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external world. They prefer interacting with the outer world by talking, actively participating, being sociable, expressive, and having a variety of interests. Jung (1921) also identified two other dimensions of personality: Intuition - Sensing and
Thinking - Feeling. Sensing types tend to focus on the reality of present situations, pay close attention to detail, and are concerned with practicalities. Intuitive types focus on envisioning a wide range of possibilities to a situation and favor ideas, concepts, and theories over data. Thinking types use objective and logical reasoning in making their decisions, are more likely to analyze stimuli in a logical and detached manner, be more emotionally stable, and score higher on intelligence. Feeling types make judgments based on subjective and personal values. In interpersonal decision-making, feeling types tend to emphasize compromise to ensure a beneficial solution for everyone. They also tend to be somewhat more neurotic than thinking types. The worrier's tendency to experience a fearful affect, could be manifested in Jung's feeling type.
339:
63:. Effective typologies also allow for increased ability to predict clinically relevant information about people and to develop effective treatment strategies. There is an extensive literature on the topic of classifying the various types of human temperament and an equally extensive literature on personality traits or domains. These classification systems attempt to describe normal temperament and personality and emphasize the predominant features of different temperament and personality types; they are largely the province of the discipline of psychology. Personality disorders, on the other hand, reflect the work of psychiatry, a medical specialty, and are disease-oriented. They are classified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM), a product of the
245:, and to define how his own perspective differed from theirs. Jung wrote, "In attempting to answer this question, I came across the problem of types; for it is one's psychological type which from the outset determines and limits a person's judgment." (Jung, 1989:207) He concluded that Freud's theory was extraverted and Adler's introverted. (Jung, 1971: par. 91) Jung became convinced that acrimony between the Adlerian and Freudian camps was due to this unrecognized existence of different fundamental psychological
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functions. (In MBTI publications the first auxiliary is usually called the auxiliary or secondary function and the second auxiliary function is usually called the tertiary function.) The fourth and least conscious function is always the opposite of the dominant function. Jung called this the "inferior function" and Myers sometimes also called it the "shadow function".
99:) found that the trait measure was a better predictor of personality disorders. Because of these problems, personality type theories have fallen out of favor in psychology. Most researchers now believe that it is impossible to explain the diversity of human personality with a small number of discrete types. They recommend trait models instead, such as the
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from a more detached standpoint, measuring the decision by what is logical, causal, consistent, and functional. Those who prefer the feeling function tend to form judgments by evaluating the situation; deciding the worth of the situation. They measure the situation by what is pleasant or unpleasant, liked or disliked, harmonious or inharmonious, etc.
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for discernable details. For them, the meaning is in the data. On the other hand, those who prefer intuition tend to trust information that is envisioned or hypothetical, that can be associated with other possible information. They are more interested in hidden possibilities via the unconscious. The meaning is in how or what the information
387:). People who prefer extraversion draw their energy toward objective, external data. They seek to experience and base their judgments on data from the outer world. Conversely, those who prefer introversion draw their energy toward subjective, internal data. They seek to experience and base their judgments on data from the inner world.
478:
The four functions operate in conjunction with the attitudes (extraversion and introversion). Each function is used in either an extraverted or introverted way. A person whose dominant function is extraverted intuition, for example, uses intuition very differently from someone whose dominant function
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The relationship between worry – the tendency of one's thoughts and mental images to revolve around and create negative emotions, and the experience of a frequent level of fear – and Jung's model of psychological types has been the subject of studies. In particular, correlational analysis has shown
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are rational (judgment) functions, meaning they form judgments or make decisions. The thinking and feeling functions are both used to make rational decisions, based on the data received from their information-gathering functions (sensing or intuition). Those who prefer thinking tend to judge things
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are irrational (perception) functions, meaning they gather information. They describe how information is received and experienced. Individuals who prefer sensation are more likely to trust information that is real, concrete, and actual, meaning they seek the information itself. They prefer to look
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Thinking and feeling functions are rational, while sensation and intuition are nonrational. According to Jung, rationality consists of figurative thoughts, feelings or actions with reason — a point of view based on a set of criteria and standards. Nonrationality is not based in reason. Jung notes
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All four functions are used at different times depending on the circumstances. However, one of the four functions is generally used more dominantly and proficiently than the other three, in a more conscious and confident way. According to Jung the dominant function is supported by two auxiliary
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Jung's model suggests that the superordinate dimension of personality is introversion and extraversion. Introverts are likely to relate to the external world by listening, reflecting, being reserved, and having focused interests. Extraverts on the other hand, are adaptable and in tune with the
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As noted already, people who prefer the thinking function do not necessarily, in the everyday sense, "think better" than their feeling counterparts; the opposite preference is considered an equally rational way of coming to decisions (and, in any case, the Jung's typology is a discernment of
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that the tendency to worry is significantly related to Jung's
Introversion and Feeling dimensions. Similarly, worry has shown robust correlations with shyness and fear of social situations. The worrier's tendency to be fearful of social situations might make them appear more withdrawn.
