1381:, or outdated results. This is especially the case for the use and end of life phases in the LCA. Additionally, social implications of products are generally lacking in LCAs. Comparative life cycle analysis is often used to determine a better process or product to use. However, because of aspects like differing system boundaries, different statistical information, different product uses, etc., these studies can easily be swayed in favor of one product or process over another in one study and the opposite in another study based on varying parameters and different available data. There are guidelines to help reduce such conflicts in results but the method still provides a lot of room for the researcher to decide what is important, how the product is typically manufactured, and how it is typically used.
208:
point-of-view. Among these methods are two main types: Attributional LCA and
Consequential LCA. Attributional LCAs seek to attribute the burdens associated with the production and use of a product, or with a specific service or process, for an identified temporal period. Consequential LCAs seek to identify the environmental consequences of a decision or a proposed change in a system under study, and thus are oriented to the future and require that market and economic implications must be taken into account. In other words, Attributional LCA "attempts to answer 'how are things (i.e. pollutants, resources, and exchanges among processes) flowing within the chosen temporal window?', while Consequential LCA attempts to answer 'how will flows beyond the immediate system change in response to decisions?"
964:) involves use of aggregate sector-level data on how much environmental impact can be attributed to each sector of the economy and how much each sector purchases from other sectors. Such analysis can account for long chains (for example, building an automobile requires energy, but producing energy requires vehicles, and building those vehicles requires energy, etc.), which somewhat alleviates the scoping problem of process LCA; however, EIOLCA relies on sector-level averages that may or may not be representative of the specific subset of the sector relevant to a particular product and therefore is not suitable for evaluating the environmental impacts of products. Additionally, the translation of economic quantities into environmental impacts is not validated.
318:, which defines precisely what is being studied, quantifies the service delivered by the system, provides a reference to which the inputs and outputs can be related, and provides a basis for comparing/analyzing alternative goods or services. The functional unit is a very important component of LCA and needs to be clearly defined. It is used as a basis for selecting one or more product systems that can provide the function. Therefore, the functional unit enables different systems to be treated as functionally equivalent. The defined functional unit should be quantifiable, include units, consider temporal coverage, and not contain product system inputs and outputs (e.g., kg CO
531:
that have been produced by humans, including products such as forestry, materials, and energy flows. Typically, they will not have access to data concerning inputs and outputs for previous production processes of the product. The entity undertaking the LCA must then turn to secondary sources if it does not already have that data from its own previous studies. National databases or data sets that come with LCA-practitioner tools, or that can be readily accessed, are the usual sources for that information. Care must then be taken to ensure that the secondary data source properly reflects regional or national conditions.
251:
169:
538:), and hybrid approaches. Process-based LCA is a bottom-up LCI approach the constructs an LCI using knowledge about industrial processes within the life cycle of a product, and the physical flows connecting them. EIOLCA is a top-down approach to LCI and uses information on elementary flows associated with one unit of economic activity across different sectors. This information is typically pulled from government agency national statistics tracking trade and services between sectors. Hybrid LCA is a combination of process-based LCA and EIOLCA.
7671:
523:
that is similar to a process but not exact (e.g., data from a different country, slightly different process, similar but different machine, etc.). As such, it is important to explicitly document the differences in such data. However, secondary data is not always inferior to primary data. For example, referencing another work's data in which the author used very accurate primary data. Along with primary data, secondary data should document the source, reliability, and temporal, geographical, and technological representativeness.
577:, which quantitatively transforms the LCI results within each impact category via "characterization factors" (also referred to as equivalency factors) to create "impact category indicators." In other words, this step is aimed at answering "how much does each result contribute to the impact category?" A main purpose of this step is to convert all classified flows for an impact into common units for comparison. For example, for Global Warming Potential, the unit is generally defined as CO
786:
altered. For example, woolen-garment was evaluated on its environmental impacts during its production, use and end-of-life, and identified the contribution of fossil fuel energy to be dominated by wool processing and GHG emissions to be dominated by wool production. However, the most influential factor was the number of garment wear and length of garment lifetime, indicating that the consumer has the largest influence on this products' overall environmental impact.
625:
parties' ethics. There are three main categories of weighting methods: the panel method, monetization method, and target method. ISO 14044 generally advises against weighting, stating that "weighting, shall not be used in LCA studies intended to be used in comparative assertions intended to be disclosed to the public". If a study decides to weight results, then the weighted results should always be reported together with the non-weighted results for transparency.
630:(conversion of raw materials into a product), transportation of the product to a market or site, construction/installation, and the beginning of the use or occupancy. Use impacts include physical impacts of operating the product or facility (such as energy, water, etc.), and any maintenance, renovation, or repairs that are required to continue to use the product or facility. End of life impacts include demolition and processing of waste or recyclable materials.
138:
understood methodology of performing an LCA is not followed, it can be completed based on a practitioner's views or the economic and political incentives of the sponsoring entity (an issue plaguing all known data-gathering practices). In turn, an LCA completed by 10 different parties could yield 10 different results. The ISO LCA Standard aims to normalize this; however, the guidelines are not overly restrictive and 10 different answers may still be generated.
8096:
8086:
8139:
836:(EPD) termed business-to-business EPDs. One of the significant uses of the cradle-to-gate approach compiles the life cycle inventory (LCI) using cradle-to-gate. This allows the LCA to collect all of the impacts leading up to resources being purchased by the facility. They can then add the steps involved in their transport to plant and manufacture process to more easily produce their own cradle-to-gate values for their products.
392:, which is used to partition the inputs and outputs of a product and is necessary for processes that produce multiple products, or co-products. This is also known as multifunctionality of a product system. ISO 14044 presents a hierarchy of solutions to deal with multifunctionality issues, as the choice of allocation method for co-products can significantly impact results of an LCA. The hierarchy methods are as follows:
8106:
7123:
446:
436:, which is the explicit documentation of the inputs/outputs (individual flows) used within the study. This is necessary as most analyses do not consider all inputs and outputs of a product system, so this provides the audience with a transparent representation of the selected data. It also provides transparency for why the system boundary, product system, functional unit, etc. was chosen.
703:. There are two fundamental types of LCA data–unit process data, and environmental input-output (EIO) data. A unit process data collects data around a single industrial activity and its product(s), including resources used from the environment and other industries, as well as its generated emissions throughout its life cycle. EIO data are based on national economic input-output data.
458:
chain and gives a clear picture of the technical system boundaries. Generally, the more detailed and complex the flow diagram, the more accurate the study and results. The input and output data needed for the construction of the model is collected for all activities within the system boundary, including from the supply chain (referred to as inputs from the technosphere).
128:(ISO), in particular, in ISO 14040 and ISO 14044. ISO 14040 provides the 'principles and framework' of the Standard, while ISO 14044 provides an outline of the 'requirements and guidelines'. Generally, ISO 14040 was written for a managerial audience and ISO 14044 for practitioners. As part of the introductory section of ISO 14040, LCA has been defined as the following:
357:, which includes any assumptions or decisions made throughout the study that may influence the final results. It is important these are made transmitted as the omittance may result in misinterpretation of the results. Additional assumptions and limitations necessary to accomplish the project are often made throughout the project and should recorded as necessary.
973:
and surrounding ecosystems. Developed by Ohio State
University Center for resilience, Eco-LCA is a methodology that quantitatively takes into account regulating and supporting services during the life cycle of economic goods and products. In this approach services are categorized in four main groups: supporting, regulating, provisioning and cultural services.
3726:
1097:, the waste plants are well-fitted with regulated pollution control equipment to minimize this negative impact. A study comparing energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions from landfills (without energy recovery) against incineration (with energy recovery) found incineration to be superior in all cases except for when
47:
851:
incorporate social responsibility into product development. From the recycling process originate new, identical products (e.g., asphalt pavement from discarded asphalt pavement, glass bottles from collected glass bottles), or different products (e.g., glass wool insulation from collected glass bottles).
951:
in comparison with a conventional internal combustion engine vehicle, the WTW (accounting only the GHG for manufacturing the fuels) concludes that an electric vehicle can save around 50–60% of GHG. On the other hand, using a hybrid LCA-WTW method, concludes that GHG emission savings are 10-13% lower
717:
Moreover, time horizon is a sensitive parameter and was shown to introduce inadvertent bias by providing one perspective on the outcome of LCA, when comparing the toxicity potential between petrochemicals and biopolymers for instance. Therefore, conducting sensitivity analysis in LCA are important to
629:
Life cycle impacts can also be categorized under the several phases of the development, production, use, and disposal of a product. Broadly speaking, these impacts can be divided into first impacts, use impacts, and end of life impacts. First impacts include extraction of raw materials, manufacturing
570:
of inventory results. In this step, the LCI results are assigned to the chosen impact categories based on their known environmental effects. In practice, this is often completed using LCI databases or LCA software. Common impact categories include Global
Warming, Ozone Depletion, Acidification, Human
522:
Oftentimes, the collection of primary data may be difficult and deemed proprietary or confidential by the owner. An alternative to primary data is secondary data, which is data that comes from LCA databases, literature sources, and other past studies. With secondary sources, it is often you find data
304:
Following the goal, the scope must be defined by outlining the qualitative and quantitative information included in the study. Unlike the goal, which may only include a few sentences, the scope often requires multiple pages. It is set to describe the detail and depth of the study and demonstrate that
211:
A third type of LCA, termed "social LCA", is also under development and is a distinct approach to that is intended to assess potential social and socio-economic implications and impacts. Social life cycle assessment (SLCA) is a useful tool for companies to identify and assess potential social impacts
184:
Therefore, the goal of LCA is to compare the full range of environmental effects assignable to products and services by quantifying all inputs and outputs of material flows and assessing how these material flows affect the environment. This information is used to improve processes, support policy and
1112:
is arguably only one consideration in deciding which alternative process to employ, and should not be elevated as the only criterion for determining environmental acceptability. For example, a simple energy analysis does not take into account the renewability of energy flows or the toxicity of waste
526:
When identifying the inputs and outputs to document for each unit process within the product system of an LCI, a practitioner may come across the instance where a process has multiple input streams or generate multiple output streams. In such case, the practitioner should allocate the flows based on
495:
When collecting the data for each process within the system boundary, the ISO LCA standard requires the study to measure or estimate the data in order to quantitatively represent each process in the product system. Ideally, when collecting data, a practitioner should aim to collect data from primary
487:
As referenced in the ISO 14044 standard, the data must be related to the functional unit, as well as the goal and scope. However, since the LCA stages are iterative in nature, the data collection phase may cause the goal or scope to change. Conversely, a change in the goal or scope during the course
146:
Life cycle assessment (LCA) is sometimes referred to synonymously as life cycle analysis in the scholarly and agency report literatures. Also, due to the general nature of an LCA study of examining the life cycle impacts from raw material extraction (cradle) through disposal (grave), it is sometimes
972:
While a conventional LCA uses many of the same approaches and strategies as an Eco-LCA, the latter considers a much broader range of ecological impacts. It was designed to provide a guide to wise management of human activities by understanding the direct and indirect impacts on ecological resources
882:
and vehicles. The analysis is often broken down into stages entitled "well-to-station", or "well-to-tank", and "station-to-wheel" or "tank-to-wheel", or "plug-to-wheel". The first stage, which incorporates the feedstock or fuel production and processing and fuel delivery or energy transmission, and
671:
LCA was primarily used as a comparison tool, providing informative information on the environmental impacts of a product and comparing it to available alternatives. Its potential applications expanded to include marketing, product design, product development, strategic planning, consumer education,
398:
Avoid
Allocation through System Expansion (or substitution) - this method attempts to expand the process of the co-product with the most likely way of providing the secondary function of the determining product (or reference product). In other words, by expanding the system of the co-product in the
279:
The ISO LCA Standard requires a series of parameters to be quantitatively and qualitatively expressed, which are occasionally referred to as study design parameters (SPDs). The two main SPDs for an LCA are the Goal and Scope, both which must be explicitly stated. It is recommended that a study uses
227:
The limitations of LCA to focus solely on the ecological aspects of sustainability, and not the economical or social aspects, distinguishes it from product line analysis (PLA) and similar methods. This limitation was made deliberately to avoid method overload but recognizes these factors should not
1587:
LCA is a technique to assess the environmental aspects and potential impacts associated with a product, process, or service, by: / * Compiling an inventory of relevant energy and material inputs and environmental releases/ * Evaluating the potential environmental impacts associated with identified
1059:. Energy cannibalism refers to an effect where rapid growth of an entire energy-intensive industry creates a need for energy that uses (or cannibalizes) the energy of existing power plants. Thus, during rapid growth, the industry as a whole produces no energy because new energy is used to fuel the
984:
of a system is the maximum useful work possible during a process that brings the system into equilibrium with a heat reservoir. Wall clearly states the relation between exergy analysis and resource accounting. This intuition confirmed by DeWulf and
Sciubba lead to Exergo-economic accounting and to
653:
A key purpose of performing life cycle interpretation is to determine the level of confidence in the final results and communicate them in a fair, complete, and accurate manner. Interpreting the results of an LCA is not as simple as "3 is better than 2, therefore
Alternative A is the best choice".
