1033:...neither the conceptual starting point, nor the process of our revolutionary development, nor the final objective of the Revolution obey the traditional molds of the capitalist or communist systems. Communism and capitalism are not the models of our Nationalist Revolution. The traditional order against which our Revolution insurged was a capitalist order and we know very well the deep roots of injustice that it contains because that was, precisely, the system under whose aegis we became a dependent and underdeveloped nation. But while it is true that the capitalist system, today harshly criticized by the Catholic Church as well, is open to insurmountable objections of an economic, ethical and social nature, from our point of view communism is also invalid for the reality of Peru and unacceptable for the humanist aims of our Revolution.
1092:
844:. Velasco's rule was characterized by left-leaning policies, which aimed to create a strong national industry to increase the international independence of Peru. To that end, he nationalised entire industries, expropriated companies in a wide range of activities from fisheries to mining to telecommunications to power production and consolidated them into single industry-centric government-run entities and increased government control over economic activity by enforcing those entities as monopolies and disincentivized private activity in those sectors. Most reforms were planned by left-leaning intellectuals of the time, and some of them successfully improved the Peruvian quality of life.
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Disagreements between the United States and Peru continued over a broad range of issues including even Peru's claim to a 200-nautical-mile (370 km) fishing limit that resulted in the seizure of several US commercial fishing boats and the expropriation of the
American copper mining company Cerro
784:
The Armed Forces, especially the
Peruvian Army, quickly and forcefully defeated the ELN and MIR guerrillas. However, they realized the urgency of social and economic reforms in a country where there was still an oligarchic elite and huge marginalized groups of the poor and indigenous. Faced with the
1612:
opposed a preventive war and responded that "I can guarantee that the
Peruvians would destroy the Chilean Air Force in the first five minutes of the war". Some analysts believe the fear of attack by Chilean and US officials as largely unjustified but logical for them to experience, considering the
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program to expropriate farms and diversify land ownership. In its first ten years in power, the
Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces (GRFA) expropriated 15,000 properties (totaling nine million hectares) and benefited some 300,000 families. The former landlords who opposed this program
190:
1163:
The
Morales Bermudez administration assumed a country in a serious economic crisis after Velasco's reforms. The economy failed to improve amid rising inflation and recession, as well as rising unemployment. This situation led to high social discontent, where many people of the working class,
1087:
was also characterized by authoritarianism, as the administration grew away from tolerating any level of dissent, periodically jailing, deporting and harassing suspected political opponents and repeatedly closing and censoring broadcast and print news media, finally expropriating all of the
1438:, and although the claims over the IPC were ultimately resolved in negotiations between the two governments, the US after this seizure no longer considered Peru an ally or a friendly country. Instead, the CIA started to organize plans to destabilize and to overthrow General Velasco.
730:. The APRA government program proposed a transformation of the country, betting on agrarian reform to end the servitude regime on the indigenous people that still existed on the haciendas. The Military Junta of 1962 called for new elections for the following year, in which
1367:
were tense and even hostile, as soon as
General Velasco and his junta took power. This was due to the government's socialist-leaning policies, but also because of a belief on the part of the Peruvian public that the U.S. generally favored other nations first, such as
741:
for the reforms promised by the new government, BelaĂșnde was unable to fulfill the promise of agrarian reform or to resolve the conflict over the ownership of
Peruvian oil, among other reasons, due to the fierce parliamentary opposition from APRA and the right-wing
1672:
Plan Inca: elaborado por el
Gobierno Revolucionario de la Fuerza Armada, antes del 3 de Octubre de 1968; mensaje a la nacion del Señor Presidente de la RepĂșblica General de Division E.P. Juan Velasco Alvabado con motivo del 153 aniversario de la independencia
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as a result of social discontent. The first strike was held on July 19, 1977, the objective of which was to demand an improvement in the employment and salary situation, and the second in May of the following year, with a broader list of claims.
150:
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A root and branch education reform was in march looking to include all
Peruvians and move them towards to a new national thinking and feeling; the poor and the most excluded were prioritized in this system and the name of the
1621:. According to sources, the alleged invasion scheme could be seen from the Chilean's government perspective as a plan for some kind of leftist counterattack. While acknowledging the Peruvian plans were revisionistic scholar
151:
188:
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it is estimated that from 1970 to 1975 Peru spent up to US$ 2 billion (roughly US$ 20 billion in 2010's valuation) on Soviet armament. According to various sources
Velasco's government bought between 600 and 1,200
1109:
believed that they did not receive adequate compensation for their confiscated assets and lamented that the state officials and peasant beneficiaries mismanaged their properties after the expropriation.
1072:
an official language of Peru equal to Spanish. Thus, Peru was the first Latin American country to officialize an indigenous language. However, this law was never enforced and ceased to be valid when the
1298:
In foreign policy, in contrast with his 1970s Latin American contemporaries, which were mostly right-wing military dictatorships, Velasco pursued a partnership with communist countries, beginning with
1257:
On the other hand, Peruvian cinema had a boom with indigenous themes thanks to the financing of the revolutionary government through the National Mobilization Support System (SINAMOS). Movies such as
1278:
The Peruvian plastic arts were also influenced by the Peruvian revolution, the Directorate for the Promotion and Diffusion of the Agrarian Reform sponsored the birth of artist JesĂșs Ruiz Durand's
734:
was victorious, who defeated Haya, with a government plan that also proposed to reform the country and establish new contracts on the exploitation of natural resources, especially oil.
1625:
claim more important issues behind were the "ideological incompatibility" between the regimes of Velasco Alvarado and Pinochet and that Peru would have been concerned about Pinochet's
3527:
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MENSAJE A LA NACIĂN DEL PRESIDENTE DEL PERĂ, GENERAL DE DIVISIĂN JUAN VELASCO ALVARADO, EL 28 DE JULIO DE 1970 Nuestro pueblo empieza a ser el gran protagonista de su historia, P.3
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reformism in democracy, the military decided to make the changes themselves with the idea of "starting the revolution from above to prevent it from being started from below."
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Just five days after Velasco seized power in 1968, the General began the nationalization of the Peruvian Economy with the expropriation and nationalization of the American
1168:, as it proved unable to continue with the original leftist military government program, instead continuing with Morales Bermudez's program, such as the replacement of the
1914:
Walter, Richard J. Peru and the United States, 1960â1975: How Their Ambassadors Managed Foreign Relations in a Turbulent Era. Pennsylvania State University Press, 2010.
