397:
110:
531:
time of the operation of the vehicle as at the time of the offence. If the test is conducted outside the two hours, and the blood alcohol concentration is greater than 20 mg of alcohol/100 mL of blood, there is now a conclusive presumption that the blood alcohol concentration can be increased by 5 mg of alcohol/100 mL of blood for each 30 minutes.
559:, if it is found that the defendant intentionally deceived the complainant as to the "nature or the purpose of the act", or if "the defendant intentionally induced the complainant to consent by impersonation of a "person known personally to the complainant"" it can be conclusively presumed the defendant is guilty of rape and must be convicted.
941:
381:
constitutional requirements. The party challenging the constitutionality of a statute bears the burden of proof, and any doubts are resolved against that party. If there are two reasonable interpretations of a statute, one of which is constitutional and the other not, the courts choose the path that
530:
Recent amendments to
Impaired Driving law allows the Crown to rely on a conclusive presumption. Normally, where the police conduct a breathalyzer test within 2 hours of the operation of a conveyance (or care and control), the court can accept the blood alcohol concentration as being the same at the
60:
can reject a rebuttable presumption based on other evidence. Conversely, a conclusive/irrebuttable presumption cannot be challenged by contradictory facts or evidence. Sometimes, a presumption must be triggered by a predicate fact—that is, the fact must be found before the presumption applies.
521:
In
Australian law, it is a conclusive presumption that no child under the age of 10 can be held responsible for criminal action. This presumption exists to protect children by acknowledging that they do not have sufficient development to understand the gravity and consequences of committing a
338:) decision made on 27 February 1970 thought there was "every reason to presume that reasonable parties will wish to have the relationships created by their contract and the claims arising therefrom ... decided by the same tribunal and not by two different tribunals", and the
325:
In commercial contracts, there is a presumption that parties to a contract intend all disputes between them to be determined within the same forum. This presumption is also known as "one-stop adjudication" and reflects the belief that contracts are entered into by
218:. A person who has been absent for seven years without explanation and "gone to parts unknown" is presumed dead at common law. The time period it takes for the presumption to arise has often been modified by statute.
985:
John
Davison Lawson. The Law of Presumptive Evidence: Including Presumptions both of Law and of Fact, and the Burden of Proof both in Civil and Criminal Cases, Reduced to Rules. Bancroft-Whitney Company. 1886.
968:
John
Hubbersty Mathews and Benjamin Rand. A Treatise on the Doctrine of Presumption and Presumptive Evidence: As Affecting the Title to Real and Personal Property. Gould, Banks and Company. New York. 1830.
225:. A person who faces criminal trial is presumed sane until the opposite is proved. Similarly, a person is presumed to have testamentary capacity until there is evidence to undermine that presumption.
84:, where, for example, if there was doubt as to whether a child was really the issue of someone who had been left money in a will, the presumption was in favour of the child. Medieval Roman and
547:. The age has continually been under debate with adjustments being made in line with rulings, the results of psychological research and to some extent public pressure. The age was seven at
346:(2006) referred to a "sensible commercial presumption that the parties did not intend the inconvenience of having possible disputes from their transaction being heard in two places". The
311:
is another way of expressing a burden of proof: the official acts of courts are presumed valid, and those who would challenge them must overcome this presumption. This is also termed the
259:
270:
intend for the survivors to have the assets put into the fund upon the death of one of the joint account holders has also been called the "presumption of survivorship".
255:. Some jurisdictions also hold that a presumption of paternity arises when a father accepts a child into his home, or publicly represents that he is the child's father.
232:, which holds that the prosecution bears the burden of proof in a criminal case with the result that the accused may be acquitted without putting forward any evidence.
975:
William
Mawdesley Best. A Treatise on Presumptions of Law and Fact, with the Theory and Rules of Presumptive or Circumstantial Proof in Criminal Cases. London. 1844.