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Jung's typological model regards psychological type as similar to left- or right-handedness: individuals are either born with, or develop, certain preferred ways of thinking and acting. These psychological differences are sorted into four opposite pairs, or
475:, with a resulting eight possible psychological types. People tend to find using their opposite psychological preferences more difficult, even if they can become more proficient (and therefore behaviorally flexible) with practice and development.
145:. According to this theory, impatient, achievement-oriented people are classified as Type A, whereas easy-going, relaxed individuals are designated as Type B. The theory originally suggested that Type A individuals were more at risk for
198:
distinguishes eight psychoanalytic personalities: Psychopathic (Antisocial), Narcissistic, Schizoid, Paranoid, Depressive and Manic, Masochistic (Self-Defeating), Obsessive and
Compulsive, Hysterical (Histrionic), and one Dissociative
149:, but this claim has not been supported by empirical research. One study suggests that people with Type A personalities are more likely to develop personality disorders whereas Type B personalities are more likely to become alcoholics.
46:
differences. According to type theories, for example, introverts and extraverts are two fundamentally different categories of people. According to trait theories, introversion and extraversion are part of a
156:
is a prominent advocate of type indicator theory. He suggests that shy, withdrawn children are best viewed as having an inhibited temperament, which is qualitatively different from that of other children.
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Jung theorized that the dominant function characterizes consciousness, while its opposite is repressed and characterizes unconscious activity. Generally, we tend to favor our most developed
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According to Jung, the psyche is an apparatus for adaptation and orientation, and consists of a number of different psychic functions. Among these he distinguishes four basic functions:
59:
Effective personality typologies reveal and increase knowledge and understanding of individuals, as opposed to diminishing knowledge and understanding as occurs in the case of
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preference, not ability). Similarly, those who prefer the feeling function do not necessarily have "better" emotional reactions than their thinking counterparts.
112:
920:
McCrae, R. R., Terracciano, A., Costa, P. T., & Ozer, D. J. (2006). Person-factors in the
California adult Q-set: Closing the door on personality types?
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Extraversion means "outward-turning" and introversion means "inward-turning". These specific definitions vary somewhat from the popular usage of the words.
627:
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Furnham, A., & Crump, J. (2005). Personality Traits, Types, and
Disorders: An Examination of the Relationship Between Three Self-Report Measures.
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Behavioral and psychological characteristics distinguishing introversion and extraversion, which are generally conceived as lying along a continuum.
667:
713:
Donnellan, M. Brent; Robins, Richard W. (2010). "Resilient, Overcontrolled, and
Undercontrolled Personality Types: Issues and Controversies".
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249:, which led Jung "to conceive the two controversial theories of neurosis as manifestations of a type-antagonism." (Jung, 1966: par. 64)
402:. In any person, the degree of introversion or extraversion of one function can be quite different from that of another function.
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function. The encounter with the unconscious and development of the underdeveloped functions thus tend to progress together.
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that elementary facts are also nonrational, not because they are illogical but because, as thoughts, they are not judgments.
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Bottlender, Miriam; Preuss U.; Soyka M. (2006). "Association of personality disorders with Type A and Type B alcoholics".
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Paper presented at the 2001 Annual
Conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, San Diego, USA.
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Asendorpf, J. B. (2003). Head-to-head comparison of the predictive validity of personality types and dimensions.
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has not been used consistently in psychology and has become the source of some confusion. Furthermore, because
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function, while we can broaden our personality by developing the others. Related to this, Jung noted that the
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379:. Each of the cognitive functions can operate in the external world of behavior, action, people, and things (
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38:, the existence of personality types remains extremely controversial. Types are sometimes said to involve
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Jung went on to suggest that these functions are expressed in either an introverted or extraverted form.
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rather than in distinct categories, personality type theories have received considerable criticism among
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Pittenger, D. J. (2004). The limitations of extracting typologies from trait measures of personality.
313:—perception of processes in the background; e.g. unconscious drives and/or motivations of other people
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associated with the dominant and inferior differentiating functions in highly one-sided individuals.