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of Lima, which created a massive increase of crime and general unrest in the capital and precipitated the fall of Velasco. This event would be later known as the
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MĂS ALLĂ DEL POP ACHORADO: UNA PROPUESTA DE RELECTURA DE LOS AFICHES DE JESĂS RUIZ DURAND PARA LA REFORMA AGRARIA DEL GOBIERNO DE JUAN VELASCO ALVARADO
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particularly those closest to the labor unions, came to see in each government action a reversal of the military revolution towards submission to the
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In the 1950s, several nationalist governments in Latin America began processes of social and economic modernization, promoting the economic theory of
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to help implement similar policies in Peru. Yugoslavia aided the Junta financially and diplomatically, and the two nations remained close allies.
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1282:. Ruiz created posters, logos and even comics where the peasant, the worker and the Indigenous people are protagonists, taking the aesthetics of
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people of the Andes and the Amazon, which consisted nearly half of the population. In 1975, the Velasco government enacted a law making
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through import substitution and the use of income sourced from the exploitation of natural resources. Such was the case of the
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1246:, reached international recognition. In addition, important initiatives appeared that spread reading in Peru such as the
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occurred, a coup by which General Francisco Morales BermĂșdez became de facto president on August 29, 1975, beginning the
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Velasco's administration articulated a desire to give justice to the poor through a regime of nationalization known as
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collection, which published more than seventy titles of universal and Peruvian literature, or the Peruvian Library of
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The first phase of the dictatorship, calling itself the Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces, began with the
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Velasco saw the revolution as one that was opposed to both capitalism and communism, stating in a 1970 address that
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1415:
1410:, led American aid efforts after the 1970 earthquake, distributing relief supplies as well as visiting hospitals.
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who took power to undo the socialist-leaning measures taken by Velasco. In 1978, the new government convened a
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1960:
Kasza, Gregory James. The Conscription Society: Administered Mass Organizations. Yale University Press, 1995.
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in 1976. Velasco's military plan was to launch a massive sea, air, and land invasion against Chile. In 1999,
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However, in spite of these provocations, the U.S. responded immediately with humanitarian aid in 1970, when
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forces could have penetrated deep south into Chilean territory, possibly even taking the Chilean city of
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The enormous amount of weaponry purchased by Peru caused a meeting between former US Secretary of State
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oil complex on October 9, which helped the new government in its consolidation of power in the country.
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2008:
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Las Relaciones Entre el PerĂș y Rusia: RevisiĂłn e interpretaciĂłn desde las Relaciones Internacionales
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A cornerstone of Velasco's political and economic strategy was the implementation by dictate of an
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ideas that left a deep impact in the country. Among the policies promoted were the promulgation of
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Enrique Mayer, Ugly Stories of the Peruvian Agrarian Reform. Durham: Duke University Press, 2009.
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778:
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Enrique Mayer, Ugly Stories of the Peruvian Agrarian Reform. Durham:Duke University Press, 2009.
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are official only where they predominate, as mandated by law â a law that was never enacted.
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1976:
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8:
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and the ineffectiveness of the State administration led to the appearance of symptoms of
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and the irruption of two guerrilla forces in the country inspired by the victory of the
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During the First Phase of the Revolutionary Government, there was a strong impulse of
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At the end of the military dictatorship, the growing problems with the payment of the
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Militarism and politics in Latin America: Peru from SĂĄnchez Cerro to Sendero Luminoso
1941:
1637:
Chileans should stop with the bullshit or tomorrow I shall eat breakfast in Santiago.
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warplanes, 500,000 assault rifles, and even considered the purchase of the British
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of natural resources and the expropriation of companies and the media, generated a
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1983:
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1577:
1348:'s main goals was to militarily reconquer the lands lost by Peru to Chile in the
1211:
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905:
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261:
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Morales Bermudez was forced to call a Constitutional Assembly, which was led by
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1334:
1227:
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1160:. His government repressed the protests that surged as a result of inflation.
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were also cause for concern. Nevertheless, both countries never went to war.
1156:, who overturned many of Velasco Alvarado's pro-Socialist reforms and joined
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Manifiesto, estatuto y plan del gobierno revolucionario de la fuerza armada
1435:
1418:(IPC) oil fields located in the northern Peruvian oil port and refinery of
1353:
1315:
1207:
1055:
ComisiĂłn Nacional del Sesquicentenario de la Independencia del PerĂș (CNSIP)
753:
In addition, BelaĂșnde had to face the peasant mobilization in Cusco led by
70:
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1723:"A 50 años del golpe de Velasco Alvarado, las secuelas persisten en PerĂș"
1626:
1570:
1307:
615:
1047:
National Commission for the Sesquicentennial of the Independence of Peru
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Velasco was greatly influenced by socialist Yugoslavia's policies of
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571:. Official Peruvian historiography refers to this period as that of
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1352:. This, as well as Peru's purchases of military equipment from the
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Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union
4354:
4239:
4229:
4178:
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being the region where Velasco was born. IPC was a subsidiary of
1427:
1384:, in the context of the United States' mediation in favor of the
1283:
1149:
1131:
1117:
638:
402:
256:
2080:
Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum. KISSINGER, HENRY
1254:, which reissued books on history and current national affairs.
847:
Among the state-owned companies created by the government were:
4422:
4224:
4163:
3098:
1835:
Quechua Education in Peru. The Theory-Context Mergence Approach
1608:
to defend itself. Though, Pinochet's Chilean Air Force General
1419:
1389:
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in 1980. In this way, the twelve-year military rule ended, and
1112:
On February 5, 1975, there was a police strike that generated
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American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation
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4152:
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1556:
1552:
1540:
1536:
1431:
1423:
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and undertaking major purchases of Soviet military hardware.
2098:. Cambridge Studies in International Relations. p. 158.
1457:
1045:. As a result, the Revolutionary Government established the
4447:
4329:
2221:
2165:
1589:
1521:
1490:
1461:
Sukhoi Su-22 "Fitter F" aircraft of the Peruvian Air Force.
1449:
killed about 50,000 people and left over 600,000 homeless.
1364:
1311:
1113:
991:
929:
823:, after the Talara Act and the Page 11 scandals, through a
560:
215:
1290:" Peruvian Indian as a synonym of defiance and insolence.
1214:
and the incubation of social problems that in later years
1088:
newspapers in 1974 and sending the publishers into exile.
