054:
8050:
8001:
7997:
7993:
7989:
7985:
7977:
7967:
7955:
7935:
7920:
7900:
7885:
7870:
7855:
7840:
7825:
7810:
7795:
7780:
7765:
7750:
7735:
7720:
7705:
7690:
7675:
7660:
7645:
7630:
7615:
7600:
7585:
7570:
7555:
7540:
7525:
7510:
7495:
7480:
7465:
7450:
7435:
7420:
7405:
7390:
7375:
7360:
7345:
7330:
7315:
7300:
7285:
7270:
7255:
7240:
7225:
7210:
7195:
7180:
7165:
7150:
7135:
7120:
7105:
7090:
7075:
7058:
7043:
7028:
7013:
6998:
6983:
6968:
6953:
6938:
6923:
6908:
6893:
6878:
6863:
6848:
6833:
6818:
6803:
6788:
6773:
6758:
6743:
6728:
6713:
6698:
6683:
6668:
6653:
6638:
6623:
6608:
6593:
6578:
6563:
6548:
6533:
6518:
6503:
6488:
6473:
6458:
6443:
6424:
6419:
6407:
6399:
6391:
6371:
6367:
6336:
6321:
6301:
6286:
6271:
6256:
6241:
6226:
6211:
6196:
6181:
6168:
6153:
6137:
6122:
6107:
6092:
6077:
6062:
6047:
6032:
6017:
6001:
5986:
5971:
5956:
5941:
5926:
5911:
5896:
5881:
5868:
5853:
5838:
5818:
5798:
5783:
5768:
5753:
5738:
5723:
5708:
5693:
5678:
5663:
5648:
5633:
5618:
5603:
5588:
5573:
5558:
5543:
5528:
5513:
5498:
5483:
5468:
5453:
5438:
5423:
5408:
5393:
5378:
5363:
5348:
5333:
5318:
5303:
5288:
5273:
5258:
5243:
5228:
5213:
5200:
5185:
5170:
5155:
5140:
5125:
5110:
5091:
5086:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4969:
4956:
4943:
4930:
4917:
4904:
4891:
4878:
4865:
4852:
4839:
4826:
4813:
4800:
4784:
4779:
4763:
4755:
4748:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4710:
4702:
4698:
4591:
4578:
4565:
4552:
4539:
4526:
4513:
4500:
4487:
4474:
4461:
4448:
4435:
4422:
4409:
4396:
4383:
4370:
4357:
4344:
4331:
4318:
4305:
4292:
4279:
4266:
4253:
4240:
4227:
4214:
4201:
4188:
4175:
4162:
4149:
4136:
4123:
4110:
4097:
4084:
4068:
4055:
4042:
4029:
4016:
4003:
3987:
3982:
3965:
3952:
3939:
3926:
3913:
3900:
3887:
3874:
3861:
3848:
3835:
3822:
3809:
3796:
3783:
3770:
3757:
3744:
3731:
3718:
3705:
3692:
3679:
3666:
3653:
3640:
3627:
3614:
3601:
3588:
3575:
3562:
3549:
3536:
3523:
3510:
3497:
3484:
3471:
3458:
3445:
3432:
3419:
3406:
3393:
3380:
3367:
3354:
3341:
3328:
3315:
3302:
3289:
3276:
3263:
3250:
3237:
3224:
3211:
3198:
3185:
3172:
3159:
3146:
3133:
3120:
3107:
3094:
3081:
3068:
3055:
3042:
3029:
3016:
3003:
2990:
2977:
2964:
2951:
2938:
2922:
2917:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2779:
2747:
2719:
2683:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2575:
2563:
2545:
2532:
2519:
2506:
2493:
2480:
2467:
2454:
2441:
2428:
2415:
2402:
2389:
2376:
2363:
2350:
2337:
2324:
2311:
2298:
2285:
2272:
2259:
2246:
2233:
2220:
2207:
2194:
2181:
2168:
2155:
2142:
2129:
2116:
2103:
2090:
2077:
2064:
2051:
2038:
2025:
2012:
1999:
1986:
1973:
1960:
1947:
1934:
1921:
1908:
1895:
1882:
1869:
1856:
1843:
1830:
1817:
1801:
1796:
1744:
1740:
1709:
1691:
1687:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1518:
1511:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1459:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1431:
1427:
1419:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1368:
1364:
1352:
1348:
1329:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1278:
1272:
1263:
1256:
1251:
1243:
1231:
1223:
1209:
1201:
1189:
1175:
1171:
1157:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1072:
1016:
1008:
1004:
992:
988:
936:
923:
894:
888:
884:
880:
844:
837:
814:
789:
768:
761:
741:. Later (around the 1800s) this diphthong would merge in most dialects with the monophthong of words like
738:
734:
707:
703:
691:
687:
660:
656:
652:
648:
599:
594:
573:
569:
549:
542:
538:
470:
460:
449:
438:
426:
356:
352:
8664:
390:
8962:
2814:
6375:
667:, perhaps by the fourteenth century. The merger is reflected in all dialects of present-day English.
598:(which had allophones and in this position – for the subsequent disappearance of these sounds, see
8648:
8733:
8544:
Atlas of North
American English: Phonetics, Phonology and Sound Change: a Multimedia Reference Tool
4627:
520:
93:
8713:
8708:
8703:
4631:
1537:
Present-day RP is thus normally analyzed as having eight diphthongs: the five closing diphthongs
592:
546:
37:
530:
Although the Old
English diphthongs merged into monophthongs, Middle English began to develop a
8152:
8106:
4720:
553:
338:
8248:"The developmental progression of English vowel systems, 1500–1800: Evidence from grammarians"
760:
The
English of southeastern England around 1400 had seven diphthongs, of which three ended in
8745:
8134:
7973:
1695:
1652:
381:
214:
88:
1590:
8894:
8755:
4690:
2660:
2644:
2559:
1756:
418:
256:
8:
8723:
5038:
1694:
are not distinguished, making "cot" and "coat" homophones. Zulu
English often also has a
1656:
1494:
535:
294:
1639:
that historically occurred in some non-rhotic dialects of American English, making both
8843:
8738:
8687:
8636:
8521:
8277:
8023:
1197:
664:
485:
401:
occurring in Old English itself, although the long forms sometimes also developed from
289:
8436:
8311:
8833:
8614:
8569:
8547:
8528:
8460:
8281:
8269:
8028:
7941:
7906:
6307:
4694:
2871:
1760:
1137:
158:
73:
8899:
8592:
8487:
8259:
8070:
5824:
5804:
2672:
2656:
1705:
434:
261:
4697:, and among scattered other American English speakers. The process has bisyllabic
1164:. Thus, the English of south-eastern England could then have had nine diphthongs.
8728:
8454:
7981:
4740:
4686:
2851:
1752:
1748:
442:
406:
8264:
8247:
8879:
8760:
8750:
2894:
2822:
2587:
663:
was typically represented orthographically with "ai" or "ay". These came to be
402:
241:
8583:
Walters, J. Roderick (2001). "English in Wales and a 'Welsh Valleys' accent".
8500:
8378:
2826:
of no salience whatsoever." In a recent investigation into the English of the
624:
The diphthongs that developed by these processes also came to be used in many
8951:
8561:
8516:
8273:
7070:
2878:
2668:
2648:
1713:
8596:
8491:
659:
was typically represented orthographically with "ei" or "ey", and the vowel
632:. For a table showing the development of the Middle English diphthongs, see
2664:
1702:
1683:
1636:
1341:
410:
398:
394:
8308:"Rodrik Wade, MA Thesis, Ch 4: Structural characteristics of Zulu English"
8168:
1478:
mergers) became diphthongal in Standard English. That produced the vowels
8919:
8914:
8718:
2743:
1140:
had created two new diphthongs out of the former long close monophthongs
481:
8871:
8088:
1509:
629:
414:
236:
8365:
8363:
8656:
2679:
719:
369:
5037:, etc. homophones. Some speakers with this merger may also have the
4616:
8866:
8360:
2827:
2606:
are homophones. These mergers are grouped together by Wells as the
625:
348:
231:
4723:
accents with the merger allow it to affect also sequences without
1698:, so that sets like "cot", "caught" and "coat" can be homophones.
2882:
2818:
2830:, young people in west Norfolk were found to be maintaining the
417:
than the first. The set of diphthongs that occurred depended on
23:
979:
Typical spellings are as in the examples above. The spellings
2877:
Walters (2001) reports the survival of the distinction in the
1659:, but only the latter has any modern presence of the feature.
511:, all of these diphthongs generally merged with monophthongs.
2643:. However, a few regional dialects maintain the distinction:
226:
8403:
8435:
Wells, John "Whatever happened to received pronunciation?"
2854:. However, Trudgill also describes a disappearance of the
1426:
words result from regional variants, which had always had
4736:
876:
702:(borrowings from French) were pronounced differently as
8459:(2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
534:. Many of these came about through vocalization of the
1386:. Contemporary literature had frequent rhymes such as
8542:
Labov, William; Ash, Sharon; Boberg, Charles (2006).
6394:. Some other speakers may keep the contrast, so that
1682:
merger is a phenomenon exhibited by some speakers of
887:, and incorporating French loans that originally had
347:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
8437:
Wells: Whatever happened to received pronunciation?
1596:
8527:. Washington, DC: Center for Applied Linguistics.
8520:
2590:accents these have been merged, so that the pairs
1208:(which before the Great Vowel Shift had been long
8523:Social stratification of English in New York City
8000:with three syllables and "science" is pronounced
2562:had a contrast between the long mid monophthongs
733:The merged vowel was a diphthong, something like
647:Early Middle English had two separate diphthongs
8949:
634:Middle English phonology (diphthong equivalents)
525:
361:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
8226:
8224:
1517:English-language vowel changes before historic
1458:In the 18th century or later, the monophthongs
1434:, perhaps because of influence by the spelling.
1418:in Dryden. The present-day pronunciations with
8541:
7980:is a process that occurs in many varieties of
2678:In accents that preserve the distinction, the
1515:when it is not followed by another vowel (see
8672:
1508:, as a result of breaking before /r/ and the
1438:The changes above caused only the diphthongs
315:
8419:
8417:
8221:
5005:before voiced consonants into monophthongal
4701:pronounced with a centering diphthong as in
1701:This merger can also be found in some broad
1615:Rhoticity in English § Coil–curl merger
1316:as the diphthongs of south-eastern England.
1123:, although there was significant variation.
670:In early Middle English, before the merger,
556:), when they followed a vowel. For example:
4645:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2813:The distinction is most often preserved in
8679:
8665:
8346:, pp. 192–194, 337, 357, 384–385, 498
7996:. As a result, "scientific" is pronounced
1739:merger is a merger between the diphthongs
322:
308:
8568:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
8439:Author's webpage; accessed 19 April 2011.
8414:
8263:
4665:Learn how and when to remove this message
8774:
8480:Transactions of the Philological Society
8199:
8197:
8182:
4705:in many words. Such varieties pronounce
2686:is usually represented by the spellings
1747:that occurs in some accents of Southern
1708:accents. The merger of both sounds into
48:of all important aspects of the article.
8958:Splits and mergers in English phonology
8582:
8498:
8473:
8409:
8398:
8355:
8245:
8101:
8099:
8097:
8065:
8063:
2586:respectively). In the vast majority of
1148:of Middle English. The diphthongs were
8950:
8686:
8603:
8452:
8294:
8230:
8215:
8203:
8019:Phonological history of English vowels
7965:
2870:– the completion of a slow process of
755:
44:Please consider expanding the lead to
8773:
8660:
8560:
8515:
8505:Essex Research Reports in Linguistics
8423:
8371:"Norfolk England Dialect Orthography"
8343:
8331:
8194:
8188:
4997:merger is a merger of the diphthongs
4977:
2772:pane, baking, range, Mae, wear, café,
1577:) and the three centering diphthongs
1453:
1213:
805:
746:
591:Diphthongs also arose as a result of
509:transition from Old to Middle English
8241:
8239:
8094:
8060:
4643:adding citations to reliable sources
4610:
4599:
405:diphthongs. They were mostly of the
351:. For the distinction between ,
17:
6380:African American Vernacular English
5041:hence having a three–way merger of
5011:African American Vernacular English
2834:distinction, with back or in the
2627:The usual outcome of the merger is
2553:
1787:are homophones in merging accents.