307:—perception by means of immediate apprehension of the visible relationship between subject and object
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This article is about the generic aspects of type indicator theory. For the book by Jung, see
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750:"A robust data-driven approach identifies four personality types across four large data sets"
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to describe someone who scores exceptionally high or low on a particular personality trait.
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Psychoanalytic diagnosis : understanding personality structure in the clinical process
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Specific categories into which individuals can be classified on basis of personality traits
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The Art of
Dialogue: Exploring Personality Differences for More Effective Communication
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1184:. Gainesville, FL: Center for Applications of Psychological Type, Inc. p. 13.
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Jung, C.G., Psychological Types (The
Collected Works of C.G. Jung, Vol.6), ), ISBN
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Analytical psychology distinguishes several psychological types or temperaments.
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When the unconscious inferior functions fail to develop, imbalance results. In
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Jung's interest in typology grew from his desire to reconcile the theories of
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1222:"TYPING THE WORRIER: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WORRY AND JUNG'S PERSONALITY TYPES"
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Jung proposed the existence of two dichotomous pairs of cognitive functions:
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222:, was first published by Rascher Verlag, Zurich, in 1921. Typologies such as
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often tends to reveal itself most easily through a person's least developed
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1276:, Collected Works, Volume 7, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
1259:, Collected Works, Volume 6, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
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refers to the psychological classification of individuals. In contrast to
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One of the more influential ideas originated in the theoretical work of
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researchers. One study that directly compared a "type" instrument (the
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Three modern theories closely associated with Jung's personality types
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939:"Bates, K. L. (2006). Type A personality not linked to heart disease"
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The preferences for extraversion and introversion are often called
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As a matter of convenience, trait theorists sometimes use the term
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differences between people, whereas traits might be construed as
355:(Jung's spelling, although some dictionaries prefer the variant
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1086:. Mountain View, CA: Davies-Black Publishing. pp. xi–xii.
530:, Jung describes in detail the effects of tensions between the
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192:) rely on the idea of distinctively different types of people.
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Please
Understand Me II: Temperament, Character, Intelligence
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Gerlach M.; Farb B.; Revelle W.; Nunes Amaral L. A. (2018).
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Bimodal score distributions and the MBTI: Fact or artifact?
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325:—function of subjective estimation, value oriented thinking
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system based on the classical theory was published in 1958.
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An early form of personality type indicator theory was the
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In the book Jung categorized people into primary types of
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European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience
394:(psychic energy). The functions are modified by two main
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Four functions: sensation, intuition, thinking, feeling
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Jung identified two pairs of psychological functions:
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Table of similar systems of comparison of temperaments
1115:(1st ed.). Prometheus Nemesis Book Co. pp.
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Bernstein, Penner, Clarke-Stewart, & Roy (2008).
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The attitude type could be thought of as the flow of
810:, 8th edition. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company.
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Aion: Researches into the Phenomenology of the Self
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Aion: Researches into the Phenomenology of the Self
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1143:Myers, Isabel Briggs with Peter B. Myers (1995) .
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1082:Myers, Isabel Briggs with Peter B. Myers (1995) .
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383:) or the internal world of ideas and reflection (
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1145:Gifts Differing: Understanding Personality Type
1084:Gifts Differing: Understanding Personality Type
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668:Fundamental interpersonal relations orientation
167:refers to superordinate personality factors as
1147:. Mountain View, CA: Davies-Black Publishing.
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482:The eight psychological types are as follows:
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1226:Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection
1002:Galen's Prophecy: Temperament in Human Nature
1220:Ragozzino, Rachel; W. Kelly (Summer 2011).
1049:Jung, Carl (1976). Campbell, Joseph (ed.).
55:Clinically effective personality typologies
51:dimension, with many people in the middle.
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824:. Philadelphia, PA: Open University Press.
1737:Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious
715:Social and Personality Psychology Compass
171:, and more specific associated traits as
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1057:. New York, NY: Penguin Books. pp.
1020:(2 ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
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334:Attitudes: extraversion and introversion
218:. The original German language edition,
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185:Men Are From Mars, Women Are From Venus
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2033:Int'l Assoc. for Analytical Psychology
1730:Structure & Dynamics of the Psyche
905:Personality and Individual Differences
847:Bess, T.L. & Harvey, R.J. (2001).
2043:Jungian Society for Scholarly Studies
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679:HEXACO model of personality structure
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1204:
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838:, Vol 33(9), Sep, 2012. pp. 631-634.