624:
of impact categories. This step aims to determine the significance of each category and how important it is relative to the others. It allows studies to aggregate impact scores into a single indicator for comparison. Weighting is highly subjective and as it is often decided based on the interested
563:
of impaction categories, category indicators, and characterization models. The ISO Standard requires that a study selects multiple impacts that encompass "a comprehensive set of environmental issues". The impacts should be relevant to the geographical region of the study and justification for each
530:
The technosphere is more simply defined as the human-made world, and considered by geologists as secondary resources, these resources are in theory 100% recyclable; however, in a practical sense, the primary goal is salvage. For an LCI, these technosphere products (supply chain products) are those
457:
To develop the inventory, it is often recommended to start with a flow model of the technical system using data on inputs and outputs of the product system. The flow model is typically illustrated with a flow diagram that includes the activities that are going to be assessed in the relevant supply
453:
Life cycle inventory (LCI) analysis involves creating an inventory of flows from and to nature (ecosphere) for a product system. It is the process of quantifying raw material and energy requirements, atmospheric emissions, land emissions, water emissions, resource uses, and other releases over the
610:
of results. This step aims to answer "Is that a lot?" by expressing the LCIA results in respect to a chosen reference system. A separate reference value is often chosen for each impact category, and the rationale for the step is to provide temporal and spatial perspective and to help validate the
414:, which includes an outline of the impact categories identified under interest for the study, and the selected methodology used to calculate the respective impacts. Specifically, life cycle inventory data is translated into environmental impact scores, which might include such categories as human
207:
Despite attempts to standardize LCA, results from different LCAs are often contradictory, therefore it is unrealistic to expect these results to be unique and objective. Thus, it should not be considered as such, but rather as a family of methods attempting to quantify results through a different
785:
As noted above, the inventory in the LCA usually considers a number of stages including materials extraction, processing and manufacturing, product use, and product disposal. When an LCA is done on a product across all stages, the stage with the highest environmental impact can be determined and
132:
LCA studies the environmental aspects and potential impacts throughout a product's life cycle (i.e., cradle-to-grave) from raw materials acquisition through production, use and disposal. The general categories of environmental impacts needing consideration include resource use, human health, and
1054:
requires more energy than can be recovered in using the solar cell. Although these results were true when solar cells were first manufactured, their efficiency increased greatly over the years. Currently, energy payback time of photovoltaic solar panels range from a few months to several years.
638:
Life cycle interpretation is a systematic technique to identify, quantify, check, and evaluate information from the results of the life cycle inventory and/or the life cycle impact assessment. The results from the inventory analysis and impact assessment are summarized during the interpretation
137:
Criticisms have been leveled against the LCA approach, both in general and with regard to specific cases (e.g., in the consistency of the methodology, the difficulty in performing, the cost in performing, revealing of intellectual property, and the understanding of system boundaries). When the
1275:
Datasets that are suboptimal in accuracy or have gaps can be, temporarily until the complete data is available or permanently, be patched or optimized by various methods such as mechanisms for "selection of a dataset that represents the missing dataset that leads in most cases to a much better
850:
Cradle-to-cradle is a specific kind of cradle-to-grave assessment, where the end-of-life disposal step for the product is a recycling process. It is a method used to minimize the environmental impact of products by employing sustainable production, operation, and disposal practices and aims to
270:
According to standards in the ISO 14040 and 14044, an LCA is carried out in four distinct phases, as illustrated in the figure shown at the above right (at opening of the article). The phases are often interdependent, in that the results of one phase will inform how other phases are completed.
112:
of a product, process or service, and calculates the corresponding emissions to the environment. LCA thus assesses cumulative potential environmental impacts. The aim is to document and improve the overall environmental profile of the product by serving as a holistic baseline upon which carbon
617:
of LCIA results. This step is accomplished by sorting or ranking the LCIA results (either characterized or normalized depending on the prior steps chosen) into a single group or several groups as defined within the goal and scope. However, grouping is subjective and may be inconsistent across
550:
Life cycle inventory analysis is followed by a life cycle impact assessment (LCIA). This phase of LCA is aimed at evaluating the potential environmental and human health impacts resulting from the elementary flows determined in the LCI. The ISO 14040 and 14044 standards require the following
690:
EPDs provide a level of transparency that is being increasingly demanded through policies and standards around the world. They are used in the built environment as a tool for experts in the industry to compose whole building life cycle assessments more easily, as the environmental impact of
4526:
Liu, Xinyu; Reddi, Krishna; Elgowainy, Amgad; Lohse-Busch, Henning; Wang, Michael; Rustagi, Neha (January 2020). "Comparison of well-to-wheels energy use and emissions of a hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicle relative to a conventional gasoline-powered internal combustion engine vehicle".
345:, which is the amount of product or energy that is needed to realize the functional unit. Typically, the reference flow is different qualitatively and quantitatively for different products or systems across the same reference flow; however, there are instances where they can be the same.
918:
was developed to evaluate the impacts of new fuels and vehicle technologies. The model evaluates the impacts of fuel use using a well-to-wheel evaluation while a traditional cradle-to-grave approach is used to determine the impacts from the vehicle itself. The model reports energy use,
541:
The quality of LCI data is typically evaluated with the use of a pedigree matrix. Different pedigree matrices are available, but all contain a number of data quality indicators and a set of qualitative criteria per indicator. There is another hybrid approach integrates the widely used,
351:, which delimits which processes should be included in the analysis of a product system, including whether the system produces any co-products that must be accounted for by system expansion or allocation. The system boundary should be in accordance with the stated goal of the study.
496:
sources (e.g., measuring inputs and outputs of a process on-site or other physical means). Questionnaire are frequently used to collect data on-site and can even be issued to the respective manufacturer or company to complete. Items on the questionnaire to be recorded may include:
181:, and disposal or recycling. The results are used to help decision-makers select products or processes that result in the least impact to the environment by considering an entire product system and avoiding sub-optimization that could occur if only a single process were used.
799:
Cradle-to-grave is the full life cycle assessment from resource extraction ('cradle'), to manufacturing, usage, and maintenance, all the way through to its disposal phase ('grave'). For example, trees produce paper, which can be recycled into low-energy production
3019:
Laner, David; Feketitsch, Julia; Rechberger, Helmut; Fellner, Johann (October 2016). "A Novel
Approach to Characterize Data Uncertainty in Material Flow Analysis and its Application to Plastics Flows in Austria: Characterization of Uncertainty of MFA Input Data".
312:, which is a collection of processes (activities that transform inputs to outputs) that are needed to perform a specified function and are within the system boundary of the study. It is representative of all the processes in the life cycle of a product or process.
6569:
Schneider, Laura; Berger, Markus; Schüler-Hainsch, Eckhard; Knöfel, Sven; Ruhland, Klaus; Mosig, Jörg; Bach, Vanessa; Finkbeiner, Matthias (March 2014). "The economic resource scarcity potential (ESP) for evaluating resource use based on life cycle assessment".
907:, and the fuels used in each of these transport modes. WtW analysis is useful for reflecting the different efficiencies and emissions of energy technologies and fuels at both the upstream and downstream stages, giving a more complete picture of real emissions.
1692:
It is very important to first set the goal of the life cycle analysis or assessment. In the conceptual design stage, the goal in general will be identifying the major environmental impacts of the reference process and showing how the new design reduces these
3358:
Milà i Canals, Llorenç; Bauer, Christian; Depestele, Jochen; Dubreuil, Alain; Knuchel, Ruth
Freiermuth; Gaillard, GĂ©rard; Michelsen, Ottar; MĂĽller-Wenk, Ruedi; Rydgren, Bernt (2007). "Key elements in a framework for land use impact assessment within LCA".
399:
most likely alternative way of producing the co-product independently (System 2). The impacts resulting from the alternative way of producing the co-product (System 2) are then subtracted from the determining product to isolate the impacts in System 1.
1403:
Moreover, the fidelity of LCAs can vary substantially as various data may not be incorporated, especially in early versions: for example, LCAs that do not consider regional emission information can under-estimate the life cycle environmental impact.
597:
In many LCAs, characterization concludes the LCIA analysis, as it is the last compulsory stage according to ISO 14044. However, the ISO Standard provides the following optional steps to be taken in addition to the aforementioned mandatory steps:
1113:
products. Incorporating "dynamic LCAs", e.g., with regard to renewable energy technologies—which use sensitivity analyses to project future improvements in renewable systems and their share of the power grid—may help mitigate this criticism.
1999:
Benoît, Catherine; Norris, Gregory A.; Valdivia, Sonia; Ciroth, Andreas; Moberg, Asa; Bos, Ulrike; Prakash, Siddharth; Ugaya, Cassia; Beck, Tabea (February 2010). "The guidelines for social life cycle assessment of products: just in time!".
706:
In 2001, ISO published a technical specification on data documentation, describing the format for life cycle inventory data (ISO 14048). The format includes three areas: process, modeling and validation, and administrative information.
283:
Generally, an LCA study starts with a clear statement of its goal, outlining the study's context and detailing how and to whom the results will be communicated. Per ISO guidelines, the goal must unambiguously state the following items:
1539:
Life cycle analysis (LCA) is a method used to evaluate the environmental impact of a product through its life cycle encompassing extraction and processing of the raw materials, manufacturing, distribution, use, recycling, and final
866:
Gate-to-gate is a partial LCA looking at only one value-added process in the entire production chain. Gate-to-gate modules may also later be linked in their appropriate production chain to form a complete cradle-to-gate evaluation.
1364:
aspects of quantifiable systems. Not every factor, however, can be reduced to a number and inserted into a model. Rigid system boundaries make accounting for changes in the system difficult. This is sometimes referred to as the
658:
of these significant data elements, assessing the completeness and consistency of the study, and drawing conclusions and recommendations based on a clear understanding of how the LCA was conducted and the results were developed.
4815:
Dewulf, Jo; Van
Langenhove, Herman; Muys, Bart; Bruers, Stijn; Bakshi, Bhavik R.; Grubb, Geoffrey F.; Paulus, D. M.; Sciubba, Enrico (April 2008). "Exergy: Its Potential and Limitations in Environmental Science and Technology".
491:
The output of an LCI is a compiled inventory of elementary flows from all of the processes in the studied product system(s). The data is typically detailed in charts and requires a structured approach due to its complex nature.
