3107:'s column, in the upper Elz, had eight battalions and 14 squadrons, advancing southwest to Waldkirch; Wartensleben had 12 battalions and 23 squadrons advancing south to capture the Elz bridge at Emmendingen. Latour, with 6,000 men, was to cross the foothills via Heimbach and Malterdingen, and capture the bridge of Köndringen, between Riegel and Emmendingen, and Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg's column held Kinzingen, about 3.2 km (2 mi) north of Riegel. Frölich and Condé (part of Nauendorf's column) were to pin down Ferino and the French right wing in the Stieg valley. Nauendorf's men were able to ambush St.-Cyr's advance; Latour's columns attacked Beaupuy at Matterdingen, killing the general and throwing his column into confusion. Wartensleben, in the center, was held up by French riflemen until his third (reserve) detachment arrived to outflank them; the French retreated across the rivers, destroying all the bridges.
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2138:. This movement placed the Archduke squarely on the French right rear and convinced Wartensleben to turn his force around to join Charles. After the battle, Charles withdrew his troops further east, pulling Moreau further away from Jourdan's flank, thus weakening the French front. After enticing Moreau away from any possible support of Jourdan's Army of the Sambre and Meuse, Charles marched north with 27,000 troops to join with Wartensleben on 24 August; their combined force defeated Jourdan at Amberg and further split the French fronts, Jourdan to the north and Moreau to the south. With his more compact line, Charles held a strategically and tactically superior position.
2000:, Latour used his artillery to keep the French cavalry at bay. In the Rhine plain the combat raged until 10 PM. The French wing commander ordered the troops not to press home their assault, but to retreat every time they came against strong resistance. Each attack was pushed farther up the ridge before receding into the valley. When the fifth assault in regimental strength gave way, the defenders finally reacted, sweeping down the slope to cut off the French. Massed grenadier companies to attack one Austrian flank, other reserves bored in on the other flank and the center counterattacked. The French troops that struck the Austrian right were hidden in the nearby town of
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1488:'s force in Rastatt could reach Kehl in time to support them. The Swabians suffered 700 casualties and lost 14 guns and 22 ammunition wagons. Moreau reinforced his newly won bridgehead on 26–27 June so that he had 30,000 troops to oppose only 18,000 locally based Coalition troops. Leaving Delaborde's division on the west bank to watch the Rhine between Neuf-Brisach and Hüningen, Moreau moved to the north against Latour. Separated from their commander, the Austrian left flank under Fröhlich and the Condé withdrew to the southeast. At Renchen on 28 June, Desaix caught up with Sztáray's column of 9,000 Austrian and
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immediately repaired the bridge, rendered passable by 14:00, which gave them 24 hours to evacuate everything of value and to raze everything else. By the time Latour took possession of the fortress, nothing remained of any use: all palisades, ammunition, even the carriages of the bombs and howitzers, had been evacuated. The French ensured that nothing remained behind that could be used by the
Austrian/Imperial army; even the fortress itself was but earth and ruins. The siege concluded 115 days after its investment, following 50 days of open trenches, the point at which active fighting began.
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Jourdan's line of retreat. However, at
Theiningen the French made a stand on favorable ground, and despite being outnumbered three-to-one, repulsed multiple Austrian attacks, a counter-attack, led by Bernadotte himself ended the battle as night fell with neither force yielding the field. The following day Bernadotte conducted a fighting retreat northeast pursued by the Austrians, however, Bernadotte had prevented Charles from cutting Jourdan off from the Rhine. Charles also shifted his lines of supply further north, so his supplies were coming from
2443:
3368:, who participated in the campaign as an infantry brigadier, noted that Jourdan too made many errors but the French government's errors were worse. The French were unable to pay for supplies because their currency was worthless, so the soldiers stole everything. This ruined discipline and turned the local populations against the French. Jourdan seemed to have an unwarranted faith in Moreau's promise to follow Charles. His decision to give battle at WĂĽrzburg was partly done so as not to leave Moreau in the lurch.
2420:, he saw a chance to retrieve his campaign by offering battle at Würzburg, an important stronghold on the river Main. At this point, the petty jealousies and rivalries that had festered in the French Army over the summer came to a head. Jourdan had a spat with his wing commander Kléber and that officer suddenly resigned his command. Two generals from Kléber's clique, Bernadotte and Colaud, both made excuses to leave the army immediately. Faced with this mutiny, Jourdan replaced Bernadotte with General
2938:, 35 km (22 mi) southwest of Ulm, the French army, now in retreat, paused to savage the pursuing Coalition force, who were following too closely. As the outnumbered Latour doggedly followed the French retreat, Moreau lashed out at him at Biberach. For a loss of 500 soldiers killed and wounded, Moreau's troops inflicted 300 killed and wounded and captured 4,000 prisoners, 18 artillery pieces, and two colors. After the engagement, Latour followed the French at a more respectful distance.
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3134:, Moreau established his army along a ridge of hills, in a 11-kilometer (7 mi) semi-circle on heights that commanded the terrain below. Given the severe condition of the roads at the end of October, Charles could not flank the right French wing. The French left wing lay too close to the Rhine, and the French center was unassailable. Instead, he attacked the French flanks directly, and in force, which increased casualties for both sides. The
2981:. Ferino was too distant to intervene, but his colleagues drove back the Austrians and seized Biberach an der Riss, together with 4,000 Austrian prisoners, 18 guns and two colors. The French lost 500 killed and wounded while the Austrians lost 300, but this was the last significant French victory of the campaign. Moreau sent Desaix to the Danube's north bank on 10 September, but Charles ignored this threat as the distraction it was.
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1337:. It was hoped that this advance would induce the Austrians to withdraw all of their forces from the Rhine's west bank to face the French onslaught. While Jourdan's actions near DĂĽsseldorf drew Austrian attention northward, Jean Victor Marie Moreau was to lead the Army of Rhine and Moselle across the Rhine at Neuf-Breisach, Kehl and HĂĽningen, invade the Duchy of Baden, besiege or take Mannheim, and subdue
1100:. In the 1790s, this part of the river was wild and unpredictable and armies crossed at their peril. River channels wound through marsh and meadow, and created islands of trees and vegetation that were periodically submerged by floods. Flash floods originating in the mountains could submerge farms and fields. Any army wishing to traverse the river had to cross at specific points: in 1790, systems of
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3257:. The night of 31 January / 1 February was relatively tranquil, marred only by ordinary artillery fire and shelling. At mid-day 1 February 1797, as the Austrians prepared to storm the bridgehead, General of Division Dufour pre-empted what would have been a costly attack for both sides, offering to surrender the position. On 5 February, FĂĽrstenberg finally took possession of the bridgehead.
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3253:. The trenches, opened originally in November, had refilled with winter rain and snow in the intervening weeks. FĂĽrstenberg ordered them opened again, and the water drained out on 25 January. The Coalition force secured the earthworks surrounding the trenches. On 31 January the French failed to push the Austrians out. Charles arrived that day and met with FĂĽrstenberg at nearby
1422:, capturing 1,500 Austrian soldiers, 12 artillery pieces and four colors. Charles withdrew the Austrian forces from the Rhine's west bank and gave the Army of the Upper Rhine the principal responsibility to defend Mainz. After this setback, Charles replaced WĂĽrttemberg with Wartensleben, much to WĂĽrttemberg's annoyance: the Duke returned to
3393:) or regional groups of ecclesiastical, dynastic and secular polities that coordinated economic, military and political actions. During times of war, the Circles contributed troops to the Habsburg military by drafting (or soliciting volunteers) among their inhabitants. Some circles coordinated their efforts better than others; the
1703:'s force in Rastatt could also not reach Kehl in time. The Swabians were hopelessly outnumbered and could not be reinforced. Within a day, Moreau had four divisions across the river at Kehl. Unceremoniously thrust out of Kehl—there was a rumor they actually had fled at the approach of the French—the Swabian contingent reformed at
2687:. Ferino's right wing, which had been wandering with seeming aimlessness around upper Swabia and Bavaria, finally rejoined the Army of Rhine and Moselle on 22 August, although Delaborde's division remained well to the south. Ferino's only notable action was repulsing a night attack by the 5,000–6,000-man Army of Condé at
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the withdrawal of his troops toward HĂĽningen. Although the French and the
Austrians both claimed victory at the time, military historians generally agree that the Austrians achieved a strategic advantage. However, the French withdrew from the battlefield in good order and several days later crossed the Rhine at HĂĽningen.
892:, units created by the amalgamation of old military units with new revolutionary formations: each demi-brigade included one unit of the old royalist army and two from the new mass conscription. The losses of this revolutionized army in the Rhine Campaign of 1795 disappointed the French public and the French government.
3048:
on 24 October, the French suffered 1,200 casualties out of 32,000 engaged. The
Austrians counted 800 casualties out of 36,000 men. The French held off the Austrian attacks but retreated the next day and recrossed to the west bank of the Rhine on 26 October. In the south, the French held two east-bank
895:
Furthermore, by 1795, the army had already made itself odious throughout France, by both rumor and action, through its rapacious dependence upon the countryside for material support and its general lawlessness and undisciplined behavior. After April 1796, the military was paid in metallic rather than
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to observe
Charles, hoping that would keep the Austrians from hitting him by surprise. Unbeknownst to them, Charles was receiving reinforcements south of the Danube that brought his strength up to 60,000 troops. He left 35,000 soldiers under the command of Latour to contain the Army of the Rhine and
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Map of river Rhine shows DĂĽsseldorf and the rivers Sieg and Lahn in the north, Strasbourg and
Mannheim in the south. Both sides of the conflict viewed the Rhine as the main geographic asset, the natural border between the combatants. The state that controlled the Rhine crossings controlled access to
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Dodge called
Charles' military operations "masterful" but noted the difference in results between the Rhine and Italian campaigns. "In Germany, each opponent ended where he began; Bonaparte won all northern Italy by his new method of conducting war." Dodge credited Moreau with "ordinary talent" and
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of 1796. At the outset of the campaign, the French military planners calculated that the best route to Vienna was through
Germany, not Italy; consequently they focused the bulk of their force at the Rhine, long viewed by both the French and the Holy Roman Empire as the principal barrier between the
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Karl Aloys zu FĂĽrstenberg's force initiated the siege within days of the
Austrian victory at the Battle of Schliengen. Most of the siege ran concurrently with the siege at Kehl, which concluded on 9 January 1797. Troops engaged at Kehl marched to HĂĽningen in preparation for a major assault, but the
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led a spirited (but unauthorized) attack on the French left, cutting their access to a withdrawal through Kehl. Nauendorf's column marched all night and half of the day, and attacked the French right, pushing them further back. In the night, while
Charles planned his next day's attack, Moreau began
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on 11 August marked the turning point; it was a series of clashes fought on a broad front during which the Austrians drove back Moreau's right (southern) flank and nearly captured his artillery park. When Moreau got ready to fight the following day, he discovered that the Austrians had slipped away
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Charles struck the French right flank while Wartensleben attacked frontally. The French Army of the Sambre and Meuse was overcome by weight of numbers and Jourdan retired northwest. The Austrians lost only 400 casualties of the 40,000 men they brought onto the field. French losses were 1,200 killed
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Moreau and Jourdan faced similar difficulties. Jourdan continued in his single-minded pursuit of Wartensleben; Moreau continued his single-minded pursuit of Charles, penetrating deep into Bavaria. The French armies drew further and further away from the Rhine, and from each other, stretching their
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After feinting to the north, Moreau's advance guard, 10,000 strong, preceded the main force of 27,000 infantry and 3,000 cavalry directed at the 6,500–7,000 Swabian pickets on the bridge. Most of the Imperial Army of the Rhine was stationed further north, by Mannheim, where the river was easier to
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that nearly captured the Austrian artillery park; the French managed to capture 1,000 Austrian troops in the melee. On 9 January the French general Desaix proposed the evacuation to General Latour and they agreed that the Austrians would enter Kehl the next day, on 10 January at 16:00. The French
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It soon became obvious that, like Jourdan's force in the north, the Army of Rhine and Moselle was isolated and too far extended, and had to retreat. In the first half of September, in Bavaria, Latour's 16,960 men hounded Moreau's army in a drive to the east while Fröhlich's 10,906 soldiers pushed
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was to join Bernadotte with another division but due to miscommunication and poor roads, Bonnaud failed to join Bernadotte's division which became isolated. Archduke Charles learned of the isolated French forces and moved toward Newmarkt with 28,000 troops to destroy the French and gain access to
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executed a full crossing, and advanced unopposed east along the German shore of the Rhine, with the 16th and 50th Demi-brigades, the 68th, 50th and 68th line infantry, and six squadrons of cavalry that included the 3rd and 7th Hussars and the 10th Dragoons. This gave the French the desired pincer
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Moreau offered Charles an armistice and the Archduke was eager to accept it so that he could send 10,000 reinforcements to Italy, but the Aulic Council directed him to refuse it and to reduce Kehl and HĂĽningen. While Charles was instructed to reduce the cities, in early January, the French began
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Initially the Austrians were able to take the river crossings at Kehl, but French reinforcements pushed them off the bridges. By the end of the day, the French could not break the Austrian hold on all east shore approaches to the bridges, and the Austrians established a strong cordon that forced
2672:. MacDonald's division stopped at DĂĽsseldorf while Castelverd's was placed in the French line on the lower Lahn. These reinforcements brought Jourdan's strength up to 50,000, which would have given him an edge on Charles, except that his abandonment of the sieges at Mainz, and later Mannheim and
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on 24 August, Charles defeated the French and destroyed two battalions of their rearguard. The Austrians lost 400 killed and wounded out of 40,000 troops. Of a total of 34,000 soldiers, the French suffered losses of 1,200 killed and wounded plus 800 men and two colors captured. Jourdan retreated
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with 28,000 troops to blockade Mainz and Ehrenbreitstein, Jourdan pressed up the river Main. Following Carnot's strategy, the French commander continually operated against Wartensleben's north flank, causing the Austrian general to fall back. Jourdan's army numbered 46,197 men while Wartensleben
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Recognizing the need for reinforcements, and fearing his army would be flanked by Moreau's surprise crossings at Kehl and HĂĽningen, Charles arrived near Rastatt with more troops and prepared to advance against Moreau on 10 July. The French surprised him by attacking first, on 9 July. Despite the
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had flooded. This increased the hazards of mounted attack, because the horses could not get a good footing. Charles' force pursued the French, although carefully. The French attempted to slow their pursuers by destroying bridges, but the Austrians managed to repair them and to cross the swollen
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mountains on the west (French side). At the far edges of the eastern flood plain, tributaries cut deep defiles into the western slope of the mountains; this became especially important in the rainy autumn of 1796. Further to the north, the river became deeper and faster, until it widened into a
956:, and several dozen ecclesiastic polities. Many of these territories were not contiguous: a village could belong predominantly to one polity, but have a farmstead, a house, or even one or two strips of land that belonged to another polity. The size and influence of the polities varied, from the
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to watch the Army of Sambre and Meuse, making sure it did not try to recover a foothold on the east bank of the Rhine. After securing the Rhine crossings at Bruchsal and Kehl, Charles forced Moreau to retreat south. During the winter the Austrians reduced the French bridgeheads in the sieges of
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were usually raised from the provinces. Some historians maintain that Napoleon solidified the use of the autonomous corps, armies that could function without a great deal of direction, scatter about the countryside but reform again quickly for battle; this was actually a development that first
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on 3 September, forcing the French to retreat to the river Lahn. Charles lost 1,500 casualties out of 44,000 troops there, while inflicting 2,000 casualties on the outnumbered French. Another authority gave French losses as 2,000 killed and wounded plus 1,000 men and seven guns captured, while
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and himself a scion of nobility who saw no need to bend to the wishes of a 25-year-old general, even if that general was an archduke, a brother to the Holy Roman Emperor, and his commander-in-chief. Wartensleben simply ignored instructions or requests from Charles to unite their flanks so that
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lasted from 10 November to 9 January 1797, during which the French suffered 4,000 and the Austrians 4,800 casualties. By a negotiated agreement, the French surrendered Kehl in return for an undisturbed withdrawal of the garrison into Strasbourg. Similarly, the French handed over the east-bank
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The opening action on the Upper Rhine, north of Kehl. Moreau and Jourdan coordinated feinting actions to convince Charles that the principal attack would be between the confluence of Rhine, Moselle, and Mainz, and further north. The Coalition force lost 10% of its members, missing, killed, or
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The predominantly German-speaking states on the east bank of the Rhine were part of the vast complex of territories in central Europe called the Holy Roman Empire, of which the Archduchy of Austria was a principal polity and its archduke typically the Holy Roman Emperor. The French government
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Major General Nauendorf and Latour led portions of the Army of the Rhine against the French Army of the Rhine & Moselle. Latour withdrew east; Nauendorf remained in Abensberg to cover the Austrian rear. This is the point at which Moreau realized how exposed his force was, and started his
1250:. Charles did not like to use the militias in any vital location and once it seemed clear to him that the French intended to cross at the middle Rhine, the Archduke felt no qualms placing his militia men at Kehl. In Spring 1796, when resumption of war appeared imminent, the 88 members of the
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An autonomous corps, in the Austrian or Imperial armies, was an armed force under command of an experienced field commander. They usually included two divisions but probably not more than three and functioned with high maneuverability and independent action, hence the name. Some, called the
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speculated on why Moreau gained renown by the supposed skill of his retreat. Phipps suggested that it was not skillful for Moreau to allow the inferior columns of Latour, Nauendorf and Fröhlich to herd him back to France. Even during his advance, Phipps maintained, Moreau was irresolute.