1719:
1651:. This is strongly associated with
1601:
1286:
639:
386:Phonological history of Old English
13:
6346:
1662:
413:) with the second element further
14:
8979:
8453:Barber, Charles Laurence (1997).
8236:
5053:before voiced consonants, making
2574:respectively) and the diphthongs
1281:, which merged with the vowel of
1222:For a time, many speakers had an
1126:
514:
4615:
1597:Variation in present-day English
409:type (both elements at the same
22:
8968:History of the English language
8478:split in New Zealand English".
8445:
8429:
8392:
8349:
8337:
8161:
8146:
8127:
8118:
8082:
8014:Phonological history of English
6374:occurring for some speakers of
5009:occurring for some speakers of
1319:
1131:
343:International Phonetic Alphabet
36:may be too short to adequately
8325:
8300:
8288:
8209:
8040:
4743:. The best-known examples are
678:, which came from Old English
375:
46:provide an accessible overview
1:
8246:Mazarin, André (2020-01-01).
8176:
1212:). For more information, see
1136:By the mid-16th century, the
1011:. The most common words with
526:Development of new diphthongs
8607:Rural White Southern Accents
2635:, with some dialects having
1522:). They occur in words like
1250:, became monophthongized to
7:
8265:10.1016/j.amper.2020.100058
8007:
4735:, which is associated with
1075:was commonly used included
552:(sometimes from an earlier
10:
8984:
8375:Friends of Norfolk Dialect
4727:since some words with the
2782:is usually represented by
2750:is usually represented by
1612:
1591:English phonology (vowels)
1254:, later raising to modern
628:, particularly those from
518:
456:(found in Late West Saxon)
379:
68:History and description of
8852:
8786:
8782:
8769:
8694:
6376:Southern American English
2850:showing the influence of
1277:That would later rise to
1270:, was monophthongized to
694:respectively. Similarly,
541:(usually from an earlier
448:high, narrower, possibly
183:Development of consonants
8811:Changes before historic
8803:Changes before historic
8604:Thomas, Erik R. (2006).
8034:
2838:set and central in the
572:had been palatalized to
521:Middle English phonology
397:. Both kinds arose from
8714:Anglo-Frisian languages
8597:10.1111/1467-971X.00216
8499:Britain, David (2002).
8492:10.1111/1467-968X.00072
8049:may also be pronounced
7988:becomes the triphthong
2722:is being the spellings
2610:. All accents with the
547:labio-velar approximant
339:phonetic transcriptions
8153:North American English
7992:in certain words with
6366:merger is a merger of
4721:North American English
2558:The earliest stage of
1686:in which the phonemes
1493:RP has also developed
1328:The falling diphthong
593:vowel breaking before
554:voiced velar fricative
391:Old English diphthongs
336:This article contains
8746:Anglo-Norman language
8546:. Walter de Gruyter.
2893:words. Likewise, the
1653:New York City English
1462:(the products of the
532:new set of diphthongs
519:Further information:
425:high, fully backing,
382:Old English phonology
380:Further information:
129:Development of vowels
74:English pronunciation
8776:Phonological history
8756:Early Modern English
8476:⟨-own⟩
8456:Early modern English
4731:sequence merge with
4639:improve this section
2815:East Anglian accents
2560:Early Modern English
1757:Newfoundland English
1495:centering diphthongs
1200:and merged with the
995:, and the spellings
804:(the product of the
710:. After the merger,
613:("straight") became
587:("law") became and
450:/iy//iːy/or/ie//iːe/
8709:Proto-West-Germanic
8699:Proto-Indo-European
8233:, pp. 108, 116
8004:with one syllable.
6415:
5082:
4775:
4713:, homophonous with
3978:
2913:
1792:
1657:New Orleans English
877:product of a merger
756:Late Middle English
620:("thought") became
568:("way") (where the
536:palatal approximant
104:General development
8844:Trisyllabic laxing
8824:Close front vowels
8688:History of English
8566:Accents of English
8334:, pp. 208–210
8297:, pp. 115–116
8206:, pp. 112–116
8024:Trisyllabic laxing
6414:Homophonous pairs
6413:
5081:Homophonous pairs
5080:
4774:Homophonous pairs
4773:
4749:/ˈmeəneɪz~ˈmæneɪz/
3973:
2908:
2901:words and in the
2889:words and in the
1791:Homophonous pairs
1790:
1454:Later developments
1186:became homophones.
1071:. Words in which
1003:are used for both
836:and four ended in
502:⟨ēa⟩
498:⟨ēo⟩
494:⟨īe⟩
490:⟨īo⟩
475:⟨ea⟩
465:⟨eo⟩
454:⟨ie⟩
437:, but merged into
431:⟨io⟩
290:History of English
8963:English phonology
8945:
8944:
8941:
8940:
8937:
8936:
8834:Great Vowel Shift
8819:Close back vowels
8615:Walter de Gruyter
8155:pronunciation of
8029:Great Vowel Shift
7984:where bisyllabic
7963:
7962:
7942:wine-whine merger
7907:wine-whine merger
6344:
6343:
6308:wine-whine merger
4975:
4974:
4766:, a homophone of
4695:Baltimore dialect
4685:merger occurs in
4675:
4674:
4667:
4597:
4596:
3971:
3970:
2872:lexical diffusion
2671:and parts of the
2624:and vice versa.
2551:
2550:
1761:Caribbean English
1696:cot-caught merger
1230:distinct from an
1138:Great Vowel Shift
332:
331:
206:Variable features
192:Single consonants
159:Great Vowel Shift
80:Historical stages
63:
62:
8975:
8839:Open back vowels
8814:
8806:
8784:
8783:
8771:
8770:
8681:
8674:
8667:
8658:
8657:
8652:
8646:
8642:
8640:
8632:
8630:
8629:
8623:
8617:. Archived from
8612:
8600:
8579:
8557:
8538:
8526:
8512:
8495:
8477:
8470:
8440:
8433:
8427:
8421:
8412:
8407:
8401:
8396:
8390:
8389:
8387:
8386:
8377:. Archived from
8367:
8358:
8353:
8347:
8341:
8335:
8329:
8323:
8322:
8320:
8319:
8310:. Archived from
8304:
8298:
8292:
8286:
8285:
8267:
8243:
8234:
8228:
8219:
8213:
8207:
8201:
8192:
8186:
8171:
8165:
8159:
8150:
8144:
8131:
8125:
8122:
8116:
8103:
8092:
8086:
8080:
8067:
8058:
8056:
8052:
8044:
8003:
7999:
7995:
7991:
7987:
7979:
7969:
7957:
7937:
7922:
7902:
7887:
7872:
7857:
7842:
7827:
7812:
7797:
7782:
7767:
7752:
7737:
7722:
7707:
7692:
7677:
7662:
7647:
7632:
7617:
7602:
7587:
7572:
7557:
7542:
7527:
7512:
7497:
7482:
7467:
7452:
7437:
7422:
7407:
7392:
7377:
7362:
7347:
7332:
7317:
7302:
7287:
7272:
7257:
7242:
7227:
7212:
7197:
7182:
7167:
7152:
7137:
7122:
7107:
7092:
7077:
7060:
7045:
7030:
7015:
7000:
6985:
6970:
6955:
6940:
6925:
6910:
6895:
6880:
6865:
6850:
6835:
6820:
6805:
6790:
6775:
6760:
6745:
6730:
6715:
6700:
6685:
6670:
6655:
6640:
6625:
6610:
6595:
6580:
6565:
6550:
6535:
6520:
6505:
6490:
6475:
6460:
6445:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6412:
6409:
6401:
6393:
6373:
6369:
6338:
6323:
6303:
6288:
6273:
6258:
6243:
6228:
6213:
6198:
6183:
6170:
6155:
6139:
6124:
6109:
6094:
6079:
6064:
6049:
6034:
6019:
6003:
5988:
5973:
5958:
5943:
5928:
5913:
5898:
5883:
5870:
5855:
5840:
5825:vile-vial merger
5820:
5805:vile-vial merger
5800:
5785:
5770:
5755:
5740:
5725:
5710:
5695:
5680:
5665:
5650:
5635:
5620:
5605:
5590:
5575:
5560:
5545:
5530:
5515:
5500:
5485:
5470:
5455:
5440:
5425:
5410:
5395:
5380:
5365:
5350:
5335:
5320:
5305:
5290:
5275:
5260:
5245:
5230:
5215:
5202:
5187:
5172:
5157:
5142:
5127:
5112:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5079:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5008:
5004:
5000:
4971:
4958:
4945:
4932:
4919:
4906:
4893:
4880:
4867:
4854:
4841:
4828:
4815:
4802:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4772:
4765:
4757:
4750:
4741:nasal consonants
4734:
4730:
4726:
4712:
4704:
4700:
4670:
4663:
4659:
4656:
4650:
4619:
4611:
4593:
4580:
4567:
4554:
4541:
4528:
4515:
4502:
4489:
4476:
4463:
4450:
4437:
4424:
4411:
4398:
4385:
4372:
4359:
4346:
4333:
4320:
4307:
4294:
4281:
4268:
4255:
4242:
4229:
4216:
4203:
4190:
4177:
4164:
4151:
4138:
4125:
4112:
4099:
4086:
4070:
4057:
4044:
4031:
4018:
4005:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3972:
3967:
3954:
3941:
3928:
3915:
3902:
3889:
3876:
3863:
3850:
3837:
3824:
3811:
3798:
3785:
3772:
3759:
3746:
3733:
3720:
3707:
3694:
3681:
3668:
3655:
3642:
3629:
3616:
3603:
3590:
3577:
3564:
3551:
3538:
3525:
3512:
3499:
3486:
3473:
3460:
3447:
3434:
3421:
3408:
3395:
3382:
3369:
3356:
3343:
3330:
3317:
3304:
3291:
3278:
3265:
3252:
3239:
3226:
3213:
3200:
3187:
3174:
3161:
3148:
3135:
3122:
3109:
3096:
3083:
3070:
3057:
3044:
3031:
3018:
3005:
2992:
2979:
2966:
2953:
2940:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2907:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2817:, especially in
2781:
2749:
2721:
2685:
2653:Northern England
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2608:long mid mergers
2577:
2565:
2554:Long mid mergers
2547:
2534:
2521:
2508:
2495:
2482:
2469:
2456:
2443:
2430:
2417:
2404:
2391:
2378:
2365:
2352:
2339:
2326:
2313:
2300:
2287:
2274:
2261:
2248:
2235:
2222:
2209:
2196:
2183:
2170:
2157:
2144:
2131:
2118:
2105:
2092:
2079:
2066:
2053:
2040:
2027:
2014:
2001:
1988:
1975:
1962:
1949:
1936:
1923:
1910:
1897:
1884:
1871:
1858:
1845:
1832:
1819:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1746:
1742:
1711:
1706:Scottish English
1693:
1689:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1520:
1513:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1461:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1433:
1429:
1421:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1370:
1366:
1354:
1350:
1331:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1280:
1276:
1274:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1245:
1233:
1225:
1211:
1203:
1191:
1177:
1173:
1159:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1074:
1018:
1010:
1006:
994:
990:
938:
925:
896:
890:
886:
882:
846:
839:
816:
791:
770:
763:
740:
736:
709:
705:
693:
689:
662:
658:
654:
650:
605:). For example:
596:
575:
571:
551:
544:
540:
503:
499:
495:
491:
476:
472:
466:
462:
455:
451:
440:
435:Anglian dialects
432:
428:
358:
354:
324:
317:
310:
262:T-glottalization
65:
64:
58:
55:
49:
26:
18:
8983:
8982:
8978:
8977:
8976:
8974:
8973:
8972:
8948:
8947:
8946:
8933:
8903:-glottalization
8848:
8778:
8765:
8690:
8685:
8655:
8644:
8643:
8634:
8633:
8627:
8625:
8621:
8610:
8576:
8554:
8535:
8475:
8467:
8448:
8443:
8434:
8430:
8422:
8415:
8408:
8404:
8397:
8393:
8384:
8382:
8369:
8368:
8361:
8354:
8350:
8342:
8338:
8330:
8326:
8317:
8315:
8314:on May 17, 2008
8306:
8305:
8301:
8293:
8289:
8244:
8237:
8229:
8222:
8214:
8210:
8202:
8195:
8187:
8183:
8179:
8174:
8166:
8162:
8151:
8147:
8132:
8128:
8123:
8119:
8104:
8095:
8087:
8083:
8068:
8061:
8045:
8041:
8037:
8010:
7982:British English
7971:
6356:
5039:rod–ride merger
4987:
4687:British English
4671:
4660:
4654:
4651:
4636:
4620:
4609:
2885:, with in the
2852:Estuary English
2762:, and borrowed
2736:soul, tow, bolt
2651:, and in older
2556:
1753:Hiberno-English
1749:English English
1729:
1712:is standard in
1672:
1617:
1611:
1599:
1456:
1371:, respectively.