687:
274:
262:
has referred to a number of different presumptions. The term is sometimes used to refer to presumptions that one or another of two persons lived the longer when
44:". There are two types of presumptions: rebuttable presumptions and irrebuttable (or conclusive) presumptions. A rebuttable presumption will either shift the
866:
88:
graded presumptions according to strength: light, medium or probable, and violent. These gradings and many individual presumptions were taken over into
418:
411:
131:
124:
884:
Premium Nafta
Products Limited (20th Defendant) and others (Respondents) v. Fili Shipping Company Limited (14th Claimant) and others (Appellants)
839:
Cooper, Simon & Murphy, Peter & Beaumont, John. Cases & Materials on
Evidence. Fourth Edition. Oxford University Press. 1994. p. 86
77:), propositions taken to be true unless there was reason to believe otherwise, such as "One does not ordinarily pay a debt before term."
347:
1018:
461:
174:
552:
359:
849:
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146:
620:
378:
777:
646:
480:
374:
193:
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370:
153:
20:
555:
to eight (section 50) and by the
Children and Young Persons Act 1963 to ten, at which it remains. In the case of
540:
510:
447:
247:
of a child born to his wife during the marriage, or within nine months after the marriage is ended by death,
160:
85:
429:
142:
908:
509:
and must be taken to be the case whatever the evidence to the contrary. For example, a child below the
339:
319:
769:
604:
312:
236:
354:(2007) noted that "this approach to the issue of construction is now firmly embedded as part of the
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335:
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229:
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cannot be held legally responsible for their actions, and so cannot be convicted of committing a
407:
362:
made on this basis, stating that this presumption "must now be accepted as part of our law too".
355:
308:
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920:
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45:
8:
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352:
Premium Nafta
Products Ltd (20th Defendant) and Ors v. Fili Shipping Company Ltd and Ors
668:
263:
773:
672:
301:
244:
883:
658:
544:
248:
647:"Fighting the Establishment: The Need for Procedural Reform of Our Paternity Laws"
493:
A conclusive presumption, also known as an irrebuttable presumption, is a type of
56:(requiring the disadvantaged party to show the presumption is wrong); in short, a
987:
289:
663:
942:"Rape and Sexual Offences - Chapter 6: Consent | The Crown Prosecution Service"
506:
278:
49:
1007:
322:
in relation to transfers from husbands to wives and from fathers to children.
267:
57:
277:
presumes that a properly addressed letter delivered to the post office or a
599:
297:
573:
498:
93:
89:
548:
207:
81:
37:
993:
909:
http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/consol_act/cpa1987261/s5.html
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109:
867:
One-stop adjudication – the rational approach to dispute resolution
502:
327:
501:, a conclusive presumption is a presumption of law that cannot be
919:
Thomas Crofts, Doli
Incapax: Why Children Deserve its Protection
718:
The Science of Conjecture: Evidence and Probability Before Pascal
252:
70:
886:, UKHL 40, delivered 17 October 2007, accessed 18 January 2024
804:
U-Haul Co. of Indiana, Inc. v. Indiana Dept. of State Revenue
285:
556:
41:
921:
http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/MurUEJL/2003/26.html
373:
presumes that all statutes are drafted in accordance with
266:. The presumption that two or more people who establish a
29:
386:
344:
Comandate Marine Corp v Pan Australia Shipping Pty Ltd.
304:
applies the other person's assets to their own benefit.
210:
jurisdictions. Examples of these presumptions include:
818:, 919 N.E.2d 1181, (Ind.Ct.App. 2010), trans. denied
513:
is presumed to be incapable of committing a felony.
281:
was in fact delivered and received by the addressee.
856:, published 19 March 2015, accessed 18 January 2024
48:(requiring the disadvantaged party to produce some
873:, published 10 June 2015, accessed 18 January 2024
711:
709:
707:
705:
994:"Irrebuttable Presumptions: An Illusory Analysis"
828:Monon Corp. v. Townsend, Yosha, Cline & Price
590:
588:
1005:
702:
585:
907:Children (Criminal Proceedings) Act 1987 s5
720:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
206:A number of presumptions are found in most
830:, 678 N.E.2d 807, 809 (Ind.Ct.App. 1997).
