253:
1722:
824:
1057:
confused, the leaders Dorten and
Matthes proving unable to contain their personal rivalries. The French power-brokers now quickly distanced themselves from the Rhenish Republic project, drastically cutting back on their financial support. The Matthes government issued Rhenish bank notes and ordered an extensive "Requisitioning" exercise: this was the signal for the Rhineland Protection Force to embark upon a level of arbitrary widespread
321:
25:
1273:
November 1923, Matthes announced that he had dissolved the separatist government. Dorten had already, on 15 November, moved to Bad Ems and there established a provisional government covering the southern part of the
Rhineland and the Palatinate and participated actively in the activities of the "Pfälzische Republik" movement, centred on Speyer, which would survived through till 1924. At the end of 1923, Dorten fled to
1210:, was shot dead when he forced the trucks to stop and tried to persuade the occupants to turn back. The quarry workers thereupon showered bullets on the separatists who turned and fled along the little Schmelz valley. As they fled down the twisting road, back towards Bad Honnef, they encountered the local militia, well dug in and waiting for them: Schneider's men seized the trucks and then routed the separatist gang.
631:). He said that the other German states should, therefore, no longer put up with Prussian supremacy, that Prussia should be divided up, and the western provinces separated out to form a "West German Republic". This would make future domination of Germany by Prussia's eastern militaristic ethos impossible. Adenauer was, however, keen that this West German Republic should remain inside the German political union.
981:, separatists inaugurated, on 22 October 1923 a mini-state that would endure for five weeks. Local members of the Rhenish Independence League took to the streets, proclaiming, disingenuously, that their new republic had come into being without any input from the French: attempts to suppress the Duisburg republic more rapidly were nonetheless blocked by the French occupation forces.
874:. Endorsement from the French, with their military headquarters in Mainz, was taken for granted: it is not clear what thought was given to the possibility that commanders of France's junior partner in the occupation might take a less benign view of separatist activities just across the border from Belgium's
1252:
arrived to conduct an on-the-spot investigation. The investigation concluded that in total around 120 people had been killed in connection with the events of those
November days. More precise information on the deaths and other events of the Aegidienberg "insurrection" may survive within the archives
1061:
which greatly exceeded anything necessary simply for feeding the hungry "protection troops". In many towns and villages the situation slid towards chaos. The civil population became increasingly hostile, and the French military found themselves attempting, with increasing difficulty, to preserve some
545:
populations of the
Rhineland. The incorporation/reincorporation of most of the Rhineland into Prussia did not run smoothly and remained incomplete more than a century later. Many Rhinelanders continued to regard rule by Prussia as a form of foreign occupation. At the same time, these events occurred
1580:
Joseph
Matthes chief of the "Rhineland Republic," announced today that he had dissolved the Separatist Government at Coblenz. He is back at Dusseldorf, where he told the New York Times correspondent he intended "to start the movement afresh along better lines, freed from compromising elements which
1155:
to claim a place in history. On the evening of 14 November, a large number of the residents from the various small towns and villages surrounding Bad Honnef met together in an
Aegidienberg guest house and resolved to resist openly the wave of looting which, they anticipated, was moving towards the
1043:
was greatly curbed. The separatist government received virtually no support from
Rhineland government staff who mostly refused to acknowledge its authority or simply stayed away from their desks. In view of its French military backing, the wider population offered Dorten's régime little meaningful
1034:
The new government's power was heavily dependent on finance and support from the French occupation force, as well as on the separatists' own
Rhineland Protection Force, which was primarily recruited from men expelled from their homes by the French militarisation of the Ruhr. The "protection force"
455:
After 1924, economic hardship slowly began to ease and a measure of brittle stability returned to
