495:
327:- especially if, as most scholars believe, Etruscan represents the pre-Indo-European base language of Italy and the Alps. Alternatively, if the Alpine indigenes previously spoke a language unrelated to Etruscan, they may have adopted Etruscan through processes other than mass immigration e.g. through cultural interchange with the Etruscans of the Po valley, or as a result of "elite-transfer" by an Etruscan elite that acquired political hegemony over the Alpine tribes.
2303:
2858:
20:
346:
1382:("light troops", probably a local militia) were stationed there. But these forces were mainly for security against external threats, not internal unrest. Strabo wrote that the Alpine tribes as a whole adapted easily to Roman rule and had not rebelled in the 33 years that had elapsed since the initial conquest.
450:
region. The Raetic inscriptions indicate that
Raetian survived as late as the 3rd century AD, suggesting the existence at that time of Raeti tribes, at least in northeast Italy, which had not converted to Celtic speech. In addition, the abundance of Celtic toponyms in the Rhaetian territory leads to
396:
Even if
Raetian was the ancestral language of the Raeti, there is considerable uncertainty as to how widely Raetian was spoken among the tribes by the time of Augustus (ruled 30 BC - AD 14). In the Alpine region as a whole, there is evidence that the non-Celtic elements had, by the time of Augustus,
602:
could be classified as Raeti (and whether such a classification was based on geographical location or language or cultural factors). In addition, there are considerable discrepancies in the names of tribes given by the sources. Some locations of the tribes recorded are uncertain, although most have
322:
But the traditional "migration theory" espoused by classical authors and, until the 1960s, by most modern scholars, is no longer considered the only possible explanation for socio-linguistic change. It is just as likely that the Raeti, if they spoke an
Etruscan-like language, were Alpine indigenes
236:, writing in AD 70, suggests that the people were named after "Raetus", a leader at the time of their supposed "expulsion" from the Po Valley. However, eponymous founders were a common, demonstrably fabricated, origin story. (The most famous illustration of this theory is the legend that the
255:
praises a person named 'Rhaetian' for the quality of wine grapes from the region. It is assumed from the context that he accounts it to a single person, and not the people in general. It would suggest that Virgil accounted
Rhaetus to be the god-father of the Rhaetian people.
155:, was probably related to Etruscan, but may not have derived from it. At least some of the Raeti tribes (those in northeastern Italy) probably continued to speak the Raetian language as late as the 3rd century AD. Others (those in Switzerland) were probably
437:
Further support for the hypothesis that the northern Raeti tribes converted to Celtic speech before the Roman imperial era is provided by the distribution of
Raetian inscriptions. These have been found mostly in northeastern Italy:
319:. If this historiography is correct, then the displacement from the Po valley would have taken place in the period 600-400 BC, when major migrations of Celtic tribes from Gaul resulted in the Celtisation of that entire region.
673:
language (e.g. Lejeune 1971, Koch 2008). As for the
Euganei, their linguistic classification is uncertain due to scanty evidence. It is possible that their speech was also related to Etruscan, possibly a sub-group of
563:), while West of that river, upper Bavaria was inhabited by Raeti. A contrary view is that the whole region between the Danube and the Alps was occupied by Vindelici, with the Raeti confined to the Alps themselves.
724:
inscription contains the names of 45 Alpine tribes. The Raetic tribes south of Meran were peacefully integrated into the Roman Empire, and therefore do not feature on the
Tropaeum Alpium. The
638:
respectively in
Augustus. However, the inscription text appears to identify the Rucinates as one of the 4 tribes of the Vindelici recorded as conquered. (But it is possible that the Strabo's
1438:). This represents some 5,000 recruits, an enormous levy from sparsely-populated Alpine valleys. It suggests that the Raeti were strongly attracted to a career in the Roman military. (See
244:, its supposed founder, while if Romulus ever existed at all (which most scholars doubt), then it would be far more likely that he derived his own name from an existing place name
2057:
669:. However, neither of Pliny's comments is fatal to the identification of the Lepontii and Camunni as Raeti. The Lepontic language has been definitively classified as a distinct
686:(whose language shares several similarities with Latin and the Italic languages, but also has some affinities with other IE languages, especially Germanic and Celtic).
598:
Although the ancient sources concur in ascribing an
Etruscan origin to the Raeti, they are less clear as to precisely which tribes attested in the region known as
508:
The evidence suggests that the original Roman district of Raetia et
Vindelicia, as established under Augustus, had as its eastern border (with the province of
528:). Its northern border with the "free" German tribes was defined by the course of the upper Danube. On the West, Raetia et Vindelicia included the whole of
405:) had become corrupted as a result of inhabiting the Alps. This may indicate that at least some of the tribes lost their ancestral Raetic tongue to Celtic.
