207:
45:
338:
321:; however, frequently there is no abnormal appearance of the nerve head in optic neuritis (in cases of retrobulbar optic neuritis), though it may be swollen in some patients (anterior papillitis or more extensive optic neuritis). In many cases, only one eye is affected, and patients may not be aware of the
283:
Early symptoms that require investigation include symptoms from multiple sclerosis (twitching, lack of coordination, slurred speech, frequent episodes of partial vision loss or blurred vision), episodes of "disturbed/blackened" rather than blurry indicate moderate stage and require immediate medical
304:
Several case studies in children have demonstrated the absence of pain in more than half of cases (approximately 60%) in their pediatric study population, with the most common symptom reported simply as "blurriness". Other remarkable differences between the presentation of adult optic neuritis as
996:
Paradoxically, oral administration of corticosteroids in this situation may lead to more recurrent attacks than in non-treated patients (though oral steroids are generally prescribed after the intravenous course, to wean the patient off the medication). This effect of corticosteroids seems to be
992:
treatment does not affect the long term outcome. However, for optic neuritis that is not MS-associated (or atypical optic neuritis) the evidence is less clear and therefore the threshold for treatment with intravenous corticosteroids is lower. Intravenous corticosteroids also reduce the risk of
1774:
Narayan et al. Unique characteristics of optical coherence tomography (OCT) results and visual acuity testing in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody positive pediatric patients, November 2018, MS and related disorders, Volume 28, February 2019, Pages 86-90, doi:
1011:. The authors conclude that current evidence does not show a benefit of either intravenous or oral corticosteroids for rate of recovery of vision (in terms of visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, or visual fields). There are a number of reasons why this might be the case.
349:(OCT) is very sensitive reveal damage to the optic nerve. The OCT shows corresponding optic disc swelling acutely or an inter-eye difference in the thickness of the neurons and their nerves connecting the eye with the brain in above 4-5% within ≥ 3 months after onset.
4028:
1035:
Optic neuritis typically affects young adults ranging 18–45 years of age, with a mean age of 30–35 years. There is a strong female predominance. The annual incidence is approximately 5/100,000, with a prevalence estimated to be 115/100,000 (0.12%).
583:
Most common cause. Almost all patients will experience some form of vision dysfunction. Partial vision loss can occur through the duration of the disease; total vision loss occurs in severe cases and late stages. It may lead to complete or partial
4001:
3978:
3881:
333:
Imaging of the optic nerve with MRI shows increased signal on the affected side. There is contrast enhancement of the symptomatic optic nerve and sheaths acutely or intrinsic signal increase (looking brighter) within ≥ 3 months.
3960:
443:
at the time of presentation of optic neuritis is the strongest predictor for developing clinically definite MS. Almost half of the patients with optic neuritis have white matter lesions consistent with multiple sclerosis.
2147:
2132:
2117:
1787:
3856:
264:), with colors appearing subtly washed out compared to the other eye. Patients may also experience difficulties judging movement in depth, which can be particular troublesome during driving or sport (
3909:
227:
classification includes optic neuritis. However a 2022 review found that there is no consensus regarding the classification of optic neuritis, and precise diagnostic criteria are not available.
1610:
Isobe N, Yonekawa T, Matsushita T, et al. Clinical relevance of serum aquaporin-4 antibody levels in neuromyelitis optica. Neurochem Res. 2013;38(5):997-1001. doi:10.1007/s11064-013-1009-0
3826:
1254:
Lucchinetti CF, Kiers L, O'Duffy A, Gomez MR, Cross S, Leavitt JA, et al. (November 1997). "Risk factors for developing multiple sclerosis after childhood optic neuritis".
1007:
studied the effect of corticosteroids for treating people with acute optic neuritis. Specific corticosteroids studied included intravenous and oral methylprednisone, and oral
431:
of the vessel that supplies the optic nerve. Up to 50% of patients with MS will develop an episode of optic neuritis, and 20–30% of the time optic neuritis is the presenting
3951:
1788:
https://www.mssociety.org.uk/about-ms/signs-and-symptoms/eyes-and-sight/optic-neuritis#:~:text=After%20optic%20neuritis%2C%20your%20vision,when%20you%20get%20hot%2C%20too
3817:
1054:, the main character, Esther Summerville, has a transient episode of visual loss, the symptoms of which are also seen in people who have optic neuritis. Legal historian
1071:("Season of Miracles", season five), Reverend Timothy Johnson is struck blind by optic neuritis on Christmas Day 1872. He remains blind for the duration of the series.
940:
The repetition of an idiopathic optic neuritis is considered a distinct clinical condition, and when it shows demyelination, it has been found to be associated to anti-
194:
in the macular area) and retrobulbar neuritis (when the posterior part of the nerve is involved). Prelaminar optic neuritis describes involvement of the non-myelinated
546:
Approximate Cause Data (Other TOP Ranking diseases include: Cancer, Heart
Disease, Respiratory, Stroke, Diabetes, Alzheimers, Kidney Disease, Parkinsons, Suicide)
959:
4118:
1337:"An intereye difference of 5–6 μm in RNFL thickness is a robust structural threshold for identifying the presence of a unilateral optic nerve lesion in MS."
305:
compared to pediatric cases include more often unilateral optic neuritis in adults, while children much predominantly present with bilateral involvement.
1341:"Optimal Intereye Difference Thresholds in Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness for Predicting a Unilateral Optic Nerve Lesion in Multiple Sclerosis"
116:
MS-ON, MOG-ON, AQP4-ON, CRMP5-ON, SION, RION, CRION, post-infectious ON, post-vaccination ON, ON as complication of systemic diseases or meidication
3238:
1620:
Nicolaie MA, van
Houwelingen HC, Putter H (December 2015). "Vertical modelling: Analysis of competing risks data with missing causes of failure".