Germany under the Weimar State. The appeal of Rhenish separatism, never a mass movement, was damaged by the violence employed by many of its more desperate supporters. The political temperature cooled
1272:
Following the events in
Aegidienberg, the separatist cabinet based at the castle in Koblenz split into two camps. Across the province separatist governments were evicted from the Rathausen and in some instances arrested by the French military. Leo Deckers resigned his office on 27 November. On 28
931:
On 25 October, the local police were placed under the command of the Belgian occupation forces after attempting to storm the separatists out of the government buildings, only to find themselves thwarted by occupation troops. Across town, changes at the Technical High School included the exclusion
634:
In the end, the Cologne meeting produced a two-point resolution. The meeting asserted the right of the Rhineland peoples to political self-determination. The proclamation of a West German Republic was to be deferred, however, so that the Prussian state might be divided up. In this way a practical
1213:
That evening the repulsed separatists met up at the Gasthof Jagdhaus, down the Schmelz valley, and called up reinforcements. They planned a more substantial attack for the next day, in order to make an example of Aegidienberg. Accordingly, on 16 November, some 80 armed separatists found a gap in
1056:
government, a disparity which became impossible to overlook once Dorten launched his coup in Koblenz: at the same time Paris was coming under heavy political pressure internationally over the increasingly costly French occupation of the Ruhr. In Koblenz, cabinet meetings were often combative and
778:
which largely shut down the economy of the region. A number of acts of sabotage and retaliation took place as well. An estimated 137 civilians were killed and 600 injured during the occupation. Even though relatively little violence accompanied the passive resistance, French authorities imposed
431:
was apportioned to (amongst others) the military or simply the French. France, like Germany, had been profoundly traumatised by the First World War and the conduct of its occupation of the left bank of the Rhine was perceived as unsympathetic, even among its Western
1051:
would no doubt have had a far more richly calibrated appreciation of the possibilities presented by Rhenish separatism than the ministers in far away Paris: it is possible to infer, between the approach of the French commanders on the ground and priorities of the
1263:
has been named after him. Peter Staffel, the young man who had probably been the first fatality of the Siebengebirge insurrection, is buried in the cemetery at the nearby village of Eudenbach (now incorporated within the administrative ambit of Königswinter).
1035:
was poorly equipped: many members were too young to have received any military training. Their implementation of the new government's orders, in the absence of detailed instructions, was rough and ready at best, and sometimes violent. A night-time
919:
on 21 October 1923. The next day the separatists came up against counter demonstrators who surrounded and wrecked their Sekretariat in Friedrich-Wilhelm-Platz, near the theatre. 23 October opened with shooting in the streets: meanwhile the city
939:). Belgian High Commissar, Baron Rolin-Jaquemyns, responded by ordering an immediate end to the separatist government and called the troops off the streets. The City Council convened in the evening and swore loyalty to the German State (
1119:, there intending to establish a new headquarters. The Rathaus was taken over and, two days later, the Rhenish Republic proclaimed. Food and liquor were seized in numerous hotels and residences and a large celebration took place in the
1191:. Using factory sirens and alarm bells, the local troops would be mobilised the minute separatist forces were reported or even merely rumoured to have appeared. Panic was apparent as people rushed around trying to move to safety their
992:
had briefly established his wartime headquarters there, was captured by separatists with French military support. The occupiers were temporarily evicted by local police the following day, only to renew their occupation that night.
779:
between 120,000 and 150,000 sentences against resisting Germans. Some involved prison sentences, but the overwhelming majority were deportations from the Ruhr district and the Rhineland to the unoccupied part of Germany.
1222:, tied them up, and placed them in the line of fire between themselves and the now-gathering militiamen. One of the hostages, Theodor Weinz, was shot in the stomach, dying soon afterwards as a result of his injuries.