4902:
4882:
4877:
2058:"Terremoto de 1970: la solidaridad que levantĂł a un paĂs"
827:, on October 3, 1968. The coup was soon followed by the
815:
presidency of the Army Commander General, Major General
1520:
The Peruvian Army had 1,200 units in total raging from
1977:"La veces que Pinochet casi Ataca al PerĂș de Sorpresa"
1768:
Sistema de InformaciĂłn Ambiental Regional de Cajamarca
1183:
Two general strikes were called by unions such as the
2131:
2102:
1861:"PerĂș: Ley de Prensa. La expropiaciĂłn. La devoluciĂłn"
1234:. During this period, young Peruvian writers such as
5003:
Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces of Peru
2108:
1199:. The Revolutionary Government came to an end after
1095:
A tank drives past two wounded civilians during the
1388:in order to compensate the country for its loss of
1792:"El sesquicentenario de la independencia del PerĂș"
1604:. The Chilean Armed Forces considered launching a
1559:helicopters. The Peruvian Navy's flagship was the
1306:. By 1969 he established warm relations with the
1077:became effective, according to which Quechua and
4994:
4848:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States
2115:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 228â229.
2009:"Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum"
1865:Chasqui. Revista Latinoamericana de ComunicaciĂłn
1668:
3285:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972
2692:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1813:"Sesquicentenario de la Independencia del PerĂș"
1741:
1705:Se Aprueba Estatuto del Gobierno Revolucionario
1613:Pinochet dictatorship had come into power with
2037:
1895:
2181:
1592:had attacked Chile during 1973 or even 1978,
1267:(1977) by Federico GarcĂa Hurtado stand out.
164:
126:
98:
4924:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
2475:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council
1963:
1789:
1573:. The Peruvian Navy mirrored that of Chile.
1014:), celebrated every June 24, was changed to
637:In response to this situation, Alvarado was
545:Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces
3785:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre
1926:
1344:were tense, as it was believed that one of
896:: dedicated to the steel and iron industry.
553:Gobierno Revolucionario de la Fuerza Armada
4888:United States involvement in regime change
2443:1947â1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine
2188:
2174:
2075:
2073:
1927:Adins, Sebastien; Rooney, Mildred (2019).
1376:(in spite of its support of Peru over the
1261:(1973) by Nora de Izcue and the docudrama
1060:The education reform of 1972 provided for
718:In Peru, the electoral victory in 1962 of
203:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1922:
1920:
1617:against democratically elected president
594:leader of the government, which promoted
1456:
1394:
1269:
1090:
798:
16:Period in the history of Peru, 1968â1980
3014:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia)
2070:
2055:
1896:SĂĄnches Flores, Miguel Antonio (2016).
1858:
1831:
1742:Benavente Secco, Gonzalo (2019-10-09).
622:. Other measures, however, such as the
4995:
4858:Russian espionage in the United States
3130:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
2090:
2084:
2031:
2019:from the original on 24 September 2015
1996:
1917:
1902:Pontifical Catholic University of Peru
1185:Workers' General Confederation of Peru
737:Despite the determined support of the
4853:Soviet espionage in the United States
3009:Indonesian mass killings of 1965â1966
2788:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution
2453:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight
2169:
563:from 1968 to 1980 after a successful
4929:Soviet UnionâUnited States relations
3280:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China
2043:Nuevo Compendio de Historia del PerĂș
1859:Chasqui, Revista (20 October 1981).
1293:
1037:In 1971, the country celebrated its
4893:Soviet involvement in regime change
2096:The State, War and the State of War
1469:was one of the strongest armies in
1333:and worked with Yugoslav economist
13:
4934:Soviet UnionâUnited States summits
2408:1947 Polish parliamentary election
2293:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
1221:
982:: dedicated to telecommunications.
695:of 1952, the second government of
14:
5034:
3695:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency
3630:United States invasion of Grenada
2900:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence
2841:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania
1790:Loayza PĂ©rez, Alex (2019-09-01).
1138:of the Revolutionary Government.
775:Revolutionary Left Movement (MIR)
3770:United States invasion of Panama
3620:1982 EthiopianâSomali Border War
3260:1971 Turkish military memorandum
3223:Communist insurgency in Thailand
3193:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
3125:Communist insurgency in Malaysia
2952:Assassination of John F. Kennedy
2880:IndonesiaâMalaysia confrontation
2398:Restatement of Policy on Germany
2153:
2141:
1841:. pp. 13â14. Archived from
1528:. The Peruvian Air Force had 90
1426:, near the Peruvian border with
525:
500:
186:
148:
77:
63:
4490:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
3871:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
3800:Fall of the inner German border
3700:1988 Black Sea bumping incident
3350:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
3340:Spanish transition to democracy
3300:1972â1975 Bangladesh insurgency
2927:Communist insurgency in Sarawak
2433:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947â1948
2314:Occupation of the Baltic states
2049:
2045:. Editorial Lumen. p. 330.
1954:
1908:
1889:
1880:
1871:
1852:
1825:
1669:Velasco Alvarado, Juan (1974).
1629:views on Chile's need of naval
1543:transport aircraft, as well as
1416:International Petroleum Company
1141:
3270:Four Power Agreement on Berlin
2905:Mozambican War of Independence
2344:Indonesian National Revolution
2056:Batalla, Carlos (2014-12-04).
1805:
1783:
1774:
1756:
1735:
1715:
1696:
1680:
1662:
1057:) to manage the celebrations.
792:
763:National Liberation Army (ELN)
606:, the official recognition of
116:"Firm and Happy for the Union"
1:
4868:CIA and the Cultural Cold War
3883:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
3836:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident
3558:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts
3523:Seven Days to the River Rhine
3255:Corrective Revolution (Egypt)
2542:March 1949 Syrian coup d'Ă©tat
2470:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'Ă©tat
2109:Masterson, Daniel M. (1991).
1656:
1633:in the Southeastern Pacific.
966:CompañĂa Peruana de TelĂ©fonos
928:: dedicated to the country's
664:
3861:Fall of communism in Albania
3831:Mongolian Revolution of 1990
3780:Polish Round Table Agreement
3120:1968 Polish political crisis
2937:Eritrean War of Independence
2703:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
2598:East German uprising of 1953
2530:Chinese Communist Revolution
2195:
1310:, tightening relations with
1193:VĂctor RaĂșl Haya de la Torre
720:VĂctor RaĂșl Haya de la Torre
7:
3735:Korean Air Lines Flight 007
3463:Korean Air Lines Flight 902
3208:Corrective Movement (Syria)
3172:New People's Army rebellion
3167:Sino-Soviet border conflict
2895:Angolan War of Independence
2758:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis
2638:1954 Guatemalan coup d'Ă©tat
2283:Jamaican political conflict
1750:The Revolution and the Land
1711:. Government of Peru. 1968.