952:
1999:
Rodriguez M, Siva A, Cross SA, O'Brien PC, Kurland LT (February 1995). "Optic neuritis: a population-based study in
Olmsted County, Minnesota".
2635:
1816:"The effect of corticosteroids for acute optic neuritis on the subsequent development of multiple sclerosis. The Optic Neuritis Study Group"
3307:
3233:
1390:"Advances in ophthalmic structural and functional measures in multiple sclerosis: do the potential ocular biomarkers meet the unmet needs?"
682:
Reduced kidney function (treatable with diet change) (Rank 67 – If untreated, can progress to late stage with much greater mortality rates)
17:
588:
in one or both eyes. Partial, transient vision loss (lasting less than one hour) can be an indication of early onset multiple sclerosis.
993:
developing MS in the following two years in patients with MRI lesions; but this effect disappears by the third year of follow up.
2247:
3255:
3250:
3075:
591:
1687:
1195:
432:
1857:"A randomized, controlled trial of corticosteroids in the treatment of acute optic neuritis. The Optic Neuritis Study Group"
3115:
1181:
3228:
988:
In most MS-associated optic neuritis, visual function spontaneously improves over 2–3 months, and there is evidence that
941:
3800:
3223:
3110:
2677:
2978:
2838:
358:
1500:
Rizzo JF, Lessell S (December 1991). "Optic neuritis and ischemic optic neuropathy. Overlapping clinical profiles".
694:
Good outcomes if early, and can usually be treated with diet changes, progresses and can lead to total vision loss.
2943:
916:
3518:
3036:
2948:
1236:
408:
Typical optic neuritis - an idiopathic demyelinating condition that is often associated with multiple sclerosis.
2938:
2667:
1948:
Petzold A, Braithwaite T, van Oosten BW, Balk L, Martinez-Lapiscina EH, Wheeler R, et al. (January 2020).
1339:
Nolan RC, Galetta SL, Frohman TC, Frohman EM, Calabresi PA, Castrillo-Viguera C, et al. (December 2018).
4046:
3932:
3894:
3031:
2922:
2788:
186:(when the head of the optic nerve is involved), neuroretinitis (when there is a combined involvement of the
4113:
3991:
3839:
3429:
3120:
3105:
966:
904:
346:
1486:
4014:
2317:
2275:
2240:
896:
3245:
3041:
3015:
2973:
2968:
2833:
2706:
2694:
2650:
1218:
3424:
3312:
3218:
3065:
2910:
2711:
2657:
1113:
Petzold A, Fraser CL, Abegg M, Alroughani R, Alshowaeir D, Alvarenga R, et al. (December 2022).
1067:
1055:
420:
220:
997:
limited to optic neuritis and has not been observed in other diseases treated with corticosteroids.
4066:
2963:
2934:
2558:
2523:
2162:
867:
500:
322:
3434:
3188:
2988:
2508:
2501:
1855:
Beck RW, Cleary PA, Anderson MM, Keltner JL, Shults WT, Kaufman DI, et al. (February 1992).
1001:
397:
of the optic nerve causes loss of vision, usually because of the swelling and destruction of the
269:
87:
4061:
4051:
3869:
3793:
3703:
3673:
3608:
3603:
3330:
2608:
2473:
2233:
1814:
Beck RW, Cleary PA, Trobe JD, Kaufman DI, Kupersmith MJ, Paty DW, et al. (December 1993).
523:
484:
2202:
3646:
3322:
2126:
1950:"Case for a new corticosteroid treatment trial in optic neuritis: review of updated evidence"
1799:
411:
Atypical optic neuritis - resulting from an inflammatory, infectious, or autoimmune disorder.
176:
3290:
4087:
4036:
3922:
3419:
3005:
3000:
2958:
2773:
2689:
1705:"Recurrent Optic Neuritis (rON) is characterised by Anti-MOG Antibodies: A follow-up study"
1704:
945:
912:
908:
476:
385:
and carry visual information to the primary visual nuclei, most of which is relayed to the
8:
4041:
3917:
3724:
3598:
3398:
3281:
3273:
3061:
3025:
3010:
2865:
2645:
2425:
2151:
1513:
874:
492:
468:
464:
3354:
1720:
1439:"Retinal inter-eye difference and atrophy progression in multiple sclerosis diagnostics"
3335:
3085:
2993:
2917:
2870:
2682:
2618:
2603:
2463:
2412:
2156:
2068:
2043:
2024:
1976:
1949:
1925:
1900:
1645:
1463:
1438:
1414:
1389:
1365:
1340:
1279:
1142:
935:
568:
416:
293:
77:
1163:
1130:
4092:
3786:
3678:
3575:
3340:
3200:
2983:
2640:
2546:
2173:
2073:
2016:
1981:
1930:
1878:
1837:
1757:
1683:
1637:
1593:
1552:
1517:
1468:
1419:
1370:
1320:
1271:
1146:
1134:
1004:
642:
585:
480:
139:
57:
2213:
2028:
1649:
1315:
1298:
1283:
3889:
3864:
3846:
3466:
3456:
3302:
3277:
3210:
3176:
3095:
2726:
2716:
2613:
2468:
2355:
2345:
2063:
2055:
2008:
1971:
1961:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1868:
1827:
1747:
1716:
1629:
1583:
1544:
1509:
1458:
1450:
1409:
1401:
1360:
1352:
1310:
1263:
1126:
1080:
472:
183:
2093:
1114:
210:
Example of how optic neuritis affected one eye of a person with multiple sclerosis
3937:
3927:
3533:
3497:
3461:
3080:
2905:
2892:
2826:
2783:
2701:
2513:
2445:
2365:
2350:
2167:
2059:
1405:
1356:
1045:
958:
When it is anti-MOG related, it is demyelinating and it is considered inside the
951:
When an inflammatory recurrent optic neuritis is not demyelinating, it is called
816:
812:
313:
On medical examination the head of the optic nerve can easily be visualized by a
265:
1873:
1856:
1832:
1815:
1487:"Critical review: Typical and atypical optic neuritis - Survey of Ophthalmology"
3986:
3899:
3763:
3615:
3560:
3403:
3100:
2882:
2852:
2798:
2752:
2623:
2496:
2430:
2420:
989:
886:
863:
700:
539:
448:
386:
318:
243:
2178:
1776:
284:
attention to prevent further loss of vision. Other early symptoms are reduced
268:). Likewise, transient worsening of vision with increase of body temperature (
4107:
3683:
3538:
3478:
3195:
3143:
3090:
3020:
2929:
2816:
2793:
2721:
2630:
2435:
2340:
1966:
1633:
1454:
929:
847:
732:
662:
535:
460:
62:
2225:
2141:
275:
However not everyone who has optic neuritis has problems with their vision.