189:
was named after these two peoples. The Raeti tribes quickly became loyal subjects of the empire and contributed disproportionate numbers of recruits to the
393:. The language has been called "Raetian" by linguists because it is deduced to have been spoken by the Raeti based on various sources of evidence.
1701:
566:
The latter view accords with Strabo, who records that the territory occupied by the Raeti tribes stretched from the upper reaches of the river
417:- speakers. The territories of the two peoples were combined for administrative purposes from an early stage and eventually, under the emperor
2277:
2139:
2099:
1243:
984:
737:
630:
as Raeti tribes. Of these, the first two are listed with the same spelling in Augustus' inscription while the latter two are probably the
2890:
2129:
2104:
1385:
The Raeti (and the Vindelici) were obliged to pay taxes to Rome. However, their combined territory was initially organised not as a full
2134:
2119:
2064:
1211:
760:
1169:
Tribe of the Vindelici, acc. to possible interpretation of Tropaeum Alpium inscription. Named as Raeti by Strabo, if they are same as
2124:
1178:
733:
2604:
772:
729:
2358:
482:-speaking). However, a Raetian origin for Romansch is uncertain, as Rhaeto-Romance languages appear most closely related to the
2403:
1950:
1690:
263:, a major goddess who was revered in northeast Italy and is attested in a number of inscriptions on votive tablets of the
2182:
1451:
1439:
1015:
Tribe of the Vindelici, acc. to possible interpretation of tropaeum Alpium inscription. Raeti, acc. to Strabo, if his
2900:
2880:
69:
1114:
166:
The Raeti were divided into numerous tribes, but only some of these are clearly identified in the ancient sources.
2557:
1354:
486:
group, strengthening the argument that at least some of the Raeti had adopted Celtic speech before Latinisation.
2016:
1967:
2895:
2518:
1375:
2353:
689:
In addition, it appears that "Raetia et Vindelicia" was also inhabited by a number of non-Raetic tribes. The
2885:
2440:
2348:
1883:
397:
been assimilated significantly by the influx of Celtic tribes and had adopted Celtic speech. According to
2508:
1434:(30 BC - AD 37) saw the formation of at least 10 auxiliary infantry regiments from the Raeti tribes (the
280:
2503:
2429:
2272:
451:
the conclusion that, by the time of the Roman conquest, many of the Rhaetians were heavily Celticized.
409:
also finds support in the Roman practice of twinning the Raeti with their neighbours to the North, the
35:
of Raetia, encompassing territories of what are now Switzerland, Tyrol and Germany south of the Danube.
740:. Taking those that did get named that inhabited the territories of Raetia et Vindelicia province and
2470:
2450:
2311:
2292:
2257:
2050:
2647:
1905:
1466:
494:
459:
287:
2667:
2175:
679:
2488:
2483:
1995:
Recueil des inscriptions gauloises: II.1 Textes gallo-étrusques. Textes gallo-latins sur pierre
366:
2493:
2398:
2328:
2191:
2302:
169:
The Raeti tribes, together with those of their Celtic-speaking neighbours to the north, the
2730:
458:-speakers. It has been suggested that a surviving relic of the Raeti's Latin speech is the
701:
by Strabo, while a number of tribes in the region have plausible Celtic etymologies: e.g.