536:
and, in many other respects, the relationship between the citizen and the state had been permanently transformed. In addition, mutual intolerance of religious differences, stretching back centuries, endured between
1156:
southern side of the Siebengebirge area. The district was experiencing growing food shortages. Despite the weapons ban in force, the group were able to bring together a substantial arsenal, comprising not merely
1301:, who during the period of the "Koblenz Government" had constantly been at odds with Dorten, presented to the French generals another proposal, for the creation of a west German autonomous federal state (
866:) which had been founded by Josef Smeets from Cologne. Another leading figure present was Leo Deckers from Aachen. The unambiguous goal of the United Rhenish Movement was the complete separation of the
786:
worsened considerably as a result of the occupation. The government paid for its support of idled workers and businesses primarily by printing paper money. The action contributed significantly to the
984:
Back in Koblenz, the regional capital, separatists had tried to seize power on 21 October 1923. The next day saw hand-to-hand fighting involving the local police. During the night of 23 October,
904:. Surrender was refused however: a truce briefly ensued. The next day, the government urged resistance and eventually, on 2 November 1923, Belgian occupation troops expelled the separatists from
1509:
496:
lasted for less than a generation, but introduced to the occupied Rhineland many of the features of the modern state. These were revolutionary and widely welcomed. One objective of the
396:. The objectives of the many different separatist groups ranged widely, from the foundation of an autonomous republic to some sort of change in the status of the Rhineland within the
870:
from Prussia, and the establishment of a Rhenish Republic under French protection. The creation of the republic was to be publicly proclaimed: meetings would be convened across the
1938:
1943:
681:. This, along with other poorly coordinated localised actions inspired by Dorten's Wiesbaden Proclamation, failed to attract significant popular support and soon failed. The
954:
representatives and officials were expelled from civic buildings which were taken over. The Rhenish tricolour was raised over occupied town halls. Notices were posted and
974:, separatist attempts to take over public buildings were immediately thwarted, sometimes violently: other districts remained entirely untouched by separatist agitation.
1288:
set out in the London Agreement of August 1924, Matthes and his wife were prevented from returning to Germany, leading Tucholsky to publish in 1929 his essay entitled
472:. By 1930, when French troops also vacated the left bank of the Rhine, the concept of a Rhenish Republic, independent of Berlin, no longer attracted popular support.
1721:
1202:
During the afternoon of 15 November, a group of separatists drove two trucks into the Himberg quarter of Aegidienberg: here they were confronted by around 30 armed
1611:
400:. Others advocated full integration of the Rhineland into France. Similar political currents were stirring in the south: June 1919 had seen the proclamation by
1963:
1295:
In the towns, the remaining separatist Burgermeister found themselves voted out of office at the end of 1923 or were, for their activities, before the courts.
732:) and its leaders' other campaigning activities depending on French sponsorship. Dorten moved to France at the end of 1923 and later took French Citizenship.
638:
During the months following Adenauer's meeting, separatist movements with a range of priorities and agendas appeared in many Rhineland towns and villages.
660:, on 1 June 1919, in which he proclaimed "The Independent Rhenish Republic", which was to incorporate the existing Rhineland Province along with parts of
1958:
464:
payments, the French vacated the Ruhr in the summer of 1925. The end of the Rhenish Republic can be dated at December 1924, when its leading instigator,
252:
1748:
1259:. Theodor Weinz, the separatists' hostage who had been fatally shot at Hövel, was buried in the Aegidienberg cemetery, near to its main entrance: the
401:
713:
762:. On 26 December 1922 the Reparations Commission determined that Germany had wilfully held back from making payments due, and two days later troops
985:
1923:
1420:
Fischer, Conan (14 October 2016). Daniel, Ute; Gatrell, Peter; Janz, Oliver; Jones, Heather; Keene, Jennifer; Kramer, Alan; Nasson, Bill (eds.).