3548:
3376:
2757:
2672:
2580:
2458:
2453:
2398:
2393:
2077:
1985:
1934:
1761:
1752:
1735:
1641:
1597:
1588:
1571:
1556:
1472:
1423:
1374:
1324:
1138:
882:
878:
716:
615:
Reversible if early and before reduced blood flow causes permanent damage.
508:
496:
456:
436:
394:
285:
257:
2020:
1882:
1841:
1703:
Chalmoukou K, Stathopoulos P, Alexopoulos H, Akrivou S, Dalakas M (2015).
1548:
1521:
1275:
1267:
3747:
3698:
3641:
3636:
3593:
3571:
3482:
3473:
3393:
3371:
3183:
3155:
2953:
2821:
2662:
2483:
2360:
2312:
2259:
2197:
2012:
1085:
1050:
900:
728:
724:
638:
519:
515:
390:
370:
289:
172:
129:
1702:
4082:
3968:
3668:
3631:
3555:
3543:
3487:
3448:
3269:
3159:
2518:
2383:
1182:"Diagnosis and classification of optic neuritis - The Lancet Neurology"
1008:
923:
859:
789:
752:
531:
424:
206:
187:
2109:
1809:
1807:
341:
Magnetic
Resonnance Imaging (MRI) during an episode of optic neuritis.
82:
loss of vision, loss of colour vision, pain worsening on eye movements
3719:
3693:
3567:
3513:
3501:
3386:
3381:
3366:
3362:
2900:
2598:
2575:
2388:
2335:
2330:
2307:
2208:
773:
447:
Some other common causes of optic neuritis include infection (e.g. a
382:
314:
149:
70:
66:
965:
Some reports point to the possibility to establish a difference via
936:
Demyelinating recurrent optic neuritis and non-demyelinating (CRION)
4009:
3834:
3809:
3758:
3523:
3057:
2860:
2491:
1804:
977:
Many patients see full recovery but some see some lasting effects.
890:
797:
600:
527:
504:
452:
428:
3585:
3528:
3070:
2877:
2808:
2778:
2768:
2375:
1535:
Biousse V, Newman NJ (June 2015). "Ischemic Optic
Neuropathies".
851:
44:
1947:
1253:
800:(early stage treatable, late Stage has worse prognosis) (Rank 6)
677:
Poor outcomes and progresses and can lead to total vision loss.
3688:
2590:
2567:
2287:
2136:
2121:
1682:(7th ed.). New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers.
507:, or an injury to the eye. In neuromyelitis optica higher AQP4
398:
378:
224:
191:
3660:
1998:
1619:
855:
511:
levels are associated with the occurrence of optic neuritis.
337:
52:
Optic
Neuritis following a febrile infection in a young woman
1112:
873:
Infectious optic neuritis (sinus related or associated with
3778:
2740:
2302:
1667:(43rd ed.). A&C Black – via Credo Reference.
1436:
374:
361:
has been proposed as a strong indicator of optic neuritis.
249:
195:
1800:
https://mft.nhs.uk/app/uploads/sites/2/2019/10/REH-173.pdf
1338:
1854:
1736:"Chronic relapsing inflammatory optic neuropathy (CRION)"
985:
High dose steroids may be given intravenously or orally.
440:
261:
256:
Many patients with optic neuritis may lose some of their
201:
1437:
Nij
Bijvank J, Uitdehaag BM, Petzold A (February 2022).
325:
until they are asked to close or cover the healthy eye.
171:
describes any condition that causes inflammation of the
1734:
Kidd D, Burton B, Plant GT, Graham EM (February 2003).
960:
anti-MOG associated inflammatory demyelinating diseases
842:
Other diseases associated with optic neuritis include:
1813:
2096:, translated into 116 languages and free for download
1733:
2099:
665:(Rank 19); if untreated can lead to Failure (Rank 8)
3289:
1296:
1954:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
1528:
1443:Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry
1299:"The clinical profile of childhood optic neuritis"
1019:Immunosuppressants may also be used in treatment.
272:) and glare disability are a frequent complaint.
3234:arteritic anterior (AAION or arteritic AION)
352:
299:
4105:
1387:
1115:"Diagnosis and classification of optic neuritis"
1164:"ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics"
953:chronic relapsing inflammatory optic neuropathy
846:Parainfectious optic neuritis (associated with
214:
2094:Diagnosis and classification of optic neuritis
2044:"Optic Neuritis: Another Dickensian Diagnosis"
1677:
1572:"Clinical assessment of optic nerve disorders"
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
124:autoimmune, infection, vaccination, medication
3794:
2255:
2241:
1901:"Corticosteroids for treating optic neuritis"
1898:
1534:
317:with a high positive lens or by using direct
4119:Disorders of optic nerve and visual pathways
3308:Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia
1499:
1430:
1388:Jiang H, Delgado S, Wang J (February 2021).