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two polities. The army that held the opposite bank controlled access to the crossings. Reflecting this philosophy, the Italian campaign received only 37,000 men and 60 guns to oppose more than 50,000 Allied troops in the theater. Nevertheless, Napoleon was successful at isolating the
3032:
was fought on 19 October, the 32,000 French losing 1,000 killed and wounded plus 1,800 men and two guns captured. The Austrians sustained 1,000 casualties out of 28,000 troops engaged. There was some fighting on the 20th, but when Charles advanced on 21 October the French were gone.
887:
created a new army with thousands of illiterate, untrained men placed under the command of officers whose principal qualifications may have been their loyalty to the Revolution instead their military acumen. Traditional military organization was disrupted by the formation of the new
1148:'s finances were in poor shape so its armies would be expected to invade new territories and then live off the conquered lands. Knowing that the French planned to invade Germany, on 20 May 1796 the Austrians announced that the truce would end on 31 May, and prepared for invasion.
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the 10,065 French troops involved in the initial assault lost only 150 casualties. The Swabians were outnumbered and could not be reinforced. Most of the Imperial Army of the Rhine had remained near Mannheim, where Charles anticipated the principal attack. Neither the Condé's
1445:, inflicting 3,000 casualties on the French for a loss of only 600. After his success, Charles left 35,000 men with Wartensleben, 30,000 more in Mainz and the other fortresses and moved south with 20,000 troops to help Latour. Kléber withdrew into the Düsseldorf defenses.
2862:, allowing the left wing to escape. Marceau-Desgraviers was fatally wounded on the 19th and died the next morning. This permanently severed the only possible link between Jourdan's and Moreau's armies, leaving Charles free to focus on the Army of the Rhine and Moselle.
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counted 36,284 troops; Wartensleben felt no security in attacking the larger French force, and continued to withdraw to the northeast, further away from Charles' flank. Buoyed up by their forward movement and by the capture of Austrian supplies, the French captured
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Compared to French, Charles had half the number of troops covering a 340-kilometer (340,000 m) front that stretched from Switzerland to the North Sea in what Gunther Rothenberg called the "thin white line". Imperial troops could not cover the territory from
2989:'s counterattack. Each side suffered 2,000 killed, wounded and captured. Instead of burning the bridge, though, as they should have done, Petrasch's men plundered the French camp and lost the opportunity to trap Schauenburg's army on the west bank of the Rhine.
2339:'s Austrians inflicted losses of 1,000 killed and wounded and 700 captured on the French while suffering losses of 900 killed and wounded and 200 captured. Despite their losses, the French continued their advance. Wartensleben's army retreated behind the river
840:(27 August 1791) threatened ambiguous, but quite serious, consequences if anything should happen to the French royal family. French émigrés, who had the support of the Habsburgs, the Prussians, and the British, continued to agitate for a counter-revolution.
989:, groups of states consolidated resources and promoted regional and organizational interests, including economic cooperation and military protection. Without the participation of such principal states of the Empire as the Archduchy of Austria, Prussia, the
3316:, within 161 km (100 mi) of Vienna, and the Austrians agreed to a five-day truce. Napoleon claimed to have taken 150,000 prisoners, 170 standards, 500 pieces of heavy artillery, 600 field pieces, five pontoon trains, nine ships of the line, 12
1503:
Within a day, Moreau had four divisions across the river, representing a fundamental success of the French plan, and they executed their plan with alacrity. From the south, Ferino pursued Fröhlich and the Condé in a wide sweep east-north-east toward
1258:, had raised a small force of about 7,000 men. These were field hands, the occasional journeyman, and day laborers drafted for service, but untrained in military matters. The remainder of the force included experienced troops from the Habsburg
3328:; in an age when battlefield success was calculated not only by possession of the battlefield but also by the count of prisoners and spoils, the campaign was a decisive victory. In the Rhineland, Charles returned to the status quo antebellum.
2858:, who was holding the bridgehead, panicked and withdrew his division without orders from Marceau-Desgraviers. With a gaping hole on their right, Marceau-Desgraviers and Bernadotte (now returned to his division) made a fighting withdrawal to
1536:. The Habsburg and Imperial armies did not have enough troops to hold off the Army of the Rhine and Moselle and would need reinforcements from Charles, who was occupied in the north keeping Jourdan pinned down on the west bank of the Rhine.
2977:. Latour, having visions of destroying Moreau's army in the south, pressed hard against the French rearguard. Saint-Cyr's center was directed to assault Latour's center while Ferino was instructed to turn the Austrian left under Condé and
1321:. The Army of Rhine and Moselle numbered 71,581 foot soldiers and 6,515 cavalry, excluding gunners and sappers. The 80,000-man Army of Sambre and Meuse already held the west bank of the Rhine as far south as the Nahe and then southwest to
2365:, he planned to move north to unite with Wartensleben: if the stubborn old man would not come to him, the young archduke would go to the stubborn old man. With 25,000 of his best troops, Charles crossed to the north bank of the Danube at
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from the south. Nauendorf's 5,815 men went north, and Petrasch's 5,564 troops continued their push to the west. On 18 September, Petrasch and 5,000 Austrians briefly captured the fortified bridgehead at Kehl before being driven out by
2004:. As the Austrians gave way, the French followed them up the ridge right into their positions. Nevertheless, Kaim's men laid down such a heavy fire that Lecourbe's grenadiers were thrown into disorder and their leader nearly captured.
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was captured twice by the French and recaptured each time by the Austrians. Latour tried to force his way around the French left with cavalry but was checked by the mounted troops of the Reserve. Finding his horsemen outnumbered near
769:. By August, the French armies had extended their fronts too thinly and rivalry among the French generals complicated cooperation between the two armies. Because the two French armies operated independently, Charles was able to leave
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Austrian losses numbered 1,200 killed and wounded and 300 captured. Regardless, the losses at WĂĽrzburg compelled the French to lift the siege of Mainz on 7 September, and to move those troops to reinforce their lines further east.
900:
believed that war should pay for itself and did not budget to pay, feed, and equip its troops. Thus, a campaign that would take the army out of France became increasingly urgent for both budgetary and internal security reasons.
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to HĂĽningen. The French general wanted to reach Kehl farther down the Rhine, but by this time Charles was barring the way with 35,000 soldiers. For his trains to get away, Moreau needed to hold his position for a few days. The
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and join the other French armies in crushing the Austrian forces in southern Germany. By the spring of 1796, Jourdan and Moreau each had 70,000 men while Bonaparte's army numbered 63,000, including reserves and garrisons.
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By now Charles clearly understood that if he could unite with Wartenbsleben, he could pick off both the French armies in succession. Having sufficient reinforcements, and having transferred his supply line from Vienna to
1845:, Charles repulsed Desaix's attacks on his right flank, but Saint-Cyr and Taponier gained ground in the hills to the east of the town, and threatened his flank. Moreau lost 2,400 out of 36,000 men while Charles had 2,600
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transferring two divisions to Bonaparte's army in Italy. Bernadotte's 12,000 from the Army of Sambre and Meuse and Delmas's 9,500 from the Army of Rhine and Moselle went south to support Bonaparte's approach to Vienna.
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supply lines and decreasing the possibility of covering each other's flanks. Napoleon later wrote of Moreau's actions, "One would have said that he was ignorant that a French army existed on his left". The historian
3312:. Soon after, the city itself surrendered to the French, who continued their advance eastward towards Austria. After a brief campaign during which the Austrian army was commanded by Charles, the French advanced to
874:
From 1793 to 1795, French successes varied. By 1794, the armies of the French Republic were in a state of disruption. The most radical of the revolutionaries purged the military of all men conceivably loyal to the
1176:) of the Holy Roman Empire. The Austrian strategy was to capture Trier and to use this position on the west bank to strike at each of the French armies in turn; failing that, the Archduke was to hold his ground.
2683:'s division on the north bank. By no later than the 20th, Moreau was aware that Charles had recrossed the Danube, heading north, but instead of pursuing him, the French general pressed eastward toward the river
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French successes continued. With Charles absent from the north, Jourdan recrossed the Rhine and drove Wartensleben behind the Lahn. Pushing forward again, the Army of Sambre and Meuse defeated its opponents at
788:
on 3 September, Charles defeated Jourdan's northern army and compelled the French army to retreat, eventually to the west bank of the Rhine. With Jourdan neutralized and retreating into France, Charles left
1124:, between Kehl and HĂĽningen, but the small bridgehead made this unreliable. Only to the north of Kaiserslauten did the river acquire a defined bank where fortified bridges offered reliable crossing points.
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was placed in charge of the northern force. Though Beurnonville's army grew to 80,000 men, he remained completely passive in the fall and winter of 1796. The disgraced Castelverd was later replaced by
1893:
began to negotiate with Moreau for relief; by mid-July, Moreau's army had control of most of southwestern Germany, and had most of the southwestern states in a punitive armistice. The Imperial troops (
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At this point in the campaign, either side could have crushed the other by joining their two armies. Wartensleben's recalcitrance frustrated Charles; Wartensleben was an old soldier, a veteran of the
1426:
and offered the Aulic Council his persistent criticism of Charles' decisions and advice on how they could run the war better from the capital. Jourdan's main body crossed the Rhine on 10 June at
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Over the next few days, Jourdan's army withdrew again to the west bank of the Rhine. After his disastrous panic at Diez, Castelverd held east bank entrenchments at Neuwied and Poncet crossed at
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retreated eastward to protect the borders of Austria. This gave Moreau a chance to place his army between the two Austrian forces (Wartensleben's and Charles'), but he did not seize this chance.