654:
Interpretation begins with understanding the accuracy of the results, and ensuring they meet the goal of the study. This is accomplished by identifying the data elements that contribute significantly to each impact category,
2303:
Finnveden, Göran; Hauschild, Michael Z.; Ekvall, Tomas; Guinée, Jeroen; Heijungs, Reinout; Hellweg, Stefanie; Koehler, Annette; Pennington, David; Suh, Sangwon (October 2009). "Recent developments in Life Cycle
Assessment".
1011:
inputs to a product are accounted for, not only direct energy inputs during manufacture, but also all energy inputs needed to produce components, materials and services needed for the manufacturing process. With LCEA, the
4035:
Pasqualino, Jorgelina C.; Meneses, Montse; Abella, Montserrat; Castells, Francesc (May 2009). "LCA as a Decision Support Tool for the Environmental Improvement of the Operation of a Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant".
883:
is called the "upstream" stage, while the stage that deals with vehicle operation itself is sometimes called the "downstream" stage. The well-to-wheel analysis is commonly used to assess total energy consumption, or the
611:
LCIA results. Standard references are typical impacts per impact category per: geographical zone, inhabitant of geographical zone (per person), industrial sector, or another product system or baseline reference scenario.
5004:
Cabeza, Luisa F.; RincĂłn, LĂdia; Vilariño, Virginia; PĂ©rez, Gabriel; Castell, Albert (January 2014). "Life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle energy analysis (LCEA) of buildings and the building sector: A review".
4193:
685:
Type III environmental declaration, also known as environmental product declaration (EPD), uses LCA as a tool to report the environmental performance of a product, while conforming to the ISO standards 14040 and
6744:
946:
Quantitative values of greenhouse gas emissions calculated with the WTW or with the LCA method can differ, since the LCA is considering more emission sources. For example, while assessing the GHG emissions of a
662:
Specifically, as voiced by M.A. Curran, the goal of the LCA interpretation phase is to identify the alternative that has the least cradle-to-grave environmental negative impact on land, sea, and air resources.
176:
Hence, it is a technique to assess environmental impacts associated with all the stages of a product's life from raw material extraction through materials processing, manufacture, distribution, use, repair and
280:
the keywords represented in the Standard when documenting these details (e.g., "The goal of the study is...") to make sure there is no confusion and ensure the study is being interpreted for its intended use.
6493:
Charpentier Poncelet, Alexandre; Helbig, Christoph; Loubet, Philippe; Beylot, Antoine; Muller, Stéphanie; Villeneuve, Jacques; Laratte, Bertrand; Thorenz, Andrea; Tuma, Axel; Sonnemann, Guido (19 May 2022).
402:
Allocation (or partition) based on Physical Relationship - this method attempts to divide inputs and outputs and allocate them based on physical relationships between the products (e.g., mass, energy-use,
395:
Avoid Allocation by Sub-Division - this method attempts to disaggregate the unit process into smaller sub-processes in order to separate the production of the product from the production of the co-product.
2376:
Flysjö, Anna; Cederberg, Christel; Henriksson, Maria; Ledgard, Stewart (2011). "How does co-product handling affect the carbon footprint of milk? Case study of milk production in New Zealand and Sweden".
3683:
Hendrickson, C.T.; Horvath, A.; Joshi, S.; Klausner, M.; Lave, L.B.; McMichael, F.C. (1997). "Comparing two life cycle assessment approaches: A process model vs. Economic input-output-based assessment".
2891:
Righi, Serena; Dal Pozzo, Alessandro; Tugnoli, Alessandro; Raggi, Andrea; Salieri, Beatrice; Hischier, Roland (2020). "The Availability of Suitable Datasets for the LCA Analysis of Chemical Substances".
1247:
The Global LCA Data Access network (GLAD) by the UN's Life Cycle Initiative is a "platform which allows to search, convert and download datasets from different life cycle assessment dataset providers".
832:) to the factory gate (i.e., before it is transported to the consumer). The use phase and disposal phase of the product are omitted in this case. Cradle-to-gate assessments are sometimes the basis for
1288:
Life cycle assessments can be integrated as routine processes of systems, as input for modeled future socio-economic pathways, or, more broadly, into a larger context (such as qualitative scenarios).
3223:
Pizzol, M.; Christensen, P.; Schmidt, J.; Thomsen, M. (April 2011). "Impacts of 'metals' on human health: a comparison between nine different methodologies for Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA)".
406:
Allocation (or partition) based on Other Relationship (non-physical) - this method attempts to divide inputs and outputs and allocate them based on non-physical relationships (e.g., economic value).
714:
quality, since no just comparison can be done if one product has a much higher availability of accurate and valid data, as compared to another product which has lower availability of such data.
5927:
Clark, Michael; Springmann, Marco; Rayner, Mike; Scarborough, Peter; Hill, Jason; Tilman, David; Macdiarmid, Jennie I.; Fanzo, Jessica; Bandy, Lauren; Harrington, Richard A. (16 August 2022).
3897:. LCA Food 2014: Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Life Cycle Assessment in the Agri-food Sector. San Francisco: American Centre for Life Cycle Assessment. pp. 482–488.
5656:
Jyotirmay Mathur; Narendra Kumar Bansal; Hermann-Joseph Wagner (2004). "Dynamic energy analysis to assess maximum growth rates in developing power generation capacity: case study of India".
301:
The goal should also be defined with the commissioner for the study, and it is recommended a detailed description for why the study is being carried out is acquired from the commissioner.
985:
methods specifically dedicated to LCA such as Exergetic material input per unit of service (EMIPS). The concept of material input per unit of service (MIPS) is quantified in terms of the
542:
semi-quantitative approach that uses a pedigree matrix, into a qualitative analysis to better illustrate the quality of LCI data for non-technical audiences, in particular policymakers.
430:. As part of the scope, only an overview needs to be provided, as the main analysis on the impact categories is discussed in the Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) phase of the study.
6968:
Kim, Junbeum; Yalaltdinova, Albina; Sirina, Natalia; Baranovskaya, Natalia (2015). "Integration of life cycle assessment and regional emission information in agricultural systems".
363:, which specify the kinds of data that will be included and what restrictions. According to ISO 14044, the following data quality considerations should be documented in the scope:
639:
phase. The outcome of the interpretation phase is a set of conclusions and recommendations for the study. According to ISO 14043, the interpretation should include the following:
6318:
Meron, Noa; Blass, Vered; Thoma, Greg (April 2020). "Selection of the most appropriate life cycle inventory dataset: new selection proxy methodology and case study application".
3794:
Rebitzer, G.; Ekvall, T.; Frischknecht, R.; Hunkeler, D.; Norris, G.; Rydberg, T.; Schmidt, W.-P.; Suh, S.; Weidema, B.P.; Pennington, D.W. (July 2004). "Life cycle assessment".
2268:
Rebitzer, G.; Ekvall, T.; Frischknecht, R.; Hunkeler, D.; Norris, G.; Rydberg, T.; Schmidt, W.-P.; Suh, S.; Weidema, B.P.; Pennington, D.W. (July 2004). "Life cycle assessment".
6932:
6397:
Voglhuber-Slavinsky, Ariane; Zicari, Alberto; Smetana, Sergiy; Moller, Björn; Dönitz, Ewa; Vranken, Liesbet; Zdravkovic, Milena; Aganovic, Kemal; Bahrs, Enno (27 June 2022).
5270:
Allen, S. R.; Hammond, G. P.; Harajli, H. A.; Jones, C. I.; McManus, M. C.; Winnett, A. B. (May 2008). "Integrated appraisal of micro-generators: methods and applications".
4200:
4424:
Norm Brinkman; Eberle, Ulrich; Formanski, Volker; Uwe-Dieter Grebe; Matthe, Roland (2012). "Vehicle Electrification - Quo Vadis? / Fahrzeugelektrifizierung - Quo Vadis?".
993:
technology. The service not only takes into account the total mass to be transported and the total distance, but also the mass per single transport and the delivery time.
6096:
Takano, Atsushi; Winter, Stefan; Hughes, Mark; Linkosalmi, Lauri (September 2014). "Comparison of life cycle assessment databases: A case study on building assessment".
6741:
4942:
Dewulf, J.; Van Langenhove, H. (May 2003). "Exergetic material input per unit of service (EMIPS) for the assessment of resource productivity of transport commodities".
989:, allowing the calculation of both resource input and service output in exergy terms. This exergetic material input per unit of service (EMIPS) has been elaborated for
1063:
of future power plants. Work has been undertaken in the UK to determine the life cycle energy (alongside full LCA) impacts of a number of renewable technologies.
7075:
Vallero, Daniel A. and Brasier, Chris (2008), "Sustainable Design: The Science of Sustainability and Green Engineering", John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ,
4464:
7135:
Embodied Energy: Life Cycle Assessment. Your Home Technical Manual. A joint initiative of the Australian Government and the design and construction industries.
1348:, especially because financial markets of the economy typically do not consider life cycle impacts or induced societal problems in the future and present—the "
679:
Type I environmental labelling requires a third-party certification process to verify a products compliance against a set of criteria, according to ISO 14024.
4385:"Well-to-Wheels Analysis of Advanced Fuel/Vehicle Systems – A North American Study of Energy Use, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, and Criteria Pollutant Emissions"
564:
chosen impact should be discussed. Often times in practice, this is completed by choosing an already existing LCIA method (e.g., TRACI, ReCiPe, AWARE, etc.).
1930:
Gong, Jian; You, Fengqi (2017). "Consequential Life Cycle Optimization: General Conceptual Framework and Application to Algal Renewable Diesel Production".
1384:
An in-depth review of 13 LCA studies of wood and paper products found a lack of consistency in the methods and assumptions used to track carbon during the
7019:
816:
fibers are replaced and the old fibers are disposed of, possibly incinerated. All inputs and outputs are considered for all the phases of the life cycle.
1505:
Ilgin, Mehmet Ali; Gupta, Surendra M. (2010). "Environmentally Conscious Manufacturing and Product Recovery (ECMPRO): A Review of the State of the Art".
1959:
454:
life cycle of a product or process. In other words, it is the aggregation of all elementary flows related to each unit process within a product system.
5899:
1341:. One study suggests that in LCAs, resource availability is, as of 2013, "evaluated by means of models based on depletion time, surplus energy, etc."
1250:
The BONSAI project "aims to build a shared resource where the community can contribute to data generation, validation, and management decisions" for "
5032:
Richards, Bryce S.; Watt, Muriel E. (January 2005). "Permanently dispelling a myth of photovoltaics via the adoption of a new net energy indicator".
4859:
Sciubba, Enrico (October 2004). "From Engineering Economics to Extended Exergy Accounting: A Possible Path from Monetary to Resource-Based Costing".
4496:
6215:
5059:
Dale, Michael; Benson, Sally M. (2013). "Energy Balance of the Global Photovoltaic (PV) Industry - Is the PV Industry a Net Electricity Producer?".
3499:
1236:
There are some initiatives to develop, integrate, populate, standardize, quality control, combine and maintain such datasets or LCAs – for example:
305:
the goal can be achieved within the stated limitations. Under the ISO LCA Standard guidelines, the scope of the study should outline the following:
7946:
3209:
1913:
1632:
4894:
Rocco, M.V.; Colombo, E.; Sciubba, E. (January 2014). "Advances in exergy analysis: a novel assessment of the Extended Exergy Accounting method".
7996:
7469:
1055:
Module recycling could further reduce the energy payback time to around one month. Another new concept that flows from life cycle assessments is
5597:
5381:
Liamsanguan, Chalita; Gheewala, Shabbir H. (April 2008). "LCA: A decision support tool for environmental assessment of MSW management systems".
212:
along the lifecycle of a product or service on various stakeholders (for example: workers, local communities, consumers). SLCA is framed by the
7556:
125:
7026:
Baumann, H. och Tillman, A-M. The hitchhiker's guide to LCA : an orientation in life cycle assessment methodology and application. 2004.