1381:
632:Usually heals itself, treatment not needed.
239:sudden loss of vision (partial or complete),
2636:Thygeson's superficial punctate keratopathy
2295:
1905:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1777:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msard.2018.11.026
1569:
1097:
534:, arachnoidal adhesions, sinus thrombosis,
404:A 2019 review divided optic neuritis into
357:Asymmetry between the eyes in thickness of
179:, or infectious or inflammatory processes.
3801:
3787:
2248:
2234:
1662:
43:
2067:
1975:
1965:
1924:
1899:Gal RL, Vedula SS, Beck R (August 2015).
1894:
1892:
1872:
1831:
1751:
1587:
1462:
1413:
1364:
1314:
1297:Lana-Peixoto MA, Andrade GC (June 2001).
972:
657:Depends on severity, usually treatable.
336:
205:
2041:
1622:Statistical Methods in Medical Research
1158:
1156:
557:Annual Cases leading to Optic Neuritis
14:
4106:
1889:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1039:
202:Classification, diagnosis and symptoms
154:Prognosis depends on the subtype of ON
3782:
3745:
3141:
2544:
2273:
2229:
1014:
3116:Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy
1514:10.1001/archopht.1991.01080120052024
1153:
819:can be treated and vision returned.
522:or abscess in the occipital region,
92:multiple sclerosis, MOG-disease, NMO
3239:non-arteritic anterior (NAION)
3076:Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy
1861:The New England Journal of Medicine
1820:The New England Journal of Medicine
1721:10.1212/WNL.84.14_supplement.P5.274
1537:The New England Journal of Medicine
1202:
592:Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy
554:Annual Num Cases TOTAL (US) (2011)
24:
3111:Persistent tunica vasculosa lentis
715:Poor outcomes – usually permanent
25:
4130:
2839:Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy
2087:
401:sheath covering the optic nerve.
278:
2944:Central retinal artery occlusion
917:granulomatosis with polyangiitis
435:. The presence of demyelinating
260:in the affected eye (especially
252:on movement of the affected eye.
2949:Branch retinal artery occlusion
2678:Terrien's marginal degeneration
2035:
1992:
1941:
1848:
1793:
1781:
1768:
1727:
1696:
1678:Khurana AK, Khurana BP (2019).
1671:
1656:
1613:
1604:
1570:Riordan-Eva P (November 2004).
1563:
1493:
1479:
1316:10.1590/S0004-282X2001000300001
1030:
551:Cause and Rank based on Deaths
27:Inflammation of the optic nerve
3746:
2979:Bietti's crystalline dystrophy
2939:Central retinal vein occlusion
2668:Pellucid marginal degeneration
1917:10.1002/14651858.CD001430.pub4
1345:Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology
1331:
1290:
1247:
1229:
1188:
1174:
1027:Pain relief may also be used.
1022:
788:Good outcomes, treatable with
353:Asymmetry in thickness of RNFL
308:
300:Variation in symptoms with age
13:
1:
4047:External compression headache
3933:New daily persistent headache
3895:Chronic paroxysmal hemicrania
3032:Vitelliform macular dystrophy
2923:Posterior vitreous detachment
2789:Persistent pupillary membrane
1303:Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria
1131:10.1016/S1474-4422(22)00200-9
1091:
1058:suggested that the events in
393:to be processed into vision.
3992:Post-dural-puncture headache
3808:
3519:Leber's congenital amaurosis
3430:Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
3142:
3121:Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease
3106:Persistent fetal vasculature
3037:Leber's congenital amaurosis
2060:10.3109/01658107.2013.830313
1406:10.1097/WCO.0000000000000897
1394:Current Opinion in Neurology
1357:10.1097/WNO.0000000000000629
967:optical coherence tomography
905:systemic lupus erythematosus
347:optical coherence tomography
215:Classification and diagnosis
175:; it may be associated with
18:Retrobulbar optic neuropathy
7:
4015:Medication overuse headache
2318:Meibomian gland dysfunction
1874:10.1056/NEJM199202273260901
1833:10.1056/NEJM199312093292403
1680:Comprehensive Ophthalmology
1074:
980:
641:(including poisoning, i.e.
230:
10:
4135:
3042:Birdshot chorioretinopathy
3016:Central serous retinopathy
2834:Focal choroidal excavation
2707:Corneal neovascularization
2524:Subconjunctival hemorrhage
2274:
1665:Black's Medical Dictionary
1663:Marcovitch H, ed. (2018).
792:or other microbial drugs.
328:
4075:
4027:
4000:
3977:
3959:
3950:
3908:
3880:
3855:
3825:
3816:
3754:
3741:
3712:
3659:
3624:
3584:
3509:
3496:
3447:
3425:Convergence insufficiency
3412:
3353:
3321:
3298:
3268:
3209:
3167:
3154:
3150:
3137:
3066:Primary juvenile glaucoma
3050:
2911:Cytomegalovirus retinitis
2891:
2851:
2807:
2748:
2739:
2589:
2566:
2557:
2553:
2545:
2540:
2482:
2444:
2411:
2374:
2326:
2286:
2282:
2269:
2260:Diseases of the human eye
2188:
2103:
1502:Archives of Ophthalmology
1068:Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman
1056:William Searle Holdsworth
421:ischemic optic neuropathy
415:The most common cause is
221:World Health Organization
158:
148:
138:
128:
120:
112:
104:
96:
86:
76:
56:
51:
42:
37:
2935:Ocular ischemic syndrome
1967:10.1136/jnnp-2019-321653
1634:10.1177/0962280211432067
1455:10.1136/jnnp-2021-327468
815:carries poor prognosis,
563:Prognosis and Treatment
514:Less common causes are:
501:autonomic nervous system
364:
3435:One and a half syndrome
3189:Foster Kennedy syndrome
1241:www.hopkinsmedicine.org
887:cryptococcal meningitis
345:Advanced imaging using
4062:Postherpetic neuralgia
4052:Cold-stimulus headache
3870:Mixed tension migraine
3674:Argyll Robertson pupil
2474:Periorbital cellulitis
1589:10.1038/sj.eye.6701575
603:(Rank 29) (Optic ONLY)
342:
246:or "foggy" vision, and
211:
177:demyelinating diseases
3647:Scintillating scotoma
3313:Kearns–Sayre syndrome
3256:Toxic and nutritional
3229:posterior (PION)
2712:Kayser–Fleischer ring
1549:10.1056/NEJMra1413352
1268:10.1212/WNL.49.5.1413
1119:The Lancet. Neurology
973:Outlook and Treatment
767:Depends on severity.