1347:The diphthongs
1322:
1271:
1255:
1234:monophthong in
1226:monophthong in
1198:monophthongized
1196:merger) became
1134:
1129:
758:
645:
528:
523:
517:
501:
497:
493:
489:
474:
464:
453:
443:Late West Saxon
430:
407:height-harmonic
388:
378:
366:
365:
364:
328:
299:
276:
201:
178:
123:
98:
59:
53:
50:
43:
31:This article's
27:
12:
11:
5:
8981:
8971:
8970:
8965:
8960:
8943:
8942:
8939:
8938:
8935:
8934:
8932:
8931:
8924:
8923:
8922:
8917:
8905:
8897:
8892:
8885:
8877:
8869:
8864:
8858:
8856:
8850:
8849:
8847:
8846:
8841:
8836:
8831:
8826:
8821:
8816:
8808:
8800:
8792:
8790:
8780:
8779:
8767:
8766:
8764:
8763:
8761:Modern English
8758:
8753:
8751:Middle English
8748:
8743:
8742:
8741:
8736:
8731:
8726:
8716:
8711:
8706:
8704:Proto-Germanic
8701:
8695:
8692:
8691:
8684:
8683:
8676:
8669:
8661:
8654:
8653:
8601:
8591:(3): 285–304.
8580:
8574:
8562:Wells, John C.
8558:
8552:
8539:
8533:
8517:Labov, William
8513:
8496:
8471:
8465:
8449:
8447:
8444:
8442:
8441:
8428:
8413:
8410:Walters (2001)
8402:
8399:Britain (2002)
8391:
8359:
8356:Britain (2001)
8348:
8336:
8324:
8299:
8287:
8235:
8220:
8208:
8193:
8180:
8178:
8175:
8173:
8172:
8160:
8145:
8126:
8117:
8093:
8081:
8059:
8038:
8036:
8033:
8032:
8031:
8026:
8021:
8016:
8009:
8006:
7998:/saɪənˈtɪf.ɪk/
7970:
7964:
7961:
7960:
7958:
7953:
7950:
7946:
7945:
7938:
7933:
7930:
7926:
7925:
7923:
7918:
7915:
7911:
7910:
7903:
7898:
7895:
7891:
7890:
7888:
7883:
7880:
7876:
7875:
7873:
7868:
7865:
7861:
7860:
7858:
7853:
7850:
7846:
7845:
7843:
7838:
7835:
7831:
7830:
7828:
7823:
7820:
7816:
7815:
7813:
7808:
7805:
7801:
7800:
7798:
7793:
7790:
7786:
7785:
7783:
7778:
7775:
7771:
7770:
7768:
7763:
7760:
7756:
7755:
7753:
7748:
7745:
7741:
7740:
7738:
7733:
7730:
7726:
7725:
7723:
7718:
7715:
7711:
7710:
7708:
7703:
7700:
7696:
7695:
7693:
7688:
7685:
7681:
7680:
7678:
7673:
7670:
7666:
7665:
7663:
7658:
7655:
7651:
7650:
7648:
7643:
7640:
7636:
7635:
7633:
7628:
7625:
7621:
7620:
7618:
7613:
7610:
7606:
7605:
7603:
7598:
7595:
7591:
7590:
7588:
7583:
7580:
7576:
7575:
7573:
7568:
7565:
7561:
7560:
7558:
7553:
7550:
7546:
7545:
7543:
7538:
7535:
7531:
7530:
7528:
7523:
7520:
7516:
7515:
7513:
7508:
7505:
7501:
7500:
7498:
7493:
7490:
7486:
7485:
7483:
7478:
7475:
7471:
7470:
7468:
7463:
7460:
7456:
7455:
7453:
7448:
7445:
7441:
7440:
7438:
7433:
7430:
7426:
7425:
7423:
7418:
7415:
7411:
7410:
7408:
7403:
7400:
7396:
7395:
7393:
7388:
7385:
7381:
7380:
7378:
7373:
7370:
7366:
7365:
7363:
7358:
7355:
7351:
7350:
7348:
7343:
7340:
7336:
7335:
7333:
7328:
7325:
7321:
7320:
7318:
7313:
7310:
7306:
7305:
7303:
7298:
7295:
7291:
7290:
7288:
7283:
7280:
7276:
7275:
7273:
7268:
7265:
7261:
7260:
7258:
7253:
7250:
7246:
7245:
7243:
7238:
7235:
7231:
7230:
7228:
7223:
7220:
7216:
7215:
7213:
7208:
7205:
7201:
7200:
7198:
7193:
7190:
7186:
7185:
7183:
7178:
7175:
7171:
7170:
7168:
7163:
7160:
7156:
7155:
7153:
7148:
7145:
7141:
7140:
7138:
7133:
7130:
7126:
7125:
7123:
7118:
7115:
7111:
7110:
7108:
7103:
7100:
7096:
7095:
7093:
7088:
7085:
7081:
7080:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7064:
7063:
7061:
7056:
7053:
7049:
7048:
7046:
7041:
7038:
7034:
7033:
7031:
7026:
7023:
7019:
7018:
7016:
7011:
7008:
7004:
7003:
7001:
6996:
6993:
6989:
6988:
6986:
6981:
6978:
6974:
6973:
6971:
6966:
6963:
6959:
6958:
6956:
6951:
6948:
6944:
6943:
6941:
6936:
6933:
6929:
6928:
6926:
6921:
6918:
6914:
6913:
6911:
6906:
6903:
6899:
6898:
6896:
6891:
6888:
6884:
6883:
6881:
6876:
6873:
6869:
6868:
6866:
6861:
6858:
6854:
6853:
6851:
6846:
6843:
6839:
6838:
6836:
6831:
6828:
6824:
6823:
6821:
6816:
6813:
6809:
6808:
6806:
6801:
6798:
6794:
6793:
6791:
6786:
6783:
6779:
6778:
6776:
6771:
6768:
6764:
6763:
6761:
6756:
6753:
6749:
6748:
6746:
6741:
6738:
6734:
6733:
6731:
6726:
6723:
6719:
6718:
6716:
6711:
6708:
6704:
6703:
6701:
6696:
6693:
6689:
6688:
6686:
6681:
6678:
6674:
6673:
6671:
6666:
6663:
6659:
6658:
6656:
6651:
6648:
6644:
6643:
6641:
6636:
6633:
6629:
6628:
6626:
6621:
6618:
6614:
6613:
6611:
6606:
6603:
6599:
6598:
6596:
6591:
6588:
6584:
6583:
6581:
6576:
6573:
6569:
6568:
6566:
6561:
6558:
6554:
6553:
6551:
6546:
6543:
6539:
6538:
6536:
6531:
6528:
6524:
6523:
6521:
6516:
6513:
6509:
6508:
6506:
6501:
6498:
6494:
6493:
6491:
6486:
6483:
6479:
6478:
6476:
6471:
6468:
6464:
6463:
6461:
6456:
6453:
6449:
6448:
6446:
6441:
6438:
6434:
6433:
6430:
6427:
6422:
6390:are merged as
6355:
6345:
6342:
6341:
6339:
6334:
6331:
6327:
6326:
6324:
6319:
6316:
6312:
6311:
6304:
6299:
6296:
6292:
6291:
6289:
6284:
6281:
6277:
6276:
6274:
6269:
6266:
6262:
6261:
6259:
6254:
6251:
6247:
6246:
6244:
6239:
6236:
6232:
6231:
6229:
6224:
6221:
6217:
6216:
6214:
6209:
6206:
6202:
6201:
6199:
6194:
6191:
6187:
6186:
6184:
6179:
6176:
6172:
6171:
6166:
6163:
6159:
6158:
6156:
6151:
6148:
6144:
6143:
6141:
6135:
6132:
6128:
6127:
6125:
6120:
6117:
6113:
6112:
6110:
6105:
6102:
6098:
6097:
6095:
6090:
6087:
6083:
6082:
6080:
6075:
6072:
6068:
6067:
6065:
6060:
6057:
6053:
6052:
6050:
6045:
6042:
6038:
6037:
6035:
6030:
6027:
6023:
6022:
6020:
6015:
6012:
6008:
6007:
6005:
5999:
5996:
5992:
5991:
5989:
5984:
5981:
5977:
5976:
5974:
5969:
5966:
5962:
5961:
5959:
5954:
5951:
5947:
5946:
5944:
5939:
5936:
5932:
5931:
5929:
5924:
5921:
5917:
5916:
5914:
5909:
5906:
5902:
5901:
5899:
5894:
5891:
5887:
5886:
5884:
5879:
5876:
5872:
5871:
5866:
5863:
5859:
5858:
5856:
5851:
5848:
5844:
5843:
5841:
5836:
5833:
5829:
5828:
5821:
5816:
5813:
5809:
5808:
5801:
5796:
5793:
5789:
5788:
5786:
5781:
5778:
5774:
5773:
5771:
5766:
5763:
5759:
5758:
5756:
5751:
5748:
5744:
5743:
5741:
5736:
5733:
5729:
5728:
5726:
5721:
5718:
5714:
5713:
5711:
5706:
5703:
5699:
5698:
5696:
5691:
5688:
5684:
5683:
5681:
5676:
5673:
5669:
5668:
5666:
5661:
5658:
5654:
5653:
5651:
5646:
5643:
5639:
5638:
5636:
5631:
5628:
5624:
5623:
5621:
5616:
5613:
5609:
5608:
5606:
5601:
5598:
5594:
5593:
5591:
5586:
5583:
5579:
5578:
5576:
5571:
5568:
5564:
5563:
5561:
5556:
5553:
5549:
5548:
5546:
5541:
5538:
5534:
5533:
5531:
5526:
5523:
5519:
5518:
5516:
5511:
5508:
5504:
5503:
5501:
5496:
5493:
5489:
5488:
5486:
5481:
5478:
5474:
5473:
5471:
5466:
5463:
5459:
5458:
5456:
5451:
5448:
5444:
5443:
5441:
5436:
5433:
5429:
5428:
5426:
5421:
5418:
5414:
5413:
5411:
5406:
5403:
5399:
5398:
5396:
5391:
5388:
5384:
5383:
5381:
5376:
5373:
5369:
5368:
5366:
5361:
5358:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5346:
5343:
5339:
5338:
5336:
5331:
5328:
5324:
5323:
5321:
5316:
5313:
5309:
5308:
5306:
5301:
5298:
5294:
5293:
5291:
5286:
5283:
5279:
5278:
5276:
5271:
5268:
5264:
5263:
5261:
5256:
5253:
5249:
5248:
5246:
5241:
5238:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5226:
5223:
5219:
5218:
5216:
5211:
5208:
5204:
5203:
5198:
5195:
5191:
5190:
5188:
5183:
5180:
5176:
5175:
5173:
5168:
5165:
5161:
5160:
5158:
5153:
5150:
5146:
5145:
5143:
5138:
5135:
5131:
5130:
5128:
5123:
5120:
5116:
5115:
5113:
5108:
5105:
5101:
5100:
5097:
5094:
5089:
4986:
4976:
4973:
4972:
4967:
4964:
4960:
4959:
4954:
4951:
4947:
4946:
4941:
4938:
4934:
4933:
4928:
4925:
4921:
4920:
4915:
4912:
4908:
4907:
4902:
4899:
4895:
4894:
4889:
4886:
4882:
4881:
4876:
4873:
4869:
4868:
4863:
4860:
4856:
4855:
4850:
4847:
4843:
4842:
4837:
4834:
4830:
4829:
4824:
4821:
4817:
4816:
4811:
4808:
4804:
4803:
4798:
4795:
4791:
4790:
4787:
4782:
4673:
4672:
4623:
4621:
4614:
4608:
4598:
4595:
4594:
4589:
4586:
4582:
4581:
4576:
4573:
4569:
4568:
4563:
4560:
4556:
4555:
4550:
4547:
4543:
4542:
4537:
4534:
4530:
4529:
4524:
4521:
4517:
4516:
4511:
4508:
4504:
4503:
4498:
4495:
4491:
4490:
4485:
4482:
4478:
4477:
4472:
4469:
4465:
4464:
4459:
4456:
4452:
4451:
4446:
4443:
4439:
4438:
4433:
4430:
4426:
4425:
4420:
4417:
4413:
4412:
4407:
4404:
4400:
4399:
4394:
4391:
4387:
4386:
4381:
4378:
4374:
4373:
4368:
4365:
4361:
4360:
4355:
4352:
4348:
4347:
4342:
4339:
4335:
4334:
4329:
4326:
4322:
4321:
4316:
4313:
4309:
4308:
4303:
4300:
4296:
4295:
4290:
4287:
4283:
4282:
4277:
4274:
4270:
4269:
4264:
4261:
4257:
4256:
4251:
4248:
4244:
4243:
4238:
4235:
4231:
4230:
4225:
4222:
4218:
4217:
4212:
4209:
4205:
4204:
4199:
4196:
4192:
4191:
4186:
4183:
4179:
4178:
4173:
4170:
4166:
4165:
4160:
4157:
4153:
4152:
4147:
4144:
4140:
4139:
4134:
4131:
4127:
4126:
4121:
4118:
4114:
4113:
4108:
4105:
4101:
4100:
4095:
4092:
4088:
4087:
4082:
4079:
4072:
4071:
4066:
4063:
4059:
4058:
4053:
4050:
4046:
4045:
4040:
4037:
4033:
4032:
4027:
4024:
4020:
4019:
4014:
4011:
4007:
4006:
4001:
3998:
3994:
3993:
3990:
3985:
3969:
3968:
3963:
3960:
3956:
3955:
3950:
3947:
3943:
3942:
3937:
3934:
3930:
3929:
3924:
3921:
3917:
3916:
3911:
3908:
3904:
3903:
3898:
3895:
3891:
3890:
3885:
3882:
3878:
3877:
3872:
3869:
3865:
3864:
3859:
3856:
3852:
3851:
3846:
3843:
3839:
3838:
3833:
3830:
3826:
3825:
3820:
3817:
3813:
3812:
3807:
3804:
3800:
3799:
3794:
3791:
3787:
3786:
3781:
3778:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3765:
3761:
3760:
3755:
3752:
3748:
3747:
3742:
3739:
3735:
3734:
3729:
3726:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3713:
3709:
3708:
3703:
3700:
3696:
3695:
3690:
3687:
3683:
3682:
3677:
3674:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3661:
3657:
3656:
3651:
3648:
3644:
3643:
3638:
3635:
3631:
3630:
3625:
3622:
3618:
3617:
3612:
3609:
3605:
3604:
3599:
3596:
3592:
3591:
3586:
3583:
3579:
3578:
3573:
3570:
3566:
3565:
3560:
3557:
3553:
3552:
3547:
3544:
3540:
3539:
3534:
3531:
3527:
3526:
3521:
3518:
3514:
3513:
3508:
3505:
3501:
3500:
3495:
3492:
3488:
3487:
3482:
3479:
3475:
3474:
3469:
3466:
3462:
3461:
3456:
3453:
3449:
3448:
3443:
3440:
3436:
3435:
3430:
3427:
3423:
3422:
3417:
3414:
3410:
3409:
3404:
3401:
3397:
3396:
3391:
3388:
3384:
3383:
3378:
3375:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3362:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3349:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3336:
3332:
3331:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3310:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3297:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3284:
3280:
3279:
3274:
3271:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3258:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3245:
3241:
3240:
3235:
3232:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3219:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3206:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3193:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3180:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3167:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3154:
3150:
3149:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3128:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3115:
3111:
3110:
3105:
3102:
3098:
3097:
3092:
3089:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3076:
3072:
3071:
3066:
3063:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3050:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3037:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3024:
3020:
3019:
3014:
3011:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2998:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2985:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2967:
2962:
2959:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2946:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2933:
2929:
2928:
2925:
2920:
2897:, has in the
2895:Rhondda Valley
2883:Rhondda Valley
2881:spoken in the
2862:to the set of
2842:set. This has
2823:Peter Trudgill
2752:ane, -ange, ae
2588:Modern English
2555:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2527:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2514:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2488:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2462:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2449:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2436:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2371:
2367:
2366:
2361:
2358:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2345:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2332:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2306:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2228:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2176:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2163:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2150:
2146:
2145:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2124:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2111:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2054:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2007:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1890:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1838:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1825:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1799:
1728:
1718:
1671:
1661:
1613:Main article:
1610:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1455:
1452:
1436:
1435:
1430:, rather than
1374:The diphthong
1372:
1345:
1321:
1318:
1294:
1293:
1261:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1204:of words like
1187:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1127:Modern English
1125:
977:
976:
934:
921:
892:
834:
833:
812:
787:
757:
754:
644:
638:
622:
621:
614:
589:
588:
577:
576:) became and
527:
524:
516:
515:Middle English
513:
478:
477:
467:
457:
446:
403:Proto-Germanic
377:
374:
359:⟩, see
335:
334:
333:
330:
329:
327:
326:
319:
312:
304:
301:
300:
298:
297:
292:
286:
283:
282:
281:Related topics
278:
277:
275:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
242:L-vocalization
239:
234:
229:
224:
211:
208:
207:
203:
202:
200:
199:
194:
188:
185:
184:
180:
179:
177:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
135:
132:
131:
125:
124:
122:
121:
116:
114:In Old English
110:
107:
106:
100:
99:
97:
96:
94:Middle English
91:
85:
82:
81:
77:
76:
70:
69:
61:
60:
40:the key points
30:
28:
21:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8980:
8969:
8966:
8964:
8961:
8959:
8956:
8955:
8953:
8930:
8929:
8925:
8921:
8918:
8916:
8913:
8912:
8911:
8910:
8906:
8904:
8902:
8898:
8896:
8893:
8891:
8890:
8886:
8884:
8883:-vocalization
8882:
8878:
8876:
8874:
8870:
8868:
8865:
8863:
8860:
8859:
8857:
8855:
8851:
8845:
8842:
8840:
8837:
8835:
8832:
8830:
8827:
8825:
8822:
8820:
8817:
8815:
8809:
8807:
8801:
8799:
8798:
8794:
8793:
8791:
8789:
8785:
8781:
8777:
8772:
8768:
8762:
8759:
8757:
8754:
8752:
8749:
8747:
8744:
8740:
8737:
8735:
8732:
8730:
8727:
8725:
8722:
8721:
8720:
8717:
8715:
8712:
8710:
8707:
8705:
8702:
8700:
8697:
8696:
8693:
8689:
8682:
8677:
8675:
8670:
8668:
8663:
8662:
8659:
8650:
8638:
8624:on 2014-12-22
8620:
8616:
8609:
8608:
8602:
8598:
8594:
8590:
8586:
8585:World English
8581:
8577:
8575:0-521-24225-8
8571:
8567:
8563:
8559:
8555:
8553:9783110167467
8549:
8545:
8540:
8536:
8534:0-87281-149-2
8530:
8525:
8524:
8518:
8514:
8510:
8506:
8502:
8497:
8493:
8489:
8485:
8481:
8472:
8468:
8466:0-7486-0835-4
8462:
8458:
8457:
8451:
8450:
8438:
8432:
8426:, p. 557
8425:
8420:
8418:
8411:
8406:
8400:
8395:
8381:on 2008-02-22
8380:
8376:
8372:
8366:
8364:
8357:
8352:
8345:
8340:
8333:
8328:
8313:
8309:
8303:
8296:
8295:Barber (1997)
8291:
8283:
8279:
8275:
8271:
8266:
8261:
8257:
8253:
8249:
8242:
8240:
8232:
8231:Barber (1997)
8227:
8225:
8218:, p. 108
8217:
8216:Barber (1997)
8212:
8205:
8204:Barber (1997)
8200:
8198:
8191:, p. 192
8190:
8185:
8181:
8170:
8164:
8158:
8154:
8149:
8143:
8141:
8137:
8130:
8121:
8115:
8113:
8109:
8102:
8100:
8098:
8090:
8085:
8079:
8077:
8073:
8066:
8064:
8048:
8043:
8039:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8011:
8005:
7983:
7975:
7966:Smoothing of
7959:
7954:
7951:
7948:
7947:
7943:
7939:
7934:
7931:
7928:
7927:
7924:
7919:
7916:
7913:
7912:
7908:
7904:
7899:
7896:
7893:
7892:
7889:
7884:
7881:
7878:
7877:
7874:
7869:
7866:
7863:
7862:
7859:
7854:
7851:
7848:
7847:
7844:
7839:
7836:
7833:
7832:
7829:
7824:
7821:
7818:
7817:
7814:
7809:
7806:
7803:
7802:
7799:
7794:
7791:
7788:
7787:
7784:
7779:
7776:
7773:
7772:
7769:
7764:
7761:
7758:
7757:
7754:
7749:
7746:
7743:
7742:
7739:
7734:
7731:
7728:
7727:
7724:
7719:
7716:
7713:
7712:
7709:
7704:
7701:
7698:
7697:
7694:
7689:
7686:
7683:
7682:
7679:
7674:
7671:
7668:
7667:
7664:
7659:
7656:
7653:
7652:
7649:
7644:
7641:
7638:
7637:
7634:
7629:
7626:
7623:
7622:
7619:
7614:
7611:
7608:
7607:
7604:
7599:
7596:
7593:
7592:
7589:
7584:
7581:
7578:
7577:
7574:
7569:
7566:
7563:
7562:
7559:
7554:
7551:
7548:
7547:
7544:
7539:
7536:
7533:
7532:
7529:
7524:
7521:
7518:
7517:
7514:
7509:
7506:
7503:
7502:
7499:
7494:
7491:
7488:
7487:
7484:
7479:
7476:
7473:
7472:
7469:
7464:
7461:
7458:
7457:
7454:
7449:
7446:
7443:
7442:
7439:
7434:
7431:
7428:
7427:
7424:
7419:
7416:
7413:
7412:
7409:
7404:
7401:
7398:
7397:
7394:
7389:
7386:
7383:
7382:
7379:
7374:
7371:
7368:
7367:
7364:
7359:
7356:
7353:
7352:
7349:
7344:
7341:
7338:
7337:
7334:
7329:
7326:
7323:
7322:
7319:
7314:
7311:
7308:
7307:
7304:
7299:
7296:
7293:
7292:
7289:
7284:
7281:
7278:
7277:
7274:
7269:
7266:
7263:
7262:
7259:
7254:
7251:
7248:
7247:
7244:
7239:
7236:
7233:
7232:
7229:
7224:
7221:
7218:
7217:
7214:
7209:
7206:
7203:
7202:
7199:
7194:
7191:
7188:
7187:
7184:
7179:
7176:
7173:
7172:
7169:
7164:
7161:
7158:
7157:
7154:
7149:
7146:
7143:
7142:
7139:
7134:
7131:
7128:
7127:
7124:
7119:
7116:
7113:
7112:
7109:
7104:
7101:
7098:
7097:
7094:
7089:
7086:
7083:
7082:
7079:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7066:
7065:
7062:
7057:
7054:
7051:
7050:
7047:
7042:
7039:
7036:
7035:
7032:
7027:
7024:
7021:
7020:
7017:
7012:
7009:
7006:
7005:
7002:
6997:
6994:
6991:
6990:
6987:
6982:
6979:
6976:
6975:
6972:
6967:
6964:
6961:
6960:
6957:
6952:
6949:
6946:
6945:
6942:
6937:
6934:
6931:
6930:
6927:
6922:
6919:
6916:
6915:
6912:
6907:
6904:
6901:
6900:
6897:
6892:
6889:
6886:
6885:
6882:
6877:
6874:
6871:
6870:
6867:
6862:
6859:
6856:
6855:
6852:
6847:
6844:
6841:
6840:
6837:
6832:
6829:
6826:
6825:
6822:
6817:
6814:
6811:
6810:
6807:
6802:
6799:
6796:
6795:
6792:
6787:
6784:
6781:
6780:
6777:
6772:
6769:
6766:
6765:
6762:
6757:
6754:
6751:
6750:
6747:
6742:
6739:
6736:
6735:
6732:
6727:
6724:
6721:
6720:
6717:
6712:
6709:
6706:
6705:
6702:
6697:
6694:
6691:
6690:
6687:
6682:
6679:
6676:
6675:
6672:
6667:
6664:
6661:
6660:
6657:
6652:
6649:
6646:
6645:
6642:
6637:
6634:
6631:
6630:
6627:
6622:
6619:
6616:
6615:
6612:
6607:
6604:
6601:
6600:
6597:
6592:
6589:
6586:
6585:
6582:
6577:
6574:
6571:
6570:
6567:
6562:
6559:
6556:
6555:
6552:
6547:
6544:
6541:
6540:
6537:
6532:
6529:
6526:
6525:
6522:
6517:
6514:
6511:
6510:
6507:
6502:
6499:
6496:
6495:
6492:
6487:
6484:
6481:
6480:
6477:
6472:
6469:
6466:
6465:
6462:
6457:
6454:
6451:
6450:
6447:
6442:
6439:
6436:
6435:
6431:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6417:
6411:
6405:
6397:
6389:
6385:
6381:
6377:
6365:
6361:
6353:
6349:
6340:
6335:
6332:
6329:
6328:
6325:
6320:
6317:
6314:
6313:
6309:
6305:
6300:
6297:
6294:
6293:
6290:
6285:
6282:
6279:
6278:
6275:
6270:
6267:
6264:
6263:
6260:
6255:
6252:
6249:
6248:
6245:
6240:
6237:
6234:
6233:
6230:
6225:
6222:
6219:
6218:
6215:
6210:
6207:
6204:
6203:
6200:
6195:
6192:
6189:
6188:
6185:
6180:
6177:
6174:
6173:
6167:
6164:
6161:
6160:
6157:
6152:
6149:
6146:
6145:
6142:
6136:
6133:
6130:
6129:
6126:
6121:
6118:
6115:
6114:
6111:
6106:
6103:
6100:
6099:
6096:
6091:
6088:
6085:
6084:
6081:
6076:
6073:
6070:
6069:
6066:
6061:
6058:
6055:
6054:
6051:
6046:
6043:
6040:
6039:
6036:
6031:
6028:
6025:
6024:
6021:
6016:
6013:
6010:
6009:
6006:
6000:
5997:
5994:
5993:
5990:
5985:
5982:
5979:
5978:
5975:
5970:
5967:
5964:
5963:
5960:
5955:
5952:
5949:
5948:
5945:
5940:
5937:
5934:
5933:
5930:
5925:
5922:
5919:
5918:
5915:
5910:
5907:
5904:
5903:
5900:
5895:
5892:
5889:
5888:
5885:
5880:
5877:
5874:
5873:
5867:
5864:
5861:
5860:
5857:
5852:
5849:
5846:
5845:
5842:
5837:
5834:
5831:
5830:
5826:
5822:
5817:
5814:
5811:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5797:
5794:
5791:
5790:
5787:
5782:
5779:
5776:
5775:
5772:
5767:
5764:
5761:
5760:
5757:
5752:
5749:
5746:
5745:
5742:
5737:
5734:
5731:
5730:
5727:
5722:
5719:
5716:
5715:
5712:
5707:
5704:
5701:
5700:
5697:
5692:
5689:
5686:
5685:
5682:
5677:
5674:
5671:
5670:
5667:
5662:
5659:
5656:
5655:
5652:
5647:
5644:
5641:
5640:
5637:
5632:
5629:
5626:
5625:
5622:
5617:
5614:
5611:
5610:
5607:
5602:
5599:
5596:
5595:
5592:
5587:
5584:
5581:
5580:
5577:
5572:
5569:
5566:
5565:
5562:
5557:
5554:
5551:
5550:
5547:
5542:
5539:
5536:
5535:
5532:
5527:
5524:
5521:
5520:
5517:
5512:
5509:
5506:
5505:
5502:
5497:
5494:
5491:
5490:
5487:
5482:
5479:
5476:
5475:
5472:
5467:
5464:
5461:
5460:
5457:
5452:
5449:
5446:
5445:
5442:
5437:
5434:
5431:
5430:
5427:
5422:
5419:
5416:
5415:
5412:
5407:
5404:
5401:
5400:
5397:
5392:
5389:
5386:
5385:
5382:
5377:
5374:
5371:
5370:
5367:
5362:
5359:
5356:
5355:
5352:
5347:
5344:
5341:
5340:
5337:
5332:
5329:
5326:
5325:
5322:
5317:
5314:
5311:
5310:
5307:
5302:
5299:
5296:
5295:
5292:
5287:
5284:
5281:
5280:
5277:
5272:
5269:
5266:
5265:
5262:
5257:
5254:
5251:
5250:
5247:
5242:
5239:
5236:
5235:
5232:
5227:
5224:
5221:
5220:
5217:
5212:
5209:
5206:
5205:
5199:
5196:
5193:
5192:
5189:
5184:
5181:
5178:
5177:
5174:
5169:
5166:
5163:
5162:
5159:
5154:
5151:
5148:
5147:
5144:
5139:
5136:
5133:
5132:
5129:
5124:
5121:
5118:
5117:
5114:
5109:
5106:
5103:
5102:
5098:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5084:
5078:
5076:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5012:
4996:
4992:
4984:
4980:
4968:
4965:
4962:
4961:
4955:
4952:
4949:
4948:
4942:
4939:
4936:
4935:
4929:
4926:
4923:
4922:
4916:
4913:
4910:
4909:
4903:
4900:
4897:
4896:
4890:
4887:
4884:
4883:
4877:
4874:
4871:
4870:
4864:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4851:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4838:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4825:
4822:
4819:
4818:
4812:
4809:
4806:
4805:
4799:
4796:
4793:
4792:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4777:
4771:
4769:
4761:
4754:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4722:
4718:
4716:
4708:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4669:
4666:
4658:
4655:November 2006
4648:
4644:
4640:
4634:
4633:
4629:
4624:This section
4622:
4618:
4613:
4612:
4606:
4602:
4590:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4577:
4574:
4571:
4570:
4564:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4551:
4548:
4545:
4544:
4538:
4535:
4532:
4531:
4525:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4512:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4499:
4496:
4493:
4492:
4486:
4483:
4480:
4479:
4473:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4460:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4447:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4434:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4421:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4408:
4405:
4402:
4401:
4395:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4382:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4369:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4356:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4343:
4340:
4337:
4336:
4330:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4317:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4304:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4291:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4278:
4275:
4272:
4271:
4265:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4252:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4239:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4226:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4213:
4210:
4207:
4206:
4200:
4197:
4194:
4193:
4187:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4174:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4161:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4148:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4135:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4122:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4109:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4096:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4074:
4073:
4067:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4054:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4041:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4028:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4015:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4002:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3980:
3976:
3964:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3951:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3938:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3925:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3912:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3899:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3886:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3873:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3860:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3847:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3834:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3821:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3808:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3795:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3782:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3769:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3743:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3730:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3704:
3701:
3698:
3697:
3691:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3678:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3665:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3652:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3639:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3626:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3613:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3600:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3587:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3574:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3561:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3535:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3522:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3496:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3476:
3470:
3467:
3464:
3463:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3444:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3431:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3405:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3392:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3379:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3327:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3314:
3311:
3308:
3307:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3275:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3197:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3080:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3015:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2963:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2879:Welsh English
2875:
2873:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2811:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2681:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2669:Home Counties
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2616:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2573:
2569:
2561:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2446:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2141:
2138:
2135:
2134:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2004:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1835:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1794:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1763:. Pairs like
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1738:
1734:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1715:
1714:Central Scots
1707:
1704:
1699:
1697:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1658:
1654:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1608:
1604:
1594:
1592:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1514:
1496:
1491:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1451:
1425:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1394:in Congreve,
1393:
1389:
1373:
1362:
1358:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1317:
1291:
1289:
1284:
1269:
1262:
1249:
1242:
1237:
1229:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1207:
1199:
1195:
1188:
1185:
1181:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1155:
1139:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1014:
1002:
998:
986:
982:
974:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
935:
933:
929:
922:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
893:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
843:
842:
841:
832:
828:
824:
820:
813:
810:
808:
803:
799:
795:
788:
786:
782:
778:
774:
767:
766:
765:
753:
751:
749:
744:
731:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
701:
697:
685:
681:
677:
673:
668:
666:
642:
637:
635:
631:
627:
619:
615:
612:
608:
607:
606:
604:
602:
597:
586:
583:("claw") and
582:
578:
567:
563:
559:
558:
557:
555:
548:
537:
533:
522:
512:
510:
505:
487:
483:
468:
458:
447:
444:
436:
424:
423:
422:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
399:sound changes
396:
395:short or long
392:
387:
383:
373:
371:
362:
350:
346:
344:
340:
325:
320:
318:
313:
311:
306:
305:
303:
302:
296:
293:
291:
288:
287:
285:
284:
280:
279:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
221:
217:
213:
212:
210:
209:
205:
204:
198:
195:
193:
190:
189:
187:
186:
182:
181:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
136:
134:
133:
130:
127:
126:
120:
117:
115:
112:
111:
109:
108:
105:
102:
101:
95:
92:
90:
87:
86:
84:
83:
79:
78:
75:
72:
71:
67:
66:
57:
47:
41:
39:
34:
29:
25:
20:
19:
16:
8927:
8908:
8900:
8888:
8880:
8872:
8828:
8796:
8734:Northumbrian
8626:. Retrieved
8619:the original
8606:
8588:
8584:
8565:
8543:
8522:
8508:
8504:
8483:
8479:
8455:
8446:Bibliography
8431:
8424:Wells (1982)
8405:
8394:
8383:. Retrieved
8379:the original
8374:
8351:
8344:Wells (1982)
8339:
8332:Wells (1982)
8327:
8316:. Retrieved
8312:the original
8302:
8290:
8255:
8251:
8211:
8189:Wells (1982)
8184:
8163:
8156:
8148:
8139:
8135:
8129:
8120:
8111:
8107:
8084:
8075:
8071:
8046:
8042:
7972:
6403:
6395:
6387:
6383:
6363:
6359:
6357:
6351:
6347:
5835:plow; plough
5077:homophones.
5074:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5014:
4994:
4990:
4988:
4982:
4978:
4833:gram, gramme
4767:
4764:/greəm~ɡræm/
4759:
4756:/kreən~kræn/
4752:
4744:
4719:
4714:
4706:
4691:Philadelphia
4682:
4678:
4676:
4661:
4652:
4637:Please help
4625:
4604:
4600:
4076:
3974:
2909:
2902:
2898:
2890:
2886:
2876:
2855:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2812:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2677:
2661:Newfoundland
2626:
2619:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2583:
2579:
2571:
2567:
2557:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1736:
1732:
1730:
1724:
1720:
1703:Central Belt
1700:
1684:Zulu English
1679:
1675:
1673:
1667:
1663:
1637:vowel merger
1635:merger is a
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1618:
1606:
1602:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1492:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1457:
1437:
1423:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1378:merged into
1360:
1356:
1342:Yod-dropping
1337:
1333:
1323:
1320:17th century
1295:
1287:
1282:
1267:
1247:
1235:
1227:
1214:
1205:
1193:
1183:
1179:
1174:merged into
1166:
1161:
1153:
1135:
1132:16th century
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1012:
1000:
996:
984:
980:
978:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
931:
927:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
835:
830:
826:
822:
818:
806:
801:
797:
793:
784:
780:
776:
772:
759:
747:
742:
732:
727:
723:
715:
711:
699:
695:
683:
679:
675:
671:
669:
655:. The vowel
646:
640:
623:
617:
610:
600:
590:
584:
580:
565:
564:("day") and
561:
529:
506:
482:monophthongs
479:
389:
367:
355:and ⟨
337:
219:
215:
153:
54:January 2020
51:
35:
33:lead section
15:
8719:Old English
8645:|work=
8486:(1): 1–27.
