174:
141:
99:
971:
804:
979:
800:. In January 1796, Clerfayt concluded an armistice with the French, allowing the Austrians to retain large portions of the west bank. During the campaign Pichegru had entered into negotiations with French Royalists. It is debatable whether Pichegru's treason or bad generalship was the actual cause of the French failure. which lasted until 20 May 1796, when the Austrians announced that it would end on 31 May. This set the stage for continued action during the campaign months of May through October 1796.
160:
129:
118:
87:
1246:, hopefully drawing troops and attention toward themselves, which would allow Moreau’s army an easier crossing of the Rhine and Huningen and Kehl. If all went according to plan, Jourdan’s army could feint toward Mannheim, which would force Charles to reapportion his troops. Once Charles moved the mass of his army to the north, Moreau’s army, which early in the year had been stationed by
1250:, would move swiftly south to Strasbourg. From there, they could cross the river at Kehl, which was guarded by 7,000-man inexperienced and lightly trained militia—troops recruited that spring from the Swabian circle polities. In the south, by Basel, Ferino’s column was to move speedily across the river and advanced up the Rhine along the Swiss and German shoreline, toward
1280:. Once Charles committed his main army to the mid and northern Rhine, however, Moreau executed an about face, and a forced march with most his army and arrived at Strasburg before Charles realized the French had even left Speyer. To accomplish this march rapidly, Moreau left his artillery behind; infantry and cavalry move more swiftly. On 20 June, his
1010:, and several dozen ecclesiastic polities. Many of these territories were not contiguous: a village could belong predominantly to one polity, but have a farmstead, a house, or even one or two strips of land that belonged to another polity. The light cream-colored territories are so subdivided they cannot be named.
1571:, or independent corps, were used as light infantry before the official formation of light infantry in the Habsburg Army in 1798. They provided the Army's skirmishing and scouting function; Frei-Corps were usually raised from the provinces, and often acted independently. See Philip Haythornthwaite,
1566:
An autonomous corps, in the
Austrian or Imperial armies, was an armed force under command of an experienced field commander. They usually included two divisions, but probably not more than three, and function with high maneuverability and independent action, hence the name "autonomous corps." Some,
787:
in
October and forced most of the Army of the Sambre and Meuse to retreat to the west bank of the Rhine. About the same time, Wurmser sealed off the French bridgehead at Mannheim. With Jourdan temporarily out of the picture, the Austrians defeated the left wing of the Army of Rhine and Moselle at the
1060:
in the
Swabian and Franconian Circles augmented the Habsburg force with perhaps 20,000 men at the most. The militias, most of which were Swabian field hands and day laborers drafted for service in the spring of that year, were untrained and unseasoned. As he gathered his army in March and April, it
1575:
Osprey
Publishing, 2012, p. 24. Military historians usually maintain that Napoleon solidified the use of the autonomous corps, armies that could function without a great deal of direction, scatter about the countryside, but reform again quickly for battle; this was actually a development that first
1344:
Recognizing the need for reinforcements, and fearing his army would be flanked by Moreau's surprise crossings at Kehl and HĂĽningen, Charles arrived near
Rastatt with additional troops and prepared to advance against Moreau on 10 July. The French surprised him by attacking first, on 9 July. Despite
856:
on the west. In 1796, the plain on both sides of the river, some 19 miles (31 km) wide, was dotted with villages and farms. At both far edges of the flood plain, especially on the eastern side, the old mountains created dark shadows on the horizon. Tributaries cut through the hilly terrain of
1292:
executed a full crossing, and advanced unopposed east along the German shore of the Rhine, with the 16th and 50th Demi-brigades, the 68th, 50th and 68th line infantry, and six squadrons of cavalry that included the 3rd and 7th
Hussars and the 10th Dragoons. This gave the French the desired pincer
1082:
believed that war should pay for itself, and did not budget for the feeding of its troops. The French citizen’s army, created by mass conscription of young men and systematically divested of old men who might have tempered the rash impulses of teenagers and young adults, had already made itself
1032:
troops comprised the bulk of the army but the thin white line of
Habsburg infantry could not cover the territory from Basel to Frankfurt with sufficient depth to resist the pressure of the opposition. Compared to French coverage, Charles had half the number of troops covering a 211-mile front,
864:
was "corrected" (straightened) between 1817 and 1875. Between 1927 and 1975, a canal was constructed to control the water level. In the 1790s, the river was wild and unpredictable, in some places four or more times wider than the twenty-first century incarnation of the river, even under regular
1023:
included the contingents and the infantry and cavalry of the various states, amounted to about 125,000 troops (including the three autonomous corps), a sizable force by eighteenth century standards but a moderate force by the standards of the
Revolutionary wars.
1296:
Within a day, Moreau had four divisions across the river, representing a fundamental success of the French plan, and they executed their plan with alacrity. From the south, Ferino pursued Fröhlich and the Condé in a wide sweep east-north-east toward
1254:
and spread into the southern end of the Black Forest. Ideally, this would encircle and trap
Charles and his army as the left wing of Moreau's army swung behind him, and as Jourdan's force cut off his flank with Wartensleben's autonomous corps.