747:Depends on severity.
377:that emerge from the
340:
209:
4067:Tolosa–Hunt syndrome
4037:Trigeminal neuralgia
3923:Thunderclap headache
3420:Conjugate gaze palsy
3291:Paralytic strabismus
3224:anterior (AION)
3006:Retinitis pigmentosa
3001:Macular degeneration
2774:Intermediate uveitis
2690:Keratoconjunctivitis
2013:10.1212/WNL.45.2.244
1753:10.1093/brain/awg045
1062:took place in 1827.
946:neuromyelitis optica
913:MOG antibody disease
909:polyarteritis nodosa
477:neuromyelitis optica
465:autoimmune disorders
323:loss of color vision
270:Uhthoff's phenomenon
235:Major symptoms are
182:It is also known as
4114:Autoimmune diseases
4042:Occipital neuralgia
3918:Hemicrania continua
3840:Familial hemiplegic
3725:Childhood blindness
3704:Parinaud's syndrome
3274:Extraocular muscles
3062:Ocular hypertension
3026:Epiretinal membrane
3011:Retinal haemorrhage
2866:Congenital cataract
2048:Neuro-Ophthalmology
1040:Society and culture
547:
144:Diagnostic criteria
3251:Leber's hereditary
2918:Retinal detachment
2871:Childhood cataract
2683:Post-LASIK ectasia
2464:Orbital cellulitis
2413:Lacrimal apparatus
2189:External resources
2042:Petzold A (2013).
1015:Immunosuppressants
944:and AQP4-negative
776:(not from abscess)
569:Multiple sclerosis
545:
503:dysfunction), and
481:methanol poisoning
451:in the upper jaw,
417:multiple sclerosis
343:
212:
4101:
4100:
4023:
4022:
3946:
3945:
3776:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3737:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3679:Marcus Gunn pupil
3655:
3654:
3576:Visual impairment
3443:
3442:
3349:
3348:
3336:Fourth-nerve (IV)
3264:
3263:
3201:Optic disc drusen
3133:
3132:
3129:
3128:
2847:
2846:
2735:
2734:
2641:Corneal dystrophy
2536:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2407:
2406:
2223:
2222:
1826:(24): 1764–1769.
1746:(Pt 2): 276–284.
1689:978-93-5270-686-0
1582:(11): 1161–1168.
1543:(25): 2428–2436.
1508:(12): 1668–1672.
1243:. March 22, 2024.
1125:(12): 1120–1134.
1065:In an episode of
1005:systematic review
897:Autoimmune causes
875:cat-scratch fever
839:
838:
663:Liver dysfunction
536:liver dysfunction
439:lesions on brain
166:
165:
140:Diagnostic method
32:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
4126:
3957:
3956:
3847:Retinal migraine
3823:
3822:
3803:
3796:
3789:
3780:
3779:
3743:
3742:
3507:
3506:
3498:Vision disorders
3457:Refractive error
3399:Brown's syndrome
3355:Other strabismus
3341:Sixth-nerve (VI)
3331:Oculomotor (III)
3303:Ophthalmoparesis
3296:
3295:
3287:
3286:
3278:Binocular vision
3211:Optic neuropathy
3177:optic papillitis
3165:
3164:
3152:
3151:
3139:
3138:
3028:(Macular pucker)
2746:
2745:
2727:Band keratopathy
2564:
2563:
2555:
2554:
2542:
2541:
2469:Orbital lymphoma
2356:Blepharophimosis
2346:Blepharochalasis
2293:
2292:
2284:
2283:
2271:
2270:
2250:
2243:
2236:
2227:
2226:
2101:
2100:
2082:
2081:
2071:
2039:
2033:
2032:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1979:
1969:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1928:
1896:
1887:
1886:
1876:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1835:
1811:
1802:
1797:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1755:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1617:
1611:
1608:
1602:
1601:
1591:
1567:
1561:
1560:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1466:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1417:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1368:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1318:
1309:(2–B): 311–317.
1294:
1288:
1287:
1262:(5): 1413–1418.
1251:
1245:
1244:
1237:"Optic Neuritis"
1233:
1227:
1226:
1219:"Optic neuritis"
1215:
1200:
1199:
1196:"Optic neuritis"
1192:
1186:
1185:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1160:
1151:
1150:
1110:
1081:Optic neuropathy
848:viral infections
548:
544:
538:, or late stage
473:neurosarcoidosis
387:occipital cortex
190:and surrounding
184:optic papillitis
162:can be relapsing
47:
35:
34:
21:
4134:
4133:
4129:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4104:
4103:
4102:
4097:
4071:
4019:
3996:
3973:
3942:
3938:Hypnic headache
3928:Sexual headache
3904:
3876:
3851:
3812:
3807:
3777:
3768:
3750:
3729:
3708:
3651:
3620:
3580:
3534:Color blindness
3500:
3492:
3439:
3413:Other binocular
3408:
3345:
3317:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3260:
3205:
3158:
3146:
3125:
3081:Ocular hypotony
3046:
2906:Chorioretinitis
2887:
2843:
2827:Chorioretinitis
2803:
2784:Rubeosis iridis
2762:
2731:
2702:Corneal opacity
2658:Corneal ectasia
2585:
2549:
2528:
2514:Pseudopterygium
2478:
2440:
2403:
2370:
2366:Ankyloblepharon
2322:
2278:
2265:
2264:
2254:
2224:
2219:
2218:
2184:
2183:
2112:
2090:
2085:
2040:
2036:
1997:
1993:
1946:
1942:
1911:(8): CD001430.