361:, an extinct tongue known only from a series of inscriptions, written in a variant of the
147:
and took refuge in the valleys of the Alps. But it is likely that they were predominantly
8:
2599:
2528:
2523:
1251:
675:
666:
365:. This tongue is commonly regarded by most philologists to be related to Etruscan, a non-
340:
190:
174:
113:
and the Alpine regions of northeastern Italy. After the Roman conquest, the province of
2642:
2593:
2212:
2168:
2036:
1894:
1420:
910:
741:
670:
549:
545:
221:"the people". However, it is unclear whether the Rhaetians had a similar endonym or if
148:
1399:
of the Raeti, Vindelici and the Poenine Valley". It was apparently not before emperor
139:
Ancient sources characterise the Raeti as Etruscan people who were displaced from the
2857:
2690:
2637:
2546:
2538:
2423:
2388:
2338:
1946:
1686:
1504:
467:
362:
32:
2580:
2551:
2478:
2378:
2315:
2222:
2217:
2207:
2199:
1390:
1040:
965:
854:
471:
414:
358:
350:
336:
156:
152:
46:
1403:(ruled 41-54), that the district became a full province with the official name of
747:
of N. Italy, and eliminating those tribes considered probably Celtic by scholars (
2682:
2575:
2498:
2368:
2363:
2267:
2247:
1890:
1461:
1107:
959:
802:
725:
721:
683:
479:
357:
The Raeti are believed by many scholars to have spoken, originally at least, the
296:
264:
233:
2705:
2586:
2513:
2343:
2323:
2287:
1734:
1427:
1386:
1220:
861:
529:
463:
455:
382:
182:
2874:
2800:
2662:
2570:
2564:
2445:
2242:
2017:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317717346_Monumenta_Linguae_Raeticae
1412:
1343:
520:) from its confluence with the Danube as far South as, and then by the river
498:
Map showing the Roman district (probably not yet a full province by then) of
483:
406:
102:
90:
1338:
The Raeti, together with their probably Celtic neighbours to the North, the
555:
The Vindelici were, according to Ptolemy, confined to the East of the river
2861:
2780:
2672:
2652:
2333:
2282:
1431:
1416:
1365:
1288:
949:
649:
Against Strabo, Pliny considers the Lepontii as a Celtic tribe akin to the
615:
560:
532:
and the upper Rhine valley and then a long tract westwards along the upper
237:
178:
267:
people. One Raetic votive tablet, from the same region, contains the word
2657:
2632:
2232:
1916:
1870:
1309:
893:
517:
439:
285:
The earliest mention of the Raeti in surviving ancient sources is in the
110:
2160:
474:
languages. Romansch survives today in a few valleys of the Swiss canton
349:
Linguistic map of Italy ca. 600 BC, showing the putative area where the
2614:
1395:
1361:
1270:
1009:
869:
537:
2825:
2810:
2785:
2755:
2725:
2393:
2227:
2109:
2089:
1370:
1360:
Until ca. AD 100, the region was garrisoned, on its western edge (at
1339:
1305:
1160:
1129:
1024:
969:
903:
776:
768:
756:
710:
702:
698:
410:
304:
300:
259:
It has also been suggested that the name Raeti may be connected with
170:
140:
98:
2700:
578:
in northern Italy. The Raeti were bounded in the East by the Celtic
2840:
2835:
2830:
2815:
2795:
2627:
2622:
2413:
2373:
2262:
2149:
2144:
1927:
1901:
1400:
1350:
1346:
1298:
1118:
1099:
1051:
764:
650:
619:
607:
603:
been established securely by placename and personal-name evidence.
587:
579:
454:
During the centuries of Roman rule, the Raeti became predominantly
443:
418:
390:
386:
323:
who had spoken it as long as, if not longer than, the Etruscans of
312:
292:
160:
19:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2750:
2745:
2735:
2710:
2408:
2237:
2094:
1262:
1187:
976:
941:
931:
784:
748:
658:
611:
583:
552:
was roughly similar to the northern border of present-day Italy.
509:
475:
431:
370:
345:
324:
241:
210:
194:
118:
106:
24:
1771:
Strabo IV.6.8-9; Pliny III.20.133-6; Tropaeum Alpium inscription
97:
tribes, whose language and culture were related to those of the
2455:
2383:
2114:
2084:
1923:
1912:
1456:
1229:
1150:
1084:
1072:
1003:
887:
834:
780:
752:
575:
525:
447:
378:
374:
260:
226:
186:
133:
122:
114:
28:
55:
2845:
2805:
2790:
2740:
2715:
2695:
2460:
2435:
2418:
2252:
2073:
1998:
1725:
Heidelberg: Indogermanische Bibliothek, Lehr- und Handbücher.
1317:
567:
533:
308:
144:
1624:
Researches Into the Physical History of Mankind: 3, Volume 1
2820:
2720:
1879:
1142:
924:
682:, akin to that of their close neighbours, the Celts or the
571:
398:
369:
which is best documented in the central Italian regions of
316:
94:
61:
846:
570:
in northern Switzerland to as far south as the cities of
2042:
1505:"The Internet Classics Archive | The Georgics by Virgil"
787:), the following list of possible Raeti tribes results:
101:. Before the Roman conquest, they inhabited present-day
401:, the "sound" of the Raeti's original Etruscan tongue (
229:(a name used by outsiders to describe the Rhaetians).