3044:. Saint-Cyr held the low ground on the left near the Rhine while Ferino defended the hills on the right. Charles hoped to turn the French right and trap Moreau's army against the Rhine. In the
1437:
Leaving 12,000 troops to guard Mannheim, Charles repositioned his troops among his two armies and swiftly moved north against Jourdan. The Archduke defeated the Army of Sambre and Meuse at the
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made an attack most likely; the rivers offered a gateway into eastern German states and ultimately to Vienna, with good bridges crossing a relatively well-defined river bank. A force occupied
1398:
According to plan, Kléber made the first move, advancing south from Düsseldorf against Württemberg's wing of the Army of the Lower Rhine. On 1 June 1796, a division of Kléber's troops led by
1290:
Lazare Carnot's grand plan called for the two French armies along the Rhine to press against the Austrian flanks. These armies were to be commanded by two of their most experienced generals,
1016:
The Rhine formed the boundary between the German states of the Holy Roman Empire and its neighbors. Any attack by either party required control of the crossings. The river began in the Swiss
1329:
had 22,000 troops in a bridgehead on the eastern bank of the Rhine in an entrenched camp at Düsseldorf. Kléber was to push south from Düsseldorf, while Jourdan's main force would besiege
2695:
led a Republican horse artillery battery with distinction. Facing the southernmost wing of the Army of the Rhine and Moselle, the combative Latour rashly stood to fight on the Lech near
2392:
as Charles and Wartensleben's forces converged on the Army of Sambre and Meuse. On 20 August, Moreau sent Jourdan a message vowing to closely follow Charles, which he did not do. In the
3162:
Instead of sending a comparable number of men to Italy to defend against the reinforcements, Charles gave Latour 29,000 infantry and 5,900 cavalry and ordered him to capture Kehl. The
2256:
Infantry Regiment Nr. 7, and the French Army of Condé. In the ensuing clash, the Austrians and Royalists were cut to pieces. Despite Charles' instructions to withdraw northward toward
761:
on 24 June and defeated the Archduke's Imperial contingents. Both French armies penetrated deep into eastern and southern Germany by late July, forcing the southern states of the
2027:
After hearing of Moreau's successful assault on Kehl, and crossing the river, Jourdan recrossed the Rhine, attacked Wartensleben's force, and pushed him south to the river Main.
1377:
holding the area between Moreau and Bonaparte on the western side of modern Switzerland; there was a smaller army in southern France that played no role in the Rhine Campaign.
3440:, or independent corps, were used as light infantry before the official formation of such units in the Habsburg Army in 1798 and provided the army's skirmishing and scouting;
1492:(Imperial) troops. For only 200 of their own casualties, the French inflicted losses of 550 killed and wounded, while capturing 850 men, seven guns and two ammunition wagons.
1441:
on 15 June 1796 and Jourdan lost no time in recrossing to the safety of the west shore of the Rhine at Neuwied. Following up, the Austrians clashed with Kléber's divisions at
2421:
1500:
effect, the Army of the Sambre and Meuse approaching from the north, the bulk of the Army of the Rhine and Moselle crossing in the center, and Ferino crossing in the south.
3277:
1456:. The French lost 600 casualties while the Austrians suffered three times as many. After feinting at the Austrian positions near Mannheim, Moreau sent his army south from
283:
3622:
2703:
the French crushed an Austrian infantry regiment, inflicting losses of 600 killed and wounded plus 1,200 men and 17 field guns captured. French casualties numbered 400.
1448:
The action was not an unmitigated success for the Coalition. While Charles was inflicting damage at Wetzlar and Uckerath, on 15 June, Desaix's 30,000-man command mauled
1203:
garrisons totaled about 10,000 more, including 2,600 at Ehrenbreitstein. Charles concentrated the bulk of his force, commanded by one of his more experienced generals,
2169:
led a portion of the Army of the Sambre and Meuse against Lieutenant Field Marshal Paul von Kray. Of the Austrian force, 900 were killed and wounded and 200 captured.
1345:; Jourdan, who by mid-summer theoretically should have taken most of Franconia, would veer south to provide a rearguard for Moreau's advance on the Habsburg capital.
2815:
Several of the Archduke's forces attacked Jourdan's rearguard. This action forced Jourdan's army to consolidate its front further away from Moreau's line of retreat.
2660:'s division on the west side of Mainz retreated to the Nahe, and dug in there. At this point, the French government belatedly transferred two divisions commanded by
3426:
was "corrected" (straightened) to make year-round transport easier. Between 1927 and 1975, the construction of a canal allowed better control of the water level.
2272:
607:
1172:, the Emperor's war advisors, gave Charles command over Austrian forces that had been transferred from the border provinces, and over the Imperial contingents (
3397:
was among the more effective of the Imperial circles at organizing itself and protecting its economic interests. This structure is explained in more detail in
836:
and his subjects. As revolutionary rhetoric grew more strident, the monarchs of Europe declared their interests as one with those of Louis and his family. The
3304:
While engaged in defending the besieged bridgeheads at Kehl and Huningen, Moreau had been moving troops south to support Napoleon. The Austrian defeat at the
2714:, on 22 September. Charles left 32,000 to 36,000 troops in the north and 9,000 more in Mainz and Mannheim, moving south with 16,000 to help intercept Moreau.
2656:
On 10 September, Marceau-Desgraviers reinforced the much-pressed Army of Sambre and Meuse with 12,000 troops that had been blockading the east side of Mainz.
2424:
and split up Colaud's units among the other divisions. With his reorganized troops, Jourdan marched south with 30,000 men of the infantry divisions of Simon,
1646:
3216:
The French defenders under Louis Desaix and the overall commander of the French force, Jean Victor Marie Moreau, almost upset the siege when they executed a
2800:
425:
3343:
at which the parties would divide the spoils of war. Campo Formio's terms held until 1798, when both groups recovered their military strength and began the
2965:
While Charles and his army ruined the French strategy in the north, Moreau moved too slowly in Bavaria. Although Saint-Cyr captured a crossing of the river
2679:
Moreau seemed oblivious to Jourdan's situation. Still far to the east of Jourdan, Moreau crossed to the south bank of the Danube on 19 August, leaving only
2146:
2074:
together they could turn and face the French with a united front, and he continued to withdraw further to the northeast, away from the commander-in-chief.
637:
962:, the little states that covered no more than a few square miles, or included several non-contiguous pieces, to such sizable, well-defined territories as
3356:
Jourdan with even less. He stated that Carnot's plan of allowing his two northern armies to operate on separated lines contained the element of failure.
3347:. Despite the renewal of military action, the Congress continued its meetings in Rastatt until the assassination of the French delegation in April 1799.
1865:
on 10 July, while Charles was busy at Ettlingen. In this action, the Austrians suffered 1,000 casualties against a French loss of 700. Jourdan captured
1180:
1156:
Initially, the Habsburg and Imperial troops numbered about 125,000, including three autonomous corps, of which 90,000 were commanded by the 25-year-old
5530:
2850:'s division of Marceau's right wing at Limburg an der Lahn. After an all-day combat, Poncet's lines still held except for a small bridgehead at nearby
2691:
on 13–14 August. The French Royalists and their mercenaries sustained 720 casualties, while Ferino lost a number of prisoners. In this action, Captain
1471:'s advance group attacked the out-classed Swabian farmhands there on the bridge, preceding the main force of 27,000 infantry and 3,000 cavalry. In the
803:
642:
632:
5535:
441:
1707:
by 5 July. There they managed to hold the city until reinforcements arrived, although Charles could not move much of his army away from Mannheim or
993:, and Bavaria, for example, these small states were vulnerable to invasion and conquest because they were unable to defend themselves on their own.
2035:
2012:
1589:
276:
3019:
river valley, but Nauendorf blocked that route. Instead, Saint-Cyr's column led the way over the Höllenthal, breaking through the Austrian net at
2640:
Anticipating Jourdan's move, Charles rushed his army toward battle at Würzburg on 1 September. Marshaling the divisions of Hotze, Sztáray, Kray,
1953:
1806:
1758:
1719:
757:. Later, a feint by Jourdan's Army of Sambre and Meuse convinced Charles to shift troops to the north, allowing Moreau to cross the Rhine at the
3405:. Vol. LII, Studies Presented to International Commission for the History of Representative and Parliamentary Institutions. Bruxelles, 1975 and
4985:
4954:
2261:
2192:
General Bernadotte commanded a division of the Army of the Sambre and Meuse and was tasked with defending the right flank of the army. General
1739:
770:
199:
3422:
The Rhine itself looked different in the 1790s than it does in the twenty-first century; in the nineteenth century, the passage from Basel to
1878:
on 4 August. Three days later, the Army of Sambre and Meuse, under the temporary direction of Kléber, won another clash with Wartensleben at
5508:
3978:
5381:. Vol. LII. Brussels: Studies Presented to International Commission for the History of Representative and Parliamentary Institutions.
5037:
Warfare in the Age of Napoleon: The Revolutionary Wars against the First Coalition in Northern Europe and the Italian Campaign, 1789–1797
3785:
Warfare in the Age of Napoleon: The Revolutionary Wars Against the First Coalition in Northern Europe and the Italian Campaign, 1789–1797
269:
2846:
but was repulsed. In the struggle, Bonnaud was badly wounded and died six months later. Meanwhile, Charles made his main effort against
2771:, ruined the French offensive; the French lost any chance of reuniting their front; both Moreau and Jourdan had to withdraw to the west.
1849:
out of 32,000 troops. Anxious about the security of his supply lines, though, Charles began a measured and careful retreat to the east.
1581:
The forces of the Coalition withdrew over the Lahn, to the southeast. French losses were light; Austrians lost 2 battalions and 10 guns.
745:
The early success of the Army of Italy initially forced the Coalition commander, Archduke Charles, to transfer 25,000 men commanded by
5195:
1870:
418:
1414:
menaced the Austrian left flank. WĂĽrttemberg retreated south to Uckerath but then fell further back to a well-fortified position at
3276:
Moreau's ability to transfer troops to Italy, and Charles' inability to do so, made a fundamental difference in the outcome of the
2645:
514:
3714:
Allgemeine encyclopädie der wissenschaften und künste in alphabetischer folge von genannten schrifts bearbeitet und herausgegeben
2711:
2405:. Jourdan, who had expected Moreau to keep Charles occupied in the south, now found himself facing a numerically superior enemy.
1204:
925:
617:
2442:
1899:) took little part in the remainder of the campaign and they were disarmed forcibly by Fröhlich, their commander, on 29 July at
5560:
5078:
Allgemeine encyclopädie der wissenschaften und künste in alphabetischer folge von genannten schrifts bearbeitet und herausgeben
749:
to northern Italy. This weakened the Coalition force along the 340-kilometer (211-mile) front stretching along the Rhine from
5449:
5346:
5324:
5295:
5273:
5205:
5181:
5162:
5104:
5085:
5063:
5044:
5022:
4894:
4875:
4857:
3308:
in January 1797, with some 14,000 Allied casualties, allowed Napoleon to surround and capture an Austrian relief column near
1168:
took 25,000 of these as reinforcements to Italy after news arrived of Bonaparte's early successes. In the new situation, the
2412:
Jean-Baptiste Jourdan emerged in the French Revolutionary Wars as one of France's leading generals. A 19th century engraving
1525:
3612:
The Armies of the First French Republic: Volume II: The Armées du Moselle, du Rhin, de Sambre-et-Meuse, de Rhin-et-Moselle,
3104:
2699:
on 24 August. Despite rising waters in which some soldiers drowned, Saint-Cyr and Ferino attacked across the river. In the
2373:
411:
1885:
Meanwhile, in the south the Army of Rhine and Moselle continually clashed with Charles' retreating army at Cannstadt near
1370:
387:
1612:
and Rhine, and the rivers Rhine and Moselle. The blockades at Ehrenbreitstein started on 9 June, and at Mainz on 14 June.
924:
considered the Holy Roman Empire as its principal continental enemy. The territories in the Empire of late 1796 included
584:
4696:
1246:, guarded the Rhine border from Mannheim to Switzerland. This part of the army included the conscripts drafted from the
5540:
2986:
1663:
After the early clashes the French withdrew, splitting their force. Jourdan moved westward to secure the bridgehead at
3491:
2957:
1521:
5550:
5545:
4924:
4822:
4692:
4055:
4038:
2631:
2388:
with a division to pursue Bernadotte, Charles thrust north at Jourdan's right flank. The French general fell back to
1157:
688:
667:
169:
3479:
1496:
1991:
Moreau accompanied Desaix's Left Wing with the divisions of infantry, cavalry and horse artillery. The village of
1243:
941:
1923:, but Moreau was close enough to interfere with the operation. The Archduke decided to launch an attack instead.
859:(1792–98), France ranged itself against most of the European states sharing land or water borders with her, plus
3339:, which ended the War of the First Coalition, on 18 October 1797. The peace treaty was to be followed up by the
2676:, released 16,200 and 11,630 Habsburg troops (respectively) to reinforce Charles' already overwhelming numbers.
2248:
On the same day as the battle at Amberg, the French army, which was advancing eastward on the south side of the
5266:
The Armies of the First French Republic: The Armées du Moselle, du Rhin, de Sambre-et-Meuse, de Rhin-et-Moselle
1161:
802:, and forced Moreau's army back to France. Despite Charles' success in the Rhineland, Austria lost the war in
2855:
2700:
2665:
2233:
1303:
727:
662:
647:
509:
499:
392:
352:
254:
2883:
The Habsburg's contingent had been stranded in the fortress since 9 June by portions of Jourdan's rearguard.
1911:
by 10 August. At this date, Moreau had 45,000 men spread out on a 40 km (25 mi) front centered on
1671:, further north. Charles followed, drawing some of his strength from the force between Strasburg and Speyer.
773:
with a weaker army in front of Moreau on the southernmost flank and move many reinforcements to the army of
459:
3511:
2891:
2385:
1743:
1513:
1464:; Desaix, leading the advanced guard, crossed the Rhine at Kehl near Strasburg on the night of 23/24 June.
1165:
1136:
the two sides had called a truce, but both sides continued to plan for war. In a decree on 6 January 1796,
746:
574:
367:
1700:
1528:. The French captured 200 Austrians and three field pieces. On 5 July 1796, Desaix defeated Latour at the
1485:
1141:
4766:
II. New York: Columbia University Press, 1964, pp. 199–201, 234. Smith, pp. 131–133, for troop movements.
3515:
3344:
3201:
3163:
795:
504:
3495:
2692:
2425:
1746:. Leading a wing of Moreau's army, Louis Desaix attacked the Austrians and drove them back to the river
1399:
1309:
Moreau's army was positioned east of the Rhine at HĂĽningen and to the north, its center along the river
5555:
5495:
3959:
3519:
3454:
3340:
3094:
Both sides had been hampered by heavy rains; the ground was soft and slippery, and the river Rhine and
2669:
2344:
2135:
1517:
856:
844:
696:
599:
474:
435:
30:
4718:
2436:. Lefebvre's division, 10,000-strong, remained at Schweinfurt to cover a possible retreat, if needed.