1897:
1890:
1853:
1849:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1794:
1786:
1782:
1773:
1769:
1732:
1728:
1701:
1697:
1690:
1676:
1672:
1661:
1657:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1605:
1568:
1564:
1533:
1529:
1498:
1494:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1435:
1431:
1386:
1382:
1336:
1332:
1295:
1291:
1252:
1248:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1217:
1216:
1203:
1194:
1193:
1189:
1180:
1179:
1175:
1162:
1161:
1154:
1111:
1098:
1094:
1077:
1046:Charles Dickens
1042:
1033:
1025:
1017:
983:
975:
938:
868:glandular fever
841:
719:at this stage.
620:Nerve pinch (0)
524:cerebral trauma
488:
367:
355:
331:
311:
302:
281:
266:Pulfrich effect
233:
217:
204:
198:in the retina.
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4132:
4122:
4121:
4116:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4079:
4077:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4057:Optic neuritis
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4033:
4031:
4025:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4012:
4006:
4004:
3998:
3997:
3995:
3994:
3989:
3987:Ictal headache
3983:
3981:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3965:
3963:
3954:
3948:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3914:
3912:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3886:
3884:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3873:
3872:
3861:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3849:
3844:
3843:
3842:
3831:
3829:
3820:
3814:
3813:
3806:
3805:
3798:
3791:
3783:
3774:
3773:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3764:Onchocerciasis
3761:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3739:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3727:
3722:
3716:
3714:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3665:
3663:
3657:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3628:
3626:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3616:Quadrantanopia
3613:
3612:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3590:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3561:Oguchi disease
3553:
3552:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3510:
3504:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3490:
3485:
3476:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3464:
3453:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3416:
3414:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3404:Duane syndrome
3401:
3396:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3384:
3374:
3369:
3359:
3357:
3351:
3350:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3327:
3325:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3299:
3293:
3284:
3266:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3215:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3172:Optic neuritis
3168:
3162:
3148:
3147:
3135:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3101:Phthisis bulbi
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2984:Coats' disease
2981:
2976:
2974:of prematurity
2971:
2966:
2961:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2932:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2897:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2883:Ectopia lentis
2880:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2868:
2857:
2855:
2849:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2819:
2813:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2755:
2749:
2743:
2741:Vascular tunic
2737:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2624:Photokeratitis
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2595:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2572:
2570:
2561:
2551:
2550:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2497:Conjunctivitis
2494:
2488:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2450:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2431:Dacryocystitis
2428:
2423:
2421:Dacryoadenitis
2417:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2380:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2299:
2297:
2290:
2280:
2279:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2245:
2238:
2230:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2216:
2205:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2170:
2159:
2144:
2129:
2113:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2104:Classification
2098:
2097:
2089:
2088:External links
2086:
2084:
2083:
2054:(6): 247–250.
2034:
2007:(2): 244–250.
1991:
1940:
1888:
1867:(9): 581–588.
1847:
1803:
1792:
1780:
1767:
1726:
1695:
1688:
1670:
1655:
1628:(6): 891–908.
1612:
1603:
1562:
1527:
1492:
1478:
1449:(2): 216–219.
1429:
1380:
1351:(4): 451–458.
1330:
1289:
1246:
1228:
1201:
1198:. Mayo Clinic.
1187:
1173:
1152:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1076:
1073:
1041:
1038:
1032:
1029:
1024:
1021:
1016:
1013:
990:corticosteroid
982:
979:
974:
971:
937:
934:
933:
932:
927:
920:
894:
871:
864:whooping cough
837:
836:
834:
831:
828:
825:
821:
820:
810:
807:
804:
801:
794:
793:
786:
783:
780:
777:
769:
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
749:
748:
745:
742:
739:
736:
721:
720:
713:
710:
707:
704:
701:kidney failure
696:
695:
692:
689:
686:
683:
679:
678:
675:
672:
669:
666:
659:
658:
655:
652:
649:
646:
634:
633:
630:
627:
624:
621:
617:
616:
613:
610:
607:
604:
597:
596:
595:
594:
586:loss of vision
581:
578:
575:
572:
565:
564:
561:
558:
555:
552:
540:kidney disease
486:
413:
412:
409:
366:
363:
354:
351:
330:
327:
319:ophthalmoscopy
310:
307:
301:
298:
280:
279:Early symptoms
277:
254:
253:
247:
240:
232:
229:
216:
213:
203:
200:
169:Optic neuritis
164:
163:
160:
156:
155:
152:
146:
145:
142:
136:
135:
132:
126:
125:
122:
118:
117:
114:
110:
109:
106:
102:
101:
98:
94:
93:
90:
84:
83:
80:
74:
73:
60:
54:
53:
49:
48:
40:
39:
38:Optic neuritis
31:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4131:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4074:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4030:
4026:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4003:
3999:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3976:
3970:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3949:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3907:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3879:
3871:
3868:
3867:
3866:
3863:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3854:
3848:
3845:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3830:
3828:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3804:
3799:
3797:
3792:
3790:
3785:
3784:
3781:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3753:
3749:
3744:
3740:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3711:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3684:Adie syndrome
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3658:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3627:
3623:
3617:
3614:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3566:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3554:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3539:Achromatopsia
3537:
3536:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3479:Anisometropia
3477:
3475:
3472:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3352:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3320:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3300:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3282:Accommodation
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3208:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3196:Optic atrophy
3194:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3182:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3140:
3136:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3096:Keratomycosis
3094:
3092:
3091:Globe rupture
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3021:Macular edema
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2956:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2930:Retinoschisis
2928:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2916:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2817:Choroideremia
2815:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2794:Iridodialysis
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2722:Arcus senilis
2720:
2718:
2717:Haab's striae
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2688:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2631:Corneal ulcer
2629:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2609:acanthamoebic
2607:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2559:Fibrous tunic
2556:
2552:
2548:
2543:
2539:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2437:
2436:Xerophthalmia
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2341:Lagophthalmos
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2325:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2272:
2268:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2251:
2246:
2244:
2239:
2237:
2232:
2231:
2228:
2215:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2187:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2106:
2102:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2038:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1944:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1895:
1893:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1810:
1808:
1801:
1796:
1789:
1784:
1778:
1771:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1730:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1699:
1691:
1685:
1681:
1674:
1666:
1659:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1616:
1607:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1531:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1496:
1488:
1482:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1433:
1425:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1400:(1): 97–107.
