846:(EPR) is a pricing strategy that promotes integrating all costs associated with a given product throughout its life cycle. Having the market price also reflect the "end-of-life disposal costs" encourages more accuracy in pricing. Extended producer responsibility is meant to impose accountability over the entire lifecycle of products, from production, to packaging, to transport and disposal or reuse. EPR requires firms that manufacture, import and/or sell products to be responsible for those products throughout the life and disposal or reuse of products.
2723:
255:
3421:
2734:
3411:
2897:
2151:
510:
3458:
708:(ABS), the recycling rate is high and is "increasing, with 99% of households reporting that they had recycled or reused within the past year (2003 survey), up from 85% in 1992". In 2002–03 "30% of materials from municipalities, 45% from commercial and industrial generators and 57% from construction and demolition debris" was recycled. Energy is produced is part of resource recovery as well: some
572:(LCA) was used to compare different technologies. The resulting biogas (methane) though must be used for cogeneration (electricity and heat preferably on or close to the site of production) and can be used with a little upgrading in gas combustion engines or turbines. With further upgrading to synthetic natural gas it can be injected into the natural gas network or further refined to
395:
and metals such as silver. Originally, wastewater systems were designed only to remove excreta and wastewater from urban areas. Water was used to flush away the waste, often discharging into nearby waterbodies. Since the 1970s, there has been increasing interest in treating the wastewater to protect
330:) are also recyclable. These items are usually composed of a single type of material, making them relatively easy to recycle into new products. The recycling of complex products (such as computers and electronic equipment) is more difficult, due to the additional dismantling and separation required.
470:
and other chemicals. Since the majority of fertilizing nutrients are found in excreta, it can be useful to separate the excreta fractions of wastewater (e.g. toilet waste) from the rest of the wastewater flows. This reduces the risk for undesirable compounds and reduces the volume that needs to be
424:(UNEP), developed guidelines for safe use of wastewater. In addition, many national governments have their own regulations regarding the use of recovered water. Singapore for example aims to recover enough water from its wastewater systems to meet the water needs of half the city. They call this
265:
Recycling is a resource recovery practice that refers to the collection and reuse of disposed materials such as empty beverage containers. The materials from which the items are made can be reprocessed into new products. Material for recycling may be collected separately from general waste using
235:
in our current linear business model. Starting with the production of waste in manufacturing, the entropy increases further by mixing and diluting materials in their manufacturing assembly, followed by corrosion and wear and tear during the usage period. At the end of the life cycle, there is an
576:
for use in stationary cogeneration fuel cells. Its use in fuel cells eliminates the pollution from products of combustion. There is a large variety of composting and digestion methods and technologies varying in complexity from simple home compost heaps, to small town scale batch digesters,
724:
accreditation. Companies are encouraged to improve their environmental efficiencies each year. One way to do this is by changing a company from a system of managing wastes to a resource recovery system (such as recycling: glass, food waste, paper and cardboard, plastic bottles etc.)
703:
Municipal, commercial and industrial, construction and demolition debris is dumped at landfills and some is recycled. Household disposal materials are segregated: recyclables sorted and made into new products, and unusable material is dumped in landfill areas. According to the
544:
There is a large variety of composting and digestion methods and technologies varying in complexity from simple home compost heaps, to small town scale batch digesters, industrial-scale enclosed-vessel digestion of mixed domestic waste (see
2580:
1584:
Lalander, Cecilia; Diener, Stefan; Magri, Maria Elisa; Zurbrügg, Christian; Lindström, Anders; Vinnerås, Björn (2013). "Faecal sludge management with the larvae of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) — From a hygiene aspect".
236:
exponential increase in disorder arising from the mixing of materials in landfills. As a result of this directionality of the entropy law, the potentials of rescource recovery are diminishing. This further motivates a
404:
have emerged with the focus on recovering resources from wastewater. As of 2016, the term "toilet resources" came into use, and encouraged more attention to the potential for resource recovery from toilets.
692:(yellow lid), another for general waste (usually a red lid) and another for garden materials (green lid). The garden recycling bin is provided by the municipality if requested. Some localities have
333:
The type of recycling material accepted varies by city and country. Each city and country have different recycling programs in place that can handle the various types of recyclable materials.
637:. The term is usually applied in industrial processes where residue from creating or processing one good is used as a raw material or energy feedstock for another industrial process.
835:, for "responsible consumption and production", measures progress against 11 targets with 13 indicators. Targets 3, 4, and 5 focus on waste generation across food and chemicals.
454:
Fertilizing nutrients: Human excreta contains nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and other micronutrients that are needed for agricultural production. These can be recovered through
1529:
521:
Disposed materials that are organic in nature, such as plant material, food scraps, and paper products, can be recycled using biological composting and digestion processes to
712:
is captured for fuel or electricity generation, although this is considered the last resort, as the point of resource recovery is avoidance of landfill disposal altogether.