2376:, encountered Bernadotte's division at Neumarkt. The outnumbered French were driven northwest through
1915:, but with both flanks unsecured. Meanwhile, Ferino's right wing was out of touch far to the south at
1903:
before they disbanded and returned to their homes. Charles retreated with the Habsburg troops through
3487:
3009:
2992:
Moreau began retreating on 19 September. By the 21st the Army of Rhine and Moselle reached the river
2919:
2348:
2315:
Archduke Charles, one of the Habsburg's best military minds, had overall command of the Austrian and
2128:
823:
700:
579:
372:
3389:
Beginning in the sixteenth century, the Holy Roman Empire was organized loosely into ten "circles" (
3049:
bridgeheads. Moreau ordered Desaix to defend Kehl while Ferino and Abbatucci were to hold HĂĽningen.
3023:
and reaching Freiburg im Breisgau on 12 October. Moreau's supply trains took a route down the river
4827:
History of Europe from the Commencement of the French Revolution to the Restoration of the Bourbons
4698:
History of Europe from the Commencement of the French Revolution to the Restoration of the Bourbons
3507:
2839:
2823:
2680:
2433:
2193:
1904:
1781:
1529:
1495:
Furthermore, at HĂĽningen, near Basel, on the same day that Moreau's advance guard crossed at Kehl,
1438:
1299:
1224:
1200:
919:
The plethora of states of the Holy Roman Empire was especially dense on the east bank of the Rhine.
774:
731:
719:
594:
569:
529:
362:
327:
317:
250:
233:
180:
3264:
All troop counts and operational objectives, unless otherwise noted, from Smith, pp. 111–132.
3146:
All troop counts and operational objectives, unless otherwise noted, from Smith, pp. 111–132.
2945:
All troop counts and operational objectives, unless otherwise noted, from Smith, pp. 111–132.
3457:
and became widely used in the European military as armies got bigger in the 1790s and during the
2641:
2299:
All troop counts and operational objectives, unless otherwise noted, from Smith pp. 111–132.
2057:
All troop counts and operational objectives, unless otherwise noted, from Smith pp. 111–132.
1828:
All troop counts and operational objectives, unless otherwise noted, from Smith pp. 111–132.
1532:
by turning both his flanks, and drove his Imperial and Habsburg combined force back to the river
1411:
1053:
977:(also of different sizes and influence), ecclesiastical territories, and dynastic states such as
837:
559:
469:
3649:
Germany and the Holy Roman Empire: Volume I: Maximilian I to the Peace of Westphalia, 1493–1648,
2377:
2166:
1524:. The Austrian brought 6,000 men into action under the command of Karl Aloys zu FĂĽrstenberg and
1326:
1239:
1017:
978:
953:
5150:
5032:
3858:
3780:
3246:
2079:
1566:
1419:
1133:
735:
652:
524:
307:
5469:
5394:
Volk, Helmut (2006). "Landschaftsgeschichte und NatĂĽrlichkeit der Baumarten in der Rheinaue".
4669:
4229:
2792:
Once Charles defeated Jourdan's army at WĂĽrzburg, Moreau had to withdraw his force from Mainz.
5439:
5304:
5128:
3826:
3726:
3652:
3446:
3336:
3250:
3079:
3029:
3005:
1890:
1679:
1472:
1403:
1291:
1145:
811:
758:
723:
706:
The French military strategy against Austria called for a three-pronged invasion to surround
692:
539:
489:
484:
454:
377:
322:
222:
149:
134:
3940:
3535:, or light infantry, to provide skirmishing cover for the troops that followed, principally
3008:. At the same time, Moreau attacked with 39,000 troops, defeated Latour's 24,000 men in the
2768:
2752:
2649:
785:
564:
357:
5482:
5261:
5221:
4714:
4043:
Ausgewählte Schriften weiland seiner Kaiserlichen Hoheit des Erzherzogs Carl von Österreich
3607:
3360:
3131:
3115:
3045:
2935:
2177:
1900:
1696:
1481:
1267:
1061:
990:
382:
342:
121:
3514:, 4,828 infantry and 962 cavalry. Gouvion Saint-Cyr's wing had two divisions commanded by
3229:
3168:
799:
622:
8:
5356:
5073:
4613:
3708:
3298:
3286:
2324:
2112:
2070:
1976:
1842:
1353:
864:
627:
589:
549:
544:
337:
332:
3687:
Handbook for Environmental Chemistry Series, Part L, New York, Springer, 2006, pp. 5–19.
915:
4979:
4948:
3365:
2767:
Unfortunately for Moreau, Jourdan's drubbing at Amberg, followed by a second defeat at
2332:
2311:
2162:
1862:
1349:
1295:
974:
967:
739:
711:
534:
519:
494:
464:
3748:
Helmut Volk. "Landschaftsgeschichte und NatĂĽrlichkeit der Baumarten in der Rheinaue."
16:
Last campaign of the War of the First Coalition, part of the French Revolutionary Wars
5445:
5441:
Germany and the Holy Roman Empire: Maximilian I to the Peace of Westphalia, 1493–1648
5423:
5403:
5382:
5362:
5342:
5320:
5291:
5283:
5269:
5249:
5229:
5201:
5177:
5158:
5138:
5118:
5100:
5081:
5059:
5040:
5018:
5001:
4967:
4936:
4912:
4904:
4890:
4871:
4863:
4853:
4830:
4472:
3796:
3566:
3503:
3450:
3294:
2719:
2715:
2661:
2408:
2398:
1866:
1747:
1735:
1620:
1533:
1380:
1259:
910:
852:
848:
829:
790:
762:
715:
312:
210:
99:
3004:
behind it. Moreau ordered Desaix's left wing to attack Latour's right, commanded by
1695:
cross, but too far to support the smaller force at Kehl. The Condé's troops were at
1067:
At Basel, where the terrain flattened, the Rhine made a wide, northerly turn at the
883:
403:
5374:
5191:
4759:
4638:
Oklahoma, University of Oklahoma Press, 2014, pp. 87–93; Smith, pp. 12–13, 125–133.
3398:
3305:
3135:
3020:
2393:
2209:
1374:
963:
897:
781:
554:
347:
184:
67:
5509:
Austrian Generals of 1792–1815: Württemberg, Ferdinand Friedrich August Herzog von
3979:
Austrian Generals of 1792–1815: Württemberg, Ferdinand Friedrich August Herzog von
3502:, 7,437 infantry and 432 cavalry. Desaix's command counted three divisions led by
2710:
while the other divisions retired behind the Sieg. Jourdan handed over command to
1516:. The French employed 19,000 foot soldiers and 1,500 horsemen in the divisions of
1477:
1235:
877:
5241:
4993:
4928:
4665:
3618:
3458:
3332:
2997:
2381:
1605:
1365:
1247:
982:
684:
479:
2847:
1044:
150-kilometer (93 mi) stretch between Stein am Rhein and Basel, called the
5435:
5056:
La période jacobine: terreur, guerre et gouvernement révolutionnaire: 1792–1794
3644:
3604:
The Army of the French Revolution: From Citizen-Soldiers to Instrument of Power
3499:
3394:
3290:
3016:
2996:. On 1 October, the Austrians attacked, only to be repulsed by a brigade under
2978:
1449:
1254:, which included most of the states (ecclesiastical, secular, and dynastic) in
1251:
1220:
1196:
1033:
1032:, where it traversed the lake. From Lake Constance, the river left the lake at
1029:
958:
949:
868:
734:, opposed the Austrian Army of the Upper Rhine in the south. A third army, the
110:
4479:
Cambridge Historical Series, Cambridge University Press, (1935), 2013, p. 102.
1318:
5524:
5407:
5386:
5366:
5233:
5005:
4971:
4834:
3024:
3000:. On 2 October, Latour's army was deployed in a weak position with the river
2851:
2635:
Location map shows some of the battles and sieges of the 1796 Rhine Campaign.
2132:
2001:
1442:
1169:
1137:
1093:
1037:
1025:
860:
5253:
5142:
4940:
4916:
1908:
1668:
1188:
5427:
3599:
3483:
3001:
2908:
2859:
2684:
2673:
2429:
1895:
1609:
1468:
1453:
1415:
1322:
1255:
1216:
1192:
1173:
1121:
1084:
945:
889:
5379:
The Swabian Kreis: Institutional Growth in the Holy Roman Empire 1648–1715
5122:
3403:
The Swabian Kreis: Institutional Growth in the Holy Roman Empire 1648–1715
2838:
On 16–18 September Charles defeated the Army of Sambre & Meuse in the
5415:
5334:
3667:
3628:
3490:
directed the left wing. Ferino's wing consisted of three divisions under
3482:
led Moreau's far right wing, near the border of Baden, Basel and France;
3406:
3100:
3095:
2417:
2331:
Similarly, Jourdan experienced a setback in the north, during a clash at
1489:
1266:, and a cadre of French royalists and a couple of hundred mercenaries at
1080:
1049:
973:
The governance of these states also varied: they included the autonomous
612:
261:
5134:
Hansard's Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 1803, Official Report
2402:
1997:
1875:
1113:
3245:
French defenders capitulated on 1 February 1797. The French commander,
3041:
2657:
2366:
2257:
1461:
1184:
1068:
1045:
1036:
and flowed westerly along the border between the German states and the
3254:
2401:
where Bernadotte joined him on 28 August. Meanwhile, Hotze reoccupied
1430:
to join Kléber and the Army of Sambre and Meuse advanced to the river
3423:
3313:
3054:
Expulsion of the French from Rhineland Fall 1796 – February 1797
2336:
1916:
1912:
1886:
1879:
1852:
1708:
1512:
into Rastatt. Latour and Sztáray tried to hold the line of the river
1505:
1334:
1279:
1212:
1208:
1097:
1052:
and flowed over a gravel bed; in such places as the former rapids at
940:(free cities), the territories belonging to the princely families of
933:
833:
766:
754:
5307:(Feb 1973), "The Habsburg Army in the Napoleonic Wars (1792–1815)".
4998:
Tableaux des armées françaises: pendant les guerres de la Révolution
3624:
Tableaux des armées françaises: pendant les guerres de la Révolution
3587:
Nouvelle histoire de la France contemporaine. La RĂ©publique jacobine
2082:
asserted that the combined army "could have crushed the Austrians".
1968:
The French surprised a weak Austrian garrison and captured the town.
1821:
The French surprised a weak Austrian garrison and captured the town.
1773:
Jourdan's southernmost flank encountered Imperial and Hessian troops
5290:. Cambridge Historical Series. London: Cambridge University Press.
4277:
Barton, Dunbar Plunket (1914). Bernadotte: The First Phase. P. 146.
3321:
3282:
3037:
2974:
2970:
2696:
2688:
1467:
The Coalition's position at Kehl was modestly defended. On 24 June
1407:
1357:
1117:
1105:
937:
929:
807:
3672:
German Home Towns: Community, State, and General Estate, 1648–1871
3411:
German Home Towns: Community, State, and General Estate, 1648–1871
3335:; this was followed by five months of negotiation, leading to the
3099:
rivers despite the high waters. Upon reaching a few miles east of
1360:
from the Austrians. The Army of Italy was instructed to cross the
44:
Taking one of the redoubts of Kehl by throwing rocks, 24 June 1796
5513:
5420:
German Home Towns: Community, State and General Estate, 1648–1871
5132:
3982:
3731:
3317:
2843:
2362:
2198:
1704:
1664:
1608:
provided an important stronghold at the confluence of the rivers
1427:
1282:
with sufficient depth to resist the pressure of their opponents.
1263:
1228:
1101:
1021:
896:
worthless paper currency, but pay was still well in arrears. The
38:
3249:, was killed in the early days of the fighting, and replaced by
2328:
and were crossing the Danube. Both armies lost about 3,000 men.
1341:
and the Duchy of Bavaria. Ultimately, Moreau was to converge on
5113:
Graham, Thomas, 1st Baron Lynedoch, (sometimes attributed to).
3325:
3309:
3217:
2389:
2249:
1992:
1920:
1856:
Jean Victor Moreau commanded the Army of the Rhine and Moselle.
1457:
1423:
1342:
1338:
1314:
1310:
1088:
726:
against the Austrian Army of the Lower Rhine in the north. The
707:
5500:
5474:
4616:, World Events 1796. London, FC and J Rivington, 1813, p. 208.
4235:
3965:
3946:
3359:
In his five-volume analysis of the French Revolutionary Wars,
2907:
Moreau to move south to the remaining bridgehead at Huningen.
2343:
on 18 August and, as Jourdan closed up to the Naab, he posted
1083:
some 31 km (19 mi) wide bordered by the mountainous
1007:
4962:
Archduke of Austria, Charles (1893–94). F. X. Malcher (ed.).
2993:
2842:. Kray assaulted Grenier's troops on the French left wing at
2165:, a small village 45 km (28 mi) east of Nuremberg,
1330:
1275:
1002:
750:
4720:
Tableaux historiques et topographiques ou relation exacte...
2973:
on 3 September, Latour and his Habsburg troops regrouped at
1144:, gave Germany priority over Italy as a theater of war. The
5226:
Tableaux historiques et topographiques ou relation exacte..
3635:
Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania, Stackpole, 1999, pp. 111, 120.
3036:
Moreau sent Desaix's wing to the west bank of the Rhine at
2966:
2707:
2340:
1431:
1361:
1109:
1057:
5487:
3829:, "The Habsburg Army in the Napoleonic Wars (1792–1815)".