1644:
1452:
1340:Relations between Peru and
1166:International Monetary Fund
777:, led by an APRA militant,
10:
5039:
3931:Sino-Indian border dispute
3760:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
3690:1987â1989 JVP insurrection
3448:1976 Argentine coup d'Ă©tat
3360:Turkish invasion of Cyprus
3310:1973 Uruguayan coup d'Ă©tat
2994:1964 Brazilian coup d'Ă©tat
2962:Cyprus crisis of 1963â1964
2651:First Taiwan Strait Crisis
2418:Asian Relations Conference
1154:Francisco Morales BermĂșdez
819:, who overthrew President
807:occupies La Brea y Pariñas
643:Francisco Morales BermĂșdez
577:Reformismo militar radical
345:Francisco Morales-BermĂșdez
104:Firme y feliz por la uniĂłn
4967:
4916:
4838:
4815:William Appleman Williams
4760:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.
4542:
4514:
4463:
4395:
4388:
4322:
4187:
4112:
4042:
4035:
3944:
3891:
3823:
3536:
3275:Bangladesh Liberation War
3265:1971 Sudanese coup d'Ă©tat
3180:
3152:1969 Sudanese coup d'Ă©tat
3140:1968 Peruvian coup d'Ă©tat
2803:
2578:Arab Cold War (1952â1979)
2555:
2265:
2203:
1745:La revoluciĂłn y la tierra
1692:. Editorial Inkari. 1975.
1532:warplanes for combat and
781:, and Guillermo LobatĂłn.
705:National Development Plan
614:, and the empowerment of
596:revolutionary nationalism
479:
467:
457:
453:
443:
433:
429:
425:
412:
399:
386:
373:
369:
359:
354:
350:
338:
326:
322:
312:
280:revolutionary nationalist
267:
255:
245:
221:
211:
202:
144:"National Anthem of Peru"
120:
93:
59:
54:
21:
3590:1980 Turkish coup d'Ă©tat
3425:CambodianâVietnamese War
3395:1978 Somali coup attempt
3355:Second IraqiâKurdish War
3320:1973 Chilean coup d'Ă©tat
3145:Revolutionary Government
3039:South African Border War
2831:1960 Turkish coup d'Ă©tat
2748:Iraqi 14 July Revolution
2603:1953 Iranian coup d'Ă©tat
2583:1952 Egyptian revolution
1938:Konrad Adenauer Stiftung
1818:National Library of Peru
1372:in the context of their
3795:Fall of the Berlin Wall
3740:People Power Revolution
3725:Central American crisis
3665:1986 Black Sea incident
3315:1973 Afghan coup d'Ă©tat
3213:Western Sahara conflict
3024:1966 Syrian coup d'Ă©tat
2947:1963 Syrian coup d'Ă©tat
2890:Portuguese Colonial War
2853:First IraqiâKurdish War
2618:1954 Syrian coup d'Ă©tat
2495:Annexation of Hyderabad
2438:1947â1949 Palestine war
1832:Brisson, David (2009).
1240:Alfredo Bryce Echenique
918:electric power industry
779:Luis de la Puente Uceda
722:, head of the Peruvian
697:Carlos Ibåñez del Campo
661:was returned to power.
632:international isolation
590:, appointed him as the
573:Radical military reform
222:Official languages
132:Himno Nacional del PerĂș
5023:Military dictatorships
4089:Neoclassical economics
3600:Gulf of Sidra incident
3157:1969 Libyan revolution
2848:IraqiâKurdish conflict
2633:1954 Geneva Conference
2393:Turkish straits crisis
2388:Corfu Channel incident
1641:âJuan Velasco Alvarado
1639:
1524:Main Battle Tanks and
1473:. It consisted of the
1462:
1442:de Pasco Corporation.
1411:
1359:Relations between the
1286:and representing the "
1275:
1152:by his prime minister
1101:
1054:
1035:
1023:
1016:Peruvian Peasant's day
1011:
808:
744:Odriist National Union
649:, which promulgated a
641:by his prime minister
628:severe economic crisis
576:
552:
445:âą Disestablished
165:
127:
99:
4939:RussiaâNATO relations
4820:Jonathan Reed Winkler
4104:Democratic capitalism
4099:Supply-side economics
4067:American conservatism
3866:Breakup of Yugoslavia
3755:Bougainville conflict
3670:South Yemen civil war
3605:Martial law in Poland
3468:Nicaraguan Revolution
3443:Dirty War (Argentina)
3250:1971 JVP insurrection
3064:Years of Lead (Italy)
2942:North Yemen civil war
2860:Berlin Crisis of 1961
2836:AlbanianâSoviet split
2768:1959 Tibetan uprising
2733:Syrian Crisis of 1957
2588:Iraqi Intifada (1952)
2448:1948 ArabâIsraeli War
1635:
1460:
1398:
1386:Salomon-Lozano Treaty
1346:Juan Velasco Alvarado
1273:
1148:Velasco Alvarado was
1094:
1031:
817:Juan Velasco Alvarado
802:
684:New National Ideology
588:Juan Velasco Alvarado
557:military dictatorship
333:Juan Velasco Alvarado
304:military dictatorship
287:military dictatorship
4360:Non-Aligned Movement
3982:Peaceful coexistence
3936:North Borneo dispute
3851:German reunification
3846:Min Ping Yu No. 5202
3544:Salvadoran Civil War
3493:Grand Mosque seizure
3488:Yemenite War of 1979
3380:Mozambican Civil War
3335:Carnation Revolution
3290:Yemenite War of 1972
3228:1970 Polish protests
3059:1967 Hong Kong riots
3034:Argentine Revolution
2984:Guatemalan Civil War
2912:Cuban Missile Crisis
2826:Bay of Pigs Invasion
2698:1956 PoznaĆ protests
2676:Geneva Summit (1955)
2278:Hukbalahap Rebellion
2257:Non-Aligned Movement
2039:Tamayo Herrera, José
1130:. Months later, the
726:, was annulled by a
709:Juscelino Kubitschek
653:in 1979, as well as
647:Constituent Assembly
620:indigenous Peruvians
569:Armed Forces of Peru
4805:Alex von Tunzelmann
4795:Vladimir TismÄneanu
4720:Thomas J. McCormick
4715:Jack F. Matlock Jr.