1229:
back in Aegidienberg, without the benefit of any identifying inscription. According to contemporaries, the dead men had come originally from the
1225:
Meanwhile, more local defenders hurried to the fray and set about the invaders. 14 of the separatists were killed: these were later buried in a
579:
On 1 February 1919, more than sixty of the Rhineland's civic leaders together with locally based Prussian National Assembly Members convened in
616:
of the Prussian system. Prussia was viewed by opponents as "Europe's evil spirit" and was "ruled over by an unscrupulous caste of war-fixated
1928:
900:. Inside, the movement set up a communications center on 19 October 1923. A week after that, the separatists attempted a putsch against the
485:
1604:
1535:
1004:). Subject to the self-evident superior authority of the occupiers, he stated that they needed to introduce all the necessary measures (
935:
On 2 November, the Rathaus was retaken by the separatists, now reinforced by around 1000 members of the "Rhineland protection force" (
1918:
804:
offered an assessment: "There was no appetite in the Rhineland for union with France, but little enthusiasm for continued union with
456:
after the French occupation of the Ruhr attracted increasingly strident criticism from Britain and the United States. Following the
1711:
1139:, a resort town on the east bank of the Rhine. Back in 1923, the construction of the A3 lay more than a decade in the future, and
996:
On 26 October, the French High Commissioner, Paul Tirard, confirmed that the separatists were in possession of effective power (
1913:
1597:
156:
89:
783:
1394:
808:. All that people wanted, and were entitled to, was an end to the hellish nightmare of hyperinflation and the creation of an
787:
437:
61:
1561:
850:) was formed from a merging of several existing separatist groups. Leaders included Dorten of the "Rhenish Peoples' Union" (
720:. Thanks to the outstanding treason indictment, Dorten and his circle found themselves shunned by members of the mainstream
1482:
1065:
Between 6 and 8 November, a force of Rhineland Protection Force members, calling themselves the Northern Flying Division (
427:
and the military occupation to which the previously prosperous region was subjected. After 1919, blame for defeat in the
68:
1695:
1670:
1665:
1933:
436:. Increasingly, however, blame was directed against the German government itself, in far-off Berlin. By 1923, as the
368:
342:
108:
42:
350:
924:
reclaimed the Rathaus, forcing the separatists to retreat to government buildings. That day Belgian troops imposed
75:
1948:
635:
solution could first be agreed with the French occupiers and France's allies regarding the issue of reparations.
1277:: later he relocated to the US, where he published his memoirs; Dorten was still in exile when he died in 1963.
1953:
1690:
1353:
1255:
958:
distributed informing citizens of the change of régime. However, civic putsches did not prevail everywhere: in
346:
46:
1703:
1620:
57:
1562:"Separatists Split; Matthes Is Ousted. Active Head Is Overthrown by Secretary, Rosenbaum, and Coblenz Force"
1973:
1882:
1309:). Adenauer's proposal failed to impress either the French or the German government at this time, however.
1008:). Separatist leaders Dorten and Josef Friedrich Matthes interpreted Tirard's intervention as an effective
1081:
where two residents, Anton BrĂĽhl and Hans Feinlinger, had set up a local force to oppose the attackers, a
1343:
547:
1892:
1819:
1811:
1655:
989:
287:
by troops from France and Belgium (January 1923 – 1925) and subjected itself to French
1842:
746:
The German government fell into arrears with war reparations payments. In response, on 8 March 1921,
1421:
950:
Parallel coup attempts in many Rhenish towns blew up, most of them following much the same pattern.
1968:
1877:
1867:
1793:
1333:
901:
452:) were having some success in their encouragement of anti-Berlin separatism in the occupied zones.
331:
382:
The Rhenish Republic is best understood as the aspiration of a poorly focused liberation struggle.
1978:
1675:
1650:
1358:
1144:
859:
461:
335:
256:
35:
1022:
1872:
1837:
1177:
1025:
763:
741:
284:
237:
449:
82:
1680:
1292:, from which are drawn his observations on conditions in the Rhineland in 1923, cited above.
1244:
In order to prevent further fighting, the French installed in Aegidienberg a force of French-
1112:. All sorts of items of evident value were "requisitioned" in addition to food and vehicles.
955:
588:
433:
1589:
1123:(Health and Recreation Spa center), during which the Kurhaus furnishings went up in flames.
1829:
1798:
1778:
1635:
1318:
1090:
1014:
from the occupation forces. A cabinet was formed and Matthes, as its chairman, designated "
627:"von einer kriegslüsternen, gewissenlosen militärischen Kaste und dem Junkertum beherrscht"
501:
489:
242:
8:
1783:
1660:
1338:
1328:
911:
Meanwhile, in Aachen itself, separatists led by Leo Deckers and Dr Guthardt captured the
747:
563:
551:
525:
493:
481:
423:
Rhenish separatism in the 1920s should be seen in the context of resentments fostered by
417:
413:
405:
1280:
Joseph Matthes also made his way to France where he later met up with fellow journalist
1053:
885:, only recently incorporated into Belgium under the terms of the Versailles settlement.
