Battle of Kehl (1796)

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to Vienna. His own front would prevent Moreau from flanking Wartensleben from the south; similarly, Wartensleben's flank would prevent Jourdan from encircling his own force from the north. Together, he and Wartensleben could resist the French onslaught. However, in the course of this withdrawal, he abandoned most of the Swabian Circle to the French occupation. At the end of July, eight thousand of Charles' men under command of Fröhlich executed a dawn attack on the Swabian camp at Biberach, disarmed the remaining three thousand Swabian troops, and impounded their weapons. The Swabian Circle successfully negotiated with the French for neutrality; during negotiations, there was considerable discussion over how the Swabians would hand over their weapons to the French, but it was moot: the weapons had already been taken by Fröhlich. As Charles withdrew further east, the neutral zone expanded, eventually encompassing most of southern German states and the

189: 178: 136: 125: 1343:. There, under command of Fürstenberg, the Swabians managed to hold the city until the 19,000 French troops turned both flanks and Fürstenberg opted for a strategic withdrawal. Ferino hurried eastward along the shore of the Rhine, to approach Charles' force from the rear and cut him off from Bavaria; Bourcier's division swung to the north, along the east side of the mountains, hoping to separate the Condé’s émigrés from the main force. Either division presented a danger of flanking the entire Coalition force, either Bourcier's on the west side of the Black Forest, or Ferino's on the east side. The Condé marched north and joined with Fürstenberg and the Swabians at Rastatt. 970: 803: 1319:

communicate with the right bank of the Rhine; and the progress of the French remaining unimpeded, they crossed the river and suddenly attacked the redoubts of Kehl." Once the French had controlled the fortifications of Strasbourg and the river islands, Moreau’s advance guard, as many as 10,000 French skirmishers, some from the 3rd and 16th Demi-brigades commanded by the 24-year-old General Abbatucci, swarmed across the Kehl bridge and fell upon the several hundred Swabian pickets guarding the crossing. Once the skirmishers had done their jobs,

978: 799:. In January 1796, Clerfayt concluded an armistice with the French, allowing the Austrians to retain large portions of the west bank. During the campaign Pichegru had entered into negotiations with French Royalists. It is debatable whether Pichegru's treason or bad generalship was the actual cause of the French failure. which lasted until 20 May 1796, when the Austrians announced that it would end on 31 May. This set the stage for continued action during the campaign months of May through October 1796. 1327:'s infantry of 27,000 infantry and 3,000 cavalry followed and secured the bridge. The Swabians were hopelessly outnumbered and could not be reinforced. Most of Charles' Army of the Rhine was stationed further north, by Mannheim, where the river was easier to cross, but too far to support the smaller force at Kehl. The only troops within relative easy distance were the Prince Condé’s émigré army at Freiburg and Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg's force in Rastatt, neither of which could reach Kehl in time. 1263: 166: 155: 111: 50: 1245:, hopefully drawing troops and attention toward themselves, which would allow Moreau’s army an easier crossing of the Rhine and Huningen and Kehl. If all went according to plan, Jourdan’s army could feint toward Mannheim, which would force Charles to reapportion his troops. Once Charles moved the mass of his army to the north, Moreau’s army, which early in the year had been stationed by 1249:, would move swiftly south to Strasbourg. From there, they could cross the river at Kehl, which was guarded by 7,000-man inexperienced and lightly trained militia—troops recruited that spring from the Swabian circle polities. In the south, by Basel, Ferino’s column was to move speedily across the river and advanced up the Rhine along the Swiss and German shoreline, toward 1310:. Once Charles committed his main army to the mid and northern Rhine, however, Moreau executed an about face, and a forced march with most his army and arrived at Strasburg before Charles realized the French had even left Speyer. To accomplish this march rapidly, Moreau left his artillery behind; infantry and cavalry move more swiftly. On 20 June, his 1009:, and several dozen ecclesiastic polities. Many of these territories were not contiguous: a village could belong predominantly to one polity, but have a farmstead, a house, or even one or two strips of land that belonged to another polity. The light cream-colored territories are so subdivided they cannot be named. 1531:, or independent corps, were used as light infantry before the official formation of light infantry in the Habsburg Army in 1798. They provided the Army's skirmishing and scouting function; Frei-Corps were usually raised from the provinces, and often acted independently. See Philip Haythornthwaite, 1526:

An autonomous corps, in the Austrian or Imperial armies, was an armed force under command of an experienced field commander. They usually included two divisions, but probably not more than three, and function with high maneuverability and independent action, hence the name "autonomous corps." Some,

1399:

The subsequent territorial losses were significant. Moreau's attack forced Charles to withdraw far enough into Bavaria to align his northern flank in a roughly perpendicular line (north to south) with Wartensleben's autonomous corps. This array protected the Danube valley and denied the French access

786:

in October and forced most of the Army of the Sambre and Meuse to retreat to the west bank of the Rhine. About the same time, Wurmser sealed off the French bridgehead at Mannheim. With Jourdan temporarily out of the picture, the Austrians defeated the left wing of the Army of Rhine and Moselle at the

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in the Swabian and Franconian Circles augmented the Habsburg force with perhaps 20,000 men at the most. The militias, most of which were Swabian field hands and day laborers drafted for service in the spring of that year, were untrained and unseasoned. As he gathered his army in March and April, it

1535:

Osprey Publishing, 2012, p. 24. Military historians usually maintain that Napoleon solidified the use of the autonomous corps, armies that could function without a great deal of direction, scatter about the countryside, but reform again quickly for battle; this was actually a development that first

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on the west. In 1796, the plain on both sides of the river, some 19 miles (31 km) wide, was dotted with villages and farms. At both far edges of the flood plain, especially on the eastern side, the old mountains created dark shadows on the horizon. Tributaries cut through the hilly terrain of

691:

that allowed passage across the river. In the 1790s, the Rhine was wild, unpredictable, and difficult to cross, in some places more than four or more times wider than it is in the twenty-first century, even under non-flood conditions. Its channels and tributaries wound through marsh and meadow and

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To avoid Ferino's flanking maneuver, Charles executed an orderly withdrawal in four columns through the Black Forest, across the Upper Danube valley, and toward Bavaria, trying to maintain consistent contact with all flanks as each column withdrew through the Black Forest and the Upper Danube. By