180:, and valuing materials and products in terms of their economic but also their social and environmental costs and benefits. For example, organic materials can be treated by
1440:
919:
Iacovidou, Eleni; Millward-Hopkins, Joel; Busch, Jonathan; Purnell, Philip; Velis, Costas A.; Hahladakis, John N.; Zwirner, Oliver; Brown, Andrew (2017-12-01).
2637:
2573:
1289:"Towards "Precision Mining" of wastewater: Selective recovery of Cu from acid mine drainage onto diatomite supported nanoscale zerovalent iron particles"
541:) maximising efficiencies. The intention of biological processing is to control and accelerate the natural process of decomposition of organic matter.
467:
1900:
783:, the security of nations, and the heritage of future generations. Several universities have implemented the Talloires Declaration by establishing
26:
as an input material to create valuable products as new outputs. The aim is to reduce the amount of waste generated, thereby reducing the need for
663:
materials. Academics focus on finding economic value to reduce environmental impact of other industries as well, for example the development of
651:
unless handled properly. However, increased regulation of residual materials and socioeconomic changes, such as the introduction of ideas about
779:
and emission of "green house" gases threaten the survival of humans and thousands of other living species, the integrity of the earth and its
2558:
696:, with paper collected in bags or boxes and all other materials in a recycling bin. In either case, the recovered materials are trucked to a
396:
the environment, and efforts focused primarily on cleaning the water at the end of the pipe. Since around the year 2003, the concepts of
1876:
2405:
800:
796:
641:
in particular are good candidates for valorization because they tend to be more consistent and predictable than other waste, such as
985:
Velenturf, Anne P. M.; Archer, Sophie A.; Gomes, Helena I.; Christgen, Beate; Lag-Brotons, Alfonso J.; Purnell, Phil (2019-11-01).
2667:
921:"A pathway to circular economy: Developing a conceptual framework for complex value assessment of resources recovered from waste"
807:
to deposit used purchased containers and receive a refund from the recycling fees. Brands that manufacture such machines include
140:. Separation of waste flows can help make resource recovery simpler. Examples include keeping urine separate from feces (as in
2568:
2415:
1677:
1416:
820:
3097:
3067:
2682:
421:
1913:
1492:
WHO Guidelines for the Safe Use of
Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater - Volume IV: Excreta and greywater use in agriculture
2791:
900:
2425:
1624:
3494:
2748:
2743:
451:. In addition, a number of methods have been researched regarding use of wastewater sludge and excreta as fuel sources.
1442:
Resource recovery from waste: business models for energy, nutrient and water reuse in low- and middle-income countries
2400:
2003:
1568:
1356:"Making the most of industrial wastes: strengthening resource security of valuable metals for clean growth in the UK"
417:
3444:
3165:
2662:
843:
1478:
3107:
2465:
2455:
2370:
2220:
1970:
1202:
Marshall, Rachel; Sadhukhan, Jhuma; Macaskie, Lynne; Semple, Kirk; Velenturf, Anne; Jopson, Juliet (2018-10-09).
832:
705:
578:
546:
412:
Water: In many water-scarce areas there are increasing pressures to recover water from wastewater. In 2006, the
3434:
3119:
2563:
2440:
2395:
128:(urine and feces). The term "toilet resources" has come into use recently. Those resources include: nutrients (
961:
3439:
3429:
3331:
3112:
2460:
2420:
2385:
828:
165:
3140:
3092:
2758:
2753:
2548:
2485:
2475:
462:. However, reuse of sewage sludge poses risks due to high concentrations of undesirable compounds, such as
3489:
3484:
3451:
3026:
2672:
2642:
2495:
2390:
2380:
2375:
2225:
2043:
885:
697:
231:
A limiting factor of resource recovery is the irrevocable loss of raw materials due to their increase in
3462:
3047:
2950:
2526:
2500:
2490:
2480:
2450:
2430:
2260:
647:
Historically, most industrial processes treated waste products as something to be disposed of, causing
479:
in excreta or organic waste can produce fly larvae as a protein feed. Other researchers are harvesting
1238:
Gomes, Helena I.; Funari, Valerio; Mayes, William M.; Rogerson, Mike; Prior, Timothy J. (2018-09-15).
3011:
2543:
2470:
2435:
2410:
664:
455:
413:
327:
1376:
1224:
2918:
1504:
804:
784:
475:
Other methods are also being developed for transforming wastewater into valuable products. Growing
286:
113:(LCA) can be used to compare the resource recovery potential of different treatment technologies.
1826:
Arancon, Rick Arneil D.; Lin, Carol Sze Ki; Chan, King Ming; Kwan, Tsz Him; Luque, Rafael (2013).