694:Type A and Type B personality theory
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143:Type A and Type B personality theory
141:One example of personality types is
1722:Two Essays on Analytical Psychology
1273:Two Essays on Analytical Psychology
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13:
1783:Spirit in Man, Art, and Literature
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418:functions, sensation and intuition
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1293:, New York, N.Y.: Vantage Books.
653:Eysenck Personality Questionnaire
624:, or the Cattell personality test
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2038:Int'l Assoc. for Jungian Studies
727:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00313.x
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65:American Psychiatric Association
2157:The Secret of the Golden Flower
1691:Psychogenesis of Mental Disease
1468:Wise Old Man and Wise Old Woman
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922:European Journal of Personality
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888:European Journal of Personality
871:European Journal of Personality
836:Issues in Mental Health Nursing
822:Character and Personality Types
425:functions, thinking and feeling
253:Four functions of consciousness
95:) to a "trait" instrument (the
2023:C. G. Jung Institute in ZĂĽrich
1557:Modern Man in Search of a Soul
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538:Personality types and worrying
234:have roots in Jungian theory.
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2129:Archetypal literary criticism
1707:Psychology of the Unconscious
1619:Memories, Dreams, Reflections
1541:Psychology of the Unconscious
1499:Extraversion and introversion
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1290:Memories, Dreams, Reflections
1209:. Princeton University Press.
1205:Jung, Carl (1971). "10, 11".
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400:extraversion and introversion
648:Eysenck's three-factor model
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633:Big Five personality traits
604:Myers–Briggs Type Indicator
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152:Developmental psychologist
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1795:Development of Personality
1749:Civilization in Transition
1697:Freud & Psychoanalysis
1360:Interpretation of religion
1014:McWilliams, Nancy (2011).
820:Totton and Jacobs (2001).
599:Keirsey Temperament Sorter
479:is introverted intuition.
286:" (perceiving) functions:
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1180:Zeisset, Carolyn (2006).
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212:as published in the book
83:scores usually fall on a
1809:(Revised Edition) (1990)
1004:. New York: Basic Books.
643:Enneagram of Personality
577:Psychological typologies
2002:C. G. Jung House Museum
1777:Mysterium Coniunctionis
1755:Psychology and Religion
1685:Experimental Researches
1600:Mysterium Coniunctionis
834:Flaskerud, Jacquelyn H.
416:irrational (perception)
272:" (judging) functions:
2227:Personality typologies
2053:Psychology Club ZĂĽrich
1845:Marie-Louise von Franz
1762:Psychology and Alchemy
1576:Psychology and Alchemy
1510:Participation mystique
1400:Collective unconscious
758:Nature Human Behaviour
622:16 Personality Factors
567:Personality psychology
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259:psychological function
147:coronary heart disease
1705:(1967, a revision of
1350:Analytical psychology
495:Introverted intuition
492:Extraverted intuition
489:Introverted sensation
486:Extraverted sensation
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111:Further information:
2018:Bollingen Foundation
1957:Laurens van der Post
1807:General Bibliography
1420:Personal unconscious
1287:Jung, C.G. ( 1989).
1253:Jung, C.G. ( 1971).
501:Introverted thinking
498:Extraverted thinking
385:introverted attitude
381:extraverted attitude
230:assessment, and the
220:Psychologische Typen
2134:Archetypal pedagogy
2048:Philemon Foundation
1952:Joseph L. Henderson
1714:Psychological Types
1679:Psychiatric Studies
1666:The Collected Works
1627:Man and His Symbols
1549:Psychological Types
1355:Cognitive functions
1270:Jung, C.G. (1966).
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1207:Psychological Types
528:Psychological Types
507:Introverted feeling
504:Extraverted feeling
423:rational (judgment)
215:Psychological Types
21:Psychological Types
2070:A Dangerous Method
1770:Alchemical Studies
1489:Active imagination
1430:Jungian archetypes
1375:Theory of neurosis
1000:Kagan, J. (1994).
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675:'s four tendencies
628:Attitudinal Psyche
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1053:The Portable Jung
1027:978-1-60918-494-0
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658:Five temperaments
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2116:
2115:
2108:
2103:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2073:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1977:Marion Woodman
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1896:Wolfgang Pauli
1893:
1888:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1855:Jolande Jacobi
1852:
1850:Barbara Hannah
1847:
1841:
1839:
1828:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1810:
1804:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1774:
1766:
1758:
1752:
1746:
1740:
1734:
1726:
1718:
1710:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1682:
1675:
1673:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1631:
1623:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1596:
1588:
1580:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1553:
1545:
1536:
1534:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1475:
1473:Wounded healer
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1434:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1396:
1394:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1332:
1331:
1324:
1317:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1285:
1268:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1243:
1212:
1197:
1190:
1172:
1160:
1153:
1132:
1125:
1099:
1092:
1074:
1067:
1041:
1026:
1006:
993:
950:
930:
913:
896:
879:
862:
840:
827:
812:
799:
765:(2): 735–742.