959:. Among the German-speaking states, the Holy Roman Empire's administrative and legal mechanisms provided a venue to resolve disputes between peasants and landlords, between jurisdictions, and within jurisdictions. Through the organization of
1341:. The Habsburg and Imperial armies did not have enough troops to hold off the Army of the Rhine and Moselle and would need reinforcements from Charles, who was occupied in the north keeping Jourdan pinned down on the west bank of the Rhine.
1089:(France's paper currency); after April 1796, although pay was made in metallic value, wages were still in arrears. Throughout that spring and early summer, the French army was in almost constant mutiny: in May 1796, in the border town of
778:
so that both French armies held significant footholds on the east bank of the Rhine. The French fumbled away the promising start to their offensive. Pichegru bungled at least one opportunity to seize
Clerfayt's supply base in the
1349:, Charles repulsed Desaix's attacks on his right flank, but Saint-Cyr and Taponier gained ground in the hills to the east of the town, and threatened his flank. Moreau lost 2,400 out of 36,000 men while Charles had 2,600
1061:
was largely guess work where they should be placed. In particular, Charles did not like to use the militias in any vital location. Consequently, in May and early June, when the French started to mass troops by
1065:
and it looked as if the bulk of the French army would cross there—they even engaged the imperial force at Altenkirchen (4 June) and Wetzler and Uckerath (15 June)—Charles felt few qualms placing the 7000-man
1284:
assaulted the forward posts between Strasbourg and the river, overwhelming the pickets there; the militia withdrew to Kehl, leaving behind their cannons, which solved part of Moreau's artillery problem.
1268:
Responding to the French feint, Charles committed most of his forces on the middle and northern Rhine, leaving only the Swabian militia at the Kehl-Strasbourg crossing, and a minor force commanded by
1175:, under Jean Victor Moreau's command, was positioned east of the Rhine from HĂĽningen (on the border with the French provinces, Switzerland, and the German states) northward, with its center along the
865:
conditions. Its channels wound through marsh and meadow, and created islands of trees and vegetation that were periodically submerged by floods. It was crossable at Kehl, by Strasbourg, and
1049:
made an attack most likely, as it offered a gateway into eastern German states and ultimately to Vienna, with good bridges crossing a relatively well-defined river bank. To the north,
743:
1083:
unwelcome throughout France. It was an army entirely dependent for support upon the countryside it occupied for provisions and wages. Until 1796, wages were paid in the worthless
1293:
effect, with the Army of the Sambre and Meuse approaching from the north, the bulk of the Army of the Rhine and Moselle crossing in the center, and Ferino crossing in the south.
233:
1276:. In addition, a small force of about 5,000 French royalists under the command of the Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé, supposedly covering the Rhine from Switzerland to
1028:, Duke of Teschen and brother of the Holy Roman Emperor, served as commander-in-chief. In total, Charles’ troops stretched in a line from Switzerland to the North Sea.
951:
Prussia also included territories outside the Empire. There were also territories completely surrounded by France that belonged to WĂĽrttemberg, the Archbishopric of
903:, the little states that covered no more than a few square miles, or included several non-contiguous pieces, to the small and complex territories of the princely
1096:
The French faced a formidable obstacle in addition to the Rhine. The Coalition's Army of the Lower Rhine counted 90,000 troops. The 20,000-man right wing under
557:
1234:
The French plan called for its two armies to press against the flanks of the Coalition's northern armies in the German states while simultaneously a third army
375:
587:
1794:. Vol. LII, Studies Presented to International Commission for the History of Representative and Parliamentary Institutions. Bruxelles, 1975. Mack Walker.
1078:
An assault into the German states was essential, as far as French commanders understood, not only in terms of war aims, but also in practical terms: the
1097:
2341:
1235:
592:
582:
1093:, the 74th Demi-brigade revolted. In June, the 17th Demi-brigade was insubordinate (frequently) and in the 84th Demi-brigade, two companies rebelled.
967:, groups of states consolidated resources and promoted regional and organizational interests, including economic cooperation and military protection.
2236:
391:
2366:
226:
836:, it moved in torrents. A few miles north and east of Basel, the terrain flattens. The Rhine makes a wide, northerly turn, in what is called the
1042:
646:
145:
1152:
and to use their position on the Rhine's west bank to strike at each of the French armies in turn. However, after news arrived in Vienna of
2222:
Vol. LII, Studies Presented to International Commission for the History of Representative and Parliamentary Institutions. Bruxelles, 1975.
1675:
Warfare in the Age of Napoleon: The Revolutionary Wars Against the First Coalition in Northern Europe and the Italian Campaign, 1789–1797.
2049:
Warfare in the Age of Napoleon: The Revolutionary Wars Against the First Coalition in Northern Europe and the Italian Campaign, 1789–1797
219:
1353:
out of 32,000 troops. Anxious about the security of his supply lines, though, Charles began a measured and careful retreat to the east.
857:
the Black Forest, creating deep defiles in the mountains. The tributaries then wind in rivulets through the flood plain to the river.
368:
758:
confronted Clerfayt's Army of the Lower Rhine in the north, while the French Army of Rhine and Moselle under Pichegru lay opposite
464:
1163:
On the French side, the 80,000-man Army of Sambre-et-Meuse held the west bank of the Rhine down to the Nahe and then southwest to
894:
567:
2361:
2291:
2170:
2125:
2056:
1723:
1318:
2300:
361:
2163:
The Armies of the First French Republic: Volume II The Armées du Moselle, du Rhin, de Sambre-et-Meuse, de Rhin-et-Moselle.