8002:/ˈsa(ɪ)əns/
6920:light, lite
6382:, in which
4737:/æ/ tensing
2744:monophthong
2645:East Anglia
1460:/eː/and/oː/
1450:to remain.
1363:widened to
1015:pronounced
879:of earlier
376:Old English
149:Close front
89:Old English
8952:Categories
8854:Consonants
8829:Diphthongs
8739:West Saxon
8628:2015-08-26
8385:2019-02-13
8318:2008-05-17
8258:: 100058.
8177:References
8089:Non-rhotic
8055:/ˈfwɑːjeɪ/
7702:tire, tyre
6830:gibe, jibe
4745:mayonnaise
1410:in Swift,
1296:That left
1192:(from the
720:homophones
630:Old French
433:(found in
370:diphthongs
237:H-dropping
154:Diphthongs
144:Close back
8895:Rhoticity
8875:-dropping
8647:ignored (
8637:cite book
8511:: 74–103.
8282:212820754
8274:2215-0390
8252:Ampersand
8169:æ-tensing
7974:Smoothing
5013:; making
4711:/ˈmeə(r)/
4626:does not
3628:ˈreɪzə(r)
2910:Pane–pain
2856:pane–pain
2680:diphthong
2617:have the
2613:pane–pain
1402:in Pope,
1219:, below.
1215:pane–pain
1194:vein–vain
987:are both
807:vein–vain
748:pane–pain
641:Vein–vain
626:loanwords
545:) or the
471:/æɑ//æːɑ/
461:/eo//eːo/
439:/eo//eːo/
427:/iu//iːu/
393:could be
257:Rhoticity
164:Open back
38:summarize
8920:stopping
8915:fronting
8867:Flapping
8862:Clusters
8564:(1982).
8519:(1966).
8124:Homonyms
8051:/ˈfɑɪeɪ/
8008:See also
4957:ˈsweə(r)
4944:ˈsweə(r)
4931:ˈsteə(r)
4918:ˈpreə(r)
4827:ˈfleə(r)
4814:ˈfleə(r)
4689:and the
4163:ˈfoə(r)θ
4069:ˈkoə(r)s
4043:ˈboə(r)n
4030:ˈboə(r)n
4026:bourn(e)
3719:ˈsteə(r)
3212:ˈfleə(r)
3056:ˈkleə(r)
3004:ˈbleə(r)
2846:but not
2778:; while
2776:Santa Fe
2746:phoneme
2682:phoneme
2673:Midlands
2657:Scottish
2647:, south
2429:ˈsɑɪə(r)
2234:ˈlɑɪə(r)
2182:ˈlɑɪə(r)
1974:ˈfɑɪə(r)
1510:loss of
1292:, below.
1266:, as in
1246:, as in
730:rhymed.
480:As with
473:, spelt
463:, spelt
452:, spelt
429:, spelt
368:English
353:/ /
349:Help:IPA
295:Spelling
232:Flapping
197:Clusters
119:In Scots
8729:Mercian
8724:Kentish
8091:accents
7507:sleight
6154:ˈsa(ə)r
5942:ˈpa(ə)r
5819:ˈfa(ə)l
5799:ˈfa(ə)l
5679:ˈla(ə)r
5604:ˈla(ə)r
5334:ˈda(ə)r
4970:ˈðeə(r)
4966:they're
4905:ˈpeə(r)
4892:ˈpeə(r)
4879:ˈpeə(r)
4866:ˈmeə(r)
4853:ˈleə(r)
4801:ˈbeə(r)
4739:before
4699:/eɪ.ər/
4693:—
4647:removed
4632:sources
4358:ˈpoə(r)
4150:ˈfoə(r)
3975:Toe–tow
3845:weighed
3771:ˈðeə(r)
3767:they're
3758:ˈðeə(r)
3524:ˈpeə(r)
3511:ˈpeə(r)
3316:ˈheə(r)
3186:ˈfeə(r)
2905:words.
2832:toe–tow
2819:Norfolk
2742:. The
2718:; with
2620:toe–tow
2578:(as in
2576:/ɛj,ɔw/
2566:(as in
2564:/eː,oː/
2091:ɪmˈplɑɪ
1987:ˈɡrɑɪnd
1983:groined
1935:dɪˈvɑɪd
1647:become
1422:in the
1408:spoil'd
1288:toe–tow
1178:and so
1117:turmoil
1085:destroy
957:chamber
777:destroy
745:in the
507:In the
419:dialect
341:in the
8788:Vowels
8572:
8550:
8531:
8463:
8280:
8272:
8142:merger
8114:merger
8112:weight
8078:merger
7994:/aɪ.ə/
7986:/aɪ.ə/
7978:/aɪ.ə/
7968:/aɪ.ə/
7646:ˈstrap
7642:stripe
7567:sighed
7522:slight
7466:ˈskrad
7462:scried
7252:plight
7087:knight
6845:knight
6800:height
6515:blight
6432:Notes
6354:merger
6330:Y; wye
6178:slough
6131:signed
5544:ˈa(ə)r
5529:ˈa(ə)r
5439:ˈdʒalz
5417:flight
5099:Notes
5061:, and
4985:merger
4953:swayer
4940:swayer
4927:stayer
4914:prayer
4911:prayer
4840:ˈɡreəm
4836:Graham
4823:flayer
4810:flayer
4760:Graham
4758:, and
4753:crayon
4729:/eɪ.ə/
4607:merger
4540:ˈθroʊn
4536:thrown
4533:throne
4514:ˈsoʊld
4510:souled
4501:ˈsoʊld
4228:ˈhoʊld
4215:ˈɡroʊn
4202:ˈfroʊz
4159:fourth
4137:ˈfoʊld
4130:foaled
4107:doughs
4077:(note)
4065:course
4062:coarse
4056:ˈkoʊld
4049:coaled
4039:Bourne
3977:pairs
3949:waiver
3927:ˈweɪst
3888:ˈweɪlz
3875:ˈweɪlz
3784:ˈtreɪd
3780:trayed
3732:ˈsweɪd
3728:swayed
3706:ˈspeɪd
3702:spayed
3624:raiser
3576:ˈpleɪt
3563:ˈpleɪn
3550:ˈfreɪz
3543:phrase
3472:ˈpeɪdʒ
3290:ˈɡreɪz
3277:ˈɡreɪd
3273:grayed
3264:ˈɡleɪv
3260:glaive
3160:ˈeə(r)
3147:ˈeə(r)
3134:ˈeə(r)
3121:ˈeə(r)
3082:ˈdeɪli
3052:Claire
3043:ˈkleɪd
3039:clayed
3017:ˈbleɪz
3013:Blaise
2912:pairs
2794:as in
2770:as in
2734:as in
2702:as in
2698:, and
2663:, and
2622:merger
2615:merger
2425:sawyer
2390:ˈrɑɪəl
2351:ˈkwɑɪt
2312:ˈpɑɪnt
2230:lawyer
2221:ˈlɑɪəl
2178:lawyer
2117:ˈdʒɑɪn
2087:employ
2013:ˈhɑɪst
1948:ˈdrɑɪd
1931:devoid
1928:divide
1785:employ
1759:, and
1727:merger
1670:merger
1609:merger
1575:choice
1528:square
1416:smiles
1392:join'd
1290:merger
1285:; see
1217:merger
1160:as in
1156:, and
1152:as in
1101:poison
1065:shrewd
1045:pewter
953:change
939:as in
926:as in
919:beauty
915:neuter
911:shrewd
897:as in
847:as in
817:as in
809:merger
792:as in
771:as in
750:merger
722:, and
708:/vajn/
704:/vejn/
665:merged
643:merger
611:streht
486:macron
411:height
357:
222:merger
220:caught
8622:(PDF)
8611:(PDF)
8278:S2CID
8167:With
8157:Bayer
8140:whine
8133:With
8105:With
8069:With
8047:Foyer
8035:Notes
7990:/aɪə/
7952:wight
7940:With
7932:white
7905:With
7897:why'd
7886:ˈtrat
7882:trite
7871:ˈtrad
7867:tried
7852:tight
7822:thyme
7792:thyme
7676:ˈswap
7672:swipe
7661:ˈswan
7657:swine
7639:strop
7631:ˈspat
7627:spite
7616:ˈspar
7612:spire
7582:sight
7537:psych
7526:ˈslat
7511:ˈslat
7492:shied
7459:scrod
7432:right
7417:rhyme
7372:Reich
7357:Reich
7331:ˈpram
7327:prime
7316:ˈprad
7312:pried
7301:ˈprad
7297:pride
7286:ˈpaks
7282:pikes
7256:ˈplat
7241:ˈplad
7237:plied
7147:Ike's
7102:night
7037:motte
7025:might
7022:motte
6939:ˈlaks
6935:likes
6860:night
6834:ˈdʒab
6819:ˈdʒar
6759:ˈgram
6755:grime
6594:ˈbaks
6590:bikes
6560:bight
6519:ˈblat
6408:/rad/
6400:/rɑd/
6392:/rad/
6306:With
6253:trout
6250:trite
6220:tight
6138:ˈsand
6134:sound
6089:rouse
6059:route
6014:rouse
6002:ˈrand
5998:round
5983:route
5980:right
5965:right
5953:rowed
5938:power
5912:ˈpraz
5908:prows
5905:prize
5897:ˈpraz
5893:prows
5890:prise
5882:ˈpraz
5878:prows
5875:pries
5869:ˈprad
5865:proud
5862:pried
5854:ˈprad
5850:proud
5847:pride
5823:With
5812:phial
5803:With
5792:phial
5739:ˈmand
5735:mound
5732:mined
5724:ˈmand
5720:mound
5705:mouse
5690:louse
5642:light
5615:louse
5484:ˈhand
5480:hound
5435:jowls
5432:Giles
5424:ˈflat
5420:flout
5409:ˈfand
5405:found
5402:fined
5394:ˈfand
5390:found
5304:ˈklad
5300:cloud
5297:Clyde
5255:bough
5225:bough
5197:bough
5186:ˈbran
5182:brown
5179:brine
5149:bight
5137:bowed
5107:bough
5071:found
5063:proud
5055:pride
5035:found
5019:proud
5015:pride
4995:proud
4991:pride
4983:proud
4979:Pride
4963:there
4950:swear
4937:sware
4924:stare
4901:payer
4888:payer
4875:payer
4862:mayor
4849:layer
4820:flair
4807:flare
4797:Bayer
4785:/eɪə/
4707:mayor
4703:/eər/
4683:mayor
4605:mayor
4592:ˈtoʊl
4579:ˈtoʊd
4575:towed
4553:ˈtoʊd
4549:towed
4527:ˈθroʊ
4523:throw
4520:throe
4507:soled
4494:soled
4488:ˈsoʊl
4449:ˈʃoʊn
4445:shown
4442:shone