1131:
The Siebengebirge district consists of a series of low wooded hills wedged between the
1015:
775:
771:
513:
497:
963:
1765:
1640:
1390:
1363:
1323:
1196:
1074:
818:
770:. With the active support of the German government, civilians in the area engaged in
721:
697:', but by remaining in the French occupied territories, Dorten made the execution of
653:
669:
1460:
1132:
951:
893:
790:
that brought major hardships to Germans across the country. Writing in the journal
646:
465:
1187:
It was thought that Schneider's Aegidienberg-based force now comprised about 4000
1101:
792:
1384:
1298:
1249:
1173:
592:
591:. There was only one item on the agenda: "The Creation of the Rhenish Republic" (
584:
428:
397:
393:
272:
138:
1136:
800:), from the perspective of August 1929, the distinguished political commentator
1788:
1773:
1738:
1566:
1281:
1260:
1215:
1048:
912:
867:
839:
835:
801:
698:
690:
542:
445:
1464:
1907:
1348:
1109:
1097:
1093:. A father and son, belonging to the villagers' resistance force, were shot.
1040:
682:
533:
827:
The administrative and occupied zones of western Germany by the end of 1923.
759:
724:. The Rhenish Peoples' Union stayed in the shadows, its weekly publication,
704:
At liberty, Dorten continued his struggle: on 22 January 1922 he founded in
650:
1152:
1010:
921:
896:
flag of the Rhenish Republic appeared outside a house in the small town of
751:
694:
559:
555:
517:
288:
823:
1082:
925:
665:
505:
392:
during the politically turbulent years following Germany's defeat in the
532:. Nonetheless, Prussia's western territories continued to adhere to the
1858:
1730:
1512:[Battle for the Republic 1919 - 1923: Occupation of the Ruhr].
1226:
1207:
1143:, located across the river from Königswinter, could still be described
1116:
905:
897:
855:
809:
617:
538:
509:
457:
385:
1448:
842:, it was here that, on 15 August 1923, the "United Rhenish Movement" (
602:
In addressing delegates, Adenauer identified the wreckage of Prussian
1188:
1161:
871:
767:
657:
424:
389:
292:
959:
320:
24:
1426:
1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War
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915:(city hall) where, in the Imperial Chamber, they proclaimed the
1685:
1203:
1192:
1036:
889:
882:
717:
620:
409:
296:
280:
166:
1115:
On 12 November, the separatists gathered together close by in
1619:
1238:
1108:, Bruchhausen and Rheinbreitbach, on the southern rim of the
1105:
1078:
875:
678:
674:
661:
441:
304:
1274:
1140:
967:
469:
1104:
was forced from office. From here the looters moved on to
988:, which had been out of the limelight since 1914 when the
1157:
291:. It comprised three territories, named North, South and
819:"Government" in Koblenz: Separatism across the Rhineland
1939:
Former states and territories of North Rhine-Westphalia
1305:
die Bildung eines Autonomen westdeutschen Bundesstaates
1944:
Former states and territories of Rhineland-Palatinate
1147:
as "a small town in Germany". It was the turn of the
834:
had been the administrative capital of the Prussian
1180:named Hermann Schneider took on leadership of this
460:in September 1924, an agreement to lower Germany's
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1510:"Kampf um die Republik 1919 - 1923: Ruhrbesetzung"
1089:reminiscent, according to one commentator, of the
862:(1886–1943) of the "Rhenish Independence League" (
1218:called Hövel: here they seized five villagers as
708:a political party, the "Rhenish Peoples' Union" (
1905:
888:Two months later, ten kilometres to the east of
649:(1880–1963), an army reserve officer and former
440:, the French occupation forces headquartered at
642:Hans Adam Dorten and the Wiesbaden Proclamation
1267:
1172:weapons, presumably left over from the war. A
574:
295:. Their regional capitals were, respectively,
1964:States and territories disestablished in 1923
1605:
1536:"Hyperinflation and the invasion of the Ruhr"
1126:
283:(Aix-la-Chapelle) in October 1923 during the
1303:
1067:
1020:
998:
941:
844:
625:
609:
384:The name was one applied by the short-lived
130:
1164:, but also a number of hunting weapons and
1047:From his occupation headquarters in Mainz,
349:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1959:States and territories established in 1923
1612:
1598:
1096:10 November saw an outburst of looting at
1077:and the surrounding farmsteads. Nearby in
735:
369:Learn how and when to remove this message
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1382:
822:
251:
1419:
1248:soldiers for the next few weeks, while
1206:workers. Peter Staffel, an 18-year-old
583:at the invitation of the city's mayor,
1924:20th century in North Rhine-Westphalia
1906:
1480:
932:from Aachen of non-resident students.