2132:
1654:
The Armies of the First French Republic: Volume II The Armées du Moselle, du Rhin, de Sambre-et-Meuse, de Rhin-et-Moselle,
337:
1703:
The Armies of the First French Republic: Volume II The Armées du Moselle, du Rhin, de Sambre-et-Meuse, de Rhin-et-Moselle
860:
The Rhine River itself looked different in the 1790s than it does in the twenty-first century; the passage from Basel to
534:
2351:
2022:
1314:
1208:
1124:, who initially commanded the whole operation, led the 80,000-strong Army of the Upper Rhine. Its right wing occupied
2356:
2274:
2210:
2075:
1906:
1686:
1025:
717:
617:
1289:
1188:
705:
2079:
1137:
995:
2257:
2111:
2070:
2004:
1437:
1172:
793:
612:
597:
459:
449:
342:
302:
409:
1481:
1306:
1228:
1121:
759:
650:
524:
317:
1269:
1588:, and became widely used in the European military as the size of armies grew in the 1790s and during the
1337:
By turning both Latour's flanks, Desaix drove his Imperial and Habsburg combined force back to the river
1200:
885:
The German-speaking states on the east bank of the Rhine were part of the vast complex of territories in
658:
454:
1216:
2346:
1585:
1310:
1204:
662:
549:
424:
385:
784:
1196:
733:
701:
529:
322:
28:
1376:
1224:
1113:
1050:
974:
The plethora of states of the Holy Roman Empire was especially dense on the east bank of the Rhine.
797:
780:
638:
544:
519:
479:
312:
267:
122:
833:
509:
419:
165:
1775:
Germany and the Holy Roman Empire: Volume I: Maximilian I to the Peace of Westphalia, 1493–1648
1317:. The Austrian brought 6,000 men into action under the command of Karl Aloys zu FĂĽrstenberg and
1168:
1133:
1007:
936:
2267:
Germany and the Holy Roman Empire: Volume I: Maximilian I to the Peace of Westphalia, 1493–1648
2044:
1670:
817:
689:
607:
602:
474:
257:
243:
2144:
1891:
2188:
1807:
1778:
1577:
1239:
932:
755:
747:
634:
489:
439:
434:
404:
327:
272:
91:
2176:
1626:, or light infantry, to provide skirmishing cover for the troops that followed, principally
1609:, or light infantry, to provide skirmishing cover for the troops that followed, principally
1160:
gave Archduke Charles command over both Austrian armies and ordered him to hold his ground.
514:
307:
2159:
1876:
Ausgewählte Schriften weiland seiner Kaiserlichen Hoheit des Erzherzogs Carl von Österreich
1698:
1649:
1277:
332:
292:
1156:'s successes in northern Italy, Wurmser was sent to Italy with 25,000 reinforcements; the
670:
572:
55:
8:
1346:
721:
577:
539:
499:
494:
287:
282:
970:
1747:
Helmut Volk. "Landschaftsgeschichte und NatĂĽrlichkeit der Baumarten in der Rheinaue."
1153:
928:
927:; ecclesiastical territories, also of varying sizes and influence, such as the wealthy
916:
912:
908:
832:
cuts through steep hillsides over a gravel bed; in such places as the former rapids at
484:
469:
444:
414:
1714:
Laufenburg now has dams and barrages to control the flow of water. Thomas P. Knepper.
1288:
At HĂĽningen, near Basel, on the same day that Moreau's advance guard crossed at Kehl,
2287:
2270:
2253:
2223:
2206:
2166:
2150:
2121:
2107:
2085:
2066:
2052:
2035:
2018:
2000:
1719:
1682:
1581:
1533:
Infantry Regiments: WĂĽrttemberg, Baden-Durlach, Fugger, Wolfegg (two battalions each)
1491:
1427:
1338:
1220:
944:
890:
751:
739:
642:
262:
173:
140:
103:
98:
783:. With Pichegru unexpectedly inactive, Clerfayt massed against Jourdan, beat him at
353:
2215:
1079:
960:
853:
504:
297:
1705:
Pickle Partners Publishing, 2011 reprint (original publication 1923–1933), p. 278.
1309:. The French employed 19,000 foot soldiers and 1,500 horsemen in the divisions of
1129:
709:
2279:
2140:
2010:
1887:
1589:
1386:
1038:
1020:
978:
956:
789:
429:
2120:
Handbook for Environmental Chemistry Series, Part L. New York: Springer, 2006,
1997:
The Army of the French Revolution: From Citizen-Soldiers to Instrument of Power.
1850:
The Army of the French Revolution: From Citizen-Soldiers to Instrument of Power,
1718:
Handbook for Environmental Chemistry Series, Part L. New York: Springer, 2006,
792:
and moved down the west bank. In November, Clerfayt gave Pichegru a drubbing at
2262:
1251:
1212:
1125:
1109:
1067:
1057:
1003:
924:
899:
886:
1184:
1090:
907:
family branches, to such sizable, well-defined territories as the Kingdoms of
816:
The Rhine River flows west along the border between the German states and the
754:. At the start of the campaign the French Army of the Sambre and Meuse led by
2335:
2315:
2302:
2027:
1157:
1045:, between Karlsruhe and Darmstadt, where the confluence of the Rhine and the
1243:
1105:
915:. The governance of these many states varied: they included the autonomous
763:
724:
on 9 July determined whether Moreau would continue his invasion of Germany.