1411:
in the later 1st century), while the Poenine Valley (
1124:
Named as Raeti by Strabo. Celtic, according to Pliny
70:
504:, as it stood in AD 14, with some Raeti tribal names
311:. This account of Raeti origins is supported by the
58:
52:
413:, who are regarded by most historians to have been
49:
1943:Spirit of Rhaetia: The Call of the Holy Mountains
295:, written before 146 BC. The Raeti, according to
2872:
1415:, Switz.) was separated to join the province of
117:was formed, which included parts of present-day
1621:
330:
2011:Marchesini, Simona and Roncador, Rosa (2015):
1426:According to the epigraphic record, the early
177:in 15 BC and their territories annexed to the
16:Historic ethnic confederation of Alpine tribes
2176:
2058:
678:. Alternatively their language may have been
661:people of northeast Italy, together with the
151:Alpine people. Their language, the so-called
2278:Arruns Tarquinius (son of Tarquin the Proud)
540:. To the South, its border with the Italian
27:(ruled 117 – 138 AD), showing, on the upper
1992:
1981:Dictionary of Continental Celtic Placenames
1626:. Sherwood, Gilbert and Piper. p. 240.
1378:). In addition, Roman auxiliary forces and
217:, the root of which appears to be Etruscan
2183:
2169:
2065:
2051:
1739:Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch
1349:' stepsons and senior military commanders
159:-speaking by the era of the Roman emperor
2190:
1961:Cambridge Ancient History (1996): Vol X,
1945:(LiteraryJoint, Philadelphia, PA, 2020),
1683:Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia
1374:until AD 9, when it was destroyed in the
434:cohorts were established under Augustus.
209:is uncertain. It has similarities to the
1988:Studies in the Auxilia of the Roman Army
493:
344:
18:
1419:. Raetia was governed by an equestrian
1067:Identified as Illyrian tribe by Strabo
381:, and also in other Italian regions of
2873:
2164:
2046:
1357:in a two-pronged campaign in 15 BC.
132:is uncertain. The Roman province of
1059:upper valley of fl. Aenus (r. Inn)
13:
2891:Historical ethnic groups of Europe
1452:Alpine regiments of the Roman army
1440:Alpine regiments of the Roman army
1046:Neighbours to Genaunes and Breuni
421:(ruled 41-54), as the province of
14:
2912:
2030:
1364:from ca. AD 15), by at least one
1333:
642:were actually another tribe, the
271:, which may refer to this deity.
200:
2856:
2605:English words of Etruscan origin
2479:Battle of Alalia (540 BC–535 BC)
2301:
2026:("Raetic Inscriptions") (online)
1636:Barrington Atlas maps 18, 19, 39
1389:but a military district under a
1115:Province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola
45:
23:The Roman empire in the time of
2558:Corpus Inscriptionum Etruscarum
2359:Etruscan names for Greek heroes
1846:
1837:
1828:
1819:
1810:
1801:
1792:
1783:
1774:
1765:
1756:
1744:
1728:
1715:
1706:
1695:
1675:
1666:
1657:
1648:
1639:
1630:
1622:Cowles Prichard, James (1841).
1615:
1606:
1597:
1588:
1579:
427:. In addition, a pair of joint
2519:Battle of Lake Vadimo (310 BC)
2494:Battle of the Cremera (477 BC)
1780:Barrington Atlas Maps 18,19,39
1570:
1561:
1552:
1543:
1534:
1521:
1497:
1488:
1479:
1376:Battle of the Teutoburg Forest
544:(administrative districts) of
303:driven into the Alps from the
136:was named after these people.
1:
1979:Faliyeyev, Alexander (2007):
1859:
1293:Identified as Raeti by Pliny
1238:Identified as Raeti by Pliny
792:LIST OF POSSIBLE RAETI TRIBES
2524:Battle of Populonia (282 BC)
2349:Corpus Speculorum Etruscorum
1968:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica
1672:Pliny the Elder III.20.134-5
709:("fight" or "warriors") and
665:of the neighbouring valley,
614:(who gave their name to the
489:
331:Ethno-linguistic affiliation
248:, rather than vice versa.).
7:
2509:Capture of Fidenae (435 BC)
1723:Manuel de la langue vénète.
1445:
281:Ancient history of Trentino
10:
2917:
2514:Battle of Veii (c. 396 BC)
2504:Battle of Fidenae (437 BC)
2430:Sarcophagus of the Spouses
2273:Lucius Tarquinius Superbus
2013:Monumanta Linguae Raeticae
1864:
996:(r. Isar) (Bavarian Alps)
728:for instance mentions the
334:
278:
274:
128:The etymology of the name
2854:
2681:
2613:
2537:
2469:
2451:Tomb of the Roaring Lions
2310:
2299:
2293:Titus Vestricius Spurinna
2258:Lucius Tarquinius Priscus
2198:
2080:
2072:
2022:Zavaroni, Adolfo (2001):
1935:
717:("valley") respectively.