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Strategic losses seemed far greater. The French army's ability to cross the Rhine at will gave them an advantage. Charles could not move much of his army away from Mannheim or Karlsruhe, where the French had also formed across the river; loss of the crossings at Hüningen, near the Swiss city of

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The immediate personnel losses seemed minor: at Kehl, the French lost about 150 killed, missing or wounded. The Swabian militia lost 700, plus 14 guns and 22 ammunition wagons. Immediately, the French set about securing their defensive position by establishing a pontoon bridge between Kehl and

1081:

believed that war should pay for itself, and did not budget for the feeding of its troops. The French citizen’s army, created by mass conscription of young men and systematically divested of old men who might have tempered the rash impulses of teenagers and young adults, had already made itself

1031:

troops comprised the bulk of the army but the thin white line of Habsburg infantry could not cover the territory from Basel to Frankfurt with sufficient depth to resist the pressure of the opposition. Compared to French coverage, Charles had half the number of troops covering a 211-mile front,

863:

was "corrected" (straightened) between 1817 and 1875. Between 1927 and 1975, a canal was constructed to control the water level. In the 1790s, the river was wild and unpredictable, in some places four or more times wider than the twenty-first century incarnation of the river, even under regular

1318:

Early in the morning on 24 June, Moreau and 3,000 men embarked in small boats and landed on the islands in the river between Strasbourg and the fortress at Kehl. They dislodged the imperial pickets there who, as one commentator observed "had not the time or address to destroy the bridges which

1338:

Within a day, Moreau had four divisions across the river at Kehl and another three at Hüningen. Unceremoniously thrust out of Kehl, the Swabian contingent reformed at Renchen on the 28th, where Count Sztáray and Prince von Lotheringen managed to pull the shattered force together and unite the

1356:

Basel, and the crossing at Kehl, near the Alsatian city of Strasbourg, guaranteed the French ready-access to most of southwestern Germany. From there, Moreau's troops could fan out over the flood plain around Kehl to prevent any approach from Rastadt or Offenburg.

1022:

included the contingents and the infantry and cavalry of the various states, amounted to about 125,000 troops (including the three autonomous corps), a sizable force by eighteenth century standards but a moderate force by the standards of the Revolutionary wars.

1294:

on 19 June, prompting the French to continue withdrawal to the north, enticing Kray to follow him. The actions confirmed to Charles that Jourdan intended to cross at the mid-Rhine, and he quickly moved sufficient of his force into place to address this threat.

1253:

and spread into the southern end of the Black Forest. Ideally, this would encircle and trap Charles and his army as the left wing of Moreau's army swung behind him, and as Jourdan's force cut off his flank with Wartensleben's autonomous corps.

958:. Among the German-speaking states, the Holy Roman Empire's administrative and legal mechanisms provided a venue to resolve disputes between peasants and landlords, between jurisdictions, and within jurisdictions. Through the organization of 1088:(France's paper currency); after April 1796, although pay was made in metallic value, wages were still in arrears. Throughout that spring and early summer, the French army was in almost constant mutiny: in May 1796, in the border town of 777:

so that both French armies held significant footholds on the east bank of the Rhine. The French fumbled away the promising start to their offensive. Pichegru bungled at least one opportunity to seize Clerfayt's supply base in the

1949:, US Army Combined Arms Center, Accessed 2 October 2014. Nafziger erroneously identifies the commander of the second column as Beaupuis. Smith identifies him as Beaupuy. p. 111. Regardless, Beaupuy was part of Desaix's 1330:

A second attack, simultaneous with the crossing at Kehl, occurred at Hüningen near Basel. After crossing unopposed, Ferino advanced in a dual-prong east along the German shore of the Rhine with the 16th and 50th

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was largely guess work where they should be placed. In particular, Charles did not like to use the militias in any vital location. Consequently, in May and early June, when the French started to mass troops by

1064:

and it looked as if the bulk of the French army would cross there—they even engaged the imperial force at Altenkirchen (4 June) and Wetzler and Uckerath (15 June)—Charles felt few qualms placing the 7000-man

1314:

assaulted the forward posts between Strasbourg and the river, overwhelming the pickets there; the militia withdrew to Kehl, leaving behind their cannons, which solved part of Moreau's artillery problem.

1298:

Responding to the French feint, Charles committed most of his forces on the middle and northern Rhine, leaving only the Swabian militia at the Kehl-Strasbourg crossing, and a minor force commanded by

1286:

on the Lahn, Lefebvre ran into Charles' concentration of 36,000 Austrians on 15 June. Casualties were light on both sides, but Jourdan pulled back to Niewied while Kléber retreated toward Düsseldorf.

1174:, under Jean Victor Moreau's command, was positioned east of the Rhine from Hüningen (on the border with the French provinces, Switzerland, and the German states) northward, with its center along the 864:

conditions. Its channels wound through marsh and meadow, and created islands of trees and vegetation that were periodically submerged by floods. It was crossable at Kehl, by Strasbourg, and

1048:

made an attack most likely, as it offered a gateway into eastern German states and ultimately to Vienna, with good bridges crossing a relatively well-defined river bank. To the north,

1266:

Drawing of Vauban's plan for Strasbourg/Kehl fortifications, circa 1720. Note the multiple channels of the Rhine and its tributaries, and the double star points of the fortifications.

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drove them out. Even though the French still held the crossing between Kehl and Strasbourg, Petrasch's Austrians controlled the territory leading to the crossing. After battles at

1082:

unwelcome throughout France. It was an army entirely dependent for support upon the countryside it occupied for provisions and wages. Until 1796, wages were paid in the worthless

723:, and at Kehl, would give them ready access to most of southwestern Germany; from there, French armies could sweep north, south, or east, depending on their military goal. 248: 1306:. In addition, a small force of about 5,000 French royalists under the command of the Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé, supposedly covering the Rhine from Switzerland to 1027:, Duke of Teschen and brother of the Holy Roman Emperor, served as commander-in-chief. In total, Charles’ troops stretched in a line from Switzerland to the North Sea. 950:

Prussia also included territories outside the Empire. There were also territories completely surrounded by France that belonged to Württemberg, the Archbishopric of

902:, the little states that covered no more than a few square miles, or included several non-contiguous pieces, to the small and complex territories of the princely 1270:

Everything went according to the French plan, at least for the first six weeks. On 4 June 1796, 11,000 soldiers of the Army of the Sambre-et-Meuse, commanded by

1095:

The French faced a formidable obstacle in addition to the Rhine. The Coalition's Army of the Lower Rhine counted 90,000 troops. The 20,000-man right wing under

572: 1233:

The French plan called for its two armies to press against the flanks of the Coalition's northern armies in the German states while simultaneously a third army

390: 602: 1772:. Vol. LII, Studies Presented to International Commission for the History of Representative and Parliamentary Institutions. Bruxelles, 1975. Mack Walker. 1465: 1324: 1077:

An assault into the German states was essential, as far as French commanders understood, not only in terms of war aims, but also in practical terms: the

1096: 2430: 1234: 607: 597: 1092:, the 74th Demi-brigade revolted. In June, the 17th Demi-brigade was insubordinate (frequently) and in the 84th Demi-brigade, two companies rebelled. 966:, groups of states consolidated resources and promoted regional and organizational interests, including economic cooperation and military protection. 2435: 2327: 406: 2460: 2440: 241: 835:, it moved in torrents. A few miles north and east of Basel, the terrain flattens. The Rhine makes a wide, northerly turn, in what is called the 1041: 193: 1151:

and to use their position on the Rhine's west bank to strike at each of the French armies in turn. However, after news arrived in Vienna of

715:. Critical to success of the French plan would be the army's ability to cross the Rhine at will. Consequently, control of the crossings at 2313:

Vol. LII, Studies Presented to International Commission for the History of Representative and Parliamentary Institutions. Bruxelles, 1975.

1653:

Warfare in the Age of Napoleon: The Revolutionary Wars Against the First Coalition in Northern Europe and the Italian Campaign, 1789–1797.

2140:

Warfare in the Age of Napoleon: The Revolutionary Wars Against the First Coalition in Northern Europe and the Italian Campaign, 1789–1797

234: 1335:, the 68th and 50th and 68th line infantry, and six squadrons of cavalry that included the 3rd and 7th Hussars and the 10th Dragoons. 856:

the Black Forest, creating deep defiles in the mountains. The tributaries then wind in rivulets through the flood plain to the river.

383: 757:

confronted Clerfayt's Army of the Lower Rhine in the north, while the French Army of Rhine and Moselle under Pichegru lay opposite

479: 1162:

On the French side, the 80,000-man Army of Sambre-et-Meuse held the west bank of the Rhine down to the Nahe and then southwest to

893: 582: 2455: 2382: 2261: 2216: 2147: 1701: 376: 2254:

The Armies of the First French Republic: Volume II The Armées du Moselle, du Rhin, de Sambre-et-Meuse, de Rhin-et-Moselle.

2223: 1942: 1632:

The Armies of the First French Republic: Volume II The Armées du Moselle, du Rhin, de Sambre-et-Meuse, de Rhin-et-Moselle,

352: 1681:

The Armies of the First French Republic: Volume II The Armées du Moselle, du Rhin, de Sambre-et-Meuse, de Rhin-et-Moselle

859:

The Rhine River itself looked different in the 1790s than it does in the twenty-first century; the passage from Basel to

549: 2391: 2113: 1435:(24 October), Moreau withdrew his troops south to Hüningen. Once safe on French soil, the French refused to part with 1440: 1207: 1123:, who initially commanded the whole operation, led the 80,000-strong Army of the Upper Rhine. Its right wing occupied 692:

created islands of trees and vegetation that were alternately submerged by floods or exposed during the dry seasons.

2445: 2365: 2301: 2166: 1972: 1664: 1024: 675:

Although separated politically and geographically, the fates of Kehl, a village on the eastern shore of the Rhine in

632: 182: 1187: 696: 2170: 1407:

The situation reversed when Charles and Wartensleben's forces reunited to defeat Jourdan's army at the battles of

1136: 994: 24: 2348: 2202: 2161: 2095: 1461: 1320: 20: 1171: 792: 704: 699:

in the seventeenth century. The crossings had been contested before: in 1678 during the French-Dutch war, in

627: 612: 474: 464: 357: 317: 424: 1424: 1227: 1120: 758: 712: 539: 332: 1299: 1548:, and became widely used in the European military as the size of armies grew in the 1790s and during the 1436: 1377: 1199: 884:

The German-speaking states on the east bank of the Rhine were part of the vast complex of territories in

687:, on the western shore, were united by the presence of bridges and a series of gates, fortifications and 469: 1271: 1215: 2450: 1545: 1203: 665: 564: 439: 400: 41: 783: 1195: 732: 544: 337: 1283: 1223: 1112: 1049: 973:

The plethora of states of the Holy Roman Empire was especially dense on the east bank of the Rhine.

796: 779: 559: 534: 494: 327: 292: 282: 159: 1290:, commanding 30,000 Austrian troops, rushed into battle with Kléber's 24,000 at Uckerath, east of 832: 524: 434: 1753:

Germany and the Holy Roman Empire: Volume I: Maximilian I to the Peace of Westphalia, 1493–1648

1167: 1132: 1006: 935: 2358:

Germany and the Holy Roman Empire: Volume I: Maximilian I to the Peace of Westphalia, 1493–1648

2135: 1648: 1275: 816: 653: 622: 617: 489: 272: 258: 170: 2235: 1893: 1376:. The fourth Austrian column, the smallest (three battalions and four squadrons) commanded by 1352:

Strasbourg, which allowed Moreau to send his cavalry and captured artillery across the river.

2279: 1785: 1756: 1537: 1428: 1238: 931: 754: 746: 649: 454: 449: 419: 342: 116: 2267: 1871: 1569:, or light infantry, to provide skirmishing cover for the troops that followed, principally 1412: 1159:

gave Archduke Charles command over both Austrian armies and ordered him to hold his ground.

529: 322: 2250: 1925:

Ausgewählte Schriften weiland seiner Kaiserlichen Hoheit des Erzherzogs Carl von Österreich

1859:

Ausgewählte Schriften weiland seiner Kaiserlichen Hoheit des Erzherzogs Carl von Österreich

1676: 1627: 1432: 1307: 708: 700: 347: 307: 82: 1339:

disorganized Swabians with their own 2,000 troops. On 5 July, the two armies met again at

1155:'s successes in northern Italy, Wurmser was sent to Italy with 25,000 reinforcements; the 587: 8: 695:

The fortifications at Kehl and Strasbourg had been constructed by the fortress architect

592: 554: 514: 509: 302: 297: 969: 1725:

Helmut Volk. "Landschaftsgeschichte und Natürlichkeit der Baumarten in der Rheinaue."