2220:
The Swabian Kreis: Institutional Growth in the Holy Roman Empire 1648–1715.
1396:
1368:
1192:
1164:
1117:
1046:
999:
982:
In particular, the states involved in late 1796 included, for example, the
948:
849:
825:
767:
654:
133:
2089:
2039:
1792:
The Swabian Kreis: Institutional Growth in the Holy Roman Empire 1648–1715
738:
The Rhine Campaign of 1795 (April 1795 to January 1796) opened when two
2245:
2198:
1992:
1823:
1762:
Hansard's Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 1803, Official Report.
1145:
845:
693:
562:
211:
2237:"Landschaftsgeschichte und NatĂĽrlichkeit der Baumarten in der Rheinaue."
2227:
2154:
1053:’s autonomous corps stretched in a thin line between Mainz and Giessen.
866:
1508:
1101:
837:
829:
2032:
The History of the War from the Commencement of the French Revolution,
1305:
into Rastatt. Latour and Sztáray tried to hold the line of the river
1298:
1041:
Furthermore, he had concentrated the bulk of his force, commanded by
994:(free cities), the territories belonging to the princely families of
987:
940:
904:
874:
861:
821:
716:
on the 28th before moving against Latour at Rastatt. Soon afterward,
682:
1207:. Ferino's wing included three infantry and cavalry divisions under
762:'s army in the south. In August, Jourdan crossed and quickly seized
2250:
German Home Towns: Community, State, and General Estate, 1648–1871.
1281:
1171:
had 22,000 troops entrenched at DĂĽsseldorf. The right wing of the
1141:
1085:
1029:
991:
983:
920:
870:
775:
678:
1796:
German Home Towns: Community, State, and General Estate, 1648–1871
1116:
included 10,000 more. The remainder held the west bank behind the
700:
on 24 June. Moreau expanded his bridgehead, sending Desaix north,
1273:
1034:
713:
674:
666:
59:
51:
1056:
In spring 1796, drafts from the free imperial cities, and other
893:. The considerable number of territories in the Empire included
2099:, Official Report. Vol. 1. London: HMSO, 1803, pp. 249–252
1656:
US, Pickle Partners Publishing, 2011 (1923–1933), p. 212.
1536:
Hohenzollern Royal and Imperial (KĂĽrK) Cavalry (four squadrons)
1414:
1247:
1199:
directed the left wing and included two divisions commanded by
1180:
1176:
159:
128:
117:
86:
2182:
803:
1149:
1062:
952:
771:
744:
François Sébastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Count of Clerfayt
1677:
Leonaur Ltd, 2011. pp. 286–287. See also Timothy Blanning,
1321:. The French captured 200 Austrians and three field pieces.
919:, also of different sizes and influence, from the powerful
697:
2191:. "The Habsburg Army in the Napoleonic Wars (1792–1815)."
1810:, "The Habsburg Army in the Napoleonic Wars (1792–1815)."
692:, Moreau's army made a successful assault crossing of the
2081:
The History of the Campaign of 1796 in Germany and Italy.
1911:
The History of the Campaign of 1796 in Germany and Italy,
1329:
On 5 July 1796, Desaix approached Latour at the Rastat.t
766:. The Army of the Sambre and Meuse advanced south to the
2137:. US Army Combined Arms Center. Accessed 2 October 2014.
2134:
French Troops Destined to Cross the Rhine, 24 June 1796
2097:
Hansard's Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 1803
1830:
Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole, 1999. pp. 111–114.
720:
joined Latour with reinforcements from the north. The
1878:, Vienna: Braumüller, 1893–94, v. 2, pp. 72, 153–154.
1438:
Joseph Martin Bruneteau, also known as Sainte-Suzanne
383:
2104:
Austrian Army of the Napoleonic Wars (1): Infantry.
1622:The French Army designated two kinds of infantry:
1573:
Austrian Army of the Napoleonic Wars (1): Infantry.
1219:. Desaix's command included three divisions led by
1605:The French Army designated two kinds of infantry:
807:The Rhine River prevented easy escape into France.
657:attacked the Austrians and drove them back to the
2284:German Armies: War and German Politics 1648–1806.
1630:, which fought in tight formations. Smith, p. 15.
2333:
1148:. The original Austrian strategy was to capture
1098:Duke Ferdinand Frederick Augustus of WĂĽrttemberg
939:. When viewed on a map, the Empire resembled a "
750:armies to cross the Rhine River and capture the
1100:stood on the east bank of the Rhine behind the
1852:Princeton University Press, 1988, pp. 283–290.
677:, located 89 kilometers (55 mi) south of
647:Maximilian Anton Karl, Count Baillet de Latour
897:. Their size and influence varied, from the
774:. Pichegru's army made a surprise capture of
369:
227:
1896:, London, A.J. Valpy, 1814, pp. 43–44.