1399:
1395:
1391:
1384:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1334:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1293:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1250:
1242:
1238:
1232:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1197:
1191:
1183:
1177:
1169:
1165:
1159:
1157:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1096:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1072:
1070:
1069:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1037:
1028:
1020:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1003:
998:
994:
991:
986:
978:
970:
968:
963:
961:
956:
954:
949:
947:
943:
931:
930:Hyperkalaemia
928:
925:
921:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
895:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
844:
843:
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
822:
818:
814:
811:
808:
805:
802:
799:
796:
795:
791:
787:
784:
781:
778:
775:
771:
770:
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
750:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
730:
726:
723:
722:
718:
714:
711:
708:
705:
702:
698:
697:
693:
690:
687:
684:
681:
680:
676:
673:
670:
667:
664:
661:
660:
656:
653:
650:
647:
644:
640:
636:
635:
631:
628:
625:
622:
619:
618:
614:
611:
608:
605:
602:
599:
598:
593:
590:
589:
587:
582:
579:
576:
573:
570:
567:
566:
562:
559:
556:
553:
550:
549:
543:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
512:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
461:herpes zoster
458:
454:
450:
449:tooth abscess
445:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
410:
407:
406:
405:
402:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
362:
360:
350:
348:
339:
335:
326:
324:
320:
316:
306:
297:
295:
291:
287:
276:
273:
271:
267:
263:
259:
251:
248:
245:
241:
238:
237:
236:
228:
226:
222:
208:
199:
197:
193:
189:
185:
180:
178:
174:
170:
161:
157:
153:
151:
147:
143:
141:
137:
133:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
89:
88:Complications
85:
81:
79:
75:
72:
68:
64:
63:Ophthalmology
61:
59:
55:
50:
46:
41:
36:
30:
19:
4056:
3574: /
3570: /
3549:Monochromacy
3481: /
3377:Heterophoria
3365: /
3171:
3064: /
3060: /
2964:hypertensive
2937: /
2758:Ciliary body
2673:Keratoglobus
2581:Episcleritis
2459:Enophthalmos
2454:Exophthalmos
2399:Trichomegaly
2394:Distichiasis
2296:Inflammation
2207:
2196:
2172:
2161:
2146:
2131:
2116:
2051:
2047:
2037:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1957:
1953:
1943:
1908:
1904:
1864:
1860:
1850:
1823:
1819:
1795:
1783:
1770:
1743:
1739:
1729:
1712:
1708:
1698:
1679:
1673:
1664:
1658:
1625:
1621:
1615:
1606:
1579:
1575:
1565:
1540:
1536:
1530:
1505:
1501:
1495:
1481:
1446:
1442:
1432:
1397:
1393:
1383:
1348:
1344:
1333:
1306:
1302:
1292:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1240:
1231:
1222:
1190:
1176:
1167:
1122:
1118:
1066:
1064:
1059:
1049:
1043:
1034:
1031:Epidemiology
1026:
1018:
999:
995:
987:
984:
976:
964:
957:
950:
939:
883:Lyme disease
879:tuberculosis
840:
717:nerve damage
623:NOT REPORTED
513:
509:autoantibody
497:dysautonomia
457:Lyme disease
446:
437:white matter
414:
403:
395:Inflammation
368:
356:
344:
332:
312:
303:
286:night vision
282:
274:
258:color vision
255:
234:
218:
181:
168:
167:
130:Risk factors
29:
4088:Orthostatic
3699:Cycloplegia
3642:Photophobia
3637:Hemeralopia
3594:Hemianopsia
3572:Vision loss
3483:Aniseikonia
3474:Astigmatism
3394:Cyclotropia
3372:Hypertropia
3184:Papilledema
3156:Optic nerve
2989:Sickle cell
2969:Purtscher's
2954:Retinopathy
2822:Choroiditis
2663:Keratoconus
2484:Conjunctiva
2361:Xanthelasma
2313:Blepharitis
2198:MedlinePlus
1960:(1): 9–14.
1715:(14): 274.