4615:Robert Hugh Ferrell
4478:Crusade for Freedom
4275:Illiberal democracy
4159:Ho Chi Minh Thought
3962:Eisenhower Doctrine
3815:Peaceful Revolution
3810:Romanian Revolution
3790:Revolutions of 1989
3775:1988 Polish strikes
3685:Operation INFEKTION
3680:1987 Lieyu massacre
3585:Eritrean Civil Wars
3568:Peruvian Revolution
3518:1979 Herat uprising
3508:Sino-Vietnamese War
3473:UgandaâTanzania War
3453:EgyptianâLibyan War
3420:Third Indochina War
3415:Sino-Albanian split
3405:Ethiopian Civil War
3305:Eritrean Civil Wars
3245:Ping-pong diplomacy
3218:Cambodian Civil War
3044:Korean DMZ Conflict
3029:Cultural Revolution
2999:Dominican Civil War
2977:Tlatelolco massacre
2763:1959 Mosul uprising
2753:1958 Lebanon crisis
2480:Al-Wathbah uprising
2403:First Indochina War
2373:Iran crisis of 1946
1764:"DĂa del Campesino"
1600:located halfway to
1509:light fleet carrier
1493:Main Battle Tanks,
1374:territorial dispute
1274:Logo of the SINAMOS
1248:Populibros Peruanos
1244:Julio RamĂłn Ribeyro
1062:bilingual education
916:: dedicated to the
904:: dedicated to the
882:: dedicated to the
868:: dedicated to the
856:: dedicated to the
693:Bolivian Revolution
584:Revolutionary Junta
435:âą Established
4959:Russian Revolution
4755:Mary Elise Sarotte
4740:William B. Pickett
4665:Patrick J. Hearden
4645:Gabriel Gorodetsky
4640:Timothy Garton Ash
4625:Anneli Ute Gabanyi
4220:Ethnic nationalism
3972:Hallstein Doctrine
3856:Yemeni unification
3645:1985 Geneva Summit
3610:Casamance conflict
3513:New Jewel Movement
3498:Iranian Revolution
3483:ChadianâLibyan War
3430:Cambodian conflict
3410:Lebanese Civil War
3400:Western Sahara War
3375:June 1976 protests
3370:Cambodian genocide
3135:17 July Revolution
3089:Nigerian Civil War
3004:Rhodesian Bush War
2989:Colombian conflict
2932:Ramadan Revolution
2671:Bandung Conference
2547:Operation Valuable
2428:Partition of India
1982:2008-12-02 at the
1569:received from the
1479:Peruvian Air Force
1463:
1412:
1350:War of the Pacific
1276:
1236:Mario Vargas Llosa
1150:overthrown in 1975
1102:
972:telecommunications
884:petroleum industry
809:
639:overthrown in 1975
170:Marcha de Banderas
45:RepĂșblica del PerĂș
4990:
4989:
4977:List of conflicts
4825:Rudolph Winnacker
4770:Giles Scott-Smith
4745:Ronald E. Powaski
4700:Melvyn P. Leffler
4630:John Lewis Gaddis
4605:Robert D. English
4570:Warren H. Carroll
4560:Michael Beschloss
4529:Nuclear arms race
4510:
4509:
4416:Neues Deutschland
4318:
4317:
4300:White nationalism
4270:Liberal democracy
4007:Ulbricht Doctrine
3997:Brezhnev Doctrine
3805:Velvet Revolution
3549:SovietâAfghan War
3365:Angolan Civil War
3162:Goulash Communism
3019:ASEAN Declaration
2972:Mexican Dirty War
2870:Annexation of Goa
2821:1960 U-2 incident
2795:Sino-Soviet split
2773:Laotian Civil War
2613:Bricker Amendment
2593:Mau Mau rebellion
2537:Malayan Emergency
2525:Chinese Civil War
2485:TitoâStalin split
2339:Division of Korea
2122:978-0-313-27213-4
2092:Holsti, Kalevi J.
1947:978-9972-671-59-3
1403:, seen here with
1324:Nicolae CeauÈescu
1294:Foreign relations
1201:Fernando Belaunde
1075:1979 constitution
1039:150th anniversary
1024:DĂa del Campesino
833:La Brea y Pariñas
829:military takeover
821:Fernando BelaĂșnde
732:Fernando Belaunde
679:industrialization
673:, which promoted
659:Fernando BelaĂșnde
610:, an increase of
541:
540:
537:
536:
533:
532:
513:
512:
508:Peruvian Republic
340:âą 1975â1980
328:âą 1968â1975
308:
291:
241:
234:
193:
153:
31:RepĂșblica Peruana
23:Peruvian Republic
5030:
4735:David S. Painter
4660:John Earl Haynes
4590:Nicholas J. Cull
4575:Adrian Cioroianu
4555:Thomas A. Bailey
4502:Voice of America
4393:
4392:
4305:White separatism
4285:Social democracy
4280:Guided democracy
4260:Authoritarianism
4210:Ultranationalism
4200:Anti-imperialism
4127:MarxismâLeninism
4040:
4039:
4027:Kinmen Agreement
3992:Johnson Doctrine
3977:Kennedy Doctrine
3893:Frozen conflicts
3876:1991 August Coup
3765:Afghan Civil War
3660:ReykjavĂk Summit
3655:Somali Rebellion
3595:Ugandan Bush War
3573:GdaĆsk Agreement
3094:Protests of 1968
3074:War of Attrition
2783:Cuban Revolution
2719:We will bury you
2686:Cyprus Emergency
2666:Kashmir Princess
2656:Jebel Akhdar War
2505:Western betrayal
2190:
2183:
2176:
2167:
2166:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2137:
2127:
2126:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2088:
2082:
2077:
2068:
2067:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2005:
1994:
1993:
1974:
1961:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1935:
1924:
1915:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1893:
1887:
1884:
1878:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1840:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1796:
1787:
1781:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1666:
1623:Kalevi J. Holsti
1619:Salvador Allende
1610:Fernando Matthei
1588:claimed that if
1586:General Pinochet
1582:Augusto Pinochet
1408:Consuelo Velasco
1399:U.S. First Lady
1177:Tupac Amaru Plan
1158:Operation Condor
987:Correos del PerĂș
870:mineral industry
858:fishing industry
759:Cuban Revolution
715:, among others.
675:agrarian reforms
671:developmentalism
651:new constitution
634:of the country.