1152: 927: 926:; ecclesiastical territories, also of varying sizes and influence, such as the wealthy 915: 911: 907: 831:

cuts through steep hillsides over a gravel bed; in such places as the former rapids at

499: 484: 459: 429: 1953:, and part of the crossing at Kehl, not Hüningen. Smith, p. 113 and Graham, pp. 18–22. 1692:

Laufenburg now has dams and barrages to control the flow of water. Thomas P. Knepper.

2378: 2361: 2344: 2314: 2297: 2257: 2241: 2212: 2198: 2176: 2157: 2143: 2126: 2109: 2091: 1697: 1660: 1541: 1493:

Infantry Regiments: Württemberg, Baden-Durlach, Fugger, Wolfegg (two battalions each)

1416: 1401: 1219: 943: 889: 750: 738: 277: 129: 782:. With Pichegru unexpectedly inactive, Clerfayt massed against Jourdan, beat him at 368: 2306: 1408: 1078: 959: 852: 519: 312: 1683:

Pickle Partners Publishing, 2011 reprint (original publication 1923–1933), p. 278.

1128: 2370: 2231: 2101: 1946: 1889: 1549: 1279: 1037: 1019: 977: 955: 788: 444: 2211:

Handbook for Environmental Chemistry Series, Part L. New York: Springer, 2006,

2088:

The Army of the French Revolution: From Citizen-Soldiers to Instrument of Power.

1833:

The Army of the French Revolution: From Citizen-Soldiers to Instrument of Power,

1696:

Handbook for Environmental Chemistry Series, Part L. New York: Springer, 2006,

791:

and moved down the west bank. In November, Clerfayt gave Pichegru a drubbing at

2353: 1937: 1420: 1250: 1211: 1124: 1108: 1066: 1056: 1002: 923: 898: 885: 661: 140: 1183: 1089: 906:

family branches, to such sizable, well-defined territories as the Kingdoms of

815:

The Rhine River flows west along the border between the German states and the

753:. At the start of the campaign the French Army of the Sambre and Meuse led by 2424: 2406: 2393: 2118: 1156: 1044:, between Karlsruhe and Darmstadt, where the confluence of the Rhine and the 688: 676: 1381: 1242: 1104: 914:. The governance of these many states varied: they included the autonomous 762: 2311:

The Swabian Kreis: Institutional Growth in the Holy Roman Empire 1648–1715.

1332: 1191: 1163: 1116: 1045: 998: 981:

In particular, the states involved in late 1796 included, for example, the

947: 848: 824: 766: 2180: 2130: 1770:

The Swabian Kreis: Institutional Growth in the Holy Roman Empire 1648–1715

737:

The Rhine Campaign of 1795 (April 1795 to January 1796) opened when two

2336: 2289: 2083: 1801: 1740:

Hansard's Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 1803, Official Report.

1597: 1365: 1144: 844: 577: 226: 2328:"Landschaftsgeschichte und Natürlichkeit der Baumarten in der Rheinaue." 2318: 2245: 1364:. The third column, which included the Condé’s Corps, retreated through 1287: 1052:’s autonomous corps stretched in a thin line between Mainz and Giessen. 865: 716: 1373: 1360:

mid-July, the column to which the Swabians were attached encamped near

1100: 836: 828: 684: 672:

and subsequently controlled the bridgehead on both sides of the Rhine.

2123:

The History of the War from the Commencement of the French Revolution,

1909:

The History of the War from the Commencement of the French Revolution,

1419:. On 18 September, an Austrian division under Feldmarschall-Leutnant 1385: 1361: 1040:

Furthermore, he had concentrated the bulk of his force, commanded by

993:(free cities), the territories belonging to the princely families of 986: 939: 903: 873: 860: 820: 1206:. Ferino's wing included three infantry and cavalry divisions under 761:'s army in the south. In August, Jourdan crossed and quickly seized 2341:

German Home Towns: Community, State, and General Estate, 1648–1871.

1389: 1369: 1311: 1170:

had 22,000 troops entrenched at Düsseldorf. The right wing of the

1140: 1084: 1028: 990: 982: 919: 869: 774: 1774:

German Home Towns: Community, State, and General Estate, 1648–1871

1262: 1115:

included 10,000 more. The remainder held the west bank behind the

55:

Taking one of the redoubts of Kehl by throwing rocks, 24 June 1796

2061:

Graham, p. 126, Philippart, p. 100, and Smith, pp. 125, 131–133.

1393: 1340: 1303: 1033: 49: 1055:

In spring 1796, drafts from the free imperial cities, and other

892:. The considerable number of territories in the Empire included 2190:, Official Report. Vol. 1. London: HMSO, 1803, pp. 249–252 1634:

US, Pickle Partners Publishing, 2011 (1923–1933), p. 212.

1496:

Hohenzollern Royal and Imperial (KürK) Cavalry (four squadrons)

1476:

31st, 56th and 89th Demi-brigade (line) (three battalions each)

1246: 1198:

directed the left wing and included two divisions commanded by

1179: 1175: 680: 2273: 1877: 802: 1380:, retreated the length of the Bodensee’s northern shore, via 1148: 1061: 951: 770: 743:

François Sébastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Count of Clerfayt

720: 657: 1655:

Leonaur Ltd, 2011. pp. 286–287. See also Timothy Blanning,

1291: 918:, also of different sizes and influence, from the powerful 669: 78: 2282:. "The Habsburg Army in the Napoleonic Wars (1792–1815)." 1788:, "The Habsburg Army in the Napoleonic Wars (1792–1815)." 2172:

The History of the Campaign of 1796 in Germany and Italy.

1977:

The History of the Campaign of 1796 in Germany and Italy.

765:. The Army of the Sambre and Meuse advanced south to the 2228:. US Army Combined Arms Center. Accessed 2 October 2014. 2076: 668:, the French drove the Swabians from their positions in 2225:

French Troops Destined to Cross the Rhine, 24 June 1796

2188:

Hansard's Parliamentary Debates, House of Commons, 1803

1939:

French Troops Destined to Cross the Rhine, 24 June 1796

1443:, leading to over 100 days of siege at both locations. 1927:, Vienna: Braumüller, 1893–94, v. 2, pp. 72, 153–154. 1808:

Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole, 1999. pp. 111–114.