160:
Resource recovery can be enabled by changes in government policy and regulation, circular economy
3356:
2866:
2784:
2585:
1936:
652:
364:
1394:
767:
pollution; accumulation and distribution of toxic wastes; destruction and depletion of forests,
391:. There is also increasing interest for recovering other raw materials from wastewater, such as
3396:
3240:
3195:
3052:
2960:
2295:
752:
401:
30:
space, and optimising the values created from waste. Resource recovery delays the need to use
3185:
3180:
3087:
3082:
2821:
2808:
2095:
2075:
1363:
1211:
740:
693:
659:
in the 1990s and 2000s increased focus on industrial practices to recover these resources as
626:
569:
561:
550:
397:
350:
305:
137:
35:
1937:
Work of the
Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
3391:
3381:
2933:
2905:
2697:
2445:
2290:
2195:
1839:
1763:
1590:
1398:
1300:
1158:
1065:"On a voyage of recovery: a review of the UK's resource recovery from waste infrastructure"
998:
880:
648:
533:
for agricultural or landscaping purposes. In addition, waste gas from the process (such as
448:
1491:
890:
564:(MSW) has been found to be more environmentally effective, than landfill, incineration or
8:
3341:
3205:
3155:
3102:
3072:
3062:
3057:
3021:
2913:
2816:
2657:
2245:
2165:
2110:
2008:
1995:
1963:
1948:
1698:
895:
736:
735:
in the area of resource recovery is increasingly important from a global perspective of
677:
606:
554:
504:
500:
185:
110:
1843:
1767:
1594:
1304:
1162:
1002:
3424:
3414:
3285:
3264:
3230:
3175:
3077:
2940:
2826:
2777:
2727:
2702:
2647:
2553:
2342:
2312:
2028:
1781:
1240:"Recovery of Al, Cr and V from steel slag by bioleaching: Batch and column experiments"
824:
about waste, what happens to it when it is "thrown away", and its impact on the world.
756:
630:
598:
591:
311:
217:
149:
90:
46:
waste, commercial waste and industrial wastes can be used to recover resources for the
39:
1313:
1288:
3410:
3215:
3160:
2985:
2975:
2923:
2861:
2606:
2536:
2531:
2516:
2275:
2270:
2250:
2190:
2115:
1922:
1894:
1875:
Statistics, c=AU; o=Commonwealth of
Australia; ou=Australian Bureau of (2007-08-07).
1857:
1785:
1776:
1751:
1673:
1606:
1564:
1412:
1355:
1336:
1328:
1269:
1261:
1203:
1184:
1176:
1127:
1086:
1024:
1016:
942:
760:
476:
266:
dedicated bins and collection vehicles, or sorted directly from mixed waste streams.
120:. Here, the term refers to approaches to recover the resources that are contained in
1725:
1602:
1171:
1146:
1011:
986:
3386:
3376:
3260:
3235:
3135:
2955:
2928:
2876:
2851:
2841:
2836:
2590:
2521:
2362:
2332:
2322:
2280:
2255:
2235:
2230:
2070:
2038:
2033:
2013:
1987:
1847:
1771:
1665:
1660:, in Idowu, Samuel O.; Capaldi, Nicholas; Zu, Liangrong; Gupta, Ananda Das (eds.),
1598:
1404:
1318:
1308:
1251:
1166:
1117:
1106:"A literature and practice review to develop sustainable business model archetypes"
1076:
1006:
932:
865:
860:
656:
638:
634:
621:
in order to create economically useful materials. The term comes from practices in
346:
342:
237:
221:
82:
78:
74:
43:
1669:
1256:
1239:
1122:
1105:
1081:
1064:
937:
920:
3371:
3336:
3280:
3275:
3255:
3016:
2965:
2886:
2856:
2846:
2692:
2616:
2352:
2347:
2317:
2215:
2200:
2105:
2100:
2060:
1935:
United
Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017,
1917:
1558:
1466:
1455:
642:
496:
141:
102:
1657:
1408:
1204:"The organic waste gold rush: optimising resource recovery in the UK bioeconomy"
1045:
3316:
3210:
3190:
2980:
2945:
2738:
2611:
2285:
2265:
2175:
2135:
2023:
1956:
744:
388:
177:
161:
98:
3478:
3361:
3351:
3220:
3170:
3031:
3001:
2970:
2881:
2722:
2677:
2337:
2085:
1861:
1828:"Advances on waste valorization: new horizons for a more sustainable society"
1332:
1265:
1180:
1131:
1090:
1020:
946:
622:
459:
444:
360:
319:
125:
47:
3321:
3290:
3150:
2621:
2327:
2205:
2185:
2130:
1610:
1340:
1273:
1188:
1028:
780:
720:
Resource recovery is a key component in a business' ability to maintaining
709:
610:
538:
463:
433:
225:
31:
3295:
3245:
3145:
2831:
2652:
2302:
2140:
2055:
2018:
1802:
875:
870:
776:
660:
577:
industrial-scale, enclosed-vessel digestion of mixed domestic waste (see
429:
368:
323:
201:
136:), organic matter, energy and water. This concept is also referred to as
254:
3346:
3300:
3200:
2707:
2065:
2050:
1323:
855:
792:
788:
525:
the organic matter. The resulting organic material is then recycled as
492:
480:
471:
treated before applying recovered nutrients in agricultural production.