593:
173:, were subjugated by the
2901:Tribes conquered by Rome
2881:Ancient peoples of Italy
2648:National Etruscan Museum
2499:Battle of Cumae (474 BC)
2005:Ó Hógain, Dáithi (2006)
1906:The Histories (Polybius)
1472:
1467:Rhaeto-Romance languages
478:(most of which is today
460:Rhaeto-Romance languages
429:Raetorum et Vindelicorum
2668:Tumulus of Montefortini
1973:Cornell, T. J. (1995):
1721:Michel Lejeune (1974),
1407:(abbreviated to simply
1275:Vennones, Vennonienses
586:and in the West by the
205:The origin of the name
163:(ruled 30 BC – AD 14).
2489:Siege of Rome (508 BC)
2484:Siege of Rome (509 BC)
1975:The Beginnings of Rome
1955:Alfoldy, Geza (1974):
1702:LinguistList: Lepontic
1549:Pliny the Elder III.20
1393:officer, attested as "
1342:, were subdued by the
505:
367:Indo-European language
354:
240:derives its name from
36:
2896:History of Vorarlberg
2399:Monterozzi necropolis
2192:Etruscan civilization
2024:Le Iscrizioni Retiche
1986:Holder, Paul (1980):
1134:Runicates, Rucantii?
497:
462:, which includes the
348:
315:-era Roman historian
232:The Roman geographer
77:; spelling variants:
22:
2731:Civita di Bagnoregio
2404:Mythological figures
1993:Lejeune, M. (1988).
1540:Polybius XXXIV.10.18
1405:Raetia et Vindelicia
1278:upper valley of fl.
1183:Ruigusci, Rucantii?
501:Raetia et Vindelicia
424:Raetia et Vindelicia
187:Raetia et Vindelicia
2886:Ancient Switzerland
2600:Tyrsenian languages
2529:Roman-Etruscan Wars
2441:Terracotta warriors
2037:Raetic inscriptions
1963:The Augustan Empire
1852:Holder (1980) 223-4
1762:O Hogain (2006) 174
1681:John T. Koch (ed.)
1585:Alfoldi (1974) 24-5
1104:Lepontii, Lepontes
816:(main valley/river)
794:
676:Tyrsenian languages
653:and classifies the
341:Tyrsenian languages
191:imperial Roman army
175:Imperial Roman army
2643:Monteleone Chariot
2594:Tabula Cortonensis
2374:Haruspex/Extispicy
2213:Villanovan culture
1895:Naturalis Historia
956:Civitas Camunnorum
790:
742:Venetia et Histria
697:are classified as
671:Continental Celtic
657:as a tribe of the
550:Venetia et Histria
546:Gallia Transpadana
506:
355:
213:of the Etruscans:
37:
2868:
2867:
2638:Impasto (pottery)
2389:Liver of Piacenza
2339:Chimera of Arezzo
2158:
2157:
1951:978-1-716-30027-1
1741:. Publisher Bern.
1691:978-1-85109-440-0
1576:Cornell (1995) 44
1494:Pliny N.H. III.20
1485:Cornell (1995) 44
1436:cohortes Raetorum
1331:
1330:
1258:Brescia province
1137:? between rivers
913:(upper valley of
606:Strabo names the
536:valley as far as
363:Etruscan alphabet
33:imperial province
2908:
2860:
2581:Lemnian language
2552:Cippus Perusinus
2471:Military history
2305:
2223:Founding of Rome
2218:Padanian Etruria
2185:
2178:
2171:
2162:
2161:
2067:
2060:
2053:
2044:
2043:
2002:
1853:
1850:
1844:
1841:
1835:
1832:
1826:
1823:
1817:
1814:
1808:
1805:
1799:
1796:
1790:
1787:
1781:
1778:
1772:
1769:
1763:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1732:
1726:
1719:
1713:
1710:
1704:
1699:
1693:
1685:ABC-CLIO (2005)
1679:
1673:
1670:
1664:
1661:
1655:
1652:
1646:
1643:
1637:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1619:
1613:
1610:
1604:
1601:
1595:
1592:
1586:
1583:
1577:
1574:
1568:
1565:
1559:
1556:
1550:
1547:
1541:
1538:
1532:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1509:classics.mit.edu
1501:
1495:
1492:
1486:
1483:
1391:Roman equestrian
1265:, acc. to Pliny
1031:Upper valley of
992:upper valley of
979:, acc. to Pliny
966:Brescia Province
841:upper valley of
795:
789:
646:, in Augustus).