1861:, Vienna: Braumüller, 1893–94, v. 2, pp. 72, 153–154. 660:

River against a defending force of soldiers from the

398: 2195:

Austrian Army of the Napoleonic Wars (1): Infantry.

1565:The French Army designated two kinds of infantry: 1533:

Austrian Army of the Napoleonic Wars (1): Infantry.

1423:stormed the Rhine bridgehead at Kehl, but a French 1218:. Desaix's command included three divisions led by 1573:, which fought in tight formations. Smith, p. 15. 1257: 806:The Rhine River prevented easy escape into France. 2375:German Armies: War and German Politics 1648–1806. 2422: 2037:German Armies: War and German Politics 1648–1806 1147:. The original Austrian strategy was to capture 1097:Duke Ferdinand Frederick Augustus of Württemberg 938:. When viewed on a map, the Empire resembled a " 749:armies to cross the Rhine River and capture the 1099:stood on the east bank of the Rhine behind the 1835:Princeton University Press, 1988, pp. 283–290. 896:. Their size and influence varied, from the 773:. Pichegru's army made a surprise capture of 384: 242: 1996: 1994: 1898:, London, A.J. Valpy, 1814, pp. 43–44. 1274:, pushed back a 6,500-man Austrian force at 819:. The 80-mile (130 km) stretch between 1818: 1816: 1814: 1190:commanded Moreau's right wing at Hüningen, 1127:on the west bank while the left wing under 2360:. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2012. 2276:, Feb 2009 version, accessed 1 March 2015. 2039:. London: UCL Press, 1997, 324. Charles, 1880:, Feb 2009 version, accessed 1 March 2015. 1644: 1642: 1640: 1614: 1612: 1610: 1593: 1591: 1589: 1103:River, observing the French bridgehead at 879: 391: 377: 256: 249: 235: 48: 2431:Battles of the War of the First Coalition 2108:New York, Oxford University Press, 1996. 1991: 1659:New York: Oxford University Press, 1996, 1473:11th Demi-brigade (light) (1st battalion) 2436:Battles of the French Revolutionary Wars 2343:Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1998. 2256:USA, Pickle Partners Publishing, 2011 . 1831:Jean Paul Bertaud, R.R. Palmer (trans). 1811: 1742:Vol. 1. London: HMSO, 1803, pp. 249–252. 1556:New York, Random House, 2011, Chapter 6. 1470:3rd Demi-brigade (light) (2nd battalion) 1261: 976: 968: 839:, and enters the so-called Rhine ditch ( 801: 107: 16:Battle in the war of the first coalition 2441:Battles involving the Holy Roman Empire 1637: 1607: 1586: 1456:Adjutant General Abbatucci commanding: 1182:and its left wing extended west toward 2423: 1745: 1508: 656:mounted an amphibious crossing of the 2461:Military history of Baden-Württemberg 2077:Alphabetical listing of sources cited 1499:Württemberg Dragoons (four squadrons) 1482: 372: 230: 2154:The Napoleonic Wars 1803–1815, 2013:, pp. 153–154 and Graham, pp. 18–22. 1768:See, for example, James Allen Vann, 1727:Waldschutzgebiete Baden-Württemberg 1554:The Napoleonic Wars 1803–1815, 741:armies under the overall command of 2331:Waldschutzgebiete Baden-Württemberg 1446: 13: 2090:Princeton University Press, 1988. 1792:, 37:1 (Feb 1973), 1–5, 1–2 cited. 14: 2472: 2197:Oxford, Osprey Publishing, 2012. 1973:Thomas Graham, 1st Baron Lynedoch 1870:Smith, pp. 114–115; J. Rickard, 1069:militia at the crossing by Kehl. 2269:Combat of Uckerath, 19 June 1796 1873:Combat of Uckerath, 19 June 1796 1604:London, Greenhill, 1998, p. 125. 1278:. On 6 June, the French placed 795:and successfully wrapped up the 187: 176: 164: 153: 134: 123: 109: 2237:Memoires etc. of General Moreau 2125:London, T. Kinnersley, 1816. 2064: 2055: 2046: 2029: 2016: 2003: 1982: 1965: 1956: 1930: 1914: 1901: 1895:Memoires etc. of General Moreau 1883: 1864: 1847: 1838: 1825: 1795: 1779: 1762: 1559: 1520: 1487:The Swabian Circle Contingent: 1258:Feint and a dual-pronged attack 1208:François Antoine Louis Bourcier 1072: 221:700 killed, wounded and missing 218:150 killed, wounded and missing 25:Battle of Kehl (disambiguation) 2167:Graham, Thomas, Baron Lynedoch 2156:New York, Random House, 2011. 2106:The French Revolutionary Wars. 1923:Charles, Archduke of Austria. 1857:Charles, Archduke of Austria. 1732: 1716: 1707: 1686: 1670: 1657:The French Revolutionary Wars, 1621: 1502:two field artillery battalions 1321:Charles Mathieu Isidore Decaen 1241:'s army would push south from 1188:Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino 1013: 934:; and dynastic states such as 697:Sébastien le Préstre de Vauban 21:Siege of Kehl (disambiguation) 1: 2456:1796 in the Holy Roman Empire 2294:The Napoleonic Wars Data Book 1237:through Italy. Specifically, 1172:Army of the Rhine and Moselle 1166:. On this army's left flank, 1137:Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé 868:, by Basel, where systems of 726: 705:War of the Spanish Succession 652:force under the direction of 628:Italian campaign of 1796-1797 2333:, Band 10, pp. 159–167. 2240:, London, A.J. Valpy, 1814. 1911:T. Kinnersley, 1816, p. 186. 1580: 1346: 1228:Charles Antoine Xaintrailles 1121:Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser 759:Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser 713:War of the Polish Succession 7: 2296:. London, Greenhill, 1998. 