392:
376:
356:
301:
294:
189:
133:
121:
117:
3270:
2800:
2687:
2240:
1979:
918:
748:
732:
728:
689:
618:
565:
522:
380:
270:
259:
249:
173:
145:
106:
59:
599:
Waste valorization, beneficial reuse, beneficial use, value recovery
537:) can be captured and used for generating electricity and heat (CHP/
3006:
2896:
2210:
2170:
2090:
1852:
1827:
747:
concerned about the unprecedented scale and speed of environmental
721:
573:
549:). Methods of biological decomposition are differentiated as being
372:
213:
193:
129:
27:
1940:
1104:
Bocken, N. M. P.; Short, S. W.; Rana, P.; Evans, S. (2014-02-15).
3326:
2180:
812:
688:
In
Australia, households are provided with several bins: one for
534:
530:
514:
425:
384:
297:
232:
205:
181:
51:
2150:
1560:
Source
Separation and Decentralization for Wastewater Management
1395:"Recycling Requirements and Design for Environmental Compliance"
1354:
Marshall, Rachel; Velenturf, Anne; Jopson, Juliet (2018-05-29).
2125:
2080:
1201:
509:
440:
274:
209:
197:
1726:"When a waste becomes a resource for energy and new materials"
458:
or stripping processes, or simply by use of the wastewater or
3366:
3250:
2871:
2120:
1983:
1557:
Larsen, Tove A.; Udert, Kai M.; Lienert, Judit (2013-02-01).
1388:
1386:
984:
808:
772:
614:
602:
526:
290:
278:
169:
94:
86:
67:
63:
55:
23:
16:
Using wastes as an input material to create valuable products
2769:
1583:
1479:
Vision brochure: Wastewater management roadmap towards 2030
768:
315:
282:
281:
food and aerosol cans, old steel furnishings or equipment,
1978:
1752:"Waste Valorization, Loop-Closing, and Industrial Ecology"
1530:"Production of Pellets and Electricity from Faecal Sludge"
1383:
987:"Circular economy and the matter of integrated resources"
764:
371:. These include water, energy, and fertilizing nutrients
1797:
1795:
1720:
1718:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1237:
1477:
1353:
1145:
Velenturf, Anne P. M.; Jopson, Juliet S. (2019-01-15).
795:
education are promoted by various organizations, e.g.,
557:
methods, though hybrids of the two methods also exist.
418:
Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
204:
and engineered nanoparticles to recover metals such as
116:
Resource recovery can also be an aim in the context of
89:
are minimised, and in which materials and products are
1494:. World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, Switzerland
1819:
1792:
1743:
1715:
1642:
803:. Many supermarkets encourage customers to use their
1664:, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 2701–2706,
1625:"'Revolutionary' Tech Makes Plastic From Wastewater"
1103:
962:"The industry creating a third of the world's waste"
838:
269:The most common consumer products recycled include
192:. Similarly, wastes currently stored in industrial
70:are examples of where value can be found in waste.
2638:Blue Ribbon Commission on America's Nuclear Future
1825:
1556:
468:environmental persistent pharmaceutical pollutants
34:in the manufacturing process. Materials found in
3476:
1147:"Making the business case for resource recovery"
1662:Encyclopedia of Corporate Social Responsibility
1144:
560:Anaerobic digestion of the organic fraction of
1392:
164:such as improved 'binfrastructure' to promote
2785:
1964:
1286:
73:Resource recovery goes further than just the
1899:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1749:
1438:
1287:Crane, R. A.; Sapsford, D. J. (2018-07-01).
408:The following resources can be recovered:
2792:
2778:
1971:
1957:
1874:
801:Chartered Institution of Wastes Management
1851:
1775:
1750:Nzihou, Ange; Lifset, Reid (March 2010).
1400:Fundamentals of Electronic Systems Design
1322:
1312:
1255:
1170:
1121:
1080:
1010:
936:
355:Valuable resources can be recovered from
336:
1069:Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure
508:
253:
2668:High-level radioactive waste management
1655:
1062:
601:or waste reclamation is the process of
3477:
959:
155:
2773:
1952:
1505:"Singapore's 'toilet to tap' concept"
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1393:Lienig, Jens; Bruemmer, Hans (2017).
821:Trash Inc: The Secret Life of Garbage
483:from wastewater to make bioplastics.
383:, as well as micro-nutrients such as
3457:
2683:Sewage regulation and administration
1439:Otoo, Miriam; Drechsel, Pay (2018).
1040:
1038:
818:In 2010, CNBC aired the documentary
680:is one method of resource recovery.
676:In many countries, source-separated
240:infrastructure and business model.