359:Raetian language
351:Raetian language
337:Raetian language
153:Raetian language
73:
68:
67:
64:
63:
60:
57:
54:
51:
2916:
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2911:
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2907:
2906:
2905:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2850:
2677:
2609:
2576:Raetic language
2533:
2465:
2369:Fanum Voltumnae
2364:Tiburtine Sibyl
2354:Etruscan League
2306:
2297:
2268:Servius Tullius
2248:Caelius Vibenna
2194:
2189:
2159:
2154:
2076:
2071:
2039:Adolfo Zavaroni
2033:
1938:
1891:Pliny the Elder
1884:Ab urbe condita
1867:
1862:
1857:
1856:
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1503:
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1498:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1462:Raetic language
1448:
1380:leves armaturae
1336:
1261:A tribe of the
1235:Canton Grisons
1199:Canton Grisons
975:A tribe of the
960:Cividate Camuno
825:
820:
815:
810:
803:Tropaeum Alpium
799:
726:Tabula clesiana
722:Tropaeum Alpium
596:
492:
343:
333:
297:Pliny the Elder
283:
277:
251:Virgil in his
234:Pliny the Elder
203:
71:
48:
44:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2914:
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2898:
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2698:
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2597:
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2587:Tabula Capuana
2583:
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2336:
2331:
2326:
2324:Apollo of Veii
2320:
2318:
2308:
2307:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2288:Lars Tolumnius
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
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2204:
2202:
2196:
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2188:
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2173:
2165:
2156:
2155:
2153:
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2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
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2081:
2078:
2077:
2070:
2069:
2062:
2055:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2032:
2031:External links
2029:
2028:
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2020:
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2003:
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1937:
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1789:Dio LIV.22.3-4
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1735:Julius Pokorny
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1527:Zavaroni I.R.
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1471:
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1469:
1464:
1459:
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1447:
1444:
1430:period of the
1428:Julio-Claudian
1387:Roman province
1335:
1334:Roman conquest
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981:
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952:(river Oglio)
947:
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934:(Switzerland)
928:
918:
908:
906:
900:
899:
897:
891:
881:
874:
872:
866:
865:
862:Illyrian tribe
860:Identified as
858:
852:
850:
839:
837:
831:
830:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
595:
592:
530:Lake Constance
491:
488:
383:Emilia-Romagna
332:
329:
276:
273:
202:
201:Name etymology
199:
183:Roman province
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2913:
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2899:
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2807:
2804:
2802:
2801:San Giovenale
2799:
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2684:
2680:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2663:Tomb of Orcus
2661:
2659:
2656:
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2646:
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2571:Pyrgi Tablets
2569:
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2565:Liber Linteus
2562:
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2446:Titus Larcius
2444:
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2427:
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2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2243:Aulus Vibenna
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
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2216:
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2025:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1989:
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1982:
1978:
1976:
1972:
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1878:
1875:
1874:Roman History
1872:
1869:
1868:
1849:
1840:
1831:
1822:
1816:Strabo IV.6.9
1813:
1807:Strabo IV.6.9
1804:
1795:
1786:
1777:
1768:
1759:
1753:
1747:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1724:
1718:
1712:Scullard, 43.
1709:
1703:
1698:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1678:
1669:
1660:
1654:Strabo IV.6.8
1651:
1645:Strabo IV.6.8
1642:
1633:
1625:
1618:
1609:
1603:Holder (1982)
1600:
1591:
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1413:Canton Valais
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1372:
1367:
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1352:
1348:
1345:
1344:Roman emperor
1341:
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1166:Niederbayern
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1019:are the same
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871:
868:
867:
863:
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828:
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766:
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731:
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723:
718:
716:
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696:
692:
687:
685:
681:
680:Indo-European
677:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
647:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
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569:
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547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
503:
502:
496:
487:
485:
484:Gallo-Romance
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
452:
449:
445:
441:
435:
433:
430:
426:
425:
420:
416:
412:
408:
407:Celticisation
404:
403:sonum linguae
400:
394:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
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368:
364:
360:
352:
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150:
146:
142:
137:
135:
131:
126:
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121:south of the
120:
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100:
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91:confederation
88:
84:
80:
76:
75:
66:
42:
34:
30:
26:
21:
2781:Poggio Colla
2673:Vicus Tuscus
2653:Negau helmet
2592:
2585:
2563:
2556:
2428:
2329:Architecture
2283:Lars Porsena
2023:
2012:
2006:
1994:
1987:
1980:
1974:
1962:
1956:
1942:
1941:A. Baruffi,
1926:
1915:
1909:(ca. 160 BC)
1904:
1893:
1882:
1876:(ca. 130 AD)
1873:
1848:
1839:
1830:
1821:
1812:
1803:
1794:
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1776:
1767:
1758:
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1599:
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1581:
1572:
1563:
1554:
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1536:
1528:
1523:
1512:. Retrieved
1508:
1499:
1490:
1481:
1435:
1432:Roman Empire
1425:
1417:Alpes Graiae
1408:
1404:
1394:
1384:
1379:
1369:
1366:Roman legion
1359:
1337:
1325:South Tyrol
1313:
1289:Saint Gallen
1279:
1225:
1203:
1191:
1170:
1156:
1146:
1138:
1108:Val d'Ossola
1092:South Tyrol
1080:
1032:
1016:
999:
993:
955:
950:Val Camonica
920:
917:- r. Rhine)
914:
883:
877:
842:
801:
791:
744:
719:
714:
706:
694:
690:
688:
662:
654:
648:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
616:Val Camonica
605:
599:
597:
565:
556:
554:
541:
521:
513:
512:) the river
507:
500:
499:
453:
436:
428:
423:
422:
402:
395:
377:and western
356:
321:
307:by invading
286:
284:
268:
258:
252:
250:
245:
238:City of Rome
231:
222:
218:
214:
206:
204:
179:Roman empire
168:
165:
138:
129:
127:
86:
82:
78:
40:
38:
2658:Portonaccio
2633:Etruscology
2233:Tyrrhenians
1931:(ca. 29 BC)
1928:Georgics II
1920:(ca. 20 AD)
1917:Geographica
1898:(ca. 70 AD)
1887:(ca. 20 AD)
1871:Dio Cassius
1798:CAH X 538-9
1310:Val Venosta
1282:(r. Rhine)
1252:Val Trompia
1157:Sorviodunum
1081:fl. Isarcus
989:Cotuantii?
894:South Tyrol
880:(r. Adige)
821:(Roman era)
798:Tribal name
667:Val Trompia
440:South Tyrol
373:, northern
353:was spoken.
253:Georgics II
111:Switzerland
31:river, the
2875:Categories
2691:Acquarossa
2615:Archeology
2140:Trumpilini
2100:Cosuanetes
1860:References
1752:Dictionary
1750:Faliyeyev
1612:Zavaroni 1
1514:2024-08-31
1421:procurator
1396:praefectus
1368:(probably
1362:Vindonissa
1314:fl. Atesis
1271:VENNONETES
1248:Trumplini
1244:TRUMPILINI
1216:Sarunetes
1206:in Strabo
1194:- r. Inn)
1079:valley of
1010:Oberbayern
994:fl. Isaras
985:COSUANETES
915:fl. Rhenus
878:fl. Atesis
876:valley of
870:BRIXENETES
864:by Strabo
857:(Austria)
738:Tulliasses
632:Cosuanetes
622:, Italy),
538:Lake Leman
446:, and the
335:See also:
279:See also:
149:indigenous
109:, eastern
2826:Vetulonia
2811:Tarquinia
2786:Populonia
2756:Fescennia
2726:Cerveteri
2683:Key sites
2394:Mezentius
2228:Tyrrhenus
2130:Sarunetes
2110:Focunates
2105:Cotuantii
2090:Calucones
2007:The Celts
1843:CAH X 369
1834:CAH X 541
1825:CAH X 539
1663:CAH X 538
1594:Livy V.33
1567:Livy V.34
1558:Livy V.33
1371:legio XIX
1340:Vindelici
1306:Vinschgau
1226:Lapidaria
1161:Straubing
1130:RUCINATES
1043:(Austr.)
1035:(r. Inn)
1033:fl. Aenus
1025:FOCUNATES
1017:Cotuantii
970:Lombardia
904:CALUCONES
843:fl. Aenus
819:Main town
814:Territory
777:Nantuates
769:Ceutrones
757:Caturiges
711:Nantuates
703:Caturiges
663:Trumplini
636:Rucinates
624:Cotuantii
490:Territory
432:auxiliary
411:Vindelici
305:Po Valley
301:Etruscans
288:Histories
195:auxiliary
171:Vindelici
141:Po valley
99:Etruscans
89:) were a
2841:Volterra
2836:Volsinii
2831:Vie Cave
2816:Tuscania
2796:Rusellae
2628:Cuniculi
2623:Bucchero
2547:Alphabet
2539:Language
2424:Religion
2414:Poppilia
2263:Tanaquil
2150:Venostes
2145:Vennones
2135:Suanetes
2120:Rucantii
1983:(online)
1970:(online)
1902:Polybius
1737:(1959),
1529:San Zeno
1446:See also
1401:Claudius
1351:Tiberius
1347:Augustus
1299:VENOSTES
1212:SUANETES
1204:Rucantii
1188:Engadina
1171:Rucantii
1147:Danuvius
1119:Piemonte
1056:Genauni
1052:GENAUNES
896:(Italy)
826:district
811:variants
765:Sogionti
761:Brigiani
699:Illyrian
651:Taurisci
640:Rucantii
634:and the
628:Rucantii
620:Lombardy
608:Lepontii
588:Helvetii
580:Taurisci
542:regiones
472:Romanssh
468:Friulian
444:Trentino
419:Claudius
391:Lombardy
387:Campania
313:Augustan
293:Polybius
161:Augustus
2776:Perusia
2771:Orvieto
2766:Norchia
2761:Fidenae
2751:Falerii
2746:Etruria
2736:Clusium
2711:Bologna
2706:Baratti
2409:Persius
2379:Jewelry
2316:society
2312:Culture
2238:Tarchon
2208:Origins
2200:History
2125:Rugusci
2095:Camunni
2001:: CNRS.