4436:ˈʃoʊn
4432:shewn
4429:shone
4423:ˈroʊz
4410:ˈroʊl
4384:ˈroʊd
4380:rowed
4371:ˈroʊd
4367:rowed
4345:ˈpoʊl
4293:ˈnoʊz
4289:knows
4254:ˈmoʊd
4250:mowed
4241:ˈmoʊn
4221:holed
4211:grown
4208:groan
4198:frows
4195:froze
4189:ˈfroʊ
4176:ˈfroʊ
4156:forth
4124:ˈfloʊ
4111:ˈdoʊz
4094:dough
4081:dough
4036:borne
4023:borne
4017:ˈboʊd
4013:bowed
3966:ˈweɪl
3959:whale
3953:ˈweɪv
3946:waver
3940:ˈweɪv
3936:waive
3923:waist
3920:waste
3914:ˈweɪn
3910:Wayne
3901:ˈweɪn
3884:wails
3881:Wales
3871:wails
3868:wales
3862:ˈweɪl
3849:ˈweɪd
3836:ˈveɪn
3823:ˈveɪn
3810:ˈveɪl
3797:ˈveɪl
3777:trade
3764:there
3754:their
3751:there
3745:ˈteɪl
3725:suede
3715:stair
3712:stare
3699:spade
3693:ˈseɪn
3689:Seine
3680:ˈseɪn
3676:seine
3667:ˈseɪn
3654:ˈseɪl
3621:razor
3615:ˈreɪz
3602:ˈreɪz
3598:raise
3572:plait
3569:plate
3559:plain
3556:plane
3546:frays
3537:ˈfeɪz
3530:phase
3498:ˈpeɪn
3485:ˈpeɪl
3468:Paige
3459:ˈmeɪz
3446:ˈmeɪz
3442:maize
3433:ˈmeɪn
3420:ˈmeɪl
3394:ˈmeɪd
3381:ˈleɪz
3368:ˈleɪn
3355:ˈleɪd
3342:ˈheɪz
3329:ˈheɪz
3303:ˈheɪl
3286:grays
3283:graze
3270:grade
3257:glave
3251:ˈɡeɪz
3238:ˈɡeɪt
3225:ˈɡeɪl
3208:flair
3205:flare
3199:ˈfeɪz
3173:ˈfeɪn
3108:ˈdeɪz
3095:ˈdeɪn
3091:deign
3078:daily
3069:ˈbeɪt
3049:Clare
3036:clade
3030:ˈkeɪn
3010:blaze
3000:Blair
2997:blare
2991:ˈbeɪd
2987:bayed
2978:ˈbeɪl
2961:eight
2806:, or
2790:, or
2738:, or
2730:, or
2714:, or
2712:reign
2665:Maine
2649:Wales
2533:ˈvɑɪd
2520:ˈvɑɪs
2516:voice
2507:ˈtrɑɪ
2494:ˈtɑɪl
2468:ˈtɑɪd
2464:toyed
2442:ˈsɑɪə
2386:royal
2377:ˈrɑɪl
2364:ˈrɑɪd
2347:quoit
2344:quite
2325:ˈplɑɪ
2308:point
2299:ˈpɑɪz
2295:poise
2273:ˈnɑɪl
2260:ˈnɑɪz
2256:noise
2253:nighs
2247:ˈmɑɪl
2217:loyal
2208:ˈlɑɪn
2195:ˈlɑɪd
2191:Lloyd
2169:ˈkɑɪl
2156:ˈkɑɪn
2084:imply
2009:hoist
2006:heist
1980:grind
1970:foyer
1961:ˈfɑɪl
1944:droid
1941:dried
1844:ˈbɑɪl
1831:ˈælɑɪ
1827:alloy
1811:aisle
1781:imply
1571:mouth
1567:price
1412:toils
1404:child
1361:house
1248:cause
1162:house
1121:voice
1109:spoil
1097:point
1093:moist
1069:strew
1061:shrew
1019:were
969:dance
961:psalm
941:cause
875:(the
873:adieu
827:royal
823:noise
718:were
603:-loss
581:clawu
469:low,
459:mid,
345:(IPA)
227:Drawl
174:Pre-R
169:Pre-L
8649:help
8570:ISBN
8548:ISBN
8529:ISBN
8461:ISBN
8270:ISSN
8136:wine
8108:wait
8076:vial
8072:vile
7956:ˈwat
7949:watt
7936:ˈwat
7929:watt
7921:ˈwad
7917:wide
7901:ˈwad
7879:trot
7864:trod
7856:ˈtat
7841:ˈtap
7837:type
7826:ˈtam
7811:ˈtam
7807:time
7796:ˈtam
7781:ˈtam
7777:time
7766:ˈtad
7762:tied
7759:Todd
7751:ˈtad
7747:tide
7744:Todd
7736:ˈtad
7732:tied
7721:ˈtad
7717:tide
7706:ˈtar
7669:swap
7654:swan
7624:spot
7609:spar
7601:ˈspa
7586:ˈsat
7571:ˈsad
7556:ˈsad
7552:side
7541:ˈsak
7534:sock
7519:slot
7504:slot
7496:ˈʃad
7489:shod
7474:shah
7451:ˈrat
7447:rite
7436:ˈrat
7421:ˈram
7406:ˈram
7402:rime
7391:ˈrad
7387:ride
7376:ˈrak
7369:rock
7361:ˈrak
7324:prom
7309:prod
7294:prod
7271:ˈpap
7267:pipe
7249:plot
7234:plod
7226:ˈpad
7222:pied
7211:ˈpak
7207:pike
7204:pock
7196:ˈpar
7192:pyre
7151:ˈaks
7136:ˈadz
7132:ides
7129:odds
7106:ˈnat
7091:ˈnat
7055:nigh
7044:ˈmat
7040:mite
7029:ˈmat
7014:ˈmam
7010:mime
6999:ˈmak
6995:Mike
6992:mock
6984:ˈmak
6977:mock
6969:ˈmar
6965:mire
6924:ˈlat
6909:ˈlak
6905:like
6902:lock
6864:ˈnat
6857:knot
6849:ˈnat
6842:knot
6815:gyre
6804:ˈhat
6789:ˈhak
6785:hike
6782:hock
6770:high
6752:grom
6744:ˈfar
6740:fire
6714:ˈdan
6710:dine
6699:ˈdan
6695:dine
6684:ˈdam
6680:dime
6669:ˈdam
6665:dime
6654:ˈdak
6650:dike
6647:dock
6639:ˈdak
6635:dike
6624:ˈkat
6620:kite
6609:ˈkan
6605:kine
6579:ˈbat
6575:bite
6564:ˈbat
6549:ˈbad
6545:bide
6534:ˈbak
6530:bike
6527:bock
6512:blot
6429:IPA
6425:/aɪ/
6404:ride
6402:and
6388:ride
6386:and
6378:and
6372:/aɪ/
6370:and
6364:ride
6358:The
6352:ride
6322:ˈwaz
6318:wows
6315:wise
6257:ˈtat
6242:ˈtan
6238:town
6235:tine
6227:ˈtat
6223:tout
6193:thou
6182:ˈsla
6169:ˈsaz
6165:sows
6162:size
6150:sour
6147:sire
6116:sigh
6093:ˈraz
6086:ryes
6063:ˈrat
6056:rite
6048:ˈrat
6044:rout
6041:rite
6033:ˈraz
6029:rows
6026:rise
6018:ˈraz
6011:rise
5995:rind
5987:ˈrat
5972:ˈrat
5968:rout
5957:ˈrad
5950:ride
5935:pyre
5927:ˈpra
5923:prow
5839:ˈpla
5815:fowl
5795:foul
5769:ˈnan
5765:noun
5762:nine
5747:nigh
5717:mind
5709:ˈmas
5702:mice
5694:ˈlas
5687:lyse
5675:lour
5672:lyre
5664:ˈlat
5660:lout
5657:lite
5649:ˈlat
5645:lout
5634:ˈlad
5630:loud
5627:lied
5619:ˈlas
5612:lice
5600:lour
5597:liar
5589:ˈkal
5585:cowl
5582:Kyle
5552:isle
5525:hour
5507:I'll
5477:hind
5462:high
5387:find
5379:ˈfal
5375:fowl
5372:file
5364:ˈfal
5360:foul
5357:file
5349:ˈdan
5345:down
5342:dyne
5330:dour
5327:dire
5319:ˈdan
5315:down
5312:dine
5289:ˈtʃa
5285:chow
5282:chai
5171:ˈbat
5167:bout
5164:bite
5156:ˈbat
5152:bout
5141:ˈbad
5134:bide
5096:IPA
5092:/aʊ/
5087:/aɪ/
5075:fond
5073:and
5067:find
5065:and
5059:prod
5051:/aʊ/
5049:and
5047:/aɪ/
5033:and
5031:find
5027:down
5025:and
5023:dine
5017:and
5003:/aʊ/
5001:and
4999:/aɪ/
4989:The
4898:pear
4885:pare
4872:pair
4859:mare
4846:lair
4794:bare
4789:IPA
4780:/eə/
4768:gram
4733:/eə/
4715:mare
4679:mare
4677:The
4630:any
4628:cite
4601:Mare
4588:toll
4585:tole
4572:toed
4566:ˈtoʊ
4546:toad
4497:sold
4484:soul
4481:sole
4475:ˈsoʊ
4462:ˈsoʊ
4419:rows
4416:rose
4406:roll
4403:role
4397:ˈroʊ
4377:rode
4364:road
4354:pour
4351:pore
4341:poll
4338:pole
4319:ˈoʊd
4315:owed
4286:nose
4280:ˈnoʊ
4276:know
4267:ˈmoʊ
4247:mode
4237:mown
4234:moan
4224:hold
4185:frow
4182:froe
4172:frow
4146:four
4143:fore
4133:fold
4120:flow
4117:floe
4104:doze
4098:ˈdoʊ
4085:ˈdoʊ
4052:cold
4010:bode
4004:ˈboʊ
3992:IPA
3988:/ou/
3983:/oː/
3962:wail
3933:wave
3907:wane
3897:wain
3894:wane
3858:wail
3855:wale
3842:wade
3832:vein
3829:vane
3819:vain
3816:vane
3806:veil
3803:vale
3793:vail
3790:vale
3741:tail
3738:tale
3686:sane
3673:sane
3663:sain
3660:sane
3650:sail
3647:sale
3641:ˈreɪ
3611:rays
3608:raze
3595:raze
3589:ˈreɪ
3533:fays
3520:pair
3517:pear
3507:pair
3504:pare
3494:pain
3491:pane
3481:pail
3478:pale
3465:page
3455:Mays
3452:maze
3439:maze
3429:main
3426:mane
3416:mail
3413:male
3407:ˈmeɪ
3390:maid
3387:made
3377:lays
3374:laze
3364:lain
3361:lane
3351:laid
3348:lade
3338:heys
3335:haze
3325:hays
3322:haze
3312:hair
3309:hare
3299:hail
3296:hale
3247:gays
3244:gaze
3234:gait
3231:gate
3221:Gail
3218:gale
3195:fays
3192:faze
3182:fair
3179:fare
3169:fain
3166:fane
3156:heir
3130:heir
3127:e'er
3114:e'er
3104:days
3101:daze
3088:Dane
3075:Daly
3065:bait
3062:bate
3026:Cain
3023:cane
2984:bade
2974:bail
2971:bale
2965:ˈeɪt
2952:ˈeɪl
2939:ˈeɪd
2927:IPA
2923:/ej/
2918:/eː/
2891:pain
2887:pane
2874:."
2868:/æɪ/
2864:/æɪ/
2860:/eː/
2828:Fens
2810:.