1907:
1244:Journal of Environmental Management
901:Transfer station (waste management)
671:
584:
428:. Another related concept for waste
188:and turned into energy, compost or
13:
1445:. Oxon, UK: Routledge - Earthscan.
1425:
422:United Nations Environment Program
14:
3506:
1314:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.03.042
1035:
715:
486:
304:, magazines and light paper, and
93:more sustainably for durability,
77:. Resource recovery is part of a
3456:
3420:
3419:
3409:
3166:Extended producer responsibility
2895:
2733:
2732:
2721:
2663:Extended producer responsibility
2149:
1832:Energy Science & Engineering
1803:"Waste and Biomass Valorization"
1777:10.1111/j.1530-9290.2010.00242.x
1587:Science of the Total Environment
1151:Science of the Total Environment
991:Science of the Total Environment
891:Bone ash as source of phosphorus
844:Extended producer responsibility
839:Extended producer responsibility
787:and resource recovery programs.
590:This section is an excerpt from
2221:Mechanical biological treatment
1929:
1914:Television review: 'Trash Inc.'
1868:
1691:
1617:
1603:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.04.033
1577:
1550:
1522:
1497:
1484:
1471:
1460:
1449:
1347:
1280:
1172:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.224
1012:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.449
706:Australian Bureau of Statistics
609:from an economic process being
579:mechanical biological treatment
547:mechanical biological treatment
50:of new materials and products.
1467:Phosphate recovery from sewage
1456:Nitrogen recovery by VEAS/Yara
1403:. Springer. pp. 193–218.
1231:
1195:
1138:
1097:
1056:
978:
953:
912:
763:. Local, regional, and global
243:
1:
3332:Container-deposit legislation
2799:
1756:Journal of Industrial Ecology
1670:10.1007/978-3-642-28036-8_680
1257:10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.05.056
1123:10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.11.039
1110:Journal of Cleaner Production
1082:10.1080/23789689.2017.1405654
960:Miller, Norman (2021-12-16).
938:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.09.002
925:Journal of Cleaner Production
906:
829:Sustainable Development Goals
81:, in which the extraction of
1063:Purnell, Phil (2019-01-02).
683:
416:, in collaboration with the
258:Steel crushed and baled for
7:
3027:Materials recovery facility
2673:History of waste management
1877:"Chapter - Household waste"
1409:10.1007/978-3-319-55840-0_7
886:Materials recovery facility
849:
698:materials recovery facility
613:(given economic value), by
449:wastewater treatment plants
10:
3511:
2261:fluorescent lamp recycling
827:The United Nations set 17
667:to encourage conservation.
665:non-timber forest products
589:
490:
447:is now common practice at
439:Energy: The production of
340:
247:
3495:Waste management concepts
3405:
3309:
3128:
3040:
2994:
2904:
2893:
2807:
2716:
2630:
2599:
2509:
2361:
2158:
2147:
1994:
1656:Kabongo, Jean D. (2013),
623:sustainable manufacturing
414:World Health Organization
328:resin identification code
2643:China's waste import ban
1046:"The Sanitation Economy"
805:reverse vending machines
785:environmental management
700:for further processing.
3357:Reverse vending machine
2004:Agricultural wastewater
1730:www.biogreen-energy.com
653:sustainable development
273:such as beverage cans,
3397:Water recycling shower
3241:Reuse of human excreta
3211:Recycling (ecological)
3196:Material flow analysis
2728:Environment portal
2406:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2296:water recycling shower
1371:Cite journal requires
1219:Cite journal requires
1050:Toilet Board Coalition
518:
456:chemical precipitation
402:sustainable sanitation
337:Wastewater and excreta
262:
176:, innovative circular
168:and waste collection,
3186:Interchangeable parts
3181:Industrial metabolism
2096:Municipal solid waste
2076:Industrial wastewater
743:is a declaration for
741:Talloires Declaration
694:dual-stream recycling
562:municipal solid waste
512:
398:ecological sanitation
351:Ecological sanitation
306:corrugated fiberboard
257:
220:technologies such as
144:toilets) and keeping
138:ecological sanitation
36:municipal solid waste
3392:Water heat recycling
3382:Waste management law
2291:water heat recycling
2196:Garden waste dumping
1699:"Waste Valorization"
1658:"Waste Valorization"
1589:. 458–460: 312–318.
881:Industrial symbiosis
649:industrial pollution
200:can be treated with
3342:Ethical consumerism
3276:Urban lumberjacking
3206:Product stewardship
3156:Eco-industrial park
2658:Eco-industrial park
2246:appliance recycling
2166:Anaerobic digestion
2111:Post-consumer waste
2009:Biodegradable waste
1926:, 29 September 2010
1844:2013EneSE...1...53A
1768:2010JInEc..14..196N
1595:2013ScTEn.458..312L
1305:2018Chmsp.202..339C
1163:2019ScTEn.648.1031V
1003:2019ScTEn.689..963V
896:Product stewardship
775:; depletion of the
737:resource management
678:curbside collection
570:Life cycle analysis
505:Microbial fuel cell
501:Anaerobic digestion
477:Black Soldier Flies
186:anaerobic digestion
156:Sources of recovery
111:Life-cycle analysis
75:management of waste
3490:Waste minimisation
3485:Product expiration
3415:Environment portal
3286:Waste minimisation
3231:Reusable packaging
3176:Industrial ecology
2703:Waste minimisation
2648:Cleaner production
2313:Reusable packaging
2226:Mechanical sorting
2029:Construction waste
1563:. IWA Publishing.