5324:
1388:. A wide variety of methods and assumptions were used, leading to different and potentially contrary conclusions—particularly with regard to
6399:"Setting life cycle assessment (LCA) in a future-oriented context: the combination of qualitative scenarios and LCA in the agri-food sector"
4272:
Huang, Yue; Bird, Roger N.; Heidrich, Oliver (November 2007). "A review of the use of recycled solid waste materials in asphalt pavements".
1773:
8116:
7171:
1291:
For example, a study estimated the environmental benefits of microbial protein within a future socio-economic pathway, showing substantial
213:
854:
Allocation of burden for products in open loop production systems presents considerable challenges for LCA. Various methods, such as the
7847:
1244:
is "to develop a database and tool set intended to provide data for use in LCAs of food, biofuels, and a variety of other bioproducts".
1224:
Datasets can also consist of options, activities, or approaches, rather than of products – for example one dataset assesses PET bottle
7134:
7548:
5426:"The rationale for energy efficiency policy: Assessing the recognition of the multiple benefits of energy efficiency retrofit policy"
1373:. The accuracy and availability of data can also contribute to inaccuracy. For instance, data from generic processes may be based on
5161:
Gerbinet, Saïcha; Belboom, Sandra; Léonard, Angélique (October 2014). "Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) of photovoltaic panels: A review".
1344:
Broadly, various types of life cycle assessments (or commissioning such) could be used in various ways in various types of societal
1325:
The life cycle perspective also allows considering losses and lifetimes of rare goods and services in the economy. For example, the
154:, "LCA is a technique to assess the environmental aspects and potential impacts associated with a product, process, or service, by:
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7401:
6951:
6914:
2172:
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determine which parameters considerably impact the results, and can also be used to identify which parameters cause uncertainties.
6438:
Humpenöder, Florian; Bodirsky, Benjamin Leon; Weindl, Isabelle; Lotze-Campen, Hermann; Linder, Tomas; Popp, Alexander (May 2022).
5615:
5235:
McManus, M.C. (October 2010). "Life cycle impacts of waste wood biomass heating systems: A case study of three UK based systems".
3830:
7830:
6695:
1304:
4340:
Jiménez-González, C.; Kim, S.; Overcash, M. (2000). "Methodology for developing gate-to-gate Life cycle inventory information".
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7670:
7552:
7522:
7127:
6813:
4384:
3640:
Reap, John; Roman, Felipe; Duncan, Scott; Bra, Bert (14 May 2008). "A survey of unresolved problems in life cycle assessment".
244:
4728:
Rosen, Marc A; Dincer, Ibrahim (January 2001). "Exergy as the confluence of energy, environment and sustainable development".
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2252:
2060:
1897:
5691:
R. Kenny; C. Law; J.M. Pearce (2010). "Towards Real Energy Economics: Energy Policy Driven by Life Cycle Carbon Emission".
3297:. Proceedings of the 2015 Building Educators' Society Conference. Salt Lake City, UT: University of Utah. pp. 123–130.
1077:
If materials are incinerated during the disposal process, the energy released during burning can be harnessed and used for
31:
1469:
7462:
6763:"Consumers and their behavior: state of the art in behavioral science supporting use phase modeling in LCA and ecodesign"
1705:
Sánchez-Barroso, Gonzalo; Botejara-AntĂşnez, Manuel; GarcĂa-Sanz-Calcedo, Justo; Zamora-Polo, Francisco (September 2021).
1262:
toolchain capable of supporting LCA calculations". With product footprints they refer to the goal of "reliable, unbiased
1228:
options in Bauru, Brazil. There are also LCA databases about buildings – complex products – which a 2014 study compared.
17:
5325:"Life-cycle-assessment of the historical development of air pollution control and energy recovery in waste incineration"
3448:
7843:
7794:
7219:
3402:
1855:
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1156:
over its lifetime than it initially thought it would mitigate, with this most well documented {{Citation needed|reason=
833:
6190:
4613:"A new hybrid method for reducing the gap between WTW and LCA in the carbon footprint assessment of electric vehicles"
4471:
2719:"Review: Consumption and Use of Non-Renewable Mineral and Energy Raw Materials from an Economic Geology Point of View"
1333:
were found to be short as of 2022. Such data could be combined with conventional life cycle analyses, e.g., to enable
1319:
7560:
7095:
7070:
7055:
7031:
4704:
4660:
4176:
3701:
3542:
3055:
Weidema, Bo P. (September 1998). "Multi-user test of the data quality matrix for product life cycle inventory data".
1841:
1685:
6660:
Stamford, Laurence (1 January 2020), Ren, Jingzheng; Scipioni, Antonio; Manzardo, Alessandro; Liang, Hanwei (eds.),
4142:
2043:
Garrido, Sara Russo (1 January 2017). "Social Life-Cycle Assessment: An Introduction". In Abraham, Martin A. (ed.).
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etc.—have inconsistent functional units, different quality, and different values. This is due to the fact that the
1002:
939:
with size smaller than 10 micrometer (PM10), particulate matter with size smaller than 2.5 micrometer (PM2.5), and
240:
6544:
6132:
5736:
Nielsen, Søren Nors; Müller, Felix; Marques, Joao Carlos; Bastianoni, Simone; Jørgensen, Sven Erik (August 2020).
4082:
Wiedemann, S.G.; Biggs, L.; Nebel, B.; Bauch, K.; Laitala, K.; Klepp, I.G.; Swan, P.G.; Watson, K. (August 2020).
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than the WTW results, as the GHG due to the manufacturing and the end of life of the battery are also considered.
8174:
7806:
7802:
7784:
7713:
7530:
7229:
7224:
6495:
2154:"PAS 2050:2011 Specification for the assessment of the life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of goods and services"
3098:
Salemdeeb, Ramy; Saint, Ruth; Clark, William; Lenaghan, Michael; Pratt, Kimberley; Millar, Fraser (March 2021).
2211:
8099:
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936:
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6031:
Martin, Eduardo J.P.; Oliveira, Deborah S.B.L.; Oliveira, Luiza S.B.L.; Bezerra, Barbara S. (December 2020).
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1956:
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1241:
5323:
Damgaard, Anders; Riber, Christian; Fruergaard, Thilde; Hulgaard, Tore; Christensen, Thomas H. (July 2010).
3559:
1148:, the growing nature of the power grid must be taken into consideration. If this is not done, a given class
37:
This article is about the environment impacts of products. For the ultimate cost of business decisions, see
7991:
7478:
7300:
4687:
Singh, S.; Bakshi, B.R. (2009). "Eco-LCA: A tool for quantifying the role of ecological resources in LCA".
1276:
approximation of environmental impacts than a dataset selected by default or by geographical proximity" or
1180:
986:
884:
4504:
3100:"A pragmatic and industry-oriented framework for data quality assessment of environmental footprint tools"
8169:
8021:
7914:
7877:
7851:
7754:
7244:
7157:
7101:
Vogtländer, J.G., "A practical guide to LCA for students, designers, and business managers", VSSD, 2010,
6661:
6256:. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 11762. Springer International Publishing. pp. 75–79.
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4391:
3750:
3506:
2752:"Futura: A new tool for transparent and shareable scenario analysis in prospective life cycle assessment"
2567:
2504:
1330:
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911:
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of the study may cause additional collection of data or removal of previously collected data in the LCI.
221:
5868:"Exergy as a Measure of Resource Use in Life Cycle Assessment and Other Sustainability Assessment Tools"
5104:"Life cycle energy use and environmental implications of high-performance perovskite tandem solar cells"
4969:
Ramesh, T.; Prakash, Ravi; Shukla, K.K. (2010). "Life cycle energy analysis of buildings: An overview".
4755:
Wall, Göran; Gong, Mei (2001). "On exergy and sustainable development—Part 1: Conditions and concepts".
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7839:
7739:
7718:
7396:
7310:
6614:
4564:"Electricity carbon intensity in European Member States: Impacts on GHG emissions of electric vehicles"
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1444:
1315:
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It is recognized that much energy is lost in the production of energy commodities themselves, such as
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1296:
808:, then used as an energy-saving device in the ceiling of a home for 40 years, saving 2,000 times the
6361:
Algren, Mikaela; Fisher, Wendy; Landis, Amy E. (2021). "Machine learning in life cycle assessment".
5817:
5713:
5292:
4450:
1707:"A life cycle analysis of ionizing radiation shielding construction systems in healthcare buildings"
93:
extraction and processing (cradle), through the product's manufacture, distribution and use, to the
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3531:
Shaked, Shanna; Crettaz, Pierre; Saade-Sbeih, Myriam; Jolliet, Olivier; Jolliet, Alexandre (2015).
2505:"21 - Sustainability and life assessment of high strength natural fibre composites in construction"
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1334:
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259:
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38:
7036:
Curran, Mary A. "Environmental Life Cycle Assessment", McGraw-Hill Professional Publishing, 1996,
5616:"Thermodynamic limitations to nuclear energy deployment as a greenhouse gas mitigation technology"
4783:
3920:"A review of online sources of open-access life cycle assessment data for the construction sector"
3686:
Proceedings of the 1997 IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment. ISEE-1997
8071:
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8011:
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7650:
7426:
7416:
7355:
7350:
7295:
7014:
Crawford, R.H. (2011) Life Cycle Assessment in the Built Environment, London: Taylor and Francis.
4084:"Environmental impacts associated with the production, use, and end-of-life of a woollen garment"
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1308:
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Therefore, none of the stages should be considered finalized until the entire study is complete.
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250:
8065:
8036:
7798:
7605:
7264:
7239:
5708:
5551:
Pehnt, Martin (2003). "Assessing future energy and transport systems: the case of fuel cells".
5287:
1419:
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204:
including all intervening transportation steps necessary or caused by the product's existence.
168:
5524:
Pehnt, Martin (2006). "Dynamic life cycle assessment (LCA) of renewable energy technologies".
2867:"Approaches to LCA - Economic Input-Output Life Cycle Assessment - Carnegie Mellon University"
643:
Identification of significant issues based on the results of the LCI and LCIA phases of an LCA
527:
the "Allocation procedure" outlined in the previous "Goal and scope" section of this article.
8159:
8026:
7744:
7635:
7600:
7340:
6439:
5804:
4437:
4194:"Cradle-to-gate Life Cycle Inventory of Nine Plastic Resins and Four Polyurethane Precursors"
2926:
1704:
1459:
675:
ISO specifies three types of classification in regard to standards and environmental labels:
161:
Evaluating the potential environmental impacts associated with identified inputs and releases
3935:
2099:
682:
Type II environmental labels are self-declared environmental claims, according to ISO 14021.
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7540:
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7274:
7214:
6977:
6886:
6843:
6774:
6626:
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6510:
6451:
6327:
6105:
6044:
6033:"Dataset for life cycle assessment of pet bottle waste management options in Bauru, Brazil"
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4903:
4868:
4825:
4624:
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4349:
4095:
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3727:
LCA Digital Commons Unit Process Data: field operations/ work processes and farm implements
3649:
3532:
3064:
2975:
2386:
2313:
2235:
Curran, Mary Ann (2017). "Overview of Goal and Scope Definition in Life Cycle Assessment".
2009:
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A problem that arises when using the energy analysis method is that different energy forms—
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is given a value of 1 and all other units are converted respective to their related impact.
86:
82:
70:
7447:
6131:
Ciroth, Andreas; Di Noi, Claudia; Burhan, Salwa Syed; Srocka, Michael (23 December 2019).
5987:
5655:
2791:
Moni, Sheikh Moniruzzaman; Mahmud, Roksana; High, Karen; Carbajales-Dale, Michael (2019).