2808:over
2804:home
2796:boat
2780:/oː/
2774:and
2766:and
2748:/eː/
2740:roll
2720:/ow/
2716:they
2704:pain
2684:/ej/
2641:/oː/
2639:and
2637:/eː/
2633:/ow/
2631:and
2629:/ej/
2598:and
2596:pain
2592:pane
2582:and
2580:pain
2570:and
2568:pane
2546:ˈrɑɪ
2529:void
2526:vied
2513:vice
2503:Troy
2490:toil
2487:tile
2481:ˈtɑɪ
2461:tide
2455:ˈtɑɪ
2448:Thai
2438:soya
2435:sire
2422:sire
2416:ˈsɑɪ
2409:sigh
2403:ˈrɑɪ
2383:rile
2373:roil
2370:rile
2360:roid
2357:ride
2338:ˈsɑɪ
2321:ploy
2305:pint
2292:pies
2286:ˈpɑɪ
2269:noil
2266:Nile
2243:moil
2240:mile
2227:lyre
2214:Lyle
2204:loin
2201:line
2188:lied
2175:liar
2165:coil
2162:Kyle
2152:coin
2149:kine
2143:ˈkɑɪ
2130:ˈkɑɪ
2113:join
2110:Jain
2104:ˈɑɪl
2097:isle
2078:ˈɑɪl
2071:I'll
2039:ˈhɑɪ
2032:high
2026:ˈhɑɪ
2000:ˈɡɑɪ
1967:fire
1957:foil
1954:file
1922:ˈbɑɪ
1918:buoy
1909:ˈbɑɪ
1905:buoy
1896:ˈbɑɪ
1892:buoy
1883:ˈbɑɪ
1870:ˈbɑɪ
1857:ˈbɑɪ
1840:boil
1837:bile
1824:ally
1818:ˈɑɪl
1806:IPA
1802:/ɔɪ/
1797:/aɪ/
1783:and
1777:boil
1775:and
1773:bile
1769:loin
1767:and
1765:line
1745:/ɔɪ/
1743:and
1741:/aɪ/
1737:loin
1733:line
1731:The
1725:loin
1721:Line
1692:/oʊ/
1690:and
1680:coat
1674:The
1668:coat
1655:and
1649:/əɪ/
1645:/ɔɪ/
1643:and
1633:earl
1625:curl
1621:coil
1619:The
1607:curl
1603:Coil
1587:/ʊə/
1583:/eə/
1579:/ɪə/
1573:and
1563:goat
1559:face
1557:(of
1555:/ɔɪ/
1551:/aʊ/
1547:/aɪ/
1543:/əʊ/
1539:/eɪ/
1532:cure
1530:and
1524:near
1506:/ʊə/
1502:/eə/
1498:/ɪə/
1488:/əʊ/
1484:/oʊ/
1482:and
1480:/eɪ/
1470:and
1468:pain
1464:pane
1448:/ɔɪ/
1446:and
1444:/aʊ/
1440:/aɪ/
1432:/ʊɪ/
1428:/ɔɪ/
1420:/ɔɪ/
1400:line
1396:join
1388:Mind
1384:/aɪ/
1380:/əɪ/
1376:/ʊɪ/
1369:/aʊ/
1367:and
1365:/aɪ/
1359:and
1357:tide
1353:/əʊ/
1351:and
1349:/əɪ/
1336:and
1330:/ɪw/
1314:/əʊ/
1312:and
1310:/əɪ/
1306:/ʊɪ/
1302:/ɔɪ/
1298:/ɪu/
1279:/oː/
1273:/ɔː/
1264:/ɔw/
1257:/ɔː/
1252:/ɒː/
1244:/ɑw/
1236:pane
1232:/æː/
1228:pain
1224:/ɛː/
1210:/aː/
1206:name
1202:/ɛː/
1190:/ɛj/
1182:and
1176:/ɪw/
1172:/ɛw/
1158:/əʊ/
1154:tide
1150:/əɪ/
1146:/uː/
1144:and
1142:/iː/
1119:and
1113:Troy
1105:soil
1089:join
1081:coin
1077:boil
1073:/ʊj/
1067:and
1057:show
1053:shew
1041:newt
1033:lewd
1017:/ɛw/
1009:/ʊj/
1007:and
1005:/ɔj/
999:and
993:/ɛw/
991:and
989:/ɪw/
983:and
973:aunt
965:half
949:salt
937:/ɑw/
932:soul
924:/ɔw/
895:/ɛw/
885:/ew/
883:and
881:/iw/
869:suit
865:lute
849:view
845:/ɪw/
815:/ɔj/
802:whey
794:nail
790:/ɛj/
785:join
781:coin
773:boil
769:/ʊj/
743:pane
739:/æj/
735:/ɛj/
726:and
716:vain
714:and
712:vein
706:and
700:vain
698:and
696:vein
692:/aj/
690:and
688:/ej/
686:had
682:and
674:and
661:/aj/
657:/ɛj/
653:/aj/
651:and
649:/ɛj/
618:þoht
585:lagu
415:back
384:and
8813:/r/
8805:/l/
8593:doi
8488:doi
8260:doi
8053:or
7976:of
7914:wad
7894:wad
7849:tot
7834:top
7819:Tom
7804:Tom
7789:tom
7774:tom
7729:tod
7714:tod
7699:tar
7691:ˈta
7687:tie
7597:spy
7594:spa
7579:sot
7564:sod
7549:sod
7481:ˈʃa
7477:shy
7444:rot
7429:rot
7414:ROM
7399:ROM
7384:rod
7354:roc
7346:ˈra
7342:rye
7339:rah
7279:pox
7264:pop
7219:pod
7189:par
7181:ˈpa
7177:pie
7166:ˈpa
7121:ˈad
7117:ide
7114:odd
7099:not
7084:not
7076:ˈna
7071:Nye
7067:nah
7059:ˈna
7052:nah
7007:mom
6980:mic
6962:mar
6954:ˈma
6932:lox
6917:lot
6894:ˈla
6890:lye
6879:ˈla
6875:lie
6827:job
6812:jar
6797:hot
6774:ˈha
6737:far
6729:ˈfa
6725:fie
6707:Don
6692:don
6677:Dom
6662:dom
6632:doc
6617:cot
6602:con
6587:box
6572:bot
6557:bot
6542:bod
6504:ˈba
6500:bye
6497:baa
6489:ˈba
6482:baa
6474:ˈba
6470:buy
6467:baa
6440:eye
6420:/ɑ/
6406:is
6398:is
6396:rod
6384:rod
6368:/ɑ/
6360:rod
6348:Rod
6337:ˈwa
6333:wow
6302:ˈwa
6298:wow
6295:why
6287:ˈva
6283:vow
6280:vie
6272:ˈta
6268:tau
6212:ˈta
6208:tau
6205:tie
6197:ˈða
6190:thy
6175:sly
6123:ˈsa
6119:sow
6108:ˈsa
6104:sow
6101:sai
6078:ˈra
6074:row
6071:rye
5920:pry
5832:ply
5784:ˈna
5780:now
5777:Nye
5754:ˈna
5750:now
5574:ˈka
5570:cow
5567:Kai
5559:ˈal
5555:owl
5540:our
5537:ire
5522:ire
5514:ˈal
5510:owl
5469:ˈha
5465:how
5454:ˈha
5450:how
5274:ˈba
5270:bow
5267:bye
5259:ˈba
5252:bye
5244:ˈba
5240:bow
5229:ˈba
5214:ˈba
5210:bow
5207:buy
5201:ˈba
5194:buy
5126:ˈba
5122:bow
5111:ˈba
5043:/ɑ/
5007:/a/
4770:).
4751:),
4725:/r/
4709:as
4641:by
4562:tow
4559:toe
4471:sow
4458:sew
4393:row
4390:roe
4332:ˈoʊ
4328:owe
4312:ode
4306:ˈoʊ
4302:owe
4263:mow
4260:Moe
4169:fro
4091:doe
4075:do
4000:bow
3637:ray
3585:ray
3582:Rae
3403:May
3400:Mae
3153:ere
3143:air
3140:ere
3117:air
2958:ate
2948:ail
2945:ale
2935:aid
2932:ade
2903:tow
2899:toe
2848:toe
2844:tow
2840:tow
2836:toe
2800:toe
2792:oCV
2756:aCV
2708:day
2675:.
2659:,
2604:tow
2600:toe
2584:tow
2572:toe
2542:Roy
2539:wry
2500:try
2477:toy
2474:tie
2451:toy
2412:soy
2399:Roy
2396:rye
2334:soy
2331:psi
2318:ply
2282:poi
2279:pie
2139:koi
2136:Kai
2126:coy
2123:Kai
2100:oil
2074:oil
2065:ˈɑɪ
2052:ˈɑɪ
2035:hoy
2022:hoy
1996:goy
1993:guy
1915:bye
1889:buy
1879:boy
1876:bye
1866:boy
1853:boy
1850:buy
1814:oil
1710:/o/
1688:/ɒ/
1676:cot
1664:Cot
1641:/ə/
1629:oil
1627:or
1519:/r/
1512:/r/
1476:tow
1472:toe
1355:of
1338:dew
1334:due
1332:of
1283:toe
1268:low
1184:due
1180:dew
1059:),
1049:sew
1037:mew
1029:hew
1025:few
1021:dew
945:law
928:low
907:ewe
903:dew
899:few
889:/y/
861:use
857:due
853:new
838:/w/
831:coy
819:joy
798:day
762:/j/
737:or
728:day
724:way
684:dæġ
680:weġ
676:day
672:way
616:OE
609:OE
595:/h/
579:OE
574:/j/
570:/ɡ/
566:weg
562:dæg
560:OE
550:/w/
543:/ʝ/
539:/j/
441:in
216:Cot
8954::
8928:Wh
8909:Th
8889:Ng
8641::
8639:}}
8635:{{
8613:.
8589:20
8587:.
8509:41
8507:.
8503:.
8484:99
8482:.
8416:^
8373:.
8362:^
8276:.
8268:.
8254:.
8250:.
8238:^
8223:^
8196:^
8096:^
8062:^
7944:.
7909:.
7684:ta
7174:pa
7162:pi
7159:pa
7144:ox
6950:my
6947:ma
6887:la
6872:la
6767:ha
6722:fa
6485:by
6459:ˈa
6452:ah
6444:ˈa
6437:ah
6410:.
6310:.
6265:Ty
6140:]
6004:]
5827:.
5807:.
5499:ˈa
5495:ow
5447:hi
5237:by
5222:by
5119:bi
5104:bi
5069:,
5057:,
5045:,
5029:,
5021:,
4717:.
4468:so
4455:so
4325:oh
4273:no
3997:Bo
3634:re
2821:.
2802:,
2798:,
2788:oe
2786:,
2784:oa
2760:ea
2758:,
2754:,
2732:ol
2728:ow
2726:,
2724:ou
2710:,
2706:,
2700:ey
2696:ei
2694:,
2692:ay
2690:,
2688:ai
2655:,
2061:oy
2048:oi
2019:hi
1902:by
1863:by
1779:,
1771:,
1755:,
1751:,
1716:.
1593:.
1585:,
1581:,
1569:,
1565:,
1561:,
1553:,
1549:,
1545:,
1541:,
1534:.
1526:,
1504:,
1500:,
1490:.
1442:,
1424:oi
1308:,
1304:,
1300:,
1115:,
1111:,
1107:,
1103:,
1099:,
1095:,
1091:,
1087:,
1083:,
1079:,
1063:,
1051:,
1047:,
1043:,
1039:,
1035:,
1031:,
1027:,
1023:,
1013:ew
1001:oy
997:oi
985:ew
981:eu
971:,
967:,
963:,
959:,
955:,
951:,
947:,
943:,
930:,
917:,
913:,
909:,
905:,
901:,
871:,
867:,
863:,
859:,
855:,
851:,
840::
829:,
825:,
821:,
800:,
796:,
783:,
779:,
775:,
764::
752:.
636:.
504:.
500:,
496:,
492:,
488::
272:WH
267:TH
247:NG
8901:T
8881:L
8873:H
8797:A
8680:e
8673:t
8666:v
8651:)
8631:.
8599:.
8595::
8578:.
8556:.
8537:.
8494:.
8490::
8469:.
8388:.
8321:.
8284:.
8262::
8256:7
8138:–
8110:–
8074:–
8057:.
6455:I
6362:–
6350:–
5492:I
4993:–
4981:–
4762:(
4747:(
4681:–
4668:)
4662:(
4657:)
4653:(
4649:.
4635:.
4603:–
4299:O
2768:e
2764:é
2602:–
2594:–
2058:I
2045:I
1735:–
1723:–
1678:–
1666:–
1631:–
1623:–
1605:–
1474:–
1466:–
1414:–
1406:–
1398:–
1390:–
1382:~
1344:.
1275:.
1260:.
1238:.
1055:(
975:.
891:)
811:)
601:h
445:)
363:.
323:e
316:t
309:v
252:R
218:–
139:A
56:)
52:(
42:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