1957:Noricum
1865:Ancient
1287:Canton
1263:Euganei
1202:May be
1179:RUGUSCI
1121:, It.)
1100:LEPONTI
1012:(Ger.)
977:Euganei
972:, It.)
946:Camuni
942:CAMUNNI
932:Grisons
930:Canton
911:Calanda
884:Brixina
800:(as on
785:Veragri
781:Sedunes
749:Medulli
734:Sinduni
695:Genauni
659:Euganei
655:Camunni
644:Rugusci
612:Camunni
584:Noricum
522:Isarcus
510:Noricum
476:Grisons
371:Tuscany
325:Etruria
299:, were
275:Origins
269:reithus
242:Romulus
215:Rasenna
211:endonym
197:corps.
143:by the
119:Germany
107:Austria
87:Rhaetii
25:Hadrian
2862:Portal
2701:Aleria
2456:Vegoia
2384:Lausus
2115:Isarci
2085:Breuni
1949:
1936:Modern
1924:Virgil
1913:Strabo
1689:
1457:Raetia
1409:Raetia
1355:Drusus
1280:Rhenus
1230:Zillis
1221:Albula
1151:Danube
1145:) and
1139:Isaras
1085:Isarco
1073:ISARCI
1064:Tirol
1004:Dorfen
888:Brixen
835:BREUNI
829:Notes
824:Modern
753:Ucenni
730:Anauni
715:nantu-
691:Breuni
684:Veneti
600:Raetia
594:Tribes
576:Verona
526:Eisack
480:German
448:Veneto
415:Celtic
379:Umbria
375:Latium
265:Veneti
261:Reitia
227:exonym
225:is an
181:. The
157:Celtic
134:Raetia
123:Danube
115:Raetia
95:Alpine
79:Rhaeti
29:Danube
2846:Vulci
2806:Spina
2791:Pyrgi
2741:Cumae
2716:Caere
2696:Adria
2461:Vulca
2436:Tages
2419:Raeti
2344:Coins
2253:Capys
2074:Raeti
1999:Paris
1473:Notes
1318:Adige
1316:- r.
1308:(It.
1192:Aenus
1190:(fl.
1186:Alta
1041:Tirol
1000:Turum
921:Curia
855:Tirol
773:Uberi
745:regio
713:from
707:catu-
705:from
568:Rhine
557:Licca
534:Rhone
514:Aenus
464:Ladin
456:Latin
309:Gauls
223:Raeti
219:rasna
207:Raeti
145:Gauls
130:Raeti
103:Tyrol
83:Rheti
41:Raeti
2821:Veii
2721:Ceri
2314:and
1947:ISBN
1880:Livy
1687:ISBN
1353:and
1143:Isar
1083:(r.
925:Chur
845:(r.
809:Name
736:and
720:The
693:and
626:and
574:and
572:Como
561:Lech
548:and
470:and
399:Livy
389:and
339:and
317:Livy
246:Roma
39:The
2334:Art
1442:).
1312:) (
847:Inn
582:of
518:Inn
291:of
193:'s
185:of
105:in
93:of
85:or
74:-ty
72:REE
2877::
1997:.
1507:.
1423:.
1320:)
1232:)
1173:)
1163:)
1153:)
1087:)
1006:)
962:)
927:)
890:)
849:)
783:,
779:,
775:,
771:,
767:,
763:,
759:,
755:,
751:,
732:,
618:,
610:,
590:.
466:,
442:,
385:,
125:.
81:,
62:aɪ
56:iː
2184:e
2177:t
2170:v
2066:e
2059:t
2052:v
2019:)
2015:(
1531:1
1517:.
1228:(
1159:(
1149:(
1141:(
1117:(
1002:(
968:(
958:(
923:(
886:(
806:)
559:(
524:(
516:(
65:/
59:t
53:r
50:ˈ
47:/
43:(
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