631:industrial ecology
592:Waste valorization
519:
293:bottles and jars,
263:
85:and generation of
3472:
3471:
3226:Resource recovery
3216:Refill (campaign)
3161:Ecological design
3141:Dematerialization
2951:Fluorescent lamps
2767:
2766:
2698:Waste legislation
2607:Sanitation worker
2581:London Convention
2517:Bamako Convention
2308:Resource recovery
2276:textile recycling
2271:plastic recycling
2251:battery recycling
2191:Ecological design
2116:Radioactive waste
1923:Los Angeles Times
1679:978-3-642-28036-8
1418:978-3-319-55839-4
761:natural resources
639:Industrial wastes
445:wastewater sludge
222:electric vehicles
166:source separation
83:natural resources
20:Resource recovery
3502:
3460:
3459:
3423:
3422:
3413:
3387:Waste management
3377:Waste collection
3236:Reuse of bottles
3136:Circular economy
3113:Northern Ireland
2899:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2771:
2770:
2736:
2735:
2726:
2725:
2591:OSPAR Convention
2522:Basel Convention
2333:Waste collection
2323:Sewage treatment
2281:timber recycling
2256:bottle recycling
2236:Reclaimed lumber
2231:Photodegradation
2153:
2071:Industrial waste
2039:Electronic waste
2034:Demolition waste
2014:Biomedical waste
1988:waste management
1973:
1966:
1959:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1933:
1927:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1898:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1855:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1799:
1790:
1789:
1779:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1738:
1737:
1722:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1709:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1653:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1534:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1516:
1501:
1495:
1488:
1482:
1475:
1469:
1464:
1458:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1436:
1423:
1422:
1390:
1381:
1380:
1374:
1369:
1367:
1359:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1326:
1316:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1259:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1222:
1217:
1215:
1207:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1174:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1125:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1084:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1052:. 26 March 2018.
1042:
1033:
1032:
1014:
982:
976:
975:
973:
972:
957:
951:
950:
940:
916:
866:Cradle-to-cradle
861:Circular economy
672:Recovery methods
657:circular economy
635:waste management
585:Industrial waste
347:Wastewater reuse
343:Reuse of excreta
238:circular economy
79:circular economy
3510:
3509:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3500:
3499:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3468:
3401:
3372:Waste-to-energy
3337:Dumpster diving
3305:
3281:Waste hierarchy
3256:Right to repair
3124:
3093:The Netherlands
3048:Rate by country
3036:
2990:
2900:
2891:
2803:
2798:
2768:
2763:
2739:Category: Waste
2720:
2712:
2693:Waste hierarchy
2626:
2617:Waste collector
2595:
2586:Oslo Convention
2505:
2357:
2353:Waste-to-energy
2348:Waste treatment
2318:Right to repair
2216:Landfill mining
2201:Illegal dumping
2154:
2145:
2106:Packaging waste
2101:Open defecation
2061:Hazardous waste
1990:
1977:
1947:
1934:
1930:
1918:Susan Carpenter
1912:
1908:
1892:
1891:
1885:
1883:
1873:
1869:
1824:
1820:
1811:
1809:
1801:
1800:
1793:
1748:
1744:
1735:
1733:
1724:
1723:
1716:
1707:
1705:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1654:
1643:
1634:
1632:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1582:
1578:
1571:
1555:
1551:
1542:
1540:
1532:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1514:
1512:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1489:
1485:
1476:
1472:
1465:
1461:
1454:
1450:
1437:
1426:
1419:
1391:
1384:
1372:
1370:
1361:
1360:
1352:
1348:
1285:
1281:
1236:
1232:
1220:
1218:
1209:
1208:
1200:
1196:
1143:
1139:
1102:
1098:
1061:
1057:
1044:
1043:
1036:
983:
979:
970:
968:
958:
954:
917:
913:
909:
852:
841:
831:(SDG) in 2015.