529:
528:
521:Republic of Peru
517:
516:
504:
503:
497:
496:
481:
480:
403:1975 coup d'Ă©tat
377:1968 coup d'Ă©tat
306:
289:
239:
232:
207:
195:
194:
182:"March of Flags"
180:
176:
174:
168:
155:
154:
142:
138:
136:
130:
114:
110:
108:
102:
81:
67:
49:
48:
37:Republic of Peru
35:
34:
19:
18:
5038:
5037:
5033:
5032:
5031:
5029:
5028:
5027:
4993:
4992:
4991:
4986:
4963:
4954:Second Cold War
4912:
4840:
4834:
4810:Odd Arne Westad
4800:Patrick Vaughan
4785:Athan Theoharis
4765:Ellen Schrecker
4750:Yakov M. Rabkin
4725:Timothy Naftali
4670:Tvrtko Jakovina
4655:Jussi HanhimÀki
4538:
4516:
4506:
4484:Paix et Liberté
4459:
4403:Active measures
4384:
4314:
4295:White supremacy
4255:Totalitarianism
4183:
4108:
4031:
4017:Reagan Doctrine
4012:Carter Doctrine
3952:Truman Doctrine
3940:
3887:
3819:
3714:Soviet reaction
3625:Ndogboyosoi War
3532:
3503:Saur Revolution
3330:1973 oil crisis
3295:Munich massacre
3203:Alcora Exercise
3198:Black September
3176:
2922:Sino-Indian War
2816:Simba rebellion
2799:
2643:Capture of the
2551:
2490:Berlin Blockade
2423:May 1947 crises
2413:Truman Doctrine
2378:Greek Civil War
2367:Blacklist Forty
2334:Gouzenko Affair
2321:Cursed soldiers
2273:Morgenthau Plan
2261:
2199:
2194:
2164:
2154:
2152:
2142:
2140:
2132:
2130:
2123:
2107:
2103:
2089:
2085:
2078:
2071:
2054:
2050:
2036:
2032:
2022:
2020:
2013:ford.utexas.edu
2007:
2006:
1997:
1991:
1990:, June 3, 2004
1984:Wayback Machine
1975:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1933:
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1918:
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1697:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1647:
1642:
1578:Henry Kissinger
1455:
1331:self-management
1296:
1228:Peruvian cinema
1224:
1222:Art and culture
1212:economic crisis
1203:was reelected.
1146:
1122:historic center
1106:agrarian reform
1002:Peruvian Indian
990:: dedicated to
970:: dedicated to
956:: dedicated to
944:urban transport
942:: dedicated to
906:mining industry
797:
785:failure of the
667:
630:and caused the
624:nationalization
616:workers' unions
612:worker's rights
604:agrarian reform
526:
501:
446:
436:
418:
405:
392:
390:Agrarian reform
379:
341:
329:
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235:
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4782:
4780:Timothy Snyder
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
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4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4710:Vojtech Mastny
4707:
4705:Geir Lundestad
4702:
4697:
4695:Walter Laqueur
4692:
4690:Walter LaFeber
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4620:André Fontaine
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4550:Gar Alperovitz
4546:
4544:
4540:
4539:
4537:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4520:
4518:
4512:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4504:
4499:
4493:
4492:
4487:
4480:
4475:
4467:
4465:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4457:
4450:
4445:
4438:
4431:
4426:
4419:
4412:
4405:
4399:
4397:
4390:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4326:
4324:
4320:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4290:Third-Worldism
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4191:
4189:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4118:
4116:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4079:Libertarianism
4076:
4071:
4070:
4069:
4059:
4057:Chicago school
4054:
4048:
4046:
4037:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
4002:Nixon Doctrine
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3948:
3946:
3945:Foreign policy
3942:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3897:
3895:
3889:
3888:
3886:
3885:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3827:
3825:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3730:Operation RYAN
3727:
3722:
3717:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3635:Able Archer 83
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3551:
3546:
3540:
3538:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3385:Oromo conflict
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3325:Yom Kippur War
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3108:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2957:Aden Emergency
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2875:Papua conflict
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2780:
2778:Kitchen Debate
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2738:Sputnik crisis
2735:
2730:
2722:
2715:
2710:
2708:Polish October
2705:
2700:
2695:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2608:Pact of Madrid
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2563:Bamboo Curtain
2559:
2557:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2362:
2354:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2323:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2311:
2303:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2212:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2193:
2192:
2185:
2178:
2170:
2163:
2162:
2150:
2129:
2128:
2121:
2101:
2083:
2069:
2048:
2030:
1995:
1962:
1953:
1946:
1940:. p. 40.
1916:
1907:
1888:
1879:
1870:
1851:
1848:on 2011-10-03.
1824:
1804:
1782:
1773:
1755:
1734:
1714:
1695:
1679:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1606:preventive war
1566:Almirante Grau
1454:
1451:
1335:Edvard Kardelj
1300:Czechoslovakia
1295:
1292:
1264:Kuntur Wachana
1223:
1220:
1216:would increase
1145:
1140:
996:
995:
983:
975:
961:
958:rail transport
947:
933:
921:
909:
901:Centromin PerĂș
897:
887:
873:
861:
796:
791:
666:
663:
539:
538:
535:
534:
531:
530:
523:
514:
511:
510:
505:
493:
492:
487:
477:
476:
471:
465:
464:
459:
455:
454:
451:
450:
447:
444:
441:
440:
437:
434:
431:
430:
427:
426:
423:
422:
419:
416:1980 Elections
413:
410:
409:
408:29 August 1975
406:
400:
397:
396:
393:
387:
384:
383:
382:3 October 1968
380:
374:
371:
370:
367:
366:
361:
360:Historical era
357:
356:
352:
351:
348:
347:
342:
339:
336:
335:
330:
327:
324:
323:
320:
319:
316:
310:
309:
271:
265:
264:
259:
253:
252:
250:Roman Catholic
247:
243:
242:
223:
219:
218:
213:
209:
208:
200:
199:
185:
184:
158:
147:
146:
118:
117:
91:
90:
83:
76:
75:
69:
62:
61:
60:
57:
56:
52:
51:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5035:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5018:1970s in Peru
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4969:
4966:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4944:War on terror
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4921:
4919:
4915:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4839:Espionage and
4837:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4790:Andrew Thorpe
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4685:Gabriel Kolko
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4650:Fred Halliday
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4635:Lloyd Gardner
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4595:Norman Davies
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4580:John Costello
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4541:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4519:
4515:Technological
4513:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4485:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4473:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4462:
4456:
4455:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4439:
4437:
4436:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4424:
4420:
4418:
4417:
4413:
4411:
4410:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4396:Pro-communist
4394:
4391:
4387:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4323:Organizations
4321:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4186:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4137:Eurocommunism
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4115:
4111:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4041:
4038:
4034:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3967:Domino theory
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3943:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3921:South Ossetia
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3894:
3890:
3884:
3881:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3822:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3715:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3705:8888 Uprising
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3650:IranâIraq War
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3615:Falklands War
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3535:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3478:NDF Rebellion
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3458:German Autumn
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3345:Metapolitefsi
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3179:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3109:
3107:
3106:Prague Spring
3104:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3084:Al-Wadiah War
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3049:12-3 incident
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2846:
2842:
2839:
2838:
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2628:Domino theory
2626:
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2623:Petrov Affair
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2500:Madiun Affair
2498:
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2486:
2483:
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2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
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2463:
2461:
2460:Marshall Plan
2458:
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2209:United States
2206:
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2198:
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2179:
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2065:
2064:
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2044:
2040:
2034:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1957:
1949:
1943:
1939:
1932:
1931:
1923:
1921:
1911:
1903:
1899:
1892:
1883:
1874:
1866:
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1837:
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1828:
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1808:
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1793:
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1770:. 2019-06-24.
