154:(in which case they usually appear after the encounter). Often the behaviors used to appease the opponent or yield to his authority are of a stereotyped nature (e.g., bowing of the head, crouching, prostration, placing the tail between the legs, lying on ones back, grooming) but can sometimes develop into elaborate ritualistic performances (e.g., food supplication by the submissive animal, regurgitation of food by the dominant and ingestion of the regurgitated food by the submissive). It is believed by some researchers that part of the instinctive machinery subserving these behaviors is related to that used to evade or withstand predator attacks where similar behaviors appear (e.g., crouching, prostration, lying on the back). Other researchers have speculated what functions, if any, these behaviors may play in modern humans and come up with several possibilities (mostly from an evolutionary perspective); that they help in the establishment of parent-child attachment and pair bond formation, that they promote the development of theory of mind, that they play a role in the emergence of language, and that they may lay behind the higher cooperative and communicative abilities of humans.
89:
and describes how the qualities that inspired deference changed in the province from 1691 to 1764. The Quaker elite initially established a monopoly on political leadership based on what they believed to be their inherent civic virtue grounded in their religious and social class. By 1760, this view had been discredited and replaced with the consensus that civic virtue was an achieved, not an inherent, attribute and that it should be demonstrated by the display of appropriate manliness and the valor of men who were willing to take up arms for the common defense of the colony. Further, Pennsylvanians came to believe that all white men, not just wealthy property owners, were equally capable of achieving political voice. Martial masculinity, therefore, became the defining characteristic of the ideal citizen and marked a significant transformation in the way individuals justified their right to represent the public interest.
109:
a restaurant. On the other end of the spectrum, a person not bathing before they go to a fancy dinner party. These examples can be defined as presentational deference. Demeanor does not only limit itself to the actions of an individual, but also the appearance of an individual. A person offers themselves to a social group through a good appearance or a well demeanored appearance. When an individual has a well demeanored appearance it makes interaction between people easier. After a person is socially accepted to a group, it is expected that they will conform to interactional norms. Through acting on those norms, people receive deference.
108:
will be held in lower esteem in the eyes of society. The same is true for people who behave in a good demeanor, however: society will hold them in a higher esteem. An example of this situation can be seen through the way a person acts in a social setting. e.g. a man pulling out a chair for a woman at
153:
Submission is also a common behavior in the animal kingdom, with a prevalence that spans the whole vertebrate-invertebrate gamut. Signs of submission are used either to preempt dangerous combat (in which case they usually appear at the beginning of an encounter) or to establish a dominance hierarchy
88:
Smolenski (2005) examines deference in colonial
Pennsylvania, to see how claims to political authority were made, justified, and accepted or rejected. He focuses on the "colonial speech economy," that is, the implicit rules that determined who was allowed to address whom and under what conditions,
140:
or personal matters. The level and type of submission can vary from person to person, and from one context to another; and also is dependent on the other partner being willing to assume control in those situations. Some people can include occasional acts of submission in an otherwise
129:, a partner can assume a submissive role to fit in or to make themself acceptable to the other partner, which can be a benign aspect of a relationship. On the other hand, it may be an indication of an interpersonal problem, such as
76:
influence of one's superior or superiors. Deference implies a yielding or submitting to the judgment of a recognized superior, out of respect or reverence. Deference has been studied extensively by
104:
and writer, explored the relationship between deference and demeanor in his 1967 essay "The Nature of
Deference and Demeanor". According to Goffman, a person with a poor
1036:
133:. If one or both of the people are experiencing chronic, pervasive emotional distress then the sex partners or individuals may require psychological evaluation.
545:
454:
Hare, B; Wobber, V; Wrangham, R (2012). "The self-domestication hypothesis: evolution of bonobo psychology is due to selection against aggression".
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117:
There is ongoing debate among psychologists as to the extent to which deference in a relationship is determined by a person's innate
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Early
American Politics—The Search for Ideology: An Historiographical Analysis and Critique of the Concept of 'Deference,'
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Robin, Dunbar. (1996). Grooming, Gossip, and the
Evolution of Language. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
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51:
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332:. (1967). The Naked Ape: A Zoologist's Study of the Human Animal. pp. 99–127. London: Vintage Books
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In interpersonal relationships, some people prefer or are willing to adopt a submissive role in
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Porges S W (2003). "Social engagement and attachment: a phylogenetic perspective".
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Foley, Deference and the
Presumption of Constitutionality (Dublin: IPA, 2008)
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Zuckerman, Michael. "Endangered
Deference, Imperiled Patriarchy,"
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Charlottesville, Virginia: University of
Virginia, Cabell Hall.
499:
Fall 2005, Vol. 3 Issue 2, pp 232–252; in colonial
Virginia
1037:
Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified
497:
Early
American Studies, An Interdisciplinary Journal,
268:
Early
American Studies, An Interdisciplinary Journal,
266:
John Smolenski, "From Men of Property to Just Men,"
453:
72:) is the condition of submitting to the espoused,
32:Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see
1332:
403:"Theory of Mind: Towards an Evolutionary Theory"
257:, Volume 32, Issue 04, November 1970 pp 808–838
121:or is the result of a person's experiences and
304:
279:
539:
506:United Kingdom: University Press, Cambridge.