3153:
3015:
Moreau wanted to retreat through the Black Forest via the
5115:
The History of the Campaign of 1796 in Germany and Italy,
4060:
The History of the Campaign of 1796 in Germany and Italy,
2289:
2131:, Charles brushed aside one of Jourdan's divisions under
1191:. A portion patrolled the west bank and behind the river
4045:, Vienna, Braumüller, 1893–94 v. 2, pp. 72, pp. 153–154.
1667:
on the Rhine and Kleber moved to the entrenched camp at
5080:(in German). Leipzig: J. F. Gleditsch. pp. 64–66.
3040:
and, with the main part of his army, offered battle at
2252:, managed to catch an isolated Austrian infantry unit,
1798:
Principally involved the turning of the Austrian wings.
1227:'s autonomous corps covered the line between Mainz and
5174:
The Rhine. Handbook for Environmental Chemistry Series
4961:
2277:
unknown French force from Army of Rhine & Moselle
5200:. Vol. II. New York: Columbia University Press.
4750:
Alison, p. 378; Smith, pp. 131–133, for troop counts.
4732:
Philippart, p. 127; Alison, pp. 88–89; Smith, p. 132.
3614:
Pickle Partners Publishing, (1932– ), v. II, p. 184;
3573:, New York, Oxford University Press, 1998, pp. 41–59.
3486:
commanded the 10,000 man center near Strasbourg, and
2225:
and wounded, plus 800 captured out of 34,000 engaged.
1183:
stood on the east bank of the Rhine behind the river
1151:
433:
1919:. Charles planned to cross to the south bank of the
1711:, where the French had also formed across the river.
4923:
4636:
Napoleon in Italy: The Sieges of Mantua, 1796–1799,
4108:
3863:
Austrian Army of the Napoleonic Wars (1): Infantry.
1108:made access across the river reliable, but only at
5319:. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press.
5015:Napoleon in Italy: The Sieges of Mantua, 1796–1799
3531:The French Army designated two kinds of infantry:
3331:On 18 April 1797, Austria and France agreed to an
3103:, the Archduke split his force into four columns.
3905:
3903:
3901:
3606:, Princeton University Press, 1988, pp. 283–290;
5522:
5444:. Vol. I. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
4933:Geschichte des Feldzuges von 1796 in Deutschland
4477:The Revolutionary and Napoleonic Era, 1789–1815,
1418:. On 4 June, Kléber defeated Württemberg in the
1187:("Fortune"), observing the French bridgehead at
1181:Duke Ferdinand Frederick Augustus of WĂĽrttemberg
1164:. Before the campaign in the Rhineland started,
718:territorial integrity. The French assembled the
5288:The Revolutionary and Napoleonic Era, 1789–1815
5149:
3674:, Cornell University Press, 1998, Chapters 1–3.
1056:, or after the confluence with the even larger
1024:and flowed along the Alpine region bordered by
832:as an internal dispute between the French king
5155:Austrian Army of the Napoleonic Wars: Infantry
4264:
4262:
4260:
4258:
4256:
3898:
3776:
3774:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3556:
2262:Maximilian Anton Karl, Count Baillet de Latour
1740:Maximilian Anton Karl, Count Baillet de Latour
1699:, but still too long a march to relieve them.
771:Maximilian Anton Karl, Count Baillet de Latour
4852:Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988.
4850:From Citizen-Soldiers to Instrument of Power.
1928:Early Rhine Campaign, Spring and Summer 1796
1541:Early Rhine Campaign, Spring and Summer 1796
710:, ideally capturing the city and forcing the
419:
277:
5268:. Vol. II. Sevenoaks: Pickle Partners.
4246:
4244:
3790:
3717:. Leipzig, J. F. Gleditsch, 1889, pp. 64–66.
2961:German Campaigns 1796–1809 Scale 1:2,000,000
2397:first to Sulzbach and then behind the river
2306:
1410:. Meanwhile, a second French division under
1215:, where the confluence of the Rhine and the
1048:, cut through steep hillsides only near the
742:, approached Vienna through northern Italy.
5422:. Ithaca, N. Y.: Cornell University Press.
4570:
4568:
4558:
4556:
4510:
4508:
4489:
4487:
4485:
4351:
4349:
4347:
4328:
4326:
4324:
4322:
4253:
4201:
4199:
4197:
4195:
4193:
4165:
4163:
4161:
4159:
4157:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4133:
4131:
4129:
4123:Charles, pp. 153–154 and Graham, pp. 18–22.
4101:
4099:
4097:
4095:
4022:
4020:
4018:
4016:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3882:
3880:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3771:
3663:
3661:
3553:
2050:Moreau's force attacked Charles' rearguard.
1742:which were defending the line of the river
1120:. Sometimes, crossing could be executed at
5314:
5240:
4984:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4953:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
4848:Bertrand, Jean Paul, R.R. Palmer (trans).
4705:
4619:
4224:
4222:
4220:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3806:
3768:, New York, Random House, 2011, Chapter 6.
3734:, House of Commons, 1803, Official Report.
1734:Moreau' troops clashed with elements of a
828:The rulers of Europe initially viewed the
695:armies. This was the last campaign of the
426:
412:
291:
284:
270:
5531:Battles of the War of the First Coalition
5496:First Battle of Altenkirchen, 4 June 1796
5317:The Art of Warfare in the Age of Napoleon
4821:
4686:
4241:
4208:
3961:First Battle of Altenkirchen, 4 June 1796
125:
5536:Battles of the French Revolutionary Wars
5361:. London: F. C. and J. Rivington. 1813.
5190:
4903:
4884:
4862:
4565:
4553:
4505:
4482:
4344:
4319:
4190:
4154:
4140:
4126:
4092:
4083:
4013:
4004:
3988:
3930:Chandler, pp. 46–47; Smith, pp. 111–114.
3895:Smith, pp. 111–114; Rothenberg, pp. 2–3.
3877:
3836:
3760:
3758:
3658:
2956:
2648:and Wartensleben, the Austrians won the
2646:Johann I Joseph, Prince of Liechtenstein
2407:
2355:
2310:
1851:
1379:
1179:The 20,000-man right (north) wing under
1006:
914:
140:
5171:
5127:
4992:
4829:. Vol. III. Edinburgh: Blackwood.
4702:. Edinburgh, W. Blackwood, 1847, p. 88.
4607:
4217:
3917:
3915:
3865:Oxford, Osprey Publishing, 2012, p. 24.
3815:
3736:Vol 1, London, HMSO, 1803, pp. 249–252.
3154:Armistice refused and subsequent sieges
2712:Pierre de Ruel, marquis de Beurnonville
1325:. On the army's left (northern) flank,
1317:and its left wing extended west toward
5523:
5434:
5414:
5358:The Annual Register: World Events 1796
5260:
5220:
5012:
4764:The French Revolution: From 1793–1799.
3651:Oxford University Press, 2012, vol.1,
3371:
1285:
5333:
5197:The French Revolution: From 1793–1799
5094:
5072:
5053:
5031:
4889:. New York: Oxford University Press.
4870:. New York: Oxford University Press.
4294:
4292:
3755:
3638:
3518:, 7,438 infantry and 895 cavalry and
3510:, 7,898 infantry and 865 cavalry and
3506:, 14,565 infantry and 1,266 cavalry,
3498:, 8,300 infantry and 174 cavalry and
2727:Turning Point: August–September 1796
1393:
1160:, brother of the Holy Roman Emperor,
407:
265:
5393:
5373:
5282:
5017:. Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma.
3912:
3522:, 11,823 infantry and 1,231 cavalry.
3293:a month later. He then isolated the
3105:Friedrich Joseph, Count of Nauendorf
2854:. Though not threatened, that night
2561:
2374:Friedrich Joseph, Count of Nauendorf
1871:François Séverin Marceau-Desgraviers
1352:was to invade Italy, neutralize the
1306:at the outset of the 1796 campaign.
904:
687:armies under the overall command of
5396:Waldschutzgebiete Baden-WĂĽrttemberg
4674:, London, A.J. Valpy, 1814, p. 279.
4656:Phipps, pp. 393–394; Smith, p. 132.
3909:Chandler, pp. 46–47; Smith, p. 111.
3750:Waldschutzgebiete Baden-WĂĽrttemberg
3539:, which fought in tight formations.
3470:Habsburg infantry wore white coats.
2952:
2575:
1835:
1508:while Gouvion Saint-Cyr chased the
1402:seized a bridge over the Sieg from
1071:, and entered what the locals call
13:
5477:, 2009. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
4683:Philippart, p. 127; Smith, p. 131.
4289:
4238:, 2009. Retrieved 20 October 2014.
3627:, , R. Chapelot, 1905, p. 62; and
3494:, 9,281 infantry and 690 cavalry,
3285:from their Austrian allies at the
2987:Balthazar Alexis Henri Schauenburg
2491:
2432:, and with the reserve cavalry of
1889:on 21 July 1796. The Swabians and
1384:Strategic situation in Europe 1796
1373:also counted 20,000 troops in the
1152:Habsburg and Imperial organization
1087:on the east (German side) and the
683:(June 1796 to February 1797), two
14:
5572:
5506:Smith, Digby and Leopold Kudrna.
5000:(in French). Paris: R. Chapelot.
4693:Sir Archibald Alison, 1st Baronet
4114:(in German) Charles, pp. 72, 153.
4056:Thomas Graham, 1st Baron Lynedoch
3949:, 2009. Retrieved 30 April 2014 .
3787:, Leonaur Ltd, 2011, pp. 286–287.
2477:
2463:
2449:
1371:François Christophe de Kellermann
5503:, 2009. Retrieved 30 April 2014.
5490:, 2009. Retrieved 30 April 2014.
5470:Battle of Ettlingen, 9 July 1796
4887:The French Revolution in Germany
4796:
4787:
4778:
4769:
4604:Ersch, pp. 64–66; Smith, p. 125.
4231:Battle of Ettlingen, 9 July 1796
3977:Digby Smith and Leopold Kudrna,
3968:, 2009. Retrieved 30 April 2014.
2617:
2616:
2602:
2588:
2574:
2560:
2546:
2532:
2519:
2518:
2504:
2490:
2476:
2462:
2448:
2441:
1604:The fortifications at Mainz and
1116:, by Basel, and in the north by
855:into war. Consequently, in this
227:
216:
204:
193:
174:
163:
142:
127:
115:
104:
93:
37:
5483:Combat of Siegburg, 1 June 1796
5315:Rothenburg, Gunther E. (1980).
5246:Memoires etc. of General Moreau
5157:. Vol. I. London: Osprey.
4935:(in German). West Chester, OH.
4753:
4744:
4735:
4726:
4677:
4671:Memoires etc. of General Moreau
4659:
4650:
4641:
4628:
4595:
4586:
4577:
4544:
4535:
4526:
4517:
4496:
4466:
4457:
4448:
4439:
4430:
4421:
4412:
4403:
4394:
4385:
4376:
4367:
4358:
4335:
4310:
4301:
4280:
4271:
4181:
4172:
4117:
4074:
4065:
4048:
4029:
3971:
3952:
3942:Combat of Siegburg, 1 June 1796
3933:
3924:
3889:
3868:
3852:
3739:
3732:Hansard's Parliamentary Debates
3720:
3525:
3492:François Antoine Louis Bourcier
3473:
3464:
3429:
3416:
2547:
2505:
2372:On 22 August 1796, Charles and
1522:François Antoine Louis Bourcier
1020:(also called the Grisons) near
843:Finally, on 20 April 1792, the
691:outmaneuvered and defeated two
5176:. Part L. New York: Springer.
4062:London, (np), 1797, pp. 18–22.
3699:
3690:
3677:
3592:
3576:
3480:Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino
3383:
3176:Sieges October – February 1797
2870:Blockade of Ehrenbreitenstein
2533:
2201:instead of from further south.
1497:Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino
1333:and then cross the Rhine into
981:. Through the organization of
1:
5561:1796 in the Holy Roman Empire
5339:The Napoleonic Wars Data Book
5137:. Vol. I. London: HMSO.
5097:The Napoleonic Wars 1803–1815
4868:The French Revolutionary Wars
3803:, Macmillan, 1966, pp. 46–47.
3766:The Napoleonic Wars 1803–1815
3752:, Band 10, 2006, pp. 159–167.
3589:, Paris, Seuil, 2005, p. 156.
3571:The French Revolutionary Wars
3350:
3227:27 November – 1 February 1797
2856:Jean Castelbert de Castelverd
2701:Battle of Friedberg (Bavaria)
2666:Jean Castelbert de Castelverd
2603:
1526:Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló
1388:
1304:Army of the Rhine and Moselle
1298:, who led (respectively) the
1244:Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé
1041:
817:
728:Army of the Rhine and Moselle
663:Italian campaign of 1796-1797
255:Army of the Rhine and Moselle
58:1 June 1796 - 2 February 1797
4925:Archduke of Austria, Charles
4843:Bernadotte: The First Phase.
4039:Charles, Archduke of Austria
3546:
3512:Charles Antoine Xaintrailles
3271:
2589:
2386:Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze
2288:withdrawal westwards toward
1166:Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser
1127:
1096:, where it emptied into the
996:
747:Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser
7:
5172:Knepper, Thomas P. (2006).
5058:(in French). Paris: Seuil.
3833:, (Feb 1973) 37:1, pp. 1–5.
3516:Guillaume Philibert Duhesme
3345:War of the Second Coalition
3199:24 October – 9 January 1797
1907:around 2 August and was in
1869:on 16 July. Leaving behind
10:
5577:
5516:. Retrieved 30 April 2014.
5099:. New York: Random House.
4885:Blanning, Timothy (1983).
4845:London: John Murray, 1914.
4809:
3985:, Retrieved 30 April 2014.
3633:Napoleonic Wars Data Book.
3520:Alexandre Camille Taponier
3455:American Revolutionary War
3297:from the Austrians at the
3289:(13–14 April), and at the
3262:
3144:
2943:
2352:Moselle along the Danube.
2297:
2055:
1826:
1518:Alexandre Camille Taponier
1000:
908:
857:War of the First Coalition
845:French National Convention
821:
697:War of the First Coalition
437:War of the First Coalition
31:War of the First Coalition
5541:Battles involving Austria
5228:. Basel. pp. 64–72.