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inputs and releases / * Interpreting the results to help you make a more informed decision
1050:, directly or indirectly. A controversial early result of LCEA claimed that manufacturing
8:
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7951:
7910:
7645:
7518:
7315:
7065:"LCA: Principles, Practice and Prospects". CSIRO Publishing, Victoria, Australia, 2009.,
3944:
3919:
2964:"The creation, management, and use of data quality information for life cycle assessment"
805:
6981:
6911:
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6847:
6778:
6630:
6583:
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6191:"Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Digital Commons Database | U.S. Climate Resilience Toolkit"
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4540:
4465:"Full Fuel Cycle Assessment: Well-To-Wheels Energy Inputs, Emissions, and Water Impacts"
4353:
4225:
4099:
4049:
3863:
3854:
Guo, M.; Murphy, R.J. (2012). "LCA data quality: Sensitivity and uncertainty analysis".
3653:
3068:
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2013:
1518:
158:
Compiling an inventory of relevant energy and material inputs and environmental releases
50:
Illustration of the general phases of a life cycle assessment, as described by ISO 14040
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7789:
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7370:
7180:
6877:
Björklund, Anna E. (March 2002). "Survey of approaches to improve reliability in lca".
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4169:
Smart electronic systems: heterogeneous integration of silicon and printed electronics
2123:
ISO 14044: Environmental management—Life cycle assessment, Requirements and guidelines
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721:
Data sources used in LCAs are typically large databases. Common data sources include:
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Future-Proof Building Materials: A Life Cycle Analysis. Intersections and Adjacencies
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Greenhouse gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy use in Transportation (GREET) model
255:
78:
74:
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6646:
6017:
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Evaluation of the study considering completeness, sensitivity and consistency checks
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5190:"Life cycle assessment of recycling strategies for perovskite photovoltaic modules"
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Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Goods and Services: An Input–Output Approach
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3376:
3368:
3232:
3111:
3072:
3029:
2991:
2983:
2934:
2931:
Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Goods and Services: An Input-output Approach
2897:
2845:
2804:
2763:
2730:
2689:
2656:
2449:
2394:
2321:
2277:
2240:
2085:
ISO 14040: Environmental management—Life cycle assessment, Principles and framework
2048:
2017:
1939:
1829:
1726:
1718:
1673:
1522:
1434:
1370:
1326:
1277:
1225:
1141:
1046:
is the energy content of the product minus energy input used during extraction and
904:
201:
6161:. LCA Compendium – the Complete World of Life Cycle Assessment. pp. 123–147.
6157:
Ciroth, Andreas; Burhan, Salwa (2021). "Life Cycle Inventory Data and Databases".
5402:
4990:
4258:
3618:
3236:
2866:
2325:
2153:
1943:
1573:
National Risk Management Research Laboratory (NRMRL). 6 March 2012. Archived from
1526:
235:
series of environmental management standards, in particular, ISO 14040 and 14044.
7759:
7689:
7595:
7565:
7514:
7509:
7493:
7421:
7365:
7138:
6918:
6817:
6748:
6728:
6261:
5601:
5537:
5485:"Engineering sustainability: thermodynamics, energy systems, and the environment"
5351:
5256:
4317:
4300:
3893:
Groen, E. A.; Heijungs, R.; Bokkers, E. A. M.; de Boer, I. J. M. (October 2014).
3828:
3807:
3116:
3099:
2281:
2176:
1963:
1479:
1345:
1203:
1172:
1121:
1072:
1060:
928:
322:
emissions). Another way to look at it is by considering the following questions:
239:(GHG) product life cycle assessments can also comply with specifications such as
6761:
Polizzi di Sorrentino, Eugenia; Woelbert, Eva; Sala, Serenella (February 2016).
6166:
5722:
5595:"Optimizing Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Strategies to Suppress Energy Cannibalism"
5450:
5425:
4673:
2901:
2244:
7630:
7485:
7305:
6832:"Uncertainty Implications of Hybrid Approach in LCA: Precision versus Accuracy"
6522:
6463:
6415:
6398:
6339:
5634:
5301:
5213:
5174:
5045:
5018:
4696:
4674:"Limitations of the EIO-LCA Method—Economic Input-Output Life Cycle Assessment"
4108:
4083:
3308:
2487:. Cincinnati, Ohio: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2006. pp. 19–30.
2239:. LCA Compendium – the Complete World of Life Cycle Assessment. pp. 1–62.
1722:
1393:
1378:
1263:
1133:
932:
855:
461:
According to ISO 14044, an LCI should be documented using the following steps:
427:
423:
236:
7145:
LCA Example: Light Emitting Diode (LED) from GSA's Sustainable Facilities Tool
6787:
6762:
6591:
6056:
4637:
4612:
4579:
4383:
Brinkman, Norman; Wang, Michael; Weber, Trudy; Darlington, Thomas (May 2005).
4010:
3777:"Environmental management — Life cycle assessment — Data documentation format"
3661:
2987:
2832:
Khasreen, Mohamad Monkiz; Banfill, Phillip F. G.; Menzies, Gillian F. (2009).
2693:
2453:
2398:
2021:
1985:
910:
The well-to-wheel variant has a significant input on a model developed by the
8153:
8143:
7976:
7431:
6720:
5884:
5867:
4880:
3693:
3252:
Review of Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) Methods and Inventory Databases
1833:
1754:. Cincinnati, Ohio: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2006. pp. 3–9.
1292:
1184:
1031:
900:
892:
297:
Whether the results will be used in a comparative assertion released publicly
6855:
6831:
5953:
4423:
1821:
1574:
1318:, can also be integrated in analyses of potentials, barriers and methods to
196:
assessment requires the assessment of raw-material production, manufacture,
46:
7956:
7570:
6997:
6863:
6471:
6440:"Projected environmental benefits of replacing beef with microbial protein"
6074:
5972:
5781:
5410:
5359:
5147:
5128:
5088:
4845:
4597:
4500:
4429:
4065:
3879:
3815:
3380:
3372:
3005:
2834:"Life-Cycle Assessment and the Environmental Impact of Buildings: A Review"
2333:
2289:
1888:
Hauschild, Michael Z., Ralph K. Rosenbaum, & Stig Irving Olsen (2018).
1534:
1439:
1218:
1098:
1086:
1035:
940:
699:
A life cycle analysis is only as accurate and valid as is its basis set of
90:
3776:
3194:
Matthews, H. Scott, Chis T. Hendrickson, & Deanna H. Matthews (2014).
2938:
2126:(Report). Geneve, CH: International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
2122:
2088:(Report). Geneve, CH: International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
2084:
1081:. This provides a low-impact energy source, especially when compared with
7580:
7535:
7020:
Handbook on Life Cycle Assessment: Operational Guide to the ISO Standards
5866:
Finnveden, Goran; Arushanyan, Yevgeniya; BrandĂŁo, Miguel (29 June 2016).
4199:. The Plastics Division of the American Chemistry Council. Archived from
3158:. Cham Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. pp. 168–187.
1617:
Matthews, H. Scott, Chris T. Hendrickson, and Deanna H. Matthews (2014).
1414:
1349:
1168:
1144:. The essential critique given by these sources is that when considering
915:
888:
809:
109:
66:
6912:
National Council for Air and Stream Improvement Special Report No: 04-03
5900:"These are the UK supermarket items with the worst environmental impact"
4924:
3477:. Cham, Switzerland: Spring International Publishing. pp. 324–334.
3196:
Life Cycle Assessment: Quantitative Approaches for Decisions that Matter
2553:
Life Cycle Assessment: Quantitative Approaches for Decisions that Matter
2431:
Life Cycle Assessment: Quantitative Approaches for Decisions that Matter
1892:. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. pp. 83–84.
1731:
1619:
Life Cycle Assessment: Quantitative Approaches for Decisions That Matter
7920:
7704:
7269:
6898:
6820:. Argonne National Laboratory. Transportation Technology R&D Center
6662:"Chapter 5 - Life cycle sustainability assessment in the energy sector"
6242:
5572:
4689:
2009 IEEE International Symposium on Sustainable Systems and Technology
4361:
4118:
3154:
Hauschild, Michael Z.; Rosenbaum, Ralph K.; Olsen, Stig Irving (2018).
3076:
3033:
2809:
2792:
2768:
2751:
2608:
Hauschild, Michael Z.; Rosenbaum, Ralph K.; Olsen, Stig Irving (2018).
2429:
Matthews, H. Scott; Hendrickson, Chris T.; Matthews, Deanna H. (2014).
1051:
6989:
6492:
6396:
5762:
5080:
4837:
4057:
3967:
2850:
2833:
2735:
2718:
2551:
Matthew, H. Scott; Hendrickson, Chris T.; Matthews, Deanna H. (2014).
8006:
7930:
7820:
7815:
7734:
7729:
7610:
7249:
7149:
2612:. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. p. 171.
1464:
1449:
1255:
990:
876:
813:
801:
534:
LCI methods include "process-based LCAs", economic input–output LCA (
232:
217:
150:
As stated by the National Risk Management Research Laboratory of the
117:
116:
Widely recognized procedures for conducting LCAs are included in the
94:
6568:
6437:
3293:
Rich, Brian D. (2015). Gines, J.; Carraher, E.; Galarze, J. (eds.).
214:
UNEP/SETAC’s Guidelines for social life cycle assessment of products
164:
Interpreting the results to help you make a more informed decision".
7981:
7971:
7209:
6934:
A synthesis of research on wood products and greenhouse gas impacts
6216:"One-stop platform on Life Cycle Assessment datasets is now online"
5509:
5484:
3505:. Scientific Applications International Corporation. Archived from
3357:
2925:
Hendrickson, Chris T.; Lave, Lester B.; Matthews, H. Scott (2006).
1094:
896:
512:
Inputs (raw materials, ancillary materials, energy, transportation)
415:
193:
105:
6940:(2nd ed.). Pointe-Claire, Québec: FPInnovations. p. 40.
3793:
2267:
1668:
Jonker, Gerald; Harmsen, Jan (2012). "Creating Design Solutions".
8138:
7234:
6967:
6760:
6613:
Davis, Chris; Nikolić, Igor; Dijkema, Gerard P. J. (April 2009).
5988:"LCAFDB — A crowdsourced life cycle assessment database for food"
5604:
2nd Climate Change Technology Conference Proceedings, p. 48, 2009
3403:"Sustainable Management of Construction and Demolition Materials"
1429:
1374:
6615:"Integration of Life Cycle Assessment Into Agent-Based Modeling"
5992:
2017 Sustainable Internet and ICT for Sustainability (SustainIT)
5926:
5623:
International Journal of Nuclear Governance, Economy and Ecology
3018:
2375:
378:
Consistency and reproducibility of the methods used in the study
7749:
7620:
7330:
7122:
6133:"LCA database creation: Current challenges and the way forward"
5831:
Sekerka, Robert F. (1 January 2015), Sekerka, Robert F. (ed.),
5322:
5188:
Tian, Xueyu; Stranks, Samuel D.; You, Fengqi (September 2021).
4034:
3682:
3530:
3222:
2684:
Curran, Mary Ann (2012). "Sourcing Life Cycle Inventory Data".
2568:"29 - The Life Cycle Assessment of Various Energy Technologies"
2509:
Advanced High Strength Natural Fibre Composites in Construction
1470:
Dimension stone § Life cycle assessment and best practices
1214:
1188:
1129:
1008:
981:
961:
535:
101:
6392:
6390:
6247:"An Open Source Dataset and Ontology for Product Footprinting"
6140:
Indonesian Journal of Life Cycle Assessment and Sustainability
5929:"Estimating the environmental impacts of 57,000 food products"
5735:
4814:
3829:
Scientific Applications International Corporation (May 2006).
2302:
2144:
ISO 14044 replaced earlier versions of ISO 14041 to ISO 14043.
1007:
Life cycle energy analysis (LCEA) is an approach in which all
955:
858:
approach have been proposed to deal with the issues involved.
445:
231:
Some widely recognized procedures for LCA are included in the
7897:
7204:
6030:
5102:
Tian, Xueyu; Stranks, Samuel D.; You, Fengqi (31 July 2020).