780:), p. 1068, "Presumption of survivorship"
662:
481:Learn how and when to remove this message
194:Learn how and when to remove this message
16:In law, an inference of a particular fact
850:Fiona Trust v Privalov in the High Court
715:
99:
73:, included reasoning from presumptions (
19:For the term in Catholic canon law, see
733:, 197 Ind. 50, 149 N.E. 718 (Ind. 1925)
640:
638:
579:
292:arises where a person in a position of
264:they died together in the same accident
243:, which presumes that a husband is the
1006:
772:(5th. ed., 1979; West Publishing Co.,
417:Please improve this section by adding
130:Please improve this section by adding
80:The same concept was found in ancient
644:
594:
387:Conclusive (irrebuttable) presumption
685:
651:Michigan Journal of Gender & Law
635:
618:
534:
390:
103:
731:Prudential Insurance Comp. v. Moore
679:
553:Children and Young Persons Act 1933
13:
962:
497:used in several legal systems. In
14:
1030:
69:The ancient Jewish law code, the
806:, 896 N.E.2d 1253 (Ind.Tax 2008)
395:
371:presumption of constitutionality
108:
21:Presumption (Catholic canon law)
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871:Reynolds Porter Chamberlain LLP
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1019:Legal doctrines and principles
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541:age of criminal responsibility
511:age of criminal responsibility
382:permits upholding the statute.
92:in the seventeenth century by
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419:secondary or tertiary sources
356:law of international commerce
132:secondary or tertiary sources
793:, 622 N.E.2d 476 (Ind. 1993)
516:
358:" and endorsed a ruling the
7:
898:, 675 N.E.2d 318 (Ind.1996)
760:E.g. Ind. Code § 31-14-7-2.
751:E.g. Ind. Code § 31-14-7-1.
664:10.36641/mjgl.21.1.fighting
562:
330:business parties. A German
260:presumption of survivorship
10:
1035:
742:E.g. Ind. Code § 29-2-5-1.
688:"Evidentiary Presumptions"
340:Federal Court of Australia
320:presumption of advancement
64:
18:
896:Boehm v. Town of St. John
791:Matter of Estate of Banko
625:The Cornell Law Quarterly
525:
313:presumption of regularity
237:presumption of legitimacy
645:Rogus, Caroline (2014).
367:law of the United States
336:Federal Court of Justice
296:over another, such as a
241:presumption of paternity
230:presumption of innocence
52:to the contrary) or the
931:Criminal Code 320.31(4)
854:Herbert Smith Freehills
816:In re Estate of Compton
686:Hall, Keith B. (1998).
309:presumption of validity
979:. Philadelphia. 1845.
770:Black's Law Dictionary
619:Fisk, Otis H. (1925).
605:Black's Law Dictionary
406:relies excessively on
275:presumption of mailing
119:relies excessively on
716:Franklin, J. (2001).
596:Black, Henry Campbell
569:Legal burden of proof
223:presumption of sanity
100:Specific presumptions
580:Notes and references
551:, and raised by the
216:presumption of death
46:burden of production
998:Stanford Law Review
992:Phillips, John M.,
300:or the holder of a
284:The presumption of
539:A child below the
692:Tulane Law Review
535:England and Wales
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657:(1): 67–122.
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58:fact finder
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1008:Categories
946:cps.gov.uk
865:Hart, S.,
698:: 1321–28.
549:common law
441:newspapers
408:references
208:common law
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517:Australia
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82:Roman law
38:inference
631:: 20–40.
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563:See also
507:evidence
503:rebutted
471:May 2023
328:rational
298:guardian
184:May 2023
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294:trust
286:fraud
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161:books
953:2021
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377:and
318:The
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