4909:The Campaigns of Napoleon
4723:. Basel, 1798, pp. 64–72.
4054:Charles, pp. 153–154 and
3801:The Campaigns of Napoleon
3488:Laurent Gouvion Saint-Cyr
2349:Neumarkt in der Oberpfalz
2307:Habsburg counteroffensive
2129:Neumarkt in der Oberpfalz
2087:Stasis: High Summer 1796
2064:
1701:Karl Aloys zu FĂĽrstenberg
1486:Karl Aloys zu FĂĽrstenberg
1234:The far left wing, under
1079:). This formed part of a
824:French Revolutionary Wars
701:French Revolutionary Wars
643:Rhine campaign of 1793–94
450:
303:
239:
156:
86:
50:
36:
28:
23:
5551:Battles involving Saxony
5546:Battles involving France
5013:Cuccia, Phillip (2014).
4814:
3508:Antoine Guillaume Delmas
3496:Henri François Delaborde
3413:. Ithaca, Cornell, 1998.
3376:
2824:Limburg and Altenkirchen
2693:Maximilien SĂ©bastien Foy
2681:Antoine Guillaume Delmas
2434:Jacques Philippe Bonnaud
2426:Jean Étienne Championnet
2416:As Jourdan fell back to
2345:Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte
2194:Jacques Philippe Bonnaud
2136:Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte
1905:Geislingen an der Steige
1400:François Joseph Lefebvre
1300:Army of Sambre and Meuse
1262:stationed just north of
1225:Wilhelm von Wartensleben
1201:Ehrenbreitstein Fortress
1064:, it moved in torrents.
926:more than 1,000 entities
810:, which resulted in the
775:Wilhelm von Wartensleben
732:Jean Victor Marie Moreau
720:Army of Sambre and Meuse
714:to surrender and accept
251:Army of Sambre and Meuse
245:Army of the Lower Rhine
5248:. London: A. J. Valpy.
5151:Haythornthwaite, Philip
5033:Dodge, Theodore Ayrault
4911:. New York: Macmillan.
2642:Johann Sigismund Riesch
1452:'s 11,000 Austrians at
1412:Claude-Sylvestre Colaud
838:Declaration of Pillnitz
247:Army of the Upper Rhine
5460:
5311:, 37:1, pp. 1–5.
5305:Rothenberg, Gunther E.
3859:Philip Haythornthwaite
3781:Theodore Ayrault Dodge
3247:Jean Charles Abbatucci
3130:After retreating from
2962:
2779:End of Mainz blockade
2413:
2320:
2080:Theodore Ayrault Dodge
1857:
1420:Battle of Altenkirchen
1385:
1134:Rhine Campaign of 1795
1013:
920:
681:Rhine campaign of 1796
658:Rhine campaign of 1796
653:Rhine campaign of 1795
618:Mediterranean campaign
295:Rhine campaign of 1796
157:Commanders and leaders
24:Rhine campaign of 1796
5341:. London: Greenhill.
5262:Phipps, Ramsay Weston
5222:Mechel, Christian von
5095:Gates, David (2011).
5054:Dupuy, Roger (2005).
4966:(in German). Vienna.
4964:Ausgewählte Schriften
3827:Gunther E. Rothenberg
3812:Phipps, v. 2, p. 278.
3727:Thomas Curson Hansard
3537:d'infanterie de ligne
3447:French and Indian War
3445:emerged first in the
3337:Peace of Campo Formio
3251:Georges Joseph Dufour
3030:Battle of Emmendingen
3006:Siegfried von Kospoth
2960:
2911:was killed in action.
2411:
2356:United Habsburg front
2314:
1977:Ettlingen (or Malsch)
1891:Electorate of Bavaria
1855:
1460:on a forced march to
1404:Michael von Kienmayer
1383:
1292:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan
1146:French First Republic
1010:
918:
851:, pushing all of the
812:Peace of Campo Formio
784:on 24 August and the
724:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan
5117:London, (np), 1797.
5074:Ersch, Johann Samuel
4841:Barton, Sir Dunbar.
4793:Phipps, pp. 395–396.
4784:Phipps, pp. 400–402.
4715:Christian von Mechel
4647:Phipps, pp. 405–406.
4463:Phipps, pp. 360–364.
4418:Phipps, pp. 334–335.
4409:Phipps, pp. 330–332.
4391:Phipps, pp. 353–354.
4364:Phipps, pp. 348–349.
4341:Phipps, pp. 328–329.
4307:Barton, Pp. 148-154.
4298:Barton, Pp. 142-147.
4286:Barton, Pp. 146-154.
3608:Ramsay Weston Phipps
3361:Ramsay Weston Phipps
3132:Freiburg im Breisgau
3046:Battle of Schliengen
2936:Biberach an der Riss
2632:class=notpageimage|
2378:Altdorf bei NĂĽrnberg
2167:Jean-Baptiste Kléber
1901:Biberach an der Riss
1647:Wetzlar and Uckerath
1482:Freiburg im Breisgau
1473:First Battle of Kehl
1327:Jean Baptiste Kléber
1268:Freiburg im Breisgau
1240:Michael von Fröhlich
1205:Count Baillet Latour
1062:Koblenz, Switzerland
1018:canton of GraubĂĽnden
991:Electorate of Saxony
975:free Imperial cities
954:Duchy of WĂĽrttemberg
847:declared war on the
716:French Revolutionary
5039:. London: Leonaur.
4775:Dodge, pp. 311–313.
4741:Smith, pp. 111–116.
4625:Graham, pp. 124–25.
4614:The Annual Register
4574:Dodge, pp. 308–310.
4562:Dodge, pp. 306–308.
4514:Dodge, pp. 302–303.
4502:Dodge, pp. 304–306.
4268:Smith, pp. 120–121.
4205:Dodge, pp. 292–293.
4187:Smith, pp. 115–116.
3874:Smith, pp. 111–114.
3849:Dodge, pp. 286–287.
3709:Johann Samuel Ersch
3696:Knepper, pp. 19–20.
3683:Thomas P. Knepper,
3598:Jean Paul Bertaud,
3533:d'infanterie légère
3372:Notes and citations
3341:Congress at Rastatt
3299:Battle of Borghetto
3287:Battle of Millesimo
3178:
3056:
2729:
2668:from France's idle
2335:on 17 August, when
2325:Battle of Neresheim
2089:
1930:
1843:Battle of Ettlingen
1543:
1354:Kingdom of Sardinia
1286:French organization
1112:, by Strasburg, at
865:Kingdom of Portugal
638:East Indies Theatre
628:War of the Pyrenees
353:Friedberg (Bavaria)
5284:Rose, John Holland
5129:Hansard, Thomas C.
4905:Chandler, David G.
4080:Graham, pp. 18–22.
3366:Jean-de-Dieu Soult
3174:
3052:
3010:Battle of Biberach
2963:
2725:
2650:Battle of WĂĽrzburg
2414:
2321:
2234:Friedberg, Bavaria
2085:
1926:
1863:Friedberg (Hessen)
1858:
1539:
1394:Crossing the Rhine
1386:
1350:Napoleon Bonaparte
1296:Jean Victor Moreau
1223:on the west bank.
1140:, one of the five
1132:At the end of the
1014:
921:
808:Napoleon Bonaparte
786:Battle of WĂĽrzburg
740:Napoleon Bonaparte
712:Holy Roman Emperor
46:, Frédéric Regamey
5556:Conflicts in 1796
5451:978-0-19-968882-1
5375:Vann, James Allen
5348:978-1-85367-276-7
5326:978-0-253-20260-4
5297:978-1-107-66232-2
5275:978-1-908692-25-2
5207:978-0-231-02519-5
5192:Lefebvre, Georges
5183:978-3-540-29393-4
5164:978-1-78200-702-9
5106:978-0-7126-0719-3
5087:978-3-7411-7213-7
5065:978-2-02-039818-3
5046:978-0-85706-598-8
5024:978-0-8061-4445-0
4896:978-0-19-822564-5
4877:978-0-340-56911-5
4864:Blanning, Timothy
4858:978-0-69-105537-4
4823:Archibald, Alison
4473:John Holland Rose
3797:David G. Chandler
3504:Michel de Beaupuy
3451:Thirteen Colonies
3269:
3268:
3265:
3258:
3222:
3151:
3150:
3147:
3140:
3108:
2950:
2949:
2946:
2939:
2912:
2884:
2863:
2840:Battle of Limburg
2816:
2793:
2772:
2720:Jacques Desjardin
2716:Franz von Werneck
2670:Army of the North
2662:Jacques MacDonald
2304:
2303:
2300:
2293:
2265:
2226:
2202:
2170:
2139:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2051:
2028:
2005:
1969:
1867:Frankfurt am Main
1841:surprise, in the
1833:
1832:
1829:
1822:
1799:
1774:
1751:
1736:Habsburg Austrian
1712:
1672:
1639:
1613:
1582:
1530:Battle of Rastatt
1439:Battle of Wetzlar
1028:, northward into
911:Holy Roman Empire
905:Political terrain
853:Holy Roman Empire
849:Habsburg monarchy
830:French Revolution
791:Franz von Werneck
763:Holy Roman Empire
693:French Republican
676:
675:
668:Anglo-Spanish War
648:Atlantic campaign
633:Italian campaigns
623:War in the Vendée
608:Flanders campaign
401:
400:
260:
259:
211:Franz von Werneck
82:
81:
5568:
5455:
5431:
5411:
5390:
5370:
5352:
5330:
5309:Military Affairs
5301:
5279:
5257:
5242:Philippart, John
5237:
5217:
5215:
5214:
5187:
5168:
5146:
5110:
5091:
5069:
5050:
5028:
5009:
4994:Clerget, Charles
4989:
4983:
4975:
4958:
4952:
4944:
4929:Nafziger, George
4920:
4900:
4881:
4838:
4803:
4800:
4794:
4791:
4785:
4782:
4776:
4773:
4767:
4760:Georges Lefebvre
4757:
4751:
4748:
4742:
4739:
4733:
4730:
4724:
4713:
4709:
4703:
4690:
4684:
4681:
4675:
4663:
4657:
4654:
4648:
4645:
4639:
4634:Phillip Cuccia,
4632:
4626:
4623:
4617:
4611:
4605:
4603:
4599:
4593:
4590:
4584:
4581:
4575:
4572:
4563:
4560:
4551:
4548:
4542:
4539:
4533:
4530:
4524:
4521:
4515:
4512:
4503:
4500:
4494:
4491:
4480:
4470:
4464:
4461:
4455:
4452:
4446:
4443:
4437:
4434:
4428:
4425:
4419:
4416:
4410:
4407:
4401:
4398:
4392:
4389:
4383:
4380:
4374:
4371:
4365:
4362:
4356:
4353:
4342:
4339:
4333:
4330:
4317:
4314:
4308:
4305:
4299:
4296:
4287:
4284:
4278:
4275:
4269:
4266:
4251:
4248:
4239:
4226:
4215:
4212:
4206:
4203:
4188:
4185:
4179:
4176:
4170:
4167:
4152:
4149:
4138:
4135:
4124:
4121:
4115:
4112:
4106:
4103:
4090:
4087:
4081:
4078:
4072:
4069:
4063:
4052:
4046:
4037:
4033:
4027:
4024:
4011:
4008:
4002:
3999:
3986:
3975:
3969:
3956:
3950:
3937:
3931:
3928:
3922:
3919:
3910:
3907:
3896:
3893:
3887:
3884:
3875:
3872:
3866:
3856:
3850:
3847:
3834:
3831:Military Affairs
3824:
3813:
3810:
3804:
3794:
3788:
3778:
3769:
3762:
3753:
3747:
3743:
3737:
3724:
3718:
3707:
3703:
3697:
3694:
3688:
3681:
3675:
3665:
3656:
3642:
3636:
3617:
3596:
3590:
3584:
3580:
3574:
3567:Timothy Blanning
3564:
3540:
3529:
3523:
3477:
3471:
3468:
3462:
3433:
3427:
3420:
3414:
3399:James Allen Vann
3387:
3306:Battle of Rivoli
3301:on 30 May 1796.
3278:Italian campaign
3263:
3243:
3215:
3179:
3173:
3145:
3129:
3093:
3057:
3051:
2953:Moreau's retreat
2944:
2933:
2905:
2882:
2837:
2821:16–18 September
2814:
2791:
2766:
2730:
2724:
2620:
2619:
2606:
2605:
2592:
2591:
2578:
2577:
2564:
2563:
2550:
2549:
2536:
2535:
2522:
2521:
2508:
2507:
2494:
2493:
2480:
2479:
2466:
2465:
2452:
2451:
2445:
2394:Battle of Amberg
2298:
2286:
2247:
2223:
2191:
2160:
2126:
2090:
2084:
2071:Seven Years' War
2056:
2049:
2026:
1990:
1967:
1931:
1925:
1836:French offensive
1827:
1820:
1797:
1772:
1733:
1693:
1662:
1656:not all engaged
1636:
1603:
1580:
1544:
1538:
1406:'s Austrians at
1375:Army of the Alps
1348:Simultaneously,
1248:Imperial Circles
1158:Archduke Charles
1142:French Directors
1043:
1012:the other state.
983:Imperial Circles
898:French Directory
782:Battle of Amberg
689:Archduke Charles
445:
438:
428:
421:
414:
405:
404:
298:
296:
286:
279:
272:
263:
262:
232:
231:
230:
221:
220:
219:
209:
208:
207:
198:
197:
196:
189:
179:
178:
177:
170:Archduke Charles
168:
167:
166:
152:
148:
146:
145:
137:
133:
131:
130:
120:
119:
118:
109:
108:
107:
98:
97:
96:
78:Austrian victory
68:Southern Germany
52:
51:
41:
21:
20:
5576:
5575:
5571:
5570:
5569:
5567:
5566:
5565:
5521:
5520:
5519:
5514:Napoleon Series
5463:
5458:
5452:
5436:Whaley, Joachim
5355:
5349:
5327:
5298:
5276:
5212:
5210:
5208:
5184:
5165:
5107:
5088:
5066:
5047:
5025:
4977:
4976:
4946:
4945:
4897:
4878:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4806:
4802:Phipps, p. 347.