1769:
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1751:
1747:
1746:
1738:
1731:. 2018-10-03.
1730:
1729:
1724:
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1510:
1507:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1486:
1484:
1483:Peruvian Navy
1480:
1476:
1475:Peruvian Army
1472:
1471:Latin America
1468:
1459:
1450:
1448:
1447:an earthquake
1443:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1409:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1380:dispute), or
1379:
1375:
1371:
1366:
1362:
1361:United States
1357:
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1198:
1197:new elections
1194:
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1027:
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1021:
1017:
1013:
1012:DĂa del Indio
1009:
1005:
1003:
993:
989:
988:
984:
981:
980:
976:
973:
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968:
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848:
845:
843:
842:
836:
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830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
806:
805:Peruvian Army
801:
795:
790:
788:
782:
780:
776:
772:
771:Javier Heraud
768:
765:commanded by
764:
760:
756:
751:
749:
745:
740:
735:
733:
729:
725:
724:Aprista Party
721:
716:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
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680:
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472:
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469:ISO 3166 code
466:
463:
460:
456:
452:
448:
442:
438:
432:
428:
424:
420:
417:
411:
407:
404:
398:
394:
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385:
381:
378:
372:
368:
365:
362:
358:
355:Establishment
353:
349:
346:
343:
337:
334:
331:
325:
321:
317:
315:
311:
305:
301:
298:
295:
288:
284:
281:
278:
275:
272:
270:
266:
263:
260:
258:
254:
251:
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244:
238:
231:
227:
224:
220:
217:
214:
210:
206:
201:
175:
171:
161:
137:
133:
123:
119:
109:
105:
96:
92:
86:
80:
72:
66:
58:
53:
47:
46:
33:
32:
20:
5013:1969 in Peru
5008:1968 in Peru
4949:Brinkmanship
4841:intelligence
4730:Marius Oprea
4680:Harvey Klehr
4610:Herbert Feis
4600:Willem Drees
4565:Archie Brown
4482:
4470:
4452:
4442:Trybuna Ludu
4440:
4433:
4429:Radio Moscow
4421:
4414:
4407:
4235:Anti-Zionism
4151:
4074:Keynesianism
4062:Conservatism
3926:Transnistria
3906:China-Taiwan
3563:Gera Demands
3436:
3237:
3144:
3112:
2917:El Porteñazo
2811:Congo Crisis
2726:
2661:Algerian War
2644:
2520:Western Bloc
2515:Eastern Bloc
2510:Iron Curtain
2366:
2358:
2350:
2327:
2307:
2299:
2216:Soviet Union
2214:
2207:
2111:
2104:
2095:
2086:
2061:
2051:
2042:
2033:
2021:. Retrieved
2012:
1992:(in Spanish)
1987:
1956:
1929:
1910:
1897:
1891:
1882:
1873:
1864:
1854:
1843:the original
1834:
1827:
1816:
1807:
1798:
1785:
1776:
1767:
1758:
1749:
1744:
1737:
1728:RPP Noticias
1726:
1717:
1704:
1698:
1688:
1682:
1671:
1664:
1636:
1627:geopolitical
1575:
1565:
1519:
1513:
1503:
1487:
1464:
1444:
1440:
1436:Standard Oil
1413:
1358:
1354:Soviet Union
1339:
1328:
1316:Fidel Castro
1297:
1287:
1280:achorado pop
1279:
1277:
1262:
1258:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1225:
1208:foreign debt
1205:
1190:
1182:
1175:
1169:
1162:
1147:
1143:Second Phase
1142:
1136:second phase
1135:
1125:
1111:
1103:
1096:
1084:
1083:
1059:
1046:
1043:independence
1036:
1032:
1028:
1015:
1000:
997:
986:
985:
978:
977:
964:
963:
950:
949:
936:
935:
924:
923:
912:
911:
900:
899:
890:
889:
876:
875:
864:
863:
852:
851:
846:
840:
839:
837:
812:
810:
793:
783:
767:HĂ©ctor BĂ©jar
752:
748:Manuel OdrĂa
739:Armed Forces
736:
717:
704:
682:
668:
636:
591:
586:, headed by
583:
581:
572:
544:
542:
490:Succeeded by
489:
484:
395:24 June 1969
297:presidential
277:presidential
159:
121:
95:Motto:
94:
85:Coat of arms
44:
43:
30:
29:
4775:Shen Zhihua
4585:Michael Cox
4517:competition
4464:Pro-Western
4454:Soviet Life
4380:Safari Club
4350:Warsaw Pact
4205:Nationalism
4195:Imperialism
4094:Reaganomics
3957:Containment
3750:Perestroika
3239:Realpolitik
3069:Six-Day War
3054:Greek junta
2865:Berlin Wall
2713:Suez Crisis
2681:Vietnam War
2568:McCarthyism
2383:Baruch Plan
2328:Unthinkable
2288:Dekemvriana
2227:Warsaw Pact
2063:El Comercio
1867:(1): 44â56.