740:
704:
702:
699:
697:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
673:Gretchen Rubin
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
618:
617:
616:
615:Other theories
612:
611:
606:
601:
595:
594:
590:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
558:
557:
552:
549:
539:
536:
509:
508:
505:
502:
499:
496:
493:
490:
487:
461:
458:
427:
426:
419:
407:
404:
396:attitude types
368:
367:
360:
335:
332:
327:
326:
320:
314:
308:
295:
294:
280:
254:
251:
205:
202:
201:
200:
193:
180:pop psychology
176:
157:
150:
139:
108:
105:
72:
69:
56:
53:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2239:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2207:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2187:
2179:
2177:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2077:Synchronicity
2074:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2011:Organizations
2009:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1937:Erich Neumann
1935:
1933:
1932:James Hillman
1930:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1891:Maria Moltzer
1889:
1887:
1886:Sigmund Freud
1884:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1814:
1813:General Index
1811:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1670:of C. G. Jung
1667:
1662:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1592:Answer to Job
1589:
1586:
1585:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1559:
1558:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1505:
1504:Individuation
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1494:Enantiodromia
1492:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1370:Synchronicity
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1330:
1325:
1323:
1318:
1316:
1311:
1310:
1307:
1300:
1299:0-679-72395-1
1296:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1283:
1282:0-691-01782-4
1279:
1275:
1274:
1269:
1266:
1265:0-691-01813-8
1262:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1251:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1216:
1208:
1201:
1193:
1191:0-935652-77-9
1187:
1183:
1176:
1167:
1165:
1156:
1154:0-89106-074-X
1150:
1146:
1139:
1137:
1128:
1126:1-885705-02-6
1122:
1118:
1113:
1112:
1103:
1095:
1093:0-89106-074-X
1089:
1085:
1078:
1070:
1068:9780140150704
1064:
1060:
1055:
1054:
1045:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1010:
1003:
997:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
954:
940:
934:
927:
923:
917:
910:
906:
900:
893:
889:
883:
876:
872:
866:
859:
855:
852:
851:
844:
837:
831:
823:
816:
809:
803:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
759:
751:
744:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
709:
705:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
684:Holland Codes
682:
680:
677:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
623:
620:
619:
614:
613:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
596:
592:
591:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
559:
555:
554:
548:
544:
535:
533:
529:
524:
522:
518:
514:
506:
503:
500:
497:
494:
491:
488:
485:
484:
483:
480:
476:
474:
473:
466:
457:
453:
450:
446:
442:
440:
435:
431:
424:
420:
417:
413:
412:
411:
403:
401:
397:
393:
388:
386:
382:
378:
377:
371:
366:
365:
361:
358:
354:
353:
349:
348:
347:
340:
331:
324:
321:
318:
315:
312:
309:
306:
303:
302:
301:
298:
293:
289:
285:
281:
279:
275:
271:
267:
266:
265:
262:
260:
250:
248:
244:
240:
239:Sigmund Freud
235:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
216:
211:
197:
194:
191:
187:
186:
181:
177:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
155:
151:
148:
144:
140:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
116:
114:
107:Type theories
104:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
68:
66:
62:
52:
50:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
22:
2206:All articles
2155:
2148:
2110:
2098:
2076:
2068:
1906:Victor White
1860:Aniela Jaffé
1834:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1768:
1760:
1754:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1728:
1720:
1712:
1706:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1669:
1665:
1651:
1641:
1633:
1625:
1617:
1598:
1590:
1582:
1574:
1555:
1547:
1539:
1525:Publications
1508:
1364:
1288:
1271:
1254:
1234:. Retrieved
1232:(4): 791–797
1229:
1225:
1215:
1206:
1200:
1181:
1175:
1144:
1110:
1102:
1083:
1077:
1052:
1044:
1016:
1009:
1001:
996:
966:(1): 55–61.