820:. The 80-mile (130 km) stretch between
1948:
1946:
1191:commanded Moreau's right wing at HĂĽningen,
1128:on the west bank while the left wing under
2269:. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2012.
2185:, Feb 2009 version, accessed 1 March 2015.
1666:
1664:
1662:
1514:92nd Regiment Carabiniers (four squadrons)
1104:River, observing the French bridgehead at
880:
376:
362:
241:
234:
220:
2342:Battles of the War of the First Coalition
2017:New York, Oxford University Press, 1996.
1681:New York: Oxford University Press, 1996,
2252:Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1998.
2165:USA, Pickle Partners Publishing, 2011 .
1943:
1934:
1848:Jean Paul Bertaud, R.R. Palmer (trans).
1833:
1764:Vol. 1. London: HMSO, 1803, pp. 249–252.
1596:New York, Random House, 2011, Chapter 6.
977:
969:
840:, and enters the so-called Rhine ditch (
802:
16:Battle of the War of the First Coalition
1659:
1183:and its left wing extended west toward
681:and 94 kilometres (58 mi) west of
2334:
2367:Military history of Baden-WĂĽrttemberg
1767:
1539:WĂĽrttemberg Dragoons (four squadrons)
1522:
649:which were defending the line of the
357:
215:
2063:The Napoleonic Wars 1803–1815,
1913:London, (np), 1797, pp. 18–22.
1790:See, for example, James Allen Vann,
1749:Waldschutzgebiete Baden-WĂĽrttemberg
1594:The Napoleonic Wars 1803–1815,
742:armies under the overall command of
2240:Waldschutzgebiete Baden-WĂĽrttemberg
1613:, which fought in tight formations.
1356:
1301:while Gouvion Saint-Cyr chased the
708:south. The French won a clash over
653:. Leading a wing of Moreau's army,
13:
1999:Princeton University Press, 1988.
1814:, 37:1 (Feb 1973), 1–5, 1–2 cited.
14:
2378:
2106:Oxford, Osprey Publishing, 2012.
1907:Thomas Graham, 1st Baron Lynedoch
1070:militia at the crossing by Kehl.
718:Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen
2178:Combat of Uckerath, 19 June 1796
796:and successfully wrapped up the
172:
158:
139:
127:
116:
97:
85:
2146:Memoires etc. of General Moreau
2034:London, T. Kinnersley, 1816.
1973:
1964:
1955:
1925:
1916:
1905:Charles, pp. 153–154 and
1899:
1893:Memoires etc. of General Moreau
1881:
1864:
1855:
1842:
1817:
1801:
1616:
1599:
1560:
1527:The Swabian Circle Contingent:
1315:François Antoine Louis Bourcier
1209:François Antoine Louis Bourcier
1073:
2076:Graham, Thomas, Baron Lynedoch
2065:New York, Random House, 2011.
2015:The French Revolutionary Wars.
1874:Charles, Archduke of Austria.
1784:
1754:
1738:
1729:
1708:
1692:
1679:The French Revolutionary Wars,
1643:
1542:two field artillery battalions
1500:unknown demi-brigade Infantry
1290:Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino
1263:
1242:'s army would push south from
1189:Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino
1014:
935:; and dynastic states such as
706:Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino
1:
2362:1796 in the Holy Roman Empire
2203:The Napoleonic Wars Data Book
1961:Dodge, p. 290; Smith, p. 117.
1548:
1319:Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló
1238:through Italy. Specifically,
1173:Army of the Rhine and Moselle
1167:. On this army's left flank,
1138:Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé
869:, by Basel, where systems of
727:
613:Italian campaign of 1796-1797
2242:, Band 10, pp. 159–167.
2149:, London, A.J. Valpy, 1814.
1637:
1482:Charles Antoine Xaintrailles
1229:Charles Antoine Xaintrailles
1122:Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser
760:Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser
633:(5 July 1796) saw part of a
7:
2205:. London, Greenhill, 1998.
1453:10th Demi-brigade Infantry
1446:10th Demi-brigade Infantry
1406:50th Demi-brigade Infantry
1324:
1201:Guillaume Philibert Duhesme
746:defeated an attempt by two
641:clash with elements of the
10:
2383:
1985:
1828:Napoleonic Wars Data Book.
1586:American Revolutionary War
1311:Alexandre Camille Taponier
1211:, and general of division
1205:Alexandre Camille Taponier
811:
731:
669:is a city in the state of
663:War of the First Coalition
387:War of the First Coalition
2352:Battles involving Austria
2286:London, UCL Press, 1997.
2102:Haythornthwaite, Philip.
2095:Hansard, Thomas C (ed.).
1582:Thirteen British Colonies
1361:
1332:
1270:Karl Aloys zu FĂĽrstenberg
1258:
1197:Laurent Gouvion Saint-Cyr
1195:commanded the center and
734:French Revolutionary Wars
702:Laurent Gouvion Saint-Cyr
593:Rhine campaign of 1793–94
400:
253:
197:
184:
151:
109:
78:
34:
29:French Revolutionary Wars
26:
21:
2357:Battles involving France
1931:Graham, pp. 18–22.