4651:
Hendrickson, C. T., Lave, L. B., and Matthews, H. S. (2005).
4470:. California Energy Commission. 1 August 2007. Archived from
3473:
Hauschild, Michael Z.; Rosenbaum; Olsen, Stig Irving (2018).
3449:"TrueValueMetrics ... Impact Accounting for the 21st Century"
2790:
839:
6742:
Life cycle assessment for buildings: Seeking the Holy Grail.
6095:
4525:
1283:
1116:
In recent years, the literature on life cycle assessment of
710:
When comparing LCAs, the data used in each LCA should be of
7585:
7477:
6696:"Why the circular economy and LCA make each other stronger"
6387:
6240:
5922:
5920:
4382:
4339:
4226:"Cradle to Cradle Marketplace | Frequently asked Questions"
3985:
3892:
3754:
3586:"ISO Descriptions of Environmental Labels and Declarations"
3097:
2566:
Haque, Nawshad (1 January 2020), Letcher, Trevor M. (ed.),
2428:
1164:
1082:
879:
794:
700:
419:
375:
Precision, completeness, and representativeness of the data
141:
7088:
Life Cycle Assessment: Inventory Guidelines and Principles
5865:
5272:
Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Energy
4301:"Environmental Impact Allocation of Agri-food Co-products"
4299:
Ijassi, Walid; Rejeb, Helmi Ben; Zwolinski, Peggy (2021).
3334:"Life Cycle Analysis - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
2890:
2793:"Life cycle assessment of emerging technologies: A review"
2550:
2210:
Palsson, Ann-Christin & Ellen Riise (31 August 2011).
1998:
1213:
in supermarkets, potentially e.g., informing consumers or
1199:
There are structured systematic datasets of and for LCAs.
1120:
has begun to reflect the interactions between the current
7882:
5690:
5003:
4568:
Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment
3435:
Life Cycle Assessment: Best Practices of ISO 14040 Series
3280:
Life Cycle Assessment: Best Practices of ISO 14040 Series
2638:
Life Cycle Assessment: Best Practices of ISO 14040 Series
1570:
245:
GHG Protocol Life Cycle Accounting and Reporting Standard
151:
97:
or final disposal of the materials composing it (grave).
6130:
5917:
5424:
Kerr, Niall; Gouldson, Andy; Barrett, John (July 2017).
5269:
4081:
1240:
The goal of the LCA Digital Commons Project of the U.S.
1206:
calculated detailed environmental impacts of >57,000
3472:
3153:
2924:
2607:
1978:
Guidelines for social life cycle assessment of products
1957:
Guidelines for Social Life Cycle Assessment of Products
1822:"Attributional and Consequential Life Cycle Assessment"
1800:
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
1360:
Life cycle assessment is a powerful tool for analyzing
384:
Uncertainty of information and any recognized data gaps
6293:
5160:
4784:"Exergy - a useful concept within resource accounting"
3924:
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
2831:
2503:
Cao, C. (1 January 2017), Fan, Mizi; Fu, Feng (eds.),
2170:"Product Life Cycle Accounting and Reporting Standard"
1191:
may be used as the metric for LCA, instead of energy.
545:
465:
Preparation of data collection based on goal and scope
30:"Cradle-to-grave" redirects here. For other uses, see
8127:
2927:"Hybrid LCA Analysis: Combining the EIO-LCA Approach"
1657:. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. pp. 1–2.
6245:; Lissandrini, Matteo; Weidema, Bo Pedersen (2019).
4941:
4676:. Carnegie Mellon University – via EIOLCA.net.
4298:
3437:. Springer International Publishing. pp. 64–70.
3282:. Committee on Trade and Investment. pp. 41–68.
2640:. Committee on Trade and Investment. pp. 12–19.
1672:. Amsterdam, NL: Elsevier. pp. 61–81, esp. 70.
1221:
database for collecting LCA data for food products.
1179:
measures the change in internal energy, whereas the
216:
published in 2009 in Quebec. The tool builds on the
6612:
5423:
5380:
4968:
4893:
4167:Zheng, Li-Rong; Tenhunen, Hannu; Zou, Zhuo (2018).
2962:Edelen, Ashley; Ingwersen, Wesley W. (April 2018).
2894:
Life Cycle Assessment in the Chemical Product Chain
2230:
2228:
1500:
1498:
1496:
471:
Data validation (even if using another work's data)
220::2010 Guidelines for Social Responsibility and the
6879:The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment
6767:The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment
6572:The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment
6360:
6320:The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment
5738:"Thermodynamics in Ecology—An Introductory Review"
5553:The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment
4088:The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment
3642:The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment
3639:
3057:The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment
2968:The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment
2379:The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment
2237:Goal and Scope Definition in Life Cycle Assessment
2121:
2083:
2002:The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment
812:energy used in its production. After 40 years the
449:An example of a life cycle inventory (LCI) diagram
172:Example life cycle assessment (LCA) stages diagram
100:An LCA study involves a thorough inventory of the
5461:20.500.11820/b78583fe-7f05-4c05-ad27-af5135a07e3e
4680:
4271:
3918:Pagnon, F; Mathern, A; Ek, K (21 November 2020).
875:Well-to-wheel (WtW) is the specific LCA used for
8151:
6725:The Informed Student Guide to Management Science
5613:
4166:
3831:"Life cycle assessment: principles and practice"
2716:
2225:
1493:
7997:Environmental, social, and corporate governance
6830:Perkins, Jessica; Suh, Sangwon (2 April 2019).
6496:"Losses and lifetimes of metals in the economy"
6363:Data Science Applied to Sustainability Analysis
6317:
5933:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
4191:
3917:
2961:
1183:measures entropy increase. Approaches such as
780:Comprehensive Environmental Data Archive (CEDA)
27:Methodology for assessing environmental impacts
6970:Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture
6545:"Integrating life cycle cost analysis and LCA"
5187:
5101:
3500:"Life Cycle Analysis: Principles and Practice"
3361:International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment
2749:
2485:Life Cycle Assessment: Principles and Practice
2212:"Defining the goal and scope of the LCA study"
1752:Life Cycle Assessment: Principles and Practice
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
185:provide a sound basis for informed decisions.
126:International Organization for Standardization
108:that are required across the supply chain and
7463:
7165:
4561:
3968:"Your source for LCA and sustainability data"
3895:Sensitivity analysis in life cycle assessment
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2076:
2074:
2072:
1966:, United Nations Environment Programme, 2009.
1826:Sustainability Assessment at the 21st century
1667:
996:
828:product life cycle from resource extraction (
518:Quantity and quality of each input and output
440:
81:, or service. For instance, in the case of a
6254:The Semantic Web: ESWC 2019 Satellite Events
6156:
5031:
4412:See Executive Summary – ES.1 Background, pp1
3724:
3208:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2933:. Resources for the Future. pp. 21–28.
2446:Perspectives in Life Cycle Impact Assessment
1976:Benoît, Catherine; Mazijn, Bernard. (2013).
1975:
1912:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1631:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1300:
1160:|date=October 2023}} in wind energy's case.
649:Conclusions, limitations and recommendations
6921:. Ncasi.org. Retrieved on 14 December 2011.
4962:
4727:
4686:
4610:
2100:see this Stanford University course reading
1932:ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering
1546:
1254:" with its first goal being "to produce an
956:Economic input–output life cycle assessment
515:Outputs (emissions to air, water, and land)
147:referred to as "cradle-to-grave analysis".
7470:
7456:
7172:
7158:
6829:
5058:
3475:Life Cycle Assessment: Theory and Practice
3156:Life Cycle Assessment: Theory and Practice
2610:Life Cycle Assessment: Theory and Practice
2443:
2105:
2069:
1890:Life Cycle Assessment: Theory and Practice
1653:Klopffer, Walter and Birgit Grahl (2014).
1504:
840:Cradle-to-cradle or closed loop production
228:be ignored when making product decisions.
6876:
6786:
6731:, London: Thomson Learning, 2002, p. 41f.
6414:
6064:
5962:
5952:
5883:
5771:
5761:
5712:
5508:
5459:
5449:
5291:
5137:
5127:
4923:
4636:
4587:
4316:
4117:
4107:
3943:
3853:
3557:
3115:
3104:Resources, Environment and Sustainability
2995:
2849:
2808:
2767:
2750:Joyce, P. James; Björklund, Anna (2021).
2734:
2511:, Woodhead Publishing, pp. 529–544,
1887:
1730:
1284:Integration in systems and systems theory
1132:life cycle, while others have focused on
1101:is recovered for electricity production.
967:
265:
7402:Earth systems engineering and management
6659:
5794:
5649:
5607:
5587:
5489:International Journal of Energy Research
5163:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
5034:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
5007:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
4799:
4754:
4529:International Journal of Hydrogen Energy
3741:
3739:
3432:
3277:
3193:
2635:
2045:Encyclopedia of Sustainable Technologies
1980:. United Nations Environment Programme.
1652:
1616:
1231:
795:Cradle-to-grave or life cycle assessment
551:mandatory steps for completing an LCIA:
444:
249:
167:
142:Definition, synonyms, goals, and purpose
45:
7831:Pollutant release and transfer register
5839:, Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 31–48,
5830:
5482:
5234:
4937:
4935:
4858:
4802:Exergy analysis and resource accounting
3583:
3560:"Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) explained"
3054:
2717:Steinbach, V.; Wellmer, F. (May 2010).
2650:
2209:
2042:
1929:
1335:life-cycle material/labor cost analyses
1322:or regulate consumption or production.
1270:
1194:
113:footprints can be accurately compared.
14:
8152:
7179:
6930:
6836:Environmental Science & Technology
6811:Life Cycle Analysis: Uses and Pitfalls
6666:Biofuels for a More Sustainable Future
5797:"15.1 The First Law of Thermodynamics"
5061:Environmental Science & Technology
4818:Environmental Science & Technology
4140:
4038:Environmental Science & Technology
3428:
3426:
3424:
3273:
3271:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3135:
2864:
2683:
2631:
2629:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2234:
2119:
2081:
1819:
1766:"Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Overview"
1400:during forest growth and product use.
73:associated with all the stages of the
7616:Principles for Responsible Investment
7451:
7153:
5985:
5684:
5550:
5523:
4944:Resources, Conservation and Recycling
4274:Resources, Conservation and Recycling
4077:
4075:
3736:
2565:
2424:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2345:
2343:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2189:
1925:
1923:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1858:from the original on 18 January 2024.
1314:Life cycle assessments, including as
824:Cradle-to-gate is an assessment of a
8105:
6403:European Journal of Futures Research
5483:Hammond, Geoffrey P. (10 May 2004).
4932:
4781:
3584:Ekstrom, Eileen (20 December 2013).
3433:Lee, Kun-Mo; Inaba, Atsushi (2004).
3292:
3278:Lee, Kun-Mo; Inaba, Atsushi (2004).
3249:
2636:Lee, Kun-Mo; Inaba, Atsushi (2004).
1746:
1744:
1742:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1337:and long-term economic viability or
1019:
480:Relating data to the functional unit
32:Cradle to the grave (disambiguation)
7023:, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002.
5383:Journal of Environmental Management
4497:"Green Car Glossary: Well to wheel"
4417:
3534:Environmental Life Cycle Assessment
3421:
3268:
3172:
3132:
2626:
2594:
2531:
2502:
2491:
2470:
2306:Journal of Environmental Management
1820:Ekvall, Tomas (24 September 2019).
1507:Journal of Environmental Management
976:
672:ecolabeling and government policy.