1168:icd.who.int
1086:Visual snow
1060:Bleak House
1051:Bleak House
1023:Pain relief
901:sarcoidosis
790:antibiotics
735:) (Rank 10)
729:brain tumor
725:Papilledema
699:Late stage
639:optic nerve
520:brain tumor
516:papilledema
371:optic nerve
309:Observation
290:photophobia
173:optic nerve
97:Usual onset
4108:Categories
4083:Eye strain
3969:Migralepsy
3748:Infections
3669:Anisocoria
3632:Asthenopia
3625:subjective
3609:homonymous
3604:bitemporal
3556:Nyctalopia
3544:Dichromacy
3488:Presbyopia
3449:Refraction
3270:Strabismus
3160:Optic disc
2519:Pinguecula
2384:Trichiasis
2174:DiseasesDB
1092:References
1009:prednisone
924:phosphorus
860:chickenpox
774:infections
753:Meningitis
637:Injury to
601:Blood clot
532:meningitis
528:hemorrhage
489:deficiency
433:sign of MS
425:thrombosis
373:comprises
188:optic disc
108:1-3 months
3952:Secondary
3720:Nystagmus
3694:Mydriasis
3568:Blindness
3514:Amblyopia
3502:Blindness
3462:Hyperopia
3387:Exophoria
3382:Esophoria
3367:Exotropia
3363:Esotropia
2901:Retinitis
2599:Keratitis
2576:Scleritis
2509:Pterygium
2389:Madarosis
2336:Ectropion
2331:Entropion
2308:Chalazion
2214:radio/488
2209:eMedicine
2001:Neurology
1709:Neurology
1256:Neurology
1147:252564095
955:(CRION).
755:(Rank 61)
571:(Rank 33)
485:vitamin B
315:slit lamp
159:Frequency
150:Prognosis
71:neurology
67:optometry
58:Specialty
4093:Vascular
4010:Hangover
3835:Migraine
3810:Headache
3759:Trachoma
3524:Diplopia
3219:Ischemic
3144:Pathways
3058:Glaucoma
2959:diabetic
2861:Cataract
2799:Synechia
2651:Meesmann
2619:Exposure
2604:herpetic
2502:allergic
2492:Chemosis
2426:Epiphora
2078:28167994
2029:25800388
1986:31740484
1935:26273799
1762:12538397
1650:43277083
1642:22179822
1598:15534601
1557:26083207
1473:34764152
1424:33278142
1375:29384802
1325:11460171
1284:33205877
1139:36179757
1075:See also
1002:Cochrane
981:Steroids
893:patients
850:such as
798:Diabetes
703:(Rank 7)
643:methanol
560:Percent
505:diabetes
493:beriberi
453:syphilis
429:embolism
419:(MS) or
294:red eyes
231:Symptoms
105:Duration
100:subacute
78:Symptoms
4029:ICHD 13
3890:Cluster
3865:Tension
3818:Primary
3599:binasal
3586:Anopsia
3529:Scotoma
3323:palsies
3086:Red eye
3071:Floater
2878:Aphakia
2809:Choroid
2779:Hyphema
2769:Uveitis
2376:Eyelash
2168:D009902
2069:5291069
2021:7854520
1977:6952848
1926:4730547
1883:1734247
1842:8232485
1522:1841572
1464:8785044
1415:7856092
1366:8845082
1276:9371931
852:measles
824:Unknown
733:abscess
685:509,898
668:141,211
577:146,232
574:400,042
423:due to
389:of the
381:of the
329:Imaging
244:blurred
242:sudden
134:genetic
4002:ICHD 8
3979:ICHD 7
3961:ICHD 5
3910:ICHD 4
3882:ICHD 3
3857:ICHD 2
3827:ICHD 1
3689:Miosis
3467:Myopia
3246:Kjer's
2994:photic
2893:Retina
2646:Fuchs'
2614:fungal
2591:Cornea
2568:Sclera
2351:Ptosis
2288:Eyelid
2276:Adnexa
2203:000741
2157:377.30
2127:9C40.1
2076:
2066:
2027:
2019:
1984:
1974:
1933:
1923:
1881:
1840:
1760:
1686:
1648:
1640:
1596:
1555:
1520:
1471:
1461:
1422:
1412:
1373:
1363:
1323:
1282:
1274:
1145:
1137:
926:levels
817:type 2
813:Type 1
806:21,112
803:49,562
785:<1%
772:Other
764:<1%
738:45,888
706:33,212
688:16,281
671:11,982
654:<1%
651:20,121
648:23,827
609:16,777
606:17,000
499:(i.e.
467:(e.g.
399:myelin
379:retina
225:ICD-11
192:retina
121:Causes
4076:Other
3900:SUNCT
3713:Other
3661:Pupil
3051:Other
2695:sicca
2547:Globe
2446:Orbit
2025:S2CID
1740:Brain
1646:S2CID
1280:S2CID
1143:S2CID
856:mumps
779:5,561
758:2,521
741:9,231
709:1,112
645:) (0)
469:lupus
391:brain
375:axons
365:Cause
196:axons
113:Types
2853:Lens
2753:Iris
2303:Stye
2179:9242
2163:MeSH
2152:9-CM
2074:PMID
2017:PMID
1982:PMID
1931:PMID
1909:2015
1879:PMID
1838:PMID
1758:PMID
1684:ISBN
1638:PMID
1594:PMID
1553:PMID
1518:PMID
1469:PMID
1420:PMID
1371:PMID
1321:PMID
1272:PMID
1223:RNIB
1135:PMID
922:Low
891:AIDS
885:and
866:and
369:The
359:RNFL
292:and
250:pain
219:The
2148:ICD
2142:H46
2133:ICD
2118:ICD
2064:PMC
2056:doi
2009:doi
1972:PMC
1962:doi
1921:PMC
1913:doi
1869:doi
1865:326
1828:doi
1824:329
1748:doi
1744:126
1717:doi
1630:doi
1584:doi
1576:Eye
1545:doi
1541:372
1510:doi
1506:109
1459:PMC
1451:doi
1410:PMC
1402:doi
1361:PMC
1353:doi
1311:doi
1264:doi
1127:doi
1044:In
942:MOG
889:in
809:15%
761:189
731:or
580:45%
526:or
479:),
463:),
441:MRI
427:or
383:eye
296:.
262:red
223:'s
4110::
2212::
2201::
2177::
2166::
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