718:
686:
674:
669:
668:
643:household waste
595:
587:
507:
497:Home composting
491:Main articles:
489:
353:
341:Main articles:
339:
252:
246:
196:and around old
178:business models
158:
142:urine diversion
103:remanufacturing
17:
12:
11:
5:
3508:
3498:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3466:
3454:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3417:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3317:Bottle cutting
3313:
3311:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3191:Land recycling
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3108:United Kingdom
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2926:
2921:
2919:Automotive oil
2916:
2910:
2908:
2902:
2901:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2813:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2797:
2796:
2789:
2782:
2774:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2730:
2717:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2612:Street sweeper
2609:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2524:
2519:
2513:
2511:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2496:United Kingdom
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2367:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2286:tire recycling
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2266:land recycling
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2176:Biodegradation
2173:
2168:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2155:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2136:Surface runoff
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2047:
2046:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2024:Chemical waste
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2000:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1976:
1975:
1968:
1961:
1953:
1946:
1945:
1928:
1906:
1881:www.abs.gov.au
1867:
1853:10.1002/ese3.9
1818:
1791:
1762:(2): 196–199.
1742:
1714:
1690:
1678:
1641:
1616:
1576:
1569:
1549:
1521:
1509:Deutsche Welle
1496:
1483:
1470:
1459:
1448:
1424:
1417:
1382:
1373:|journal=
1346:
1279:
1230:
1221:|journal=
1194:
1137:
1096:
1055:
1034:
977:
952:
910:
908:
905:
904:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
851:
848:
840:
837:
745:sustainability
717:
716:Sustainability
714:
685:
682:
673:
670:
596:
588:
586:
583:
488:
487:Organic matter
485:
473:
472:
452:
437:
420:(FAO) and the
389:organic matter
338:
335:
277:such as wire,
248:Main article:
245:
242:
162:infrastructure
157:
154:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3507:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3465:
3464:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3446:
3445:organizations
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3407:
3404:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3362:Simple living
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3352:Pallet crafts
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3291:Waste picking
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3221:Repairability
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3171:Green economy
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3121:
3120:United States
3118:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3033:
3032:Waste sorting
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2961:Mobile phones
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2898:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2795:
2790:
2788:
2783:
2781:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2760:
2759:Organizations
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2731:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2718:
2715:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2678:Landfill fire
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2527:EU directives
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2502:
2501:United States
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2338:Waste sorting
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2152:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2086:Marine debris
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1969:
1967:
1962:
1960:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1925:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1902:
1896:
1882:
1878:
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460:sewage sludge
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369:human excreta
366:
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361:sewage sludge
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99:repairability
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48:manufacturing
45:
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37:
33:
32:raw materials
29:
25:
21:
3461:
3322:Cogeneration
3225:
3151:Durable good
2631:Other topics
2622:Waste picker
2549:incineration
2328:Urban mining
2307:
2206:Incineration
2186:Durable good
2131:Sharps waste
2091:Mining waste
1941:A/RES/71/313
1931:
1921:
1909:
1884:. Retrieved
1880:
1870:
1838:(2): 53–71.
1835:
1831:
1821:
1810:. Retrieved
1806:
1759:
1755:
1745:
1734:. Retrieved
1732:. 2017-12-28
1729:
1706:. Retrieved
1702:
1693:
1683:, retrieved
1661:
1633:. Retrieved
1631:. 2015-04-07
1629:Water Online
1628:
1619:
1586:
1579:
1559:
1552:
1541:. Retrieved
1536:
1524:
1513:. Retrieved
1511:. 2013-06-25
1508:
1499:
1490:WHO (2006).
1486:
1473:
1462:
1451:
1441:
1399:
1364:cite journal
1349:
1296:
1292:
1282:
1247:
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1233:
1212:cite journal
1197:
1154:
1150:
1140:
1113:
1109:
1099:
1072:
1068:
1058:
1049:
994:
990:
980:
969:. Retrieved
965:
955:
928:
924:
914:
842:
826:
819:
817:
781:biodiversity
727:
719:
710:landfill gas
702:
687:
675:
605:products or
597:
559:
543:
539:cogeneration
520:
474:
464:heavy metals
434:sewer mining
407:
365:fecal sludge
354:
332:
310:
283:polyethylene
268:
264:
230:
159:
115:
72:
40:construction
19:
18:
3435:by material
3296:Wishcycling
3246:Repurposing
3146:Downcycling
3098:Switzerland
2934:PET bottles
2882:Cooking oil
2867:Refrigerant
2653:Downcycling
2600:Occupations
2569:waste water
2466:Switzerland
2456:South Korea
2446:New Zealand
2371:Afghanistan
2343:Waste trade
2303:Repurposing
2141:Toxic waste
2121:Scrap metal
2056:Green waste
2019:Brown waste
1996:Major types
1537:SANDEC NEWS
1324:10871/31986
1299:: 339–348.
1293:Chemosphere
1075:(1): 1–20.
997:: 963–969.