1392:, and the Austrian city of 1378:Ludwig Wolff de la Marselle 1200:Guillaume Philibert Duhesme 745:defeated an attempt by two 10: 2477: 1806:Napoleonic Wars Data Book. 1602:Napoleonic Wars Data Book, 1546:American Revolutionary War 1210:, and general of division 1204:Alexandre Camille Taponier 810: 730: 666:War of the First Coalition 402:War of the First Coalition 42:War of the First Coalition 18: 2377:London, UCL Press, 1997. 2193:Haythornthwaite, Philip. 2186:Hansard, Thomas C (ed.). 1971:Charles, pp. 153–154 and 1962:Smith, pp. 116–117. 1945:23 September 2015 at the 1542:Thirteen British Colonies 1451: 1300:Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg 1282:fortress under siege. At 1196:Laurent Gouvion Saint-Cyr 1194:commanded the center and 733:French Revolutionary Wars 719:, near the Swiss city of 608:Rhine campaign of 1793–94 415: 268: 212: 199: 146: 101: 61: 47: 39: 34: 2446:Battles involving France 1853:Dodge, p.290. See also 1513: 1224:Antoine Guillaume Delmas 1216:Henri François Delaborde 1113:Ehrenbreitstein Fortress 1050:Wilhelm von Wartensleben 932:Archbishopric of Cologne 894:more than 1,000 entities 780:Battle of Handschuhsheim 664:. In this action of the 2286:, 37:1 (Feb 1973), 1–5. 2136:Dodge, Theodore Ayrault 1738:Thomas C Hansard (ed.). 1729:, Band 10, pp. 159–167. 1139:guarded the Rhine from 880:Political complications 769:, completely isolating 2142:, USA, Leonaur, 2011. 1649:Theodore Ayrault Dodge 1267: 1010: 974: 876:made access reliable. 807: 654:Jean Charles Abbatucci 623:Rhine campaign of 1796 618:Rhine campaign of 1795 583:Mediterranean campaign 260:Rhine campaign of 1796 147:Commanders and leaders 2280:Rothenberg, Gunther E 2251:Phipps, Ramsay Weston 2082:Bertaud, Jean Paul, 2035:Peter Hamish Wilson, 1786:Gunther E. Rothenberg 1571:d’infanterie de ligne 1538:French and Indian War 1536:emerged first in the 1325:Joseph de Montrichard 1265: 1239:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan 980: 972: 805: 755:Jean-Baptiste Jourdan 648:(23–24 June 1796), a 213:Casualties and losses 2371:Wilson, Peter Hamish 1979:London, 1797, 18–22. 1677:Ramsay Weston Phipps 1628:Ramsay Weston Phipps 1552:. See David Gates, 1460:Generals of Brigade 1308:Freiburg im Breisgau 1168:Jean Baptiste Kléber 1133:Michael von Fröhlich 1042:Count Baillet Latour 1007:Duchy of Württemberg 916:free imperial cities 19:For other uses, see 2403: / 2207:Knepper, Thomas P. 2070:Philippart, p. 127. 1567:d'infanterie légère 1509:Notes and citations 1107:. The garrisons of 679:, and those of the 603:East Indies Theatre 593:War of the Pyrenees 318:Friedberg (Bavaria) 2222:Nafziger, George. 2052:Graham, pp. 84–88. 1713:Knepper, pp. 19–20 1483:Habsburg/Coalition 1372:, and, eventually 1268: 1153:Napoleon Bonaparte 1018:The armies of the 1011: 975: 928:Abbey of Reichenau 808: 57:, Frédéric Regamey 2451:Conflicts in 1796 2383:978-1-85728-106-4 2307:Vann, James Allen 2262:978-1-908692-25-2 2217:978-3-540-29393-4 2148:978-0-85706-598-8 2102:Blanning, Timothy 1936:George Nafziger, 1702:978-3-540-29393-4 1544:and later in the 1431:(19 October) and 1402:Ernestine duchies 1272:François Lefebvre 1235:approached Vienna 1220:Michel de Beaupuy 930:and the powerful 922:to the minuscule 890:Holy Roman Empire 797:siege of Mannheim 751:Fortress of Mainz 747:Republican French 739:Habsburg Austrian 650:Republican French 641: 640: 633:Anglo-Spanish War 613:Atlantic campaign 598:Italian campaigns 588:War in the Vendée 573:Flanders campaign 366: 365: 225: 224: 97: 96: 2468: 2418: 2417: 2415: 2414: 2413: 2408: 2407:48.567°N 7.817°E 2404: 2401: 2400: 2399: 2396: 2325: 2284:Military Affairs 2232:Philippart, John 2071: 2068: 2062: 2059: 2053: 2050: 2044: 2033: 2027: 2020: 2014: 2007: 2001: 1998: 1989: 1986: 1980: 1969: 1963: 1960: 1954: 1934: 1928: 1922: 1918: 1912: 1905: 1899: 1887: 1881: 1868: 1862: 1856: 1851: 1845: 1842: 1836: 1829: 1823: 1820: 1809: 1799: 1793: 1790:Military Affairs 1783: 1777: 1766: 1760: 1751:Joachim Whaley, 1749: 1743: 1736: 1730: 1724: 1720: 1714: 1711: 1705: 1690: 1684: 1674: 1668: 1646: 1635: 1625: 1619: 1616: 1605: 1595: 1574: 1563: 1557: 1524: 1447:Orders of battle 1417:2nd Altenkirchen 1079:French Directory 1057:imperial estates 1036:, near Basel to 1032:stretching from 1025:Archduke Charles 960:imperial circles 940:patchwork carpet 853:Vosges Mountains 851:on the east and 847:bordered by the 410: 403: 393: 386: 379: 370: 369: 263: 261: 251: 244: 237: 228: 227: 192: 191: 190: 183:Archduke Charles 181: 180: 179: 169: 168: 167: 158: 157: 156: 139: 138: 137: 128: 127: 126: 119: 115: 113: 112: 63: 62: 52: 32: 31: 2476: 2475: 2471: 2470: 2469: 2467: 2466: 2465: 2421: 2420: 2411: 2409: 2405: 2402: 2397: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2389: 2354:Whaley, Joachim 2323: 2079: 2074: 2069: 2065: 2060: 2056: 2051: 2047: 2034: 2030: 2021: 2017: 2008: 2004: 2000:Clarke, p. 186. 1999: 1992: 1987: 1983: 1970: 1966: 1961: 1957: 1947:Wayback Machine 1935: 1931: 1920: 1919: 1915: 1907:Hewson Clarke, 1906: 1902: 1890:John Philippart 1888: 1884: 1869: 1865: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1843: 1839: 1830: 1826: 1822:Smith, p. 114. 1821: 1812: 1800: 1796: 1784: 1780: 1776:. Ithaca, 1998. 