1870:Dodge, p.290. See also
1553:
1377:Antoine Guillaume Delmas
1225:Antoine Guillaume Delmas
1217:Henri François Delaborde
1114:Ehrenbreitstein Fortress
1051:Wilhelm von Wartensleben
933:Archbishopric of Cologne
895:more than 1,000 entities
781:Battle of Handschuhsheim
639:Jean Victor Marie Moreau
2195:, 37:1 (Feb 1973), 1–5.
2045:Dodge, Theodore Ayrault
1760:Thomas C Hansard (ed.).
1751:, Band 10, pp. 159–167.
1140:guarded the Rhine from
881:Political complications
770:, completely isolating
179:Army of the Upper Rhine
166:Army of Rhin-et-Moselle
2051:, USA, Leonaur, 2011.
1671:Theodore Ayrault Dodge
1011:
975:
877:made access reliable.
808:
690:Rhine Campaign of 1796
608:Rhine campaign of 1796
603:Rhine campaign of 1795
568:Mediterranean campaign
245:Rhine campaign of 1796
110:Commanders and leaders
2189:Rothenberg, Gunther E
2160:Phipps, Ramsay Weston
1991:Bertaud, Jean Paul,
1808:Gunther E. Rothenberg
1628:d’infanterie de ligne
1611:d'infanterie de ligne
1578:French and Indian War
1576:emerged first in the
1345:the surprise, in the
1240:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan
981:
973:
806:
756:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan
198:Casualties and losses
2280:Wilson, Peter Hamish
1970:Smith, pp. 111, 114.
1699:Ramsay Weston Phipps
1650:Ramsay Weston Phipps
1592:. See David Gates,
1278:Freiburg im Breisgau
1169:Jean Baptiste Kléber
1134:Michael von Fröhlich
1043:Count Baillet Latour
1008:Duchy of WĂĽrttemberg
917:free imperial cities
2312: /
2116:Knepper, Thomas P.
1624:d'infanterie légère
1607:d'infanterie légère
1375:Division Commander
1347:Battle of Ettlingen
1108:. The garrisons of
722:Battle of Ettlingen
588:East Indies Theatre
578:War of the Pyrenees
303:Friedberg (Bavaria)
2131:Nafziger, George.
1735:Knepper, pp. 19–20
1523:Habsburg/Coalition
1504:(three battalions)
1469:Chasseurs Ă cheval
1462:Chasseurs Ă cheval
1457:(three battalions)
1450:(three battalions)
1410:(three battalions)
1403:(three battalions)
1154:Napoleon Bonaparte
1019:The armies of the
1012:
976:
929:Abbey of Reichenau
809:
2347:Conflicts in 1796
2292:978-1-85728-106-4
2216:Vann, James Allen
2171:978-1-908692-25-2
2126:978-3-540-29393-4
2057:978-0-85706-598-8
2011:Blanning, Timothy
1724:978-3-540-29393-4
1584:and later in the
1492:Jean-Marie Forest
1428:Michel de Beaupuy
1236:approached Vienna
1221:Michel de Beaupuy
931:and the powerful
923:to the minuscule
891:Holy Roman Empire
798:Siege of Mannheim
752:Fortress of Mainz
748:Republican French
671:Baden-WĂĽrttemberg
635:Republican French
631:Battle of Rastatt
626:
625:
618:Anglo-Spanish War
598:Atlantic campaign
583:Italian campaigns
573:War in the Vendée
558:Flanders campaign
351:
350:
210:
209:
104:Habsburg monarchy
74:
73:
56:Baden-WĂĽrttemberg
22:Battle of Rastatt
2374:
2327:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2316:48.850°N 8.200°E
2313:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2234:
2193:Military Affairs
2141:Philippart, John
1980:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1941:
1938:
1932:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1914:
1903:
1897:
1885:
1879:
1873:
1868:
1862:
1859:
1853:
1846:
1840:
1837:
1831:
1821:
1815:
1812:Military Affairs
1805:
1799:
1788:
1782:
1773:Joachim Whaley,
1771:
1765:
1758:
1752:
1746:
1742:
1736:
1733:
1727:
1712:
1706:
1696:
1690:
1668:
1657:
1647:
1631:
1620:
1614:
1603:
1597:
1564:
1511:(four squadrons)
1471:(four squadrons)
1464:(four squadrons)
1417:(four squadrons)
1357:Orders of Battle
1080:French Directory
1058:imperial estates
1037:, near Basel to
1033:stretching from
1026:Archduke Charles
961:imperial circles
941:patchwork carpet
854:Vosges Mountains
852:on the east and
848:bordered by the
395:
388:
378:
371:
364:
355:
354:
248:
246:
236:
229:
222:
213:
212:
177:
176:
163:
162:
144:
143:
132:
131:
121:
120:
102:
101:
90:
89:
36:
35:
19:
18:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2371:
2332:
2331:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2311:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2263:Whaley, Joachim
2232:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1904:
1900:
1888:John Philippart
1886:
1882:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1847:
1843:
1839:Smith, p. 114.
1838:
1834:
1822:
1818:
1806:
1802:
1798:. Ithaca, 1998.