546:Life cycle impact assessment (LCIA)
509:Detailed explanation of the process
24:
7795:Environmental full-cost accounting
7220:Environmental full-cost accounting
7008:
6371:10.1016/B978-0-12-817976-5.00009-7
5833:"3 - Second Law of Thermodynamics"
4072:
3753:. 3 September 2010. Archived from
3497:
2413:
2340:
2186:
2053:10.1016/b978-0-12-409548-9.10089-2
1950:
1920:
1862:
1678:10.1016/B978-0-444-53846-8.00004-4
1066:
834:environmental product declarations
291:Reasons for carrying out the study
192:refers to the notion that a fair,
75:life cycle of a commercial product
25:
8186:
7116:
7048:Environmental Life Cycle Analysis
6809:Linda Gaines and Frank Stodolsky
6723:(2002). "Boundary Critique". in:
4655:, Resources for the Future Press
4230:www.cradletocradlemarketplace.com
3558:Golsteijn, Laura (17 July 2020).
2098:For the PDF of the 1997 version,
1796:"Entry details | FAO Term Portal"
1776:from the original on 14 July 2014
1739:
1639:
1593:
923:, and six additional pollutants:
819:
633:
477:Relating data to the unit process
274:
8137:
8104:
8095:
8094:
8084:
7669:
7576:Extended producer responsibility
7336:Extended producer responsibility
7121:
6961:
6924:
6905:
6870:
6823:
6803:
6754:
6734:
6714:
6688:
6653:
6639:10.1111/j.1530-9290.2009.00122.x
6606:
6562:
6537:
6486:
6431:
6354:
6311:
6286:
6234:
6208:
6183:
6150:
6124:
6089:
6024:
5979:
5892:
5859:
5824:
5788:
5729:
5544:
5517:
5476:
5417:
5374:
5316:
5263:
5228:
5181:
5154:
5095:
5052:
5025:
4997:
4887:
4852:
4808:
4793:
4775:
4748:
4721:
3856:Science of the Total Environment
1003:Energy Return on Energy Invested
870:
694:
241:Publicly Available Specification
8165:Environmental impact assessment
7785:Eco-Management and Audit Scheme
7230:Environmental management system
7225:Environmental impact assessment
7141: (archived 24 October 2007)
6000:10.23919/SustainIT.2017.8379804
4666:
4645:
4604:
4555:
4519:
4489:
4457:
4376:
4333:
4292:
4286:10.1016/j.resconrec.2007.02.002
4265:
4243:
4218:
4185:
4160:
4134:
4028:
4003:
3978:
3960:
3911:
3886:
3872:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.07.006
3847:
3822:
3787:
3769:
3718:
3676:
3633:
3603:
3577:
3551:
3537:. doab: CRC Press. p. 24.
3524:
3491:
3466:
3441:
3395:
3351:
3326:
3301:
3286:
3243:
3216:
3091:
3048:
3012:
2955:
2918:
2884:
2858:
2825:
2784:
2743:
2710:
2677:
2644:
2559:
2437:
2369:
2296:
2261:
2163:
2147:
2138:
2036:
1992:
1969:
1813:
1711:Journal of Building Engineering
1352:" to the contemporary economy.
861:
691:individual products are known.
8057:Socially responsible marketing
8052:Socially responsible investing
6727:, ed. by H.G. Daellenbach and
6668:, Elsevier, pp. 115–163,
6118:10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.04.025
5986:Hedin, Björn (December 2017).
4916:10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.08.080
4804:(MSc). University of Waterloo.
4549:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.10.192
4141:Gordon, Jason (26 June 2021).
3945:10.1088/1755-1315/588/4/042051
3250:Wu, You; Su, Daizhong (2020).
2686:Life Cycle Assessment Handbook
2661:10.7551/mitpress/9963.001.0001
2653:Big Data, Little Data, No Data
2651:Borgman, Christine L. (2015).
2574:, Elsevier, pp. 633–647,
2183:. Retrieved on: 25 April 2013.
2160:. Retrieved on: 25 April 2013.
2047:. Elsevier. pp. 253–265.
1788:
1758:
1698:
1670:Engineering for Sustainability
1661:
1128:. Some papers have focused on
331:For how long / how many times?
13:
1:
8047:Socially responsible business
7090:. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
7050:. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
6619:Journal of Industrial Ecology
6159:Life Cycle Inventory Analysis
5678:10.1016/S0301-4215(02)00290-2
5403:10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.01.003
4991:10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.05.007
4956:10.1016/S0921-3449(02)00152-0
4861:Journal of Industrial Ecology
4769:10.1016/S1164-0235(01)00020-6
4742:10.1016/S1164-0235(01)00004-8
4611:Moro, A; Helmers, E. (2017).
4143:"Cradle to Grave - Explained"
3237:10.1016/j.jclepro.2010.05.007
3225:Journal of Cleaner Production
3022:Journal of Industrial Ecology
2865:University, Carnegie Mellon.
2797:Journal of Industrial Ecology
2756:Journal of Industrial Ecology
2572:Future Energy (Third Edition)
2326:10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.06.018
1944:10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b00631
1563:"Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)"
1527:10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.09.037
1486:
1242:National Agricultural Library
1217:. There also is at least one
1014:total life cycle energy input
726:HESTIA (University of Oxford)
7992:Environmental pricing reform
7523:environmental responsibility
6262:10.1007/978-3-030-32327-1_15
5538:10.1016/j.renene.2005.03.002
5352:10.1016/j.wasman.2010.03.025
5257:10.1016/j.energy.2010.06.014
4318:10.1016/j.procir.2021.01.039
3836:. p. 88. Archived from
3808:10.1016/j.envint.2003.11.005
3254:. Springer. pp. 39–55.
3117:10.1016/j.resenv.2021.100019
2444:Hofstetter, Patrick (1998).
2282:10.1016/j.envint.2003.11.005
1355:
1104:
1038:electricity or high-quality
987:second law of thermodynamics
885:energy conversion efficiency
7:
8022:Market governance mechanism
7878:Global Reporting Initiative
7848:standards and certification
7755:Social return on investment
7245:Integrated chain management
6167:10.1007/978-3-030-62270-1_6
5795:OpenStax (22 August 2016).
5723:10.1016/j.enpol.2009.11.078
5451:10.1016/j.enpol.2017.03.053
4392:Argonne National Laboratory
3751:Argonne National Laboratory
2902:10.1007/978-3-030-34424-5_1
2245:10.1007/978-94-024-0855-3_1
1655:Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
1407:
1316:product/technology analyses
1177:first law of thermodynamics
960:Economic input–output LCA (
912:Argonne National Laboratory
789:
666:
500:Product for data collection
474:Data allocation (if needed)
355:Assumptions and limitations
222:Global Reporting Initiative
10:
8191:
7962:Community interest company
7906:Community-based monitoring
7740:Genuine progress indicator
7311:Eco-industrial development
6523:10.1038/s41893-022-00895-8
6464:10.1038/s41586-022-04629-w
6416:10.1186/s40309-022-00203-9
6340:10.1007/s11367-019-01721-8
5635:10.1504/IJNGEE.2008.017358
5302:10.1680/ener.2008.161.2.73
5214:10.1038/s41893-021-00737-z
5175:10.1016/j.rser.2014.07.043
5046:10.1016/j.rser.2004.09.015
5019:10.1016/j.rser.2013.08.037
4697:10.1109/ISSST.2009.5156770
4109:10.1007/s11367-020-01766-0
1723:10.1016/j.jobe.2021.102387
1445:Design for the environment
1070:
1023:
1000:
997:Life cycle energy analysis
925:volatile organic compounds
843:
656:evaluating the sensitivity
441:Life cycle inventory (LCI)
36:
29:
8080:
7987:Environmental degradation
7939:
7896:
7870:
7836:Sustainability accounting
7768:
7700:Ethical positioning index
7678:
7667:
7492:
7384:
7283:
7187:
7046:Ciambrone, D. F. (1997).
6788:10.1007/s11367-015-1016-2
6592:10.1007/s11367-013-0666-1
6057:10.1016/j.dib.2020.106355
5614:Joshua M. Pearce (2008).
4638:10.1007/s11367-015-0954-z
4580:10.1016/j.trd.2017.07.012
4342:Int. J. Life Cycle Assess
4147:thebusinessprofessor.com/
3796:Environment International
3662:10.1007/s11367-008-0009-9
2988:10.1007/s11367-017-1348-1
2694:10.1002/9781118528372.ch5
2454:10.1007/978-1-4615-5127-0
2399:10.1007/s11367-011-0283-9
2270:Environment International
2022:10.1007/s11367-009-0147-8
1379:unrepresentative sampling
1297:climate change mitigation
1266:information on products".
506:Period of data collection
361:Data quality requirements
8017:Health impact assessment
7888:Sustainability reporting
7857:Toxics Release Inventory
7651:Transparency (behavioral
7626:Social impact assessment
7515:Corporate accountability
7412:Ecological modernization
7321:Ecological modernization
7260:Life-cycle cost analysis
6098:Building and Environment
5885:10.3390/resources5030023
4881:10.1162/1088198043630397
4800:Gaudreau, Kyrke (2009).
4562:Moro A; Lonza L (2018).
3694:10.1109/ISEE.1997.605313
3615:www.thegreenstandard.org
3590:ecosystem-analytics.com/
3453:www.truevaluemetrics.org
1834:10.5772/intechopen.89202
1425:Anthropogenic metabolism
1202:A 2022 dataset provided
1091:greenhouse gas emissions
949:battery electric vehicle
921:greenhouse gas emissions
288:The intended application
260:greenhouse gas emissions
254:Life cycle analysis and
133:ecological consequences.
122:environmental management
39:Life cycle cost analysis
8072:Supply chain management
8012:Global justice movement
7811:profit-and-loss account
7427:Sustainable development
7417:Environmental economics
7356:Precautionary principle
7351:Polluter pays principle
7296:Cradle-to-cradle design
6856:10.1021/acs.est.9b00084
5954:10.1073/pnas.2120584119
4617:Int J Life Cycle Assess
4171:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
3936:2020E&ES..588d2051P
3309:"Life Cycle Assessment"
1962:18 January 2012 at the
1085:and natural gas. While
846:Cradle-to-cradle design
503:Data collector and date
8175:Management cybernetics
8037:SDG Publishers Compact
7799:Environmental conflict
7606:Organizational justice
7397:Design for environment
7265:Material flow analysis
6931:Sathre, Roger (2010).
5812:Cite journal requires
5129:10.1126/sciadv.abb0055
4445:Cite journal requires
4430:10.13140/2.1.2638.8163
4011:"Data License: CEDA 5"
3747:"How Does GREET Work?"
3564:pre-sustainability.com
3373:10.1065/lca2006.05.250
2120:Saling, Peter (2006).
2082:Saling, Peter (2006).
1420:Agroecosystem analysis
1396:in landfills and with
1158:Please include a study
1079:electricity production
968:Ecologically based LCA
450:
372:Technological coverage
266:Main ISO phases of LCA
262:
173:
135:
51:
8027:Product certification
7826:Life-cycle assessment
7745:Performance indicator
7636:Social responsibility
7601:Organizational ethics
7531:social responsibility
7341:Industrial metabolism
7255:Life-cycle assessment
7200:Cost–benefit analysis
7130:at Wikimedia Commons
7128:Life-cycle assessment
7086:Vigon, B. W. (1994).
6751:Building Green, 2010.
6503:Nature Sustainability
5194:Nature Sustainability
4261:on 26 September 2015.
4192:Franklin Associates.
3725:Joyce Cooper (2015).
3338:www.sciencedirect.com
2939:10.4324/9781936331383
1460:End-of-life (product)
1232:LCA dataset platforms
1071:Further information:
1024:Further information:
589:equivalents) where CO
448:
434:Documentation of data
369:Geographical coverage
253:
171:
130:
87:environmental impacts
71:environmental impacts
55:Life cycle assessment
49:
8032:Public participation
7967:Conflict of interest
7557:inequality in the UK
7549:in the United States
7541:Environmental racism
7407:Ecological economics
7346:Industrial symbiosis
7326:Efficient energy use
7275:Stakeholder analysis
7215:Ecological footprint
6816:9 March 2013 at the
6747:5 March 2012 at the
6549:2.-0 LCA consultants
6365:. pp. 167–190.