1571:Netherlands
1497:, 60 to 90
1318:as well as
1308:Soviet bloc
1259:Runan Caycu
913:ElectroPerĂș
825:coup d'Ă©tat
794:First phase
787:Belaundista
755:Hugo Blanco
565:coup d'Ă©tat
559:that ruled
485:Preceded by
421:18 May 1980
307:(1975â1980)
290:(1968â1975)
41:(1979â1980)
27:(1968â1979)
4997:Categories
4543:Historians
4534:Space Race
4435:Rudé pråvo
4389:Propaganda
4245:Neo-Nazism
4215:Chauvinism
4169:Trotskyism
4084:Monetarism
4052:Liberalism
4044:Capitalism
4036:Ideologies
3987:Ostpolitik
3710:Solidarity
3675:Toyota War
3578:Solidarity
3435:Operation
3390:Ogaden War
3079:Dhofar War
2967:Shifta War
2725:Operation
2573:Korean War
2365:Operation
2357:Operation
2349:Operation
2326:Operation
2306:Operation
2298:Operation
1799:Argumentos
1657:References
1465:Velasco's
1405:first lady
1304:Yugoslavia
1232:literature
1085:Peruanismo
1066:indigenous
1041:since its
938:EnatruPerĂș
865:MineroPeru
841:Peruanismo
773:, and the
665:Background
575:(Spanish:
462:Sol de oro
269:Government
257:Demonym(s)
4830:Ken Young
4675:Tony Judt
4524:Arms race
4497:Red Scare
4365:NN States
4310:Apartheid
4265:Autocracy
4174:Stalinism
4142:Guevarism
4132:Castroism
4122:Communism
4114:Socialism
3640:Star Wars
3233:Koza riot
2359:Beleaguer
2351:Masterdom
1564:BAP
1530:Sukhoi 22
1512:HMS
1499:Sukhoi 22
1401:Pat Nixon
1174:with the
1171:Inca Plan
979:EntelPerĂș
892:SiderPerĂș
878:PetroPerĂș
853:PescaPeru
746:, led by
689:Venezuela
655:elections
600:left-wing
314:President
246:Religion
179:(Spanish)
141:(Spanish)
113:(Spanish)
55:1968â1980
4982:Timeline
4972:Category
4917:See also
4409:Izvestia
4250:Islamism
4147:Hoxhaism
4022:Rollback
3901:Abkhazia
3841:Gulf War
3745:Glasnost
3115:incident
2885:Sand War
2743:Ifni War
2252:Rio Pact
2197:Cold War
2094:(1996).
2041:(1985).
2017:Archived
1980:Archived
1673:nacional
1651:Cold War
1645:See also
1631:hegemony
1602:Santiago
1594:Peruvian
1545:Mil Mi-8
1481:and the
1453:Military
1382:Colombia
1288:achorado
1064:for the
813:de facto
592:de facto
555:) was a
458:Currency
364:Cold War
302:under a
300:republic
285:under a
283:republic
262:Peruvian
4472:Amerika
4355:Comecon
4240:Fascism
4230:Zionism
4179:Titoism
3720:Contras
3188:DĂ©tente
2465:Comecon
2134:Portals
1988:Caretas
1598:CopiapĂł
1561:cruiser
1534:Antonov
1514:Bulwark
1504:Centaur
1428:Ecuador
1320:Romania
1284:pop art
1132:Tacnazo
1120:in the
1118:looting
1070:Quechua
1051:Spanish
1020:Spanish
1008:Spanish
608:Quechua
567:by the
549:Spanish
414:âą
401:âą
388:âą
375:âą
294:Unitary
274:Unitary
230:Quechua
226:Spanish
212:Capital
122:Anthem:
4423:Pravda
4225:Racism
4164:Maoism
3916:Kosovo
3437:Condor
3113:Pueblo
3099:May 68
2727:Gladio
2645:Tuapse
2308:Jungle
2300:Priboi
2119:
1944:
1752:].
1615:a coup
1506:-class
1420:Talara
1390:Panama
1378:Tarata
1195:, and
1127:Limazo
1098:Limazo
1079:Aymara
952:Enafer
761:: the
713:Brazil
703:, the
691:, the
318:
240:(1977)
237:Aymara
233:(1975)
177:
162:
160:March:
139:
124:
111:
4908:Stasi
4375:SAARC
4370:ASEAN
4335:SEATO
4188:Other
4153:Juche
3911:Korea
3824:1990s
3537:1980s
3181:1970s
2804:1960s
2556:1950s
2266:1940s
2247:NEATO
2242:SEATO
2232:ANZUS
2148:1960s
2023:1 May
1934:(PDF)
1846:(PDF)
1839:(PDF)
1795:(PDF)
1748:[
1709:(PDF)
1557:Mi-26
1553:Mi-25
1549:Mi-17
1541:An-32
1537:An-26
1432:Piura
1424:Piura
1370:Chile
1342:Chile
1252:PEISA
1114:riots
930:ports
925:Enapu
701:Chile
4448:TASS
4340:METO
4330:NATO
3556:and
3554:1980
3111:USS
2237:METO
2222:NATO
2160:Peru
2117:ISBN
2025:2018
1942:ISBN
1801:(2).
1590:Peru
1580:and
1555:and
1539:and
1526:APCs
1522:T-55
1495:APCs
1491:T-55
1467:army
1365:Peru
1363:and
1322:and
1314:and
1312:Cuba
1302:and
1242:and
1230:and
1116:and
992:mail
803:The
769:and
728:coup
618:and
598:and
582:The
561:Peru
543:The
449:1980
439:1968
216:Lima
71:Flag
4903:KGB
4898:MVD
4883:MI6
4878:MI5
4873:CIA
4345:EEC
1026:).
1004:Day
831:of
711:in
707:of
699:in
687:in
579:).
4999::
2072:^
2060:.
2015:.
2011:.
1998:^
1986:,
1965:^
1936:.
1919:^
1900:.
1863:.
1815:.
1797:.
1766:.
1725:.
1551:,
1547:,
1517:.
1485:.
1477:,
1430:,
1422:,
1392:.
1238:,
1218:.
1180:.
1053::
1022::
1010::
750:.
677:,
551::
474:PE
3716:)
3712:(
2721:"
2717:"
2694:"
2690:"
2189:e
2182:t
2175:v
2136::
2125:.
2066:.
2027:.
1950:.
1904:.
1821:.
1676:.
1049:(
1018:(
1006:(
994:.
974:.
960:.
946:.
932:.
920:.
908:.
886:.
872:.
860:.
547:(
173:"
167:"
135:"
129:"
107:"
101:"
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