1789:
1785:
1772:
1768:
1759:
1755:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1713:
1709:
1697:
1693:
1669:
1660:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1634:
1621:
1617:
1604:
1600:
1590:Napoleonic Wars
1565:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1525:
1387:Maurice Frimont
1364:
1359:
1335:
1327:
1266:
1261:
1076:
1021:First Coalition
1017:
957:Hesse-Darmstadt
883:
828:and Basel, the
814:
790:Battle of Mainz
736:
730:
627:
622:
554:
396:
386:
384:
382:
352:
347:
249:
244:
242:
240:
171:
157:
138:
126:
125:
115:
96:
92:French Republic
84:
62:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2380:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2296:
2295:
2277:
2260:
2243:
2235:Volk, Helmut.
2230:
2213:
2196:
2186:
2183:History of War
2173:
2157:
2138:
2129:
2114:
2100:
2093:
2084:London, 1797.
2073:
2061:Gates, David,
2059:
2042:
2028:Clarke, Hewson
2025:
2023:978-0340569115
2008:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1979:Smith, p. 115.
1972:
1963:
1954:
1952:Dodge, p. 290.
1942:
1940:Smith, p. 116.
1933:
1924:
1915:
1898:
1880:
1863:
1861:Smith, p. 111.
1854:
1841:
1832:
1816:
1800:
1783:
1779:pp. 17–20
1766:
1753:
1737:
1728:
1707:
1691:
1658:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1615:
1598:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1505:
1495:
1494:
1485:
1484:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1465:
1458:
1451:
1441:
1440:
1431:
1430:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1411:
1404:
1390:
1389:
1380:
1379:
1372:
1371:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1351:hors de combat
1334:
1331:
1326:
1323:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1252:Lake Constance
1213:Augustin Tuncq
1126:Kaiserslautern
1110:Mainz Fortress
1075:
1072:
1016:
1013:
1004:Duchy of Baden
963:, also called
925:Weil der Stadt
900:Kleinstaaterei
887:central Europe
882:
879:
813:
810:
729:
726:
624:
623:
621:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
553:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
401:
398:
397:
381:
380:
373:
366:
358:
349:
348:
346:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
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260:
254:
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250:
239:
238:
231:
224:
216:
208:
207:
204:
200:
199:
195:
194:
191:
187:
186:
182:
181:
169:
154:
153:
152:Units involved
149:
148:
136:
112:
111:
107:
106:
94:
81:
80:
76:
75:
72:
71:
70:French victory
68:
64:
63:
58:, present-day
50:
48:
44:
43:
40:
32:
31:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2379:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2321:48.850; 8.200
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2275:9780198731016
2272:
2268:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2211:1-85367-276-9
2208:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2147:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1976:
1967:
1958:
1949:
1947:
1937:
1928:
1922:Smith, p. 15.
1919:
1912:
1908:
1902:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1877:
1867:
1858:
1851:
1845:
1836:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1813:
1809:
1804:
1797:
1793:
1787:
1780:
1776:
1770:
1763:
1757:
1750:
1741:
1732:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1711:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1688:
1687:0-340-56911-5
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1629:
1625:
1619:
1612:
1608:
1602:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1563:
1559:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1513:
1510:
1507:1st Regiment
1506:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1470:
1467:8th Regiment
1466:
1463:
1460:4th Regiment
1459:
1456:
1452:
1449:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1416:
1413:7th Regiment
1412:
1409:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1342:
1340:
1330:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1294:
1291:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1158:Aulic Council
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1130:Anton Sztáray
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1081:
1071:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
980:
972:
968:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
901:
896:
892:
888:
878:
876:
872:
868:
863:
858:
855:
851:
847:
844:), part of a
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
818:Swiss Cantons
805:
801:
799:
795:
791:
786:
782:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
735:
725:
723:
719:
715:
711:
710:Anton Sztáray
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
686:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
555:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
402:
399:
393:
389:
379:
374:
372:
367:
365:
360:
359:
356:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
255:
252:
247:
237:
232:
230:
225:
223:
218:
217:
214:
205:
202:
201:
196:
192:
189:
188:
183:
180:
175:
170:
168:
167:
161:
156:
155:
150:
147:
142:
137:
135:
130:
124:
119:
114:
113:
108:
105:
100:
95:
93:
88:
83:
82:
77:
69:
66:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
46:
45:
41:
38:
37:
33:
30:
25:
20:
2329:
2297:
2283:
2266:
2249:
2246:Walker, Mack
2239:
2219:
2202:
2199:Smith, Digby
2192:
2177:
2175:Rickard, J.
2162:
2145:
2133:
2117:
2103:
2096:
2080:
2062:
2048:
2031:
2014:
1996:
1975:
1966:
1957:
1936:
1927:
1918:
1910:
1901:
1892:
1883:
1875:
1866:
1857:
1849:
1844:
1835:
1827:
1819:
1811:
1803:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1774:
1769:
1761:
1756:
1748:
1740:
1731:
1715:
1710:
1702:
1694:
1689:, pp. 41–59.