966:www.bbc.com
876:Curb mining
871:Crematorium
777:ozone layer
753:degradation
481:fatty acids
430:water reuse
393:bioplastics
244:Solid waste
216:for use in
202:bioleaching
3479:Categories
3440:by product
3430:by country
3347:Freeganism
3327:Composting
3301:Zero waste
3201:Precycling
3022:Collection
3012:Blue boxes
2914:Appliances
2708:Zero waste
2510:Agreements
2441:Kazakhstan
2396:Bangladesh
2181:Composting
2066:Heat waste
2051:Food waste
2044:by country
1886:2022-01-25
1812:2021-06-17
1736:2021-06-17
1708:2021-06-17
1685:2021-06-17
1635:2017-11-27
1543:2017-11-27
1515:2017-11-27
971:2022-01-02
907:References
856:Food waste
793:vocational
789:University
755:, and the
513:An active
493:Composting
377:phosphorus
357:wastewater
302:newspapers
295:paperboard
218:low-carbon
190:fertilizer
182:composting
152:separate.
150:blackwater
134:phosphorus
122:wastewater
118:sanitation
44:demolition
3271:Upcycling
3265:Green Dot
3053:Australia
3041:Countries
3007:Blue bags
2995:Apparatus
2941:Computers
2924:Batteries
2817:Aluminium
2809:Materials
2801:Recycling
2688:Upcycling
2554:landfills
2544:framework
2537:Recycling
2532:batteries
2461:Sri Lanka
2421:Hong Kong
2386:Australia
2363:Countries
2241:Recycling
2159:Processes
1980:Biosolids
1862:2050-0505
1786:155060338
1333:0045-6535
1266:0301-4797
1250:: 30–36.
1181:0048-9697
1132:0959-6526
1116:: 42–56.
1091:2378-9689
1021:0048-9697
947:0959-6526
757:depletion
749:pollution
733:awareness
729:Education
690:recycling
684:Australia
661:value add
627:economics
619:recycling
611:valorized
566:pyrolysis
555:anaerobic
523:decompose
381:potassium
289:bottles,
271:aluminium
260:recycling
250:Recycling
194:landfills
174:recycling
146:greywater
107:recycling
60:aluminium
22:is using
3425:Category
3310:See also
3129:Concepts
3088:Mongolia
3083:Malaysia
2986:Vehicles
2976:Textiles
2906:Products
2827:Concrete
2749:Journals
2564:vehicles
2486:Thailand
2476:Tanzania
2211:Landfill
2171:Balefill
1895:cite web
1807:Springer
1611:23669577
1341:29574387
1274:29800862
1189:30340251
1029:31280177
850:See also
722:ISO14001
607:residues
574:hydrogen
373:nitrogen
214:vanadium
130:nitrogen
91:designed
28:landfill
3463:Commons
3068:Ireland
2929:Bottles
2862:Plastic
2822:Asphalt
2416:Georgia
2391:Belgium
2381:Armenia
2376:Albania
1840:Bibcode
1764:Bibcode
1591:Bibcode
1301:Bibcode
1159:Bibcode
999:Bibcode
813:Envipco
797:WAMITAB
551:aerobic
535:methane
531:compost
515:compost
426:NEWater
385:sulphur
308:boxes.
298:cartons
233:entropy
206:lithium
52:Plastic
3261:Symbol
3103:Taiwan
3073:Israel
3063:Canada
3058:Brazil
2956:Lumber
2877:Timber
2852:Gypsum
2842:Energy
2837:Cotton
2832:Copper
2737:
2491:Turkey
2481:Taiwan
2451:Russia
2431:Israel
2401:Brazil
2126:Sewage
2081:Litter
1986:, and
1860:
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1676:
1609:
1567:
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1331:
1272:
1264:
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1089:
1027:
1019:
945:
833:SDG 12
771:, and
739:. The
503:, and
441:biogas
349:, and
322:, and
275:copper
210:cobalt
87:wastes
24:wastes
3452:Index
3367:Waste
3251:Reuse
3078:Japan
3017:Codes
2981:Tires
2971:Ships
2966:Paint
2946:Drugs
2887:Water
2872:Scrap
2857:Paper
2847:Glass
2754:Lists
2744:Index
2471:Syria
2436:Japan
2426:India
2411:Egypt
1984:waste
1782:S2CID
1533:(PDF)
809:Tomra
773:water
615:reuse
603:waste
527:mulch
443:from
326:(see
291:glass
279:steel
198:mines
170:reuse
95:reuse
68:metal
64:glass
56:paper
3002:Bins
2574:WEEE
2559:RoHS
1901:link
1858:ISSN
1674:ISBN
1607:PMID
1565:ISBN
1413:ISBN
1377:help
1337:PMID
1329:ISSN
1270:PMID
1262:ISSN
1225:help
1185:PMID
1177:ISSN
1128:ISSN
1087:ISSN
1025:PMID
1017:ISSN
943:ISSN
811:and
799:and
791:and
769:soil
751:and
731:and
655:and
633:and
625:and
517:heap
400:and
387:and
367:and
316:LDPE
285:and
224:and
212:and
184:and
172:and
148:and
132:and
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1772:doi
1666:doi
1599:doi
1405:doi
1319:hdl
1309:doi
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1167:doi
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1077:doi
1007:doi
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765:air
759:of
617:or
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529:or
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