5600:14 June 2011 at the
4971:Energy and Buildings
4782:Wall, Göran (1977).
3858:. 435–436: 230–243.
3843:on 23 November 2009.
3688:. pp. 176–181.
2688:. pp. 105–141.
1475:True cost accounting
1455:Ecological footprint
1390:carbon sequestration
1331:tech-critical metals
1295:reduction (56%) and
1271:Dataset optimization
1252:product footprinting
1195:LCA dataset creation
390:Allocation procedure
83:manufactured product
8002:Ethical consumerism
7952:Benefit corporation
7844:metrics and indices
7646:Sullivan principles
7561:injustice in Europe
7316:Eco-industrial park
6982:2015JSFA...95.2544K
6891:2002IJLCA...7...64B
6848:2019EnST...53.3681P
6779:2016IJLCA..21..237P
6631:2009JInEc..13..306D
6584:2014IJLCA..19..601S
6515:2022NatSu...5..717C
6456:2022Natur.605...90H
6332:2020IJLCA..25..771M
6195:toolkit.climate.gov
6110:2014BuEnv..79...20T
6049:2020DIB....3306355M
5945:2022PNAS..11920584C
5939:(33): e2120584119.
5754:2020Entrp..22..820N
5705:2010EnPol..38.1969K
5670:2004EnPol..32..281M
5565:2003IJLCA...8..283P
5501:2004IJER...28..613H
5442:2017EnPol.106..212K
5395:2008JEnvM..87..132L
5344:2010WaMan..30.1244D
5284:2008ICEE..161...73A
5249:2010Ene....35.4064M
5206:2021NatSu...4..821T
5120:2020SciA....6...55T
5073:2013EnST...47.3482D
4983:2010EneBu..42.1592R
4908:2014ApEn..113.1405R
4873:2004JInEc...8...19S
4830:2008EnST...42.2221D
4629:2017IJLCA..22....4M
4541:2020IJHE...45..972L
4354:2000IJLCA...5..153J
4100:2020IJLCA..25.1486W
4050:2009EnST...43.3300P
3864:2012ScTEn.435..230G
3654:2008IJLCA..13..374R
3621:on 12 November 2011
3198:. pp. 373–393.
3069:1998IJLCA...3..259W
2980:2018IJLCA..23..759E
2555:. pp. 101–112.
2433:. pp. 174–186.
2391:2011IJLCA..16..420F
2318:2009JEnvM..91....1F
2014:2010IJLCA..15..156B
1519:2010JEnvM..91..563I
1303:of per-capita beef
243:(PAS) 2050 and the
63:life cycle analysis
18:Life cycle analysis
8170:Industrial ecology
8090:Environment portal
7862:Triple bottom line
7790:Emission inventory
7695:Double bottom line
7641:Stakeholder theory
7392:Cleaner production
7376:Waste valorization
7371:Waste minimisation
7240:Input–output model
7181:Industrial ecology
6917:7 May 2013 at the
6899:10.1007/BF02978849
6700:PRĂ© Sustainability
6220:One Planet network
5994:. pp. 88–90.
5573:10.1007/BF02978920
4362:10.1007/BF02978615
4251:"Cradle-to-Cradle"
4206:on 6 February 2011
3512:on 18 October 2011
3498:Curran, Mary Ann.
3077:10.1007/BF02979832
3034:10.1111/jiec.12326
2810:10.1111/jiec.12965
2769:10.1111/jiec.13115
2175:9 May 2013 at the
1569:. Washington, DC.
1394:methane generation
1339:sustainable design
1329:of, often scarce,
1057:energy cannibalism
1044:Net energy content
1040:petroleum products
937:particulate matter
903:, including their
804:(fiberised paper)
451:
263:
224:(GRI) Guidelines.
174:
89:are assessed from
52:
8125:
8124:
8042:Social enterprise
7947:Bangladesh Accord
7807:management system
7803:impact assessment
7780:Carbon accounting
7710:Impact assessment
7661:UN Global Compact
7553:in Western Europe
7505:Aarhus Convention
7445:
7444:
7301:Dematerialization
7195:Agent-based model
7126:Media related to
7107:978-90-6562-253-2
7042:978-0-07-015063-8
6990:10.1002/jsfa.7149
6976:(12): 2544–2553.
6957:on 21 March 2012.
6947:978-0-86488-546-3
6675:978-0-12-815581-3
6380:978-0-12-817976-5
6271:978-3-030-32326-4
6176:978-3-030-62269-5
6009:978-3-901882-99-9
5846:978-0-12-803304-3
5763:10.3390/e22080820
5243:(10): 4064–4070.
5081:10.1021/es3038824
4977:(10): 1592–1600.
4838:10.1021/es071719a
4058:10.1021/es802056r
3904:978-0-9882145-7-6
3484:978-3-319-56474-6
3261:978-3-030-39149-2
3165:978-3-319-56474-6
2948:978-1-933115-23-8
2911:978-3-030-34423-8
2896:. pp. 3–32.
2851:10.3390/su1030674
2736:10.3390/su2051408
2703:978-1-118-09972-8
2670:978-0-262-32786-2
2619:978-3-319-56474-6
2581:978-0-08-102886-5
2518:978-0-08-100411-1
2463:978-1-4613-7333-9
2254:978-94-024-0854-6
2062:978-0-12-804792-7
1899:978-3-319-56474-6
1621:. pp. 83–95.
1398:carbon accounting
1386:product lifecycle
1367:boundary critique
1309:microbial protein
1150:energy technology
1146:energy technology
1126:energy technology
1118:energy technology
1110:Energy efficiency
1026:Energy production
1020:Energy production
756:LC-Inventories.ch
412:Impact assessment
366:Temporal coverage
256:carbon accounting
124:standards of the
61:), also known as
16:(Redirected from
8182:
8142:
8141:
8133:
8108:
8107:
8098:
8097:
8088:
7673:
7591:Little Eichmanns
7472:
7465:
7458:
7449:
7448:
7437:Urban metabolism
7291:Circular economy
7174:
7167:
7160:
7151:
7150:
7125:
7017:J. Guinée, ed:,
7002:
7001:
6965:
6959:
6958:
6956:
6950:. Archived from
6939:
6928:
6922:
6909:
6903:
6902:
6874:
6868:
6867:
6842:(7): 3681–3688.
6827:
6821:
6807:
6801:
6800:
6790:
6758:
6752:
6738:
6732:
6718:
6712:
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6707:
6702:. 12 August 2022
6692:
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6180:
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6147:
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6121:
6093:
6087:
6086:
6068:
6028:
6022:
6021:
5983:
5977:
5976:
5966:
5956:
5924:
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5914:
5912:
5910:
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5890:
5889:
5887:
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5857:
5856:
5855:
5853:
5828:
5822:
5821:
5815:
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5808:
5800:
5792:
5786:
5785:
5775:
5765:
5733:
5727:
5726:
5716:
5699:(4): 1969–1978.
5688:
5682:
5681:
5653:
5647:
5646:
5620:
5611:
5605:
5591:
5585:
5584:
5548:
5542:
5541:
5526:Renewable Energy
5521:
5515:
5514:
5512:
5480:
5474:
5473:
5463:
5453:
5421:
5415:
5414:
5378:
5372:
5371:
5338:(7): 1244–1250.
5332:Waste Management
5329:
5320:
5314:
5313:
5295:
5267:
5261:
5260:
5232:
5226:
5225:
5185:
5179:
5178:
5158:
5152:
5151:
5141:
5131:
5114:(31): eabb0055.
5108:Science Advances
5099:
5093:
5092:
5067:(7): 3482–3489.
5056:
5050:
5049:
5029:
5023:
5022:
5001:
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4960:
4959:
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4824:(7): 2221–2232.
4812:
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4790:
4788:
4779:
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4772:
4752:
4746:
4745:
4725:
4719:
4718:
4691:. pp. 1–6.
4684:
4678:
4677:
4670:
4664:
4649:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4608:
4602:
4601:
4591:
4559:
4553:
4552:
4523:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4503:. Archived from
4493:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4482:
4477:on 30 April 2011
4476:
4469:
4461:
4455:
4454:
4448:
4443:
4441:
4433:
4421:
4415:
4410:
4408:
4406:
4400:
4394:. Archived from
4389:
4380:
4374:
4373:
4337:
4331:
4330:
4320:
4296:
4290:
4289:
4269:
4263:
4262:
4257:. Archived from
4247:
4241:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4222:
4216:
4215:
4213:
4211:
4205:
4198:
4189:
4183:
4182:
4164:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4153:
4138:
4132:
4131:
4121:
4111:
4094:(8): 1486–1499.
4079:
4070:
4069:
4044:(9): 3300–3307.
4032:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4021:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3982:
3976:
3975:
3964:
3958:
3957:
3947:
3915:
3909:
3908:
3890:
3884:
3883:
3851:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3835:
3826:
3820:
3819:
3791:
3785:
3784:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3743:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3722:
3716:
3715:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3626:
3617:. Archived from
3607:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3581:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3511:
3504:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3470:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3459:
3445:
3439:
3438:
3430:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3305:
3299:
3298:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3275:
3266:
3265:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3231:(6–7): 646–656.
3220:
3214:
3213:
3207:
3199:
3191:
3170:
3169:
3151:
3130:
3129:
3119:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3028:(5): 1050–1063.
3016:
3010:
3009:
2999:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2922:
2916:
2915:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2812:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2771:
2747:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2729:(5): 1408–1430.
2714:
2708:
2707:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2633:
2624:
2623:
2605:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2548:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2500:
2489:
2488:
2481:
2468:
2467:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2426:
2411:
2410:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2357:. 12 August 2014
2351:"ISO 14044:2006"
2347:
2338:
2337:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2232:
2223:
2222:
2219:Rowan University
2216:
2207:
2184:
2167:
2161:
2151:
2145:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2125:
2116:
2103:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2087:
2078:
2067:
2066:
2040:
2034:
2033:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1973:
1967:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1938:(7): 5887–5911.
1927:
1918:
1917:
1911:
1903:
1885:
1860:
1859:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1748:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1650:
1637:
1636:
1630:
1622:
1614:
1591:
1590:
1584:
1582:
1559:
1544:
1542:
1502:
1435:Carbon footprint
1371:systems thinking
1302:
1278:machine learning
1226:waste management
1152:may emit more CO
1142:greenhouse gases
1016:is established.
977:Exergy-based LCA
905:carbon footprint
732:EuGeos' 15804-IA
575:Characterization
483:Data aggregation
21:
8190:
8189:
8185:
8184:
8183:
8181:
8180:
8179:
8150:
8149:
8148:
8136:
8128:
8126:
8121:
8076:
7935:
7892:
7866:
7771:
7764:
7760:Whole-life cost
7690:Corporate crime
7681:
7674:
7665:
7596:Loss and damage
7566:Ethical banking
7510:Climate justice
7497:
7488:
7476:
7446:
7441:
7422:Green chemistry
7380:
7366:Waste hierarchy
7279:
7183:
7178:
7139:Wayback Machine
7119:
7061:Horne, Ralph.,
7011:
7009:Further reading
7006:
7005:
6966:
6962:
6954:
6948:
6937:
6929:
6925:
6919:Wayback Machine
6910:
6906:
6875:
6871:
6828:
6824:
6818:Wayback Machine
6808:
6804:
6759:
6755:
6749:Wayback Machine
6739:
6735:
6729:Robert L. Flood
6719:
6715:
6705:
6703:
6694:
6693:
6689:
6680:
6678:
6676:
6658:
6654:
6611:