553:
546:
532:
352:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
349:
1064:Social (pragmatic) communication disorder
418:
400:
932:Basic interpersonal communicative skills
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145:life, or adopt a submissive lifestyle.
14:
1333:
998:
920:
794:High-context and low-context cultures
565:
527:
343:
270:Fall 2005, Vol. 3 Issue 2, pp 253–285
1143:Computer processing of body language
921:
1158:List of facial expression databases
1148:Emotion recognition in conversation
80:, sociologists, and psychologists.
24:
486:
407:Evolutionary Psychological Science
25:
1377:
1042:Childhood disintegrative disorder
566:
518:The Social Nature of Demeanor.
430:
394:
323:
307:Handbook of Emotion Regulation
298:
284:. New York, NY: Anchor House.
273:
260:
243:
13:
1:
468:10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.12.007
236:
112:
92:
43:For the legal doctrine, see
7:
1059:Nonverbal learning disorder
637:Speech-independent gestures
610:Facial Action Coding System
401:Tsoukalas, Ioannis (2018).
205:Passive–aggressive behavior
157:
127:interpersonal relationships
83:
34:Submission (disambiguation)
10:
1382:
1351:Peace and conflict studies
1341:Anti-competitive practices
799:Interpersonal relationship
600:Body-to-body communication
200:Obedience (human behavior)
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31:
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420:10.1007/s40806-017-0112-x
309:. Guilford Publications.
1346:Interpersonal attraction
1214:Behavioral communication
504:The Ethics of Deference.
190:Dominance and submission
50:Not to be confused with
27:Aspect of human behavior
654:Interpersonal synchrony
555:Nonverbal communication
372:10.1196/annals.1301.004
305:James J. Gross (2006).
280:Erving Goffman (1967).
255:The Journal of Politics
180:Compliance (psychology)
1361:Psychological attitude
1251:Monastic sign lexicons
942:Emotional intelligence
1241:Impression management
502:Soper, Philip. 2002.
1256:Verbal communication
1209:Animal communication
1127:Targeted advertising
644:Haptic communication
516:Telles, Joel. 1980.
185:Dominance (ethology)
78:political scientists
1265:Non-verbal language
1153:Gesture recognition
1000:Further information
890:Emotion recognition
841:Silent service code
364:2003NYASA1008...31P
210:Reverence (emotion)
38:Reverence (emotion)
1366:Types of diplomacy
1291:Art and literature
1246:Meta-communication
1234:Passive-aggressive
1163:Sentiment analysis
864:Non-verbal leakage
282:Interaction Ritual
220:Social integration
100:, a Canadian-born
45:Judicial deference
1328:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1022:Asperger syndrome
990:
989:
972:Social competence
912:
911:
908:
907:
714:Emotional prosody
620:Subtle expression
605:Facial expression
316:978-1-59385-148-4
249:John B. Kirbya, "
225:Status attainment
138:sexual activities
16:(Redirected from
1373:
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1179:Ray Birdwhistell
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922:Broader concepts
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895:First impression
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1356:Social concepts
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615:Microexpression
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64:(also called
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36: and
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1107:Cold reading
1100:Applications
1074:Neuroanatomy
719:Paralanguage
517:
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413:(1): 38–66.
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358:(1): 31–47.
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215:Role suction
175:Codependency
165:Acquiescence
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123:conditioning
116:
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87:
69:
65:
61:
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56:Differential
29:
1086:Limbic lobe
851:Unconscious
834:Missed call
804:Social norm
779:Conventions
669:Eye contact
102:sociologist
1335:Categories
1219:Aggressive
1189:Paul Ekman
1172:Key people
1136:Technology
1122:Poker tell
967:Social cue
774:Chronemics
724:Intonation
568:Modalities
237:References
230:Sycophancy
113:Psychology
74:legitimate
66:submission
52:Difference
1224:Assertive
1032:Fragile X
1017:Aprosodia
1010:Disorders
957:Semiotics
885:Deception
691:Proxemics
681:Olfaction
664:Oculesics
649:Imitation
195:Kyriarchy
93:Sociology
70:passivity
62:Deference
1054:Dyssemia
900:Intimacy
820:Emoticon
729:Loudness
659:Laughter
595:Kinesics
586:Blushing
579:Physical
380:14998870
158:See also
106:demeanor
84:Politics
1308:Subtext
1229:Passive
1198:Related
789:Habitus
734:Prosody
686:Posture
627:Gesture
476:3415520
388:1377353
360:Bibcode
149:Biology
18:Revered
1282:Tadoma
1027:Autism
982:Unsaid
947:Nunchi
824:Smiley
744:Stress
739:Rhythm
709:Affect
701:Speech
510:
474:
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336:
313:
288:
813:Other
472:S2CID
384:S2CID
125:. In
1298:Mime
749:Tone
632:List
508:ISBN
438:ISBN
426:Pdf.
376:PMID
356:1008
334:ISBN
311:ISBN
286:ISBN
464:doi
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68:or
54:or
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47:.
40:.
20:)
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