4801:
4797:
4792:
4788:
4783:
4779:
4774:
4770:
4758:
4754:
4749:
4745:
4740:
4736:
4731:
4727:
4711:
4710:
4706:
4691:
4687:
4682:
4678:
4666:John Philippart
4664:
4660:
4655:
4651:
4646:
4642:
4633:
4629:
4624:
4620:
4612:
4608:
4601:
4600:
4596:
4591:
4587:
4582:
4578:
4573:
4566:
4561:
4554:
4550:Phipps, p. 371.
4549:
4545:
4540:
4536:
4532:Phipps, p. 369.
4531:
4527:
4523:Phipps, p. 367.
4522:
4518:
4513:
4506:
4501:
4497:
4492:
4483:
4471:
4467:
4462:
4458:
4454:Phipps, p. 389.
4453:
4449:
4444:
4440:
4436:Phipps, p. 420.
4435:
4431:
4427:Phipps, p. 366.
4426:
4422:
4417:
4413:
4408:
4404:
4400:Phipps, p. 326.
4399:
4395:
4390:
4386:
4381:
4377:
4372:
4368:
4363:
4359:
4354:
4345:
4340:
4336:
4331:
4320:
4315:
4311:
4306:
4302:
4297:
4290:
4285:
4281:
4276:
4272:
4267:
4254:
4250:Phipps, p. 293.
4249:
4242:
4227:
4218:
4214:Phipps, p. 292.
4213:
4209:
4204:
4191:
4186:
4182:
4178:Phipps, p. 302.
4177:
4173:
4168:
4155:
4150:
4141:
4136:
4127:
4122:
4118:
4113:
4109:
4104:
4093:
4088:
4084:
4079:
4075:
4070:
4066:
4053:
4049:
4035:
4034:
4030:
4025:
4014:
4009:
4005:
4000:
3989:
3983:Napoleon Series
3976:
3972:
3957:
3953:
3938:
3934:
3929:
3925:
3920:
3913:
3908:
3899:
3894:
3890:
3885:
3878:
3873:
3869:
3857:
3853:
3848:
3837:
3825:
3816:
3811:
3807:
3795:
3791:
3779:
3772:
3763:
3756:
3745:
3744:
3740:
3725:
3721:
3705:
3704:
3700:
3695:
3691:
3682:
3678:
3666:
3659:
3643:
3639:
3619:Charles Clerget
3615:
3597:
3593:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3565:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3543:
3530:
3526:
3478:
3474:
3469:
3465:
3459:Napoleonic Wars
3453:, later in the
3449:in the British
3434:
3430:
3421:
3417:
3388:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3353:
3274:
3228:
3200:
3171:on 5 February.
3156:
3114:
3078:
2998:Claude Lecourbe
2955:
2918:
2890:
2869:
2822:
2799:
2778:
2751:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2607:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2579:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2537:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2509:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2467:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2358:
2347:'s division at
2309:
2271:
2232:
2208:
2176:
2145:
2111:
2067:
2034:
2011:
1975:
1952:
1838:
1805:
1787:
1786:19,000 infantry
1780:
1757:
1718:
1678:
1655:
1645:
1626:
1625:27,000 infantry
1619:
1606:Ehrenbreitstein
1594:5,700 (approx)
1588:
1565:
1396:
1391:
1288:
1260:frontier troops
1154:
1130:
1073:the Rhine Ditch
1005:
999:
913:
907:
826:
820:
738:, commanded by
685:First Coalition
677:
672:
604:
446:
436:
434:
432:
402:
397:
299:
294:
292:
290:
253:
246:
228:
226:
225:
217:
215:
205:
203:
202:
200:Maximilian Karl
194:
192:
191:
185:
175:
173:
172:
164:
162:
143:
141:
128:
126:
124:
116:
114:
113:
105:
103:
102:
94:
92:
70:
42:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5574:
5564:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5518:
5517:
5504:
5501:History of War
5491:
5488:History of War
5478:
5475:History of War
5464:
5462:
5459:
5457:
5456:
5450:
5432:
5412:
5391:
5371:
5353:
5347:
5331:
5325:
5312:
5302:
5296:
5280:
5274:
5258:
5238:
5218:
5206:
5188:
5182:
5169:
5163:
5147:
5131:, ed. (1803).
5125:
5111:
5105:
5092:
5086:
5070:
5064:
5051:
5045:
5029:
5023:
5010:
4990:
4959:
4921:
4901:
4895:
4882:
4876:
4860:
4846:
4839:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4805:
4804:
4795:
4786:
4777:
4768:
4752:
4743:
4734:
4725:
4704:
4685:
4676:
4658:
4649:
4640:
4627:
4618:
4606:
4594:
4592:Dodge, p. 311.
4585:
4583:Smith, p. 126.
4576:
4564:
4552:
4543:
4541:Dodge, p. 304.
4534:
4525:
4516:
4504:
4495:
4493:Smith, p. 125.
4481:
4465:
4456:
4447:
4445:Dodge, p. 344.
4438:
4429:
4420:
4411:
4402:
4393:
4384:
4382:Smith, p. 122.
4375:
4373:Dodge, p. 301.
4366:
4357:
4355:Dodge, p. 298.
4343:
4334:
4332:Dodge, p. 297.
4318:
4316:Smith, p. 121.
4309:
4300:
4288:
4279:
4270:
4252:
4240:
4236:History of War
4216:
4207:
4189:
4180:
4171:
4169:Dodge, p. 296.
4153:
4151:Smith, p. 117.
4139:
4137:Smith, p. 120.
4125:
4116:
4107:
4105:Dodge, p. 290.
4091:
4089:Smith, p. 116.
4082:
4073:
4064:
4047:
4028:
4026:Smith, p. 114.
4012:
4010:Smith, p. 115.
4003:
4001:Dodge, p. 288.
3987:
3970:
3966:History of War
3951:
3947:History of War
3932:
3923:
3921:Smith, p. 111.
3911:
3897:
3888:
3886:Smith, p. 124.
3876:
3867:
3851:
3835:
3814:
3805:
3789:
3770:
3754:
3738:
3719:
3698:
3689:
3676:
3657:
3645:Joachim Whaley
3637:
3591:
3575:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3524:
3500:Augustin Tuncq
3472:
3463:
3428:
3415:
3395:Swabian Circle
3381:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3352:
3349:
3291:Battle of Lodi
3273:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3224:
3223:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3182:Date Location
3167:bridgehead at
3155:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3142:
3141:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3110:
3109:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3074:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3060:Date Location
2979:Karl Mercandin
2954:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2914:
2913:
2903:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2877:
2874:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2733:Date Location
2630:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2608:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2594:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2580:
2573:
2572:
2567:
2566:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2552:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2538:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2524:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2510:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2496:
2489:
2488:
2483:
2482:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2468:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2454:
2447:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2357:
2354:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2267:
2266:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2228:
2227:
2221:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2204:
2203:
2189:
2188:Tactical Draw
2186:
2183:
2180:
2172:
2171:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2141:
2140:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2107:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2093:Date Location
2066:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2015:
2007:
2006:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1971:
1970:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1948:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1934:Date Location
1847:hors de combat
1837:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1792:
1789:
1788:1,500 cavalry
1784:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1763:unknown force
1761:
1753:
1752:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1714:
1713:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1674:
1673:
1660:
1657:
1652:
1649:
1641:
1640:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1627:3,000 cavalry
1623:
1615:
1614:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1551:
1548:
1547:Date Location
1450:Franz Petrasch
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1287:
1284:
1252:Swabian Circle
1221:Kaiserslautern
1197:Mainz Fortress
1153:
1150:
1129:
1126:
1034:Stein am Rhein
1030:Lake Constance
1001:Main article:
998:
995:
985:, also called
959:Kleinstaaterei
950:Duchy of Baden
909:Main article:
906:
903:
884:levée en masse
869:Ottoman Empire
822:Main article:
819:
816:
777:in the north.
765:into punitive
759:Battle of Kehl
699:, part of the
674:
673:
671:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
603:
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
451:
448:
447:
431:
430:
423:
416:
408:
399:
398:
396:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
304:
301:
300:
289:
288:
281:
274:
266:
258:
257:
248:
242:
241:
240:Units involved
237:
236:
213:
181:Wilhelm Ludwig
159:
158:
154:
153:
138:
89:
88:
84:
83:
80:
79:
76:
72:
71:
66:
64:
60:
59:
56:
48:
47:
34:
33:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5573:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5552:
5549:
5547:
5544:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5528:
5526:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5505:
5502:
5498:
5497:
5492:
5489:
5485:
5484:
5479:
5476:
5472:
5471:
5466:
5465:
5453:
5447:
5443:
5442:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5413:
5409:
5405:
5401:
5398:(in German).
5397:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5359:
5354:
5350:
5344:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5328:
5322:
5318:
5313:
5310:
5306:
5303:
5299:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5271:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5239:
5235:
5231:
5227:
5223:
5219:
5209:
5203:
5199:
5198:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5179:
5175:
5170:
5166:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5135:
5130:
5126:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5102:
5098:
5093:
5089:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5061:
5057:
5052:
5048:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5020:
5016:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4981:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4960:
4956:
4950:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4930:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4892:
4888:
4883:
4879:
4873:
4869:
4865:
4861:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4819:
4799:
4790:
4781:
4772:
4765:
4761:
4756:
4747:
4738:
4729:
4722:
4721:
4716:
4708:
4701:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4680:
4673:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4653:
4644:
4637:
4631:
4622:
4615:
4610:
4598:
4589:
4580:
4571:
4569:
4559:
4557:
4547:
4538:
4529:
4520:
4511:
4509:
4499:
4490:
4488:
4486:
4478:
4474:
4469:
4460:
4451:
4442:
4433:
4424:
4415:
4406:
4397:
4388:
4379:
4370:
4361:
4352:
4350:
4348:
4338:
4329:
4327:
4325:
4323:
4313:
4304:
4295:
4293:
4283:
4274:
4265:
4263:
4261:
4259:
4257:
4247:
4245:
4237:
4233:
4232:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4211:
4202:
4200:
4198:
4196:
4194:
4184:
4175:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4160:
4158:
4148:
4146:
4144:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4120:
4111:
4102:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4086:
4077:
4071:Smith, p. 15.
4068:
4061:
4057:
4051:
4044:
4040:
4032:
4023:
4021:
4019:
4017:
4007:
3998:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3984:
3980:
3974:
3967:
3963:
3962:
3955:
3948:
3944:
3943:
3936:
3927:
3918:
3916:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3892:
3883:
3881:
3871:
3864:
3860:
3855:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3840:
3832:
3828:
3823:
3821:
3819:
3809:
3802:
3798:
3793:
3786:
3782:
3777:
3775:
3767:
3764:David Gates,
3761:
3759:
3751:
3742:
3735:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3702:
3693:
3686:
3680:
3673:
3669:
3664:
3662:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3641:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3625:
3620:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3595:
3588:
3585:Roger Dupuy,
3579:
3572:
3568:
3563:
3561:
3559:
3557:
3552:
3538:
3534:
3528:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3476:
3467:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3443:
3439:
3432:
3425:
3419:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3386:
3382:
3369:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3302:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3279:
3261:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3242:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3226:
3225:
3219:
3214:
3211:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3172:
3170:
3165:
3164:Siege of Kehl
3160:
3143:
3137:
3136:Duc d'Enghien
3133:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3055:
3050:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3034:
3031:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2990:
2988:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2959:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2904:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2889:18 September
2888:
2887:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2820:
2819:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2797:
2796:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2749:
2748:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2654:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2633:
2444:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2410:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2380:to the river
2379:
2375:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2329:
2326:
2318:
2313:
2296:
2291:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2230:
2229:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2134:
2133:Major General
2130:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2088:
2083:
2081:
2075:
2072:
2054:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2032:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2009:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1973:
1972:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1929:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1882:on 7 August.
1881:
1877:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1854:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1825:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1803:
1802:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1785:
1783:
1778:
1777:
1771:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1716:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1676:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1658:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1643:
1642:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1624:
1622:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1586:
1585:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1542:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1501:
1498:
1493:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1382:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1236:Anton Sztáray
1232:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1170:Aulic Council
1167:
1163:
1159:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1138:Lazare Carnot
1135:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1039:
1038:Swiss cantons
1035:
1031:
1027:
1026:Liechtenstein
1023:
1019:
1009:
1004:
994:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
971:
969:
965:
961:
960:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
917:
912:
902:
899:
893:
891:
886:
885:
880:
879:
878:Ancien RĂ©gime
872:
870:
866:
862:
861:Great Britain
858:
854:
850:
846:
841:
839:
835:
831:
825:
815:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
792:
787:
783:
778:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
743:
741:
737:
736:Army of Italy
733:
729:
725:
722:commanded by
721:
717:
713:
709:
704:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
605:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
452:
449:
443:
439:
429:
424:
422:
417:
415:
410:
409:
406:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
305:
302:
297:
287:
282:
280:
275:
273:
268:
267:
264:
256:
252:
249:
244:
243:
238:
235:
224:
214:
212:
201:
190:
188:
182:
171:
161:
160:
155:
151:
139:
136:
123:
112:
101:
91:
90:
85:
77:
74:
73:
69:
65:
62:
61:
57:
54:
53:
49:
45:
40:
35:
32:
27:
22:
19:
5507:
5494:
5493:Rickard, J.
5481:
5480:Rickard, J.
5468:
5467:Rickard, J.