1678:
1674:
1653:
1645:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1593:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1526:
1501:
1468:
1461:
1454:
1447:
1407:
1400:
1397:Demi-brigade
1369:Louis Desaix
1350:
1343:
1336:
1328:
1303:Kreistruppen
1302:
1295:
1287:
1267:
1233:
1193:Louis Desaix
1165:Sankt Wendel
1162:
1095:
1084:
1077:
1074:French plans
1055:
1018:
1000:Hohenzollern
986:(Habsburg),
965:Reichskreise
964:
949:Hohenzollern
947:domains and
943:". Both the
898:
884:
859:
850:Black Forest
841:
826:Schaffhausen
815:
794:Pfeddersheim
737:
687:
655:Louis Desaix
630:
628:
510:Newfoundland
475:Altenkirchen
277:
258:Altenkirchen
178:
164:
146:Count Latour
134:Louis Desaix
79:Belligerents
2319: /
2233:(in German)
1993:R.R. Palmer
1872:(in German)
1824:Digby Smith
1745:(in German)
1726:, pp. 5–19.
1567:called the
1509:Carabiniers
1264:Preliminary
1185:SaarbrĂĽcken
1179:River near
1146:Switzerland
1091:ZweibrĂĽcken
1015:Disposition
996:FĂĽrstenberg
937:WĂĽrttemberg
889:called the
846:rift valley
842:Rheingraben
694:Rhine River
645:army under
637:army under
563:Chouannerie
328:Emmendingen
206:200, 3 guns
123:Jean Moreau
42:5 July 1796
2336:Categories
2258:0801406706
2118:The Rhine.
2112:1782007024
2071:1446448762
2005:0691055378
1716:The Rhine.
1569:Frei-Corps
1549:References
1480:Division:
1426:Division:
1367:Commander
1244:DĂĽsseldorf
1118:Nahe River
1106:DĂĽsseldorf
838:Rhine knee
834:Laufenburg
830:High Rhine
768:Main River
764:DĂĽsseldorf
732:See also:
728:Background
651:Murg River
465:Den Helder
460:Guadeloupe
455:Martinique
425:Thionville
405:Porrentruy
333:Schliengen
293:Theiningen
2090:277280926
2040:656982611
1995:(trans).
1638:Citations
1490:Brigade:
1448:de légère
1401:de légère
1399:Infantry
1385:Brigade:
1299:Villingen
988:Offenburg
905:Hohenlohe
875:causeways
862:Iffezheim
822:Rheinfall
704:east and
683:Stuttgart
659:Alb River
550:Diersheim
540:Fishguard
500:Neresheim
410:Quiévrain
288:Neresheim
283:Ettlingen
1777:(2012),
1502:de ligne
1455:de ligne
1436:Brigade
1408:de ligne
1142:Mannheim
1086:assignat
1030:Habsburg
992:Rottweil
984:Breisgau
945:Habsburg
921:Augsburg
871:viaducts
867:HĂĽningen
776:Mannheim
740:Habsburg
679:Mannheim
665:action.
643:Habsburg
530:Biberach
525:2nd Kehl
515:WĂĽrzburg
490:1st Kehl
485:Kircheib
470:Siegburg
450:Sardinia
445:Jemappes
415:Marquain
343:3rd Kehl
338:HĂĽningen
323:Biberach
318:2nd Kehl
308:WĂĽrzburg
273:1st Kehl
185:Strength
47:Location
27:Part of
2307:08°12′E
2304:48°51′N
2228:2276157
2155:8721194
1986:Sources
1580:in the
1415:Hussars
1274:Rastatt
1068:Swabian
1039:Bingen.
1035:Renchen
913:Prussia
909:Bavaria
812:Terrain
714:Renchen
688:In the
675:Germany
667:Rastatt
661:in the
545:Neuwied
535:Ireland
520:Limburg
480:Wetzlar
313:Limburg
278:Rastatt
268:Wetzlar
263:Maudach
203:unknown
60:Germany
52:Rastatt
2290:
2273:
2256:
2226:
2209:
2169:
2153:
2124:
2110:
2088:
2069:
2055:
2038:
2021:
2003:
1722:
1685:
1362:French
1333:Impact
1325:Battle
1282:troops
1259:Battle
1248:Speyer
1215:, and
1203:, and
1181:Landau
1177:Queich
1006:, the
1002:, the
955:, and
785:Höchst
505:Amberg
495:Malsch
420:Verdun
298:Amberg
190:20,500
67:Result
1554:Notes
1395:16th
1150:Trier
1063:Mainz
953:Trier
824:, by
772:Mainz
440:Mainz
435:Lille
430:Valmy
193:6,000
2288:ISBN
2271:ISBN
2254:ISBN
2224:OCLC
2207:ISBN
2167:ISBN
2151:OCLC
2122:ISBN
2108:ISBN
2086:OCLC
2067:ISBN
2053:ISBN
2036:OCLC
2019:ISBN
2001:ISBN
1720:ISBN
1683:ISBN
1313:and
1307:Murg
1227:and
1136:and
1112:and
1102:Sieg
1047:Main
998:and
990:and
911:and
873:and
698:Kehl
629:The
392:List
39:Date
1339:Alb
1272:at
1144:to
712:at
696:at
673:in
2338::
2282:.
2265:.
2248:.
2218:.
2201:.
2181:,
2143:,
2078:.
2047:,
2030:,
2013:.
1945:^
1909:,
1890:,
1826:,
1673:,
1661:^
1652:,
1231:.
1223:,
1187:.
1132:,
1120:.
685:.
54:,
2294:.
2128:.
2092:.
2007:.
1781:.
1701:,
394:)
390:(
377:e
370:t
363:v
235:e
228:t
221:v
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