504:'s territorial changes, so the German
1593:
1514:Bundeszentrale fĂĽr politische Bildung
1507:
1446:
1386:Konrad Adenauer: Ein Jahrhundertleben
1383:Biermann, Werner (17 February 2017).
1100:: the Rathaus was taken over and the
917:Free and Independent Rhenish Republic
597:Die GrĂĽndung der Rheinischen Republik
475:
16:Short-lived republic in the Rhineland
1929:20th century in Rhineland-Palatinate
1508:Sturm, Reinhard (23 December 2011).
1476:
1474:
1415:
1413:
1085:turned up and engaged in an orgy of
1006:alle notwendigen MaĂźnahmen einleiten
468:(1880–1963), was obliged to flee to
388:movement that erupted in the German
347:adding citations to reliable sources
314:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
1000:als Inhaber der tatsächlichen Macht
943:Treuebekenntnis zum Deutschen Reich
864:der Rheinischen Unabhängigkeitsbund
13:
1581:had done no much to discredit it."
846:die Vereinigte Rheinische Bewegung
838:since 1822. Amidst the turmoil of
14:
1990:
1471:
1410:
664:and Bavaria's Upper Rhineland. A
1919:1923 disestablishments in Europe
1720:
606:as the "inevitable consequence"
319:
23:
1447:Marks, Sally (September 1978).
852:die Rheinische Volksvereinigung
444:(under the command of Generals
34:needs additional citations for
1554:
1528:
1501:
1481:Scriba, Arnulf (10 May 2022).
1440:
1376:
1354:Flag of North Rhine-Westphalia
716:(1868–1935), a senior Cologne
541:Prussia and the predominantly
1:
1914:1923 establishments in Europe
1621:States of the Weimar Republic
1487:Deutsches Historisches Museum
1389:(in German). Rowohlt E-Book.
1369:
569:
310:
1237:areas, between the Ruhr and
7:
1485:[Ruhr Occupation].
1344:Territory of the Saar Basin
1312:
1268:End of the Rhenish Republic
937:der Rheinland-Schutztruppen
710:Rheinische Volksvereinigung
575:Dr Adenauer calls a meeting
548:occupation of the Rhineland
10:
1995:
1449:"The Myths of Reparations"
1428:. Freie Universität Berlin
1214:Schneider's defences at a
1127:Siebengebirge insurrection
1018:of the Rhenish Republic" (
784:economic crisis in Germany
739:
673:was also attempted across
416:territory of the Bavarian
1855:
1828:
1810:
1764:
1757:
1729:
1718:
1628:
1465:10.1017/S0008938900018707
1073:), launched an attack on
438:German currency collapsed
228:
224:
214:
204:
200:
192:
182:
172:
162:
152:
147:
125:
1934:History of the Rhineland
1453:Central European History
1334:Free State of Bottleneck
1026:der rheinischen Republik
815:with its own currency."