1767: 1763: 1750: 1746: 1737: 1733: 1722: 1721: 1717: 1712: 1708: 1691: 1687: 1675: 1671: 1647: 1638: 1626: 1622: 1617: 1608: 1596: 1587: 1583: 1578: 1577: 1564: 1560: 1550:Napoleonic Wars 1525: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1485: 1454: 1449: 1349: 1280:Ehrenbreitstein 1260: 1075: 1020:First Coalition 1016: 956:Hesse-Darmstadt 882: 827:and Basel, the 813: 789:Battle of Mainz 735: 729: 642: 637: 569: 411: 401: 399: 397: 367: 362: 264: 259: 257: 255: 194:Maximilian Karl 188: 186: 185: 177: 175: 165: 163: 162: 154: 152: 135: 133: 132: 124: 122: 110: 108: 85: 69:23–24 June 1796 53: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2474: 2464: 2463: 2458: 2453: 2448: 2443: 2438: 2433: 2387: 2386: 2368: 2351: 2334: 2326:Volk, Helmut. 2321: 2304: 2287: 2277: 2274:History of War 2264: 2248: 2229: 2220: 2205: 2191: 2184: 2175:London, 1797. 2164: 2152:Gates, David, 2150: 2133: 2119:Clarke, Hewson 2116: 2114:978-0340569115 2099: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2072: 2063: 2054: 2045: 2028: 2026:, pp. 153–154. 2015: 2002: 1990: 1988:Smith, p. 115. 1981: 1964: 1955: 1929: 1913: 1900: 1882: 1878:History of War 1863: 1846: 1844:Smith, p. 111. 1837: 1824: 1810: 1794: 1778: 1761: 1757:pp. 17–20 1744: 1731: 1715: 1706: 1685: 1669: 1636: 1620: 1606: 1584: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1575: 1558: 1518: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1506: 1505: 1504: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1479: 1478: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1348: 1345: 1259: 1256: 1251:Lake Constance 1212:Augustin Tuncq 1125:Kaiserslautern 1109:Mainz Fortress 1074: 1071: 1015: 1012: 1003:Duchy of Baden 962:, also called 924:Weil der Stadt 899:Kleinstaaterei 886:central Europe 881: 878: 812: 809: 728: 725: 662:Swabian Circle 646:Battle of Kehl 639: 638: 636: 635: 630: 625: 620: 615: 610: 605: 600: 595: 590: 585: 580: 575: 568: 567: 562: 557: 552: 547: 542: 537: 532: 527: 522: 517: 512: 507: 502: 497: 492: 487: 482: 477: 472: 467: 462: 457: 452: 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 416: 413: 412: 396: 395: 388: 381: 373: 364: 363: 361: 360: 355: 350: 345: 340: 335: 330: 325: 320: 315: 310: 305: 300: 295: 290: 285: 280: 275: 269: 266: 265: 254: 253: 246: 239: 231: 223: 222: 219: 215: 214: 210: 209: 206: 202: 201: 197: 196: 173: 171:Jean Abbatucci 149: 148: 144: 143: 120: 104: 103: 99: 98: 95: 94: 93:French victory 91: 87: 86: 77: 75: 71: 70: 67: 59: 58: 45: 44: 37: 36: 35:Battle of Kehl 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2473: 2462: 2459: 2457: 2454: 2452: 2449: 2447: 2444: 2442: 2439: 2437: 2434: 2432: 2429: 2428: 2426: 2419: 2416: 2412:48.567; 7.817 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2369: 2367: 2366:9780198731016 2363: 2359: 2355: 2352: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2329: 2322: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2305: 2303: 2302:1-85367-276-9 2299: 2295: 2291: 2288: 2285: 2281: 2278: 2275: 2271: 2270: 2265: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2238: 2233: 2230: 2227: 2226: 2221: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2189: 2185: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2173: 2168: 2165: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2134: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2117: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2080: 2067: 2058: 2049: 2042: 2038: 2032: 2025: 2019: 2012: 2006: 1997: 1995: 1985: 1978: 1974: 1968: 1959: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1941: 1940: 1933: 1926: 1917: 1910: 1904: 1897: 1896: 1891: 1886: 1879: 1875: 1874: 1867: 1860: 1850: 1841: 1834: 1828: 1819: 1817: 1815: 1807: 1803: 1798: 1791: 1787: 1782: 1775: 1771: 1765: 1758: 1754: 1748: 1741: 1735: 1728: 1719: 1710: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1689: 1682: 1678: 1673: 1666: 1665:0-340-56911-5 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1645: 1643: 1641: 1633: 1629: 1624: 1618:Smith, p. 115 1615: 1613: 1611: 1603: 1599: 1594: 1592: 1590: 1585: 1572: 1568: 1562: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1534: 1530: 1523: 1519: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1491: 1490: 1489: 1488: 1475: 1472: 1469: 1468: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1458: 1457: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1425:counterattack 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1405: 1403: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1357: 1353: 1344: 1342: 1336: 1334: 1333:demi-brigades 1328: 1326: 1322: 1316: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1296: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1264: 1255: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1160: 1158: 1157:Aulic Council 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1129:Anton Sztáray 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1093: 1091: 1087: 1086: 1080: 1070: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1030: 1026: 1021: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 979: 971: 967: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 900: 895: 891: 887: 877: 875: 871: 867: 862: 857: 854: 850: 846: 843:), part of a 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 817:Swiss Cantons 804: 800: 798: 794: 790: 785: 781: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 734: 724: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 693: 690: 686: 