963:
959:
953:
942:. Retrieved
933:
925:
921:
916:
908:
904:
899:
891:
887:
882:
874:
870:
865:
849:
843:
835:
830:
821:
815:
807:
802:
790:. Retrieved
762:
756:
743:
718:
714:
708:
582:Trait theory
545:
541:
527:
525:
520:
512:
510:
481:
477:
470:
467:
463:
454:
448:
444:
443:
438:
433:
429:
428:
422:
415:
409:
389:
384:
380:
374:
372:
369:
362:
356:
350:
345:
328:
322:
316:
310:
304:
299:
296:
291:
287:
277:
273:
263:
256:
243:Alfred Adler
236:
219:
213:
207:
183:
172:
168:
165:Hans Eysenck
160:
154:Jerome Kagan
128:four humours
89:psychometric
76:
74:
61:stereotyping
58:
44:quantitative
43:
39:
31:
25:
1967:June Singer
1653:Black Books
1415:Inner child
562:Personality
517:unconscious
472:dichotomies
199:psychology.
132:Hippocrates
40:qualitative
2144:Burghölzli
2094:Shadow Man
1942:Maud Oakes
1879:Colleagues
1870:Toni Wolff
1836:Jungfrauen
1611:Posthumous
1392:The psyche
944:2006-11-05
911:, 779–787.
894:, 327–346.
877:, 167-184.
808:Psychology
701:References
284:irrational
122:system of
85:bell curve
49:continuous
28:psychology
2186:Wikiquote
1920:Followers
1865:Emma Jung
1463:Trickster
1336:Carl Jung
1036:698580704
735:1751-9004
609:Socionics
532:complexes
434:intuition
430:Sensation
376:attitudes
364:Introvert
357:extrovert
352:Extravert
311:intuition
305:sensation
292:intuition
288:sensation
247:attitudes
224:Socionics
210:Carl Jung
204:Carl Jung
190:enneagram
130:model of
75:The term
2221:Category
1384:Concepts
1343:Theories
980:16041558
928:, 29-44.
854:Archived
787:52290166
779:31406291
689:Humorism
551:See also
521:inferior
513:dominant
445:Thinking
439:could be
421:The two
414:The two
317:thinking
274:thinking
270:rational
178:Several
2176:Commons
2150:I Ching
1709:, 1912)
1638:(2009)
1448:Persona
1405:Complex
1236:8 March
988:1798692
792:30 July
449:feeling
323:feeling
278:feeling
2084:song 1
2079:(album
2028:Eranos
1990:Houses
1827:People
1815:(1979)
1803:(1977)
1797:(1954)
1791:(1966)
1785:(1966)
1779:(1970)
1773:(1968)
1765:(1944)
1757:(1970)
1751:(1970)
1745:(1969)
1739:(1969)
1733:(1969)
1725:(1967)
1717:(1971)
1699:(1961)
1693:(1960)
1687:(1973)
1681:(1970)
1656:(2020)
1646:(1916)
1630:(1964)
1622:(1961)
1603:(1956)
1595:(1954)
1587:(1951)
1579:(1944)
1560:(1933)
1552:(1921)
1544:(1912)
1458:Shadow
1443:Apollo
1297:
1280:
1263:
1188:
1151:
1123:
1090:
1065:
1034:
1024:
986:
978:
785:
777:
733:
392:libido
226:, the
188:, the
173:traits
97:NEO PI
2122:Other
1568:Later
1533:Early
1482:Other
984:S2CID
783:S2CID
753:(PDF)
282:The "
268:The "
169:types
124:Galen
2112:Soul
1453:Self
1295:ISBN
1278:ISBN
1261:ISBN
1238:2012
1186:ISBN
1149:ISBN
1121:ISBN
1088:ISBN
1063:ISBN
1032:OCLC
1022:ISBN
976:PMID
794:2020
775:PMID
731:ISSN
447:and
432:and
290:and
276:and
241:and
228:MBTI
161:type
93:MBTI
77:type
1230:131
1059:178
968:doi
964:256
767:doi
723:doi
26:In
2223::
2089:2)
1228:.
1224:.
1163:^
1135:^
1119:.
1061:.
1030:.
982:.
974:.
962:.
926:20
924:,
909:37
907:,
892:17
890:,
875:19
873:,
781:.
773:.
761:.
755:.
729:.
717:.
441:.
398::
261:.
103:.
67:.
30:,
1328:e
1321:t
1314:v
1301:.
1284:.
1267:.
1240:.
1194:.
1157:.
1129:.
1117:3
1096:.
1071:.
1038:.
990:.
970::
947:.
796:.
769::
763:2
737:.
725::
719:4
359:)
175:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.