490:subsequent incorporation
1540:The Holocaust Explained
1359:Josef Friedrich Matthes
1069:Fliegende Division Nord
860:Josef Friedrich Matthes
534:Napoleonic legal system
492:of the region into the
257:Josef Friedrich Matthes
1949:Independence movements
1304:
1110:Siebengebirge district
1068:
1021:
999:
942:
845:
828:
742:Occupation of the Ruhr
736:Occupation of the Ruhr
626:
610:
596:
285:occupation of the Ruhr
276:
264:
238:North Rhine-Westphalia
216:• Disestablished
131:
1954:Separatism in Germany
826:
589:Catholic Center Party
255:
1671:Mecklenburg-Strelitz
1666:Mecklenburg-Schwerin
1319:Separatism in Europe
693:for Dorten, citing '
500:in 1815 was to undo
343:improve this section
279:) was proclaimed at
243:Rhineland-Palatinate
43:improve this article
1974:Rhenish nationalism
1483:"Die Ruhrbesetzung"
1339:Grand Duchy of Berg
1329:Cisrhenian Republic
656:, made a speech at
482:Cisrhenian Republic
406:Pfälzische Republik
277:Rheinische Republik
263:, 22 November 1923.
206:• Established
132:Rheinische Republik
1570:. 29 November 1923
1467:– via JSTOR.
1290:For Joseph Matthes
829:
776:civil disobedience
772:passive resistance
611:"notwendige Folge"
604:hegemonistic power
514:Kingdom of Prussia
498:Congress of Vienna
476:Historical context
265:
157:Unrecognized state
58:"Rhenish Republic"
1901:
1900:
1851:
1850:
1542:. 8 February 1934
1422:"Ruhr Occupation"
1396:978-3-644-10026-8
1364:Franz Josef Heinz
1324:Republic of Mainz
1091:Thirty Years' War
1023:Ministerpräsident
977:To the north, in
840:economic collapse
726:German Standpoint
722:political parties
654:public prosecutor
425:economic hardship
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766:the rest of the
754:troops occupied
647:Hans Adam Dorten
629:
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512:reverted to the
466:Hans Adam Dorten
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1270:
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964:Mönchengladbach
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798:The World Stage
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714:Bertram Kastert
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585:Konrad Adenauer
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516:(joined by the
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1269:
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1261:primary school
1253:of the French
1128:
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1049:General Mangin
1016:Prime Minister
986:Koblenz Castle
913:Aachen Rathaus
868:Rhine Province
836:Rhine Province
820:
817:
802:Kurt Tucholsky
788:hyperinflation
740:Main article:
737:
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730:Deutsche Warte
712:), chaired by
699:arrest warrant
691:arrest warrant
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328:This section
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60: –
59:
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54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
1887:
1856:Unrecognized
1802:(until 1920)
1707:(until 1929)
1579:
1572:. Retrieved
1565:
1556:
1544:. Retrieved
1539:
1530:
1518:. Retrieved
1513:
1503:
1491:. Retrieved
1486:
1456:
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1442:
1430:. Retrieved
1425:
1400:. Retrieved
1385:
1378:
1302:
1297:
1294:
1289:
1279:
1271:
1254:
1243:
1224:
1212:
1201:
1186:
1181:
1178:army officer
1153:Aegidienberg
1137:Königswinter
1130:
1120:
1114:
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1033:
1019:
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936:
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922:fire brigade
916:
910:
887:
863:
851:
843:
830:
797:
791:
782:The ongoing
781:
745:
729:
725:
709:
703:
701:impossible.