5440:
5419:
5416:Walker, Mack
5399:
5395:
5378:
5357:
5338:
5335:Smith, Digby
5316:
5308:
5287:
5265:
5245:
5225:
5211:. Retrieved
5196:
5173:
5154:
5133:
5114:
5096:
5077:
5055:
5036:
5014:
4997:
4963:
4932:
4908:
4886:
4867:
4849:
4842:
4826:
4798:
4789:
4780:
4771:
4763:
4755:
4746:
4737:
4728:
4719:
4707:
4697:
4688:
4679:
4670:
4661:
4652:
4643:
4635:
4630:
4621:
4609:
4597:
4588:
4579:
4546:
4537:
4528:
4519:
4498:
4476:
4468:
4459:
4450:
4441:
4432:
4423:
4414:
4405:
4396:
4387:
4378:
4369:
4360:
4337:
4312:
4303:
4282:
4273:
4230:
4228:J. Rickard,
4210:
4183:
4174:
4119:
4110:
4085:
4076:
4067:
4059:
4050:
4042:
4031:
4006:
3973:
3960:
3958:J. Rickard,
3954:
3941:
3939:J. Rickard,
3935:
3926:
3891:
3870:
3862:
3854:
3830:
3808:
3800:
3792:
3784:
3765:
3749:
3741:
3730:
3722:
3713:
3701:
3692:
3684:
3679:
3671:
3648:
3640:
3632:
3623:
3611:
3603:
3600:R. R. Palmer
3594:
3586:
3578:
3570:
3536:
3532:
3527:
3484:Louis Desaix
3475:
3466:
3441:
3437:
3431:
3418:
3410:
3402:
3390:
3385:
3358:
3354:
3330:
3303:
3275:
3175:
3161:
3157:
3053:
3035:
3014:
2991:
2983:
2964:
2909:Lazare Hoche
2868:17 September
2860:Altenkirchen
2848:André Poncet
2777:7 September
2726:
2705:
2678:
2674:Philippsburg
2655:
2639:
2568:Altenkirchen
2430:Paul Grenier
2415:
2371:
2359:
2330:
2322:
2316:
2280:about 6,000
2270:1 September
2253:
2086:
2076:
2068:
1927:
1896:Kreistruppen
1894:
1884:
1859:
1846:
1839:
1567:Altenkirchen
1540:
1510:Kreistruppen
1509:
1502:
1494:
1469:Louis Desaix
1466:
1447:
1436:
1416:Altenkirchen
1397:
1347:
1323:Sankt Wendel
1308:
1289:
1272:
1256:Upper Swabia
1233:
1178:
1174:Kreistruppen
1155:
1131:
1122:Neuf-Brisach
1085:Black Forest
1076:
1072:
1066:
1015:
987:Reichskreise
986:
972:
957:
946:Hohenzollern
932:(Habsburg),
928:, including
922:
894:
890:demi-brigade
882:
876:
873:
842:
827:
779:
744:
705:
680:
678:
657:
560:Newfoundland
525:Altenkirchen
308:Altenkirchen
293:
223:Jean Jourdan
186:
87:Belligerents
43:
29:Part of the
18:
5402:: 159–167.
4712:(in French)
4602:(in German)
4036:(in German)
3746:(in German)
3706:(in German)
3668:Mack Walker
3629:Digby Smith
3616:(in French)
3583:(in French)
3407:Mack Walker
3295:Neopolitans
3101:Emmendingen
3080:Emmendingen
2892:Second Kehl
2798:9 September
2750:3 September
2582:Emmendingen
2422:Henri Simon
2418:Schweinfurt
2317:Reichsarmee
2273:Geissenfeld
1738:army under
1587:9 June 1796
1490:Reichsarmee
1319:SaarbrĂĽcken
1081:rift valley
1077:Rheingraben
1050:Rhine Falls
979:WĂĽrttemberg
942:FĂĽrstenberg
613:Chouannerie
378:Emmendingen
234:Jean Moreau
5525:Categories
5213:2011-01-07
4700:, Volume 3
3685:The Rhine.
3442:Frei-Corps
3438:Frei-Corps
3351:Commentary
3283:Sardinians
3194:Operation
3188:Coalition
3116:Schliengen
3113:24 October
3077:19 October
3072:Operation
3066:Coalition
3042:Schliengen
2902:Stalemate
2745:Operation
2739:Coalition
2658:Jean Hardy
2498:Schliengen
2384:. Leaving
2367:Regensburg
2258:Ingolstadt
2231:24 August
2178:Theiningen
2175:22 August
2144:17 August
2110:11 August
2105:Operation
2099:Coalition
1946:Operation
1940:Coalition
1909:Nördlingen
1677:23–24 June
1669:DĂĽsseldorf
1659:Coalition
1600:Coalition
1559:Operation
1553:Coalition
1389:Operations
1356:and seize
1207:, between
1189:DĂĽsseldorf
1162:Francis II
1069:Rhine knee
1054:Laufenburg
1046:High Rhine
818:Background
806:, against
767:armistices
515:Den Helder
510:Guadeloupe
505:Martinique
475:Thionville
455:Porrentruy
383:Schliengen
343:Theiningen
5408:939802377
5387:923507312
5367:872988630
5286:(2013) .
5234:715971198
5123:277280926
5006:252446008
4980:cite book
4972:558057478
4949:cite book
4835:986459607
4668:(trans),
3653:pp. 17–20
3602:(trans).
3547:Citations
3424:Iffezheim
3333:armistice
3322:corvettes
3314:Judenburg
3272:Aftermath
2917:2 October
2879:Habsburg
2834:Habsburg
2811:Habsburg
2801:Wiesbaden
2788:Habsburg
2763:Habsburg
2484:Friedberg
2470:Neresheim
2456:Ettlingen
2337:Paul Kray
2220:Coalition
2207:24 August
2113:Neresheim
2036:Cannstatt
2013:Friedberg
2002:Herrenalb
1917:Memmingen
1913:Neresheim
1887:Stuttgart
1880:Forchheim
1709:Karlsruhe
1590:Blockades
1506:Villingen
1462:Strasburg
1335:Franconia
1280:Frankfurt
1213:Darmstadt
1209:Karlsruhe
1128:War plans
1106:causeways
1098:North Sea
1022:Lake Toma
997:Geography
934:Offenburg
834:Louis XVI
755:North Sea
730:, led by
600:Diersheim
590:Fishguard
550:Neresheim
460:Quiévrain
338:Neresheim
333:Ettlingen
5438:(2012).
5418:(1998).
5377:(1975).
5337:(1998).
5264:(2011).
5254:45089676
5244:(1814).
5224:(1798).
5194:(1964).
5153:(2012).
5143:85790018
5076:(1889).
5035:(2011).
4996:(1905).
4941:75199197
4927:(2004).
4917:50614349
4907:(1966).
4866:(1998).
4825:(1847).
3318:frigates
3240:Habsburg
3230:HĂĽningen
3212:Habsburg
3169:HĂĽningen
3126:Habsburg
3090:Habsburg
3038:Breisach
3021:Neustadt
2975:Landshut
2971:Freising
2920:Biberach
2873:unknown
2769:WĂĽrzburg
2753:WĂĽrzburg
2697:Augsburg
2689:Kammlach
2624:Mannheim
2526:WĂĽrzburg
2403:NĂĽrnberg
2333:Sulzbach
2254:Schröder
2163:Sulzbach
2147:Sulzbach
2040:unknown
2033:21 July
2010:10 July
1998:Ă–tigheim
1876:WĂĽrzburg
1756:21 July
1697:Freiburg
1644:15 June
1638:wounded.
1618:15 June
1443:Uckerath
1408:Siegburg
1364:via the
1358:Lombardy
1302:and the
1118:Mannheim
1114:HĂĽningen
1102:viaducts
938:Rottweil
930:Breisgau
867:and the
800:HĂĽningen
798:and the
580:Biberach
575:2nd Kehl
565:WĂĽrzburg
540:1st Kehl
535:Kircheib
520:Siegburg
500:Sardinia
495:Jemappes
465:Marquain
393:3rd Kehl
388:HĂĽningen
373:Biberach
368:2nd Kehl
358:WĂĽrzburg
323:1st Kehl
63:Location
5428:2276157
4931:(ed.).
4810:Sources
3729:(ed.) .
3326:galleys
3324:and 18
3255:Lörrach
3191:Victor
3185:French
3069:Victor
3063:French
2844:Giessen
2831:20,000
2828:45,000
2808:12,000
2805:15,000
2785:5,0000
2782:36,000
2760:30,000
2757:30,000
2742:Victor
2736:French
2554:Limburg
2512:Wetzlar
2399:Wiesent
2382:Pegnitz
2363:Bohemia
2319:forces.
2283:French
2244:French
2241:35,500
2238:59,000
2199:Bohemia
2185:28,000
2157:French
2151:25,000
2123:French
2120:43,000
2117:47,000
2102:Victor
2096:French
2046:French
2023:French
2017:30,000
1987:French
1984:32,000
1981:36,000
1974:9 July
1964:French
1958:20,000
1954:Giessen
1951:8 July
1943:Victor
1937:French
1817:French
1811:20,000
1807:Giessen
1804:8 July
1794:French
1782:Rastatt
1779:4 July
1769:French
1759:Neuwied
1730:French
1724:20,000
1720:Renchen
1717:28 June
1705:Rastatt
1690:French
1684:10,000
1665:Neuwied
1651:11,000
1633:French
1630:11,000
1621:Maudach
1597:10,000
1577:French
1571:11,000
1564:4 June
1556:Victor
1550:French
1454:Maudach
1428:Neuwied
1264:Rastatt
1229:Giessen
968:Prussia
964:Bavaria
780:At the
753:to the
679:In the
595:Neuwied
585:Ireland
570:Limburg
530:Wetzlar
363:Limburg
328:Rastatt
318:Wetzlar
313:Maudach
187:†
135:Bavaria
100:Austria
5448:
5426:
5406:
5385:
5365:
5345:
5323:
5294:
5272:
5252:
5232:
5204:
5180:
5161:
5141:
5121:
5103:
5084:
5062:
5043:
5021:
5004:
4970:
4939:
4915:
4893:
4874:
4856:
4833:
3391:Kreise
3310:Mantua
3234:25,000
3218:sortie
3209:40,000
3206:20,000
3123:24,000
3120:32,000
3087:28,000
3084:32,000
3017:Kinzig
2930:French
2927:15,000
2924:35,000
2899:5,000
2896:7,000
2876:2,600
2540:Amberg
2428:, and
2390:Amberg
2250:Danube
2214:40,000
2210:Amberg
2182:9,000
2154:8,000
2065:Stasis
2043:8,000
2020:6,000
1993:Malsch
1961:4,500
1921:Danube
1814:4,500
1791:6,000
1766:8,000
1727:6,000
1687:7,000
1654:36,000
1574:6,500
1478:troops
1458:Speyer
1424:Vienna
1343:Vienna
1339:Swabia
1315:Landau
1311:Queich
1195:. The
1089:Vosges
1060:below
1040:. The
952:, the
948:, the
881:. The
863:, the
708:Vienna
555:Amberg
545:Malsch
470:Verdun
348:Amberg
183:
150:France
147:
132:
122:Saxony
111:Swabia
75:Result
4815:Print
3377:Notes
3320:, 12
3237:9,000
3025:Wiese
2994:Iller
2610:Mainz
2217:2,500
1366:Tyrol
1331:Mainz
1313:near
1276:Basel
1094:delta
1003:Rhine
804:Italy
751:Basel
490:Mainz
485:Lille
480:Valmy
5446:ISBN
5424:OCLC
5404:OCLC
5383:OCLC
5363:OCLC
5343:ISBN
5321:ISBN
5292:ISBN
5270:ISBN
5250:OCLC
5230:OCLC
5202:ISBN
5178:ISBN
5159:ISBN
5139:OCLC
5119:OCLC
5101:ISBN
5082:ISBN
5060:ISBN
5041:ISBN
5019:ISBN
5002:OCLC
4986:link
4968:OCLC
4955:link
4937:OCLC
4913:OCLC
4891:ISBN
4872:ISBN
4854:ISBN
4831:OCLC
3202:Kehl
3002:Riss
2967:Isar
2852:Diez
2708:Bonn
2685:Lech
2664:and
2596:Kehl
2341:Naab
2323:The
1744:Murg
1680:Kehl
1610:Main
1520:and
1514:Murg
1484:nor
1432:Lahn
1362:Alps
1294:and
1242:and
1217:Main
1211:and
1199:and
1193:Nahe
1185:Sieg
1110:Kehl
1104:and
1058:Aare
966:and
944:and
936:and
796:Kehl
442:List
55:Date
5461:Web
3096:Elz
2969:at
2934:At
2290:Ulm
2161:At
2127:At
1748:Alb
1534:Alb
1480:in
1278:to
5527::
5499:,
5486:,
5473:,
4982:}}
4978:{{
4951:}}
4947:{{
4762:,
4717:,
4695:.
4567:^
4555:^
4507:^
4484:^
4475:,
4346:^
4321:^
4291:^
4255:^
4243:^
4234:,
4219:^
4192:^
4156:^
4142:^
4128:^
4094:^
4058:,
4041:.
4015:^
3990:^
3981:,
3964:,
3945:,
3914:^
3900:^
3879:^
3861:,
3838:^
3817:^
3799:,
3783:,
3773:^
3757:^
3711:,
3670:,
3660:^
3647:,
3631:,
3621:,
3610:,
3569:.
3555:^
3409:,
3401:,
3012:.
2722:.
2644:,
2369:.
2260:,
1434:.
1270:.
1238:,
1231:.
1042:c.
970:.
871:.
814:.
703:.
5511:,
5454:.
5430:.
5410:.
5400:X
5389:.
5369:.
5351:.
5329:.
5300:.
5278:.
5256:.
5236:.
5216:.
5186:.
5167:.
5145:.
5109:.
5090:.
5068:.
5049:.
5027:.
5008:.
4988:)
4974:.
4957:)
4943:.
4919:.
4899:.
4880:.
4837:.
3655:.
3461:.
2292:.
1750:.
1075:(
444:)
440:(
427:e
420:t
413:v
285:e
278:t
271:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