682: 678: 677:Baden-Durlach 673: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 634: 631: 629: 626: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 570: 566: 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 523: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 417: 414: 408: 404: 394: 389: 387: 382: 380: 375: 374: 371: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 344: 341: 339: 336: 334: 331: 329: 326: 324: 321: 319: 316: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 270: 267: 262: 252: 247: 245: 240: 238: 233: 232: 229: 220: 217: 216: 211: 207: 204: 203: 198: 195: 184: 174: 172: 161: 151: 150: 145: 142: 131: 121: 118: 106: 105: 100: 92: 89: 88: 84: 80: 76: 73: 72: 68: 65: 64: 60: 56: 51: 46: 43: 38: 33: 30: 26: 22: 2388: 2374: 2357: 2340: 2337:Walker, Mack 2330: 2310: 2293: 2290:Smith, Digby 2283: 2268: 2266:Rickard, J. 2253: 2236: 2224: 2208: 2194: 2187: 2171: 2153: 2139: 2122: 2105: 2087: 2066: 2057: 2048: 2040: 2036: 2031: 2023: 2018: 2010: 2005: 1984: 1976: 1967: 1958: 1950: 1938: 1932: 1924: 1916: 1908: 1903: 1894: 1885: 1872: 1866: 1858: 1849: 1840: 1832: 1827: 1805: 1797: 1789: 1781: 1773: 1769: 1764: 1752: 1747: 1739: 1734: 1726: 1718: 1709: 1693: 1688: 1680: 1672: 1667:, pp. 41–59. 1656: 1652: 1631: 1623: 1601: 1570: 1566: 1561: 1553: 1532: 1528: 1522: 1486: 1455: 1406: 1398: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1337: 1329: 1317: 1297: 1276:Altenkirchen 1269: 1232: 1192:Louis Desaix 1164:Sankt Wendel 1161: 1094: 1083: 1076: 1073:French plans 1054: 1017: 999:Hohenzollern 985:(Habsburg), 964:Reichskreise 963: 948:Hohenzollern 946:domains and 942:". Both the 897: 883: 858: 849:Black Forest 840: 825:Schaffhausen 814: 793:Pfeddersheim 736: 694: 689:barrage dams 674: 645: 643: 525:Newfoundland 504: 490:Altenkirchen 287: 273:Altenkirchen 102:Belligerents 54: 40:Part of the 29: 2410: / 2324:(in German) 2084:R.R. Palmer 2043:pp. 153–54. 1921:(in German) 1855:(in German) 1802:Digby Smith 1723:(in German) 1704:, pp. 5–19. 1598:Digby Smith 1527:called the 1466:Montrichard 1429:Emmendingen 1184:Saarbrücken 1178:River near 1145:Switzerland 1090:Zweibrücken 1014:Disposition 995:Fürstenberg 936:Württemberg 888:called the 845:rift valley 841:Rheingraben 711:during the 703:during the 644:During the 578:Chouannerie 343:Emmendingen 160:Jean Moreau 2425:Categories 2349:0801406706 2209:The Rhine. 2203:1782007024 2162:1446448762 2096:0691055378 2041:Schriften, 1694:The Rhine. 1529:Frei-Corps 1433:Schliengen 1382:Überlingen 1374:Ravensburg 1243:Düsseldorf 1117:Nahe River 1105:Düsseldorf 837:Rhine knee 833:Laufenburg 829:High Rhine 767:Main River 763:Düsseldorf 731:See also: 727:Background 685:Strasbourg 480:Den Helder 475:Guadeloupe 470:Martinique 440:Thionville 420:Porrentruy 348:Schliengen 308:Theiningen 2181:277280926 2131:656982611 2086:(trans). 2024:Schriften 2022:Charles, 2011:Schriften 2009:Charles, 1581:Citations 1386:Meersburg 1362:Stuttgart 1347:Aftermath 987:Offenburg 904:Hohenlohe 874:causeways 861:Iffezheim 821:Rheinfall 565:Diersheim 555:Fishguard 515:Neresheim 425:Quiévrain 303:Neresheim 298:Ettlingen 1943:Archived 1755:(2012), 1441:Hüningen 1421:Petrasch 1413:Würzburg 1390:Buchhorn 1370:Stockach 1288:Pál Kray 1141:Mannheim 1085:assignat 1029:Habsburg 991:Rottweil 983:Breisgau 944:Habsburg 920:Augsburg 870:viaducts 866:Hüningen 775:Mannheim 717:Hüningen 683:city of 681:Alsatian 545:Biberach 540:2nd Kehl 530:Würzburg 505:1st Kehl 500:Kircheib 485:Siegburg 465:Sardinia 460:Jemappes 430:Marquain 358:3rd Kehl 353:Hüningen 338:Biberach 333:2nd Kehl 323:Würzburg 288:1st Kehl 200:Strength 74:Location 2395:48°34′N 2319:2276157 2246:8721194 1540:in the 1394:Bregenz 1366:Waldsee 1341:Rastatt 1323:'s and 1304:Rastatt 1284:Wetzlar 1067:Swabian 1038:Bingen. 1034:Renchen 912:Prussia 908:Bavaria 811:Terrain 707:and in 560:Neuwied 550:Ireland 535:Limburg 495:Wetzlar 328:Limburg 293:Rastatt 283:Wetzlar 278:Maudach 130:Austria 2398:7°49′E 2381: 2364: 2347: 2317: 2300: 2260: 2244: 2215: 2201: 2179: 2160: 2146: 2129: 2112: 2094: 1951:Center 1700: 1663: 1462:Decaen 1452:French 1409:Amberg 1312:troops 1247:Speyer 1214:, and 1202:, and 1180:Landau 1176:Queich 1005:, the 1001:, the 954:, and 784:Höchst 520:Amberg 510:Malsch 435:Verdun 313:Amberg 205:10,065 141:Swabia 117:France 114: 90:Result 1514:Notes 1149:Trier 1062:Mainz 952:Trier 823:, by 771:Mainz 721:Basel 658:Rhine 455:Mainz 450:Lille 445:Valmy 208:7,000 83:Baden 2379:ISBN 2362:ISBN 2345:ISBN 2315:OCLC 2298:ISBN 2258:ISBN 2242:OCLC 2213:ISBN 2199:ISBN 2177:OCLC 2158:ISBN 2144:ISBN 2127:OCLC 2110:ISBN 2092:ISBN 1698:ISBN 1661:ISBN 1437:Kehl 1415:and 1292:Bonn 1226:and 1135:and 1111:and 1101:Sieg 1046:Main 997:and 989:and 910:and 872:and 709:1733 701:1703 670:Kehl 407:List 79:Kehl 66:Date 23:and 1439:or 1368:to 1302:at 1143:to 2427:: 2373:. 2356:. 2339:. 2309:. 2292:. 2272:, 2234:, 2169:. 2138:, 2121:, 2104:. 1993:^ 1975:. 1892:, 1876:, 1813:^ 1804:, 1651:, 1639:^ 1630:, 1609:^ 1600:, 1588:^ 1464:, 1411:, 1404:. 1396:. 1388:, 1384:, 1230:. 1222:, 1186:. 1131:, 1119:. 81:, 2385:. 2219:. 2183:. 2098:. 1759:. 1679:, 409:) 405:( 392:e 385:t 378:v 250:e 243:t 236:v 27:.

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Battle of Kehl (1796)

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