695:high treason
668:
645:
637:
633:
624:
618:militaristic
607:
601:
578:
518:Middle Rhine
479:
454:
422:
380:
365:
356:
341:Please help
329:
289:protectorate
268:
266:
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1893:WĂĽrzburg SR
1868:Bavarian SR
1830:Schwarzburg
1731:City-states
1712:WĂĽrttemberg
1699:(from 1920)
1623:(1919–1933)
1516:(in German)
1489:(in German)
1402:29 November
1176:and former
1133:A3 Autobahn
1083:death squad
1075:Maria Laach
926:martial law
666:non-violent
621:aristocrats
546:during the
506:Lower Rhine
488:–1802) and
220:26 November
1908:Categories
1878:Bottleneck
1859:separatist
1838:Rudolstadt
1794:Saxe-Gotha
1758:Until 1920
1574:23 January
1370:References
1227:mass grave
1208:blacksmith
1195:and other
1168:and other
1162:pitchforks
1117:Bad Honnef
906:Eschweiler
898:Eschweiler
881:, west of
856:journalist
810:autonomous
760:DĂĽsseldorf
689:issued an
651:DĂĽsseldorf
570:Chronology
539:Protestant
528:region to
526:Palatinate
510:Westphalia
458:Dawes Plan
418:Palatinate
386:separatist
311:Background
183:Government
174:Demonym(s)
69:newspapers
1873:Bremen SR
1861:movements
1789:Meiningen
1774:Altenburg
1696:Thuringia
1676:Oldenburg
1651:Brunswick
1256:gendarmes
1189:armed men
1184:militia.
1044:support.
894:tricolour
872:Rhineland
768:Ruhr area
675:the Rhine
658:Wiesbaden
390:Rhineland
359:June 2023
330:does not
99:June 2011
1313:See also
1246:Moroccan
1231:Kevelaer
1220:hostages
1197:chattels
1170:infantry
1166:handguns
1054:Poincaré
979:Duisburg
972:Erkelenz
956:leaflets
854:) and a
813:republic
764:occupied
756:Duisburg
552:American
502:Napoléon
414:occupied
404:of the "
187:Republic
1888:Rhenish
1883:Bavaria
1744:Hamburg
1704:Waldeck
1681:Prussia
1646:Bavaria
1286:amnesty
1235:Krefeld
1151:called
1149:village
1121:Kurhaus
1087:plunder
1059:looting
902:Rathaus
879:enclave
832:Koblenz
806:Prussia
752:Belgian
706:Boppard
687:Leipzig
587:of the
581:Cologne
560:British
556:Belgian
530:Bavaria
524:), the
522:Cologne
450:Fayolle
412:in the
351:removed
336:sources
301:Koblenz
261:Koblenz
233:Germany
193:History
178:Rhenish
163:Capital
83:scholar
1779:Coburg
1766:Ernest
1749:LĂĽbeck
1739:Bremen
1686:Saxony
1636:Anhalt
1629:States
1546:7 July
1520:7 July
1493:7 July
1432:7 July
1393:
1216:hamlet
1204:quarry
1193:cattle
1182:ad hoc
1037:curfew
990:Kaiser
960:JĂĽlich
892:, the
890:Aachen
883:Aachen
858:named
748:French
718:pastor
670:putsch
593:German
446:Mangin
410:Speyer
297:Aachen
281:Aachen
273:German
196:
167:Aachen
153:Status
139:German
135:
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1820:Reuss
1812:Reuss
1784:Gotha
1661:Lippe
1656:Hesse
1641:Baden
1106:Unkel
1079:Brohl
876:Eupen
679:Mainz
662:Hesse
442:Mainz
305:Essen
90:JSTOR
76:books
1576:2011
1548:2024
1522:2024
1495:2024
1434:2024
1404:2020
1391:ISBN
1275:Nice
1233:and
1158:axes
1141:Bonn
1135:and
970:and
968:Bonn
774:and
758:and
750:and
562:and
520:and
508:and
486:1797
480:The
470:Nice
448:and
334:any
332:cite
303:and
293:Ruhr
267:The
148:1923
62:news
1461:doi
1031:).
947:).
685:in
677:in
623:" (
599:).
550:by
345:by
259:in
45:by
1910::
1578:.
1564:.
1538:.
1473:^
1457:11
1455:.
1451:.
1424:.
1412:^
1241:.
1199:.
966:,
962:,
928:.
908:.
595::
566:.
558:,
554:,
420:.
307:.
299:,
275::
1613:e
1606:t
1599:v
1550:.
1524:.
1497:.
1463::
1436:.
1406:.
796:(
728:(
614:)
608:(
484:(
372:)
366:(
361:)
357:(
353:.
339:.
271:(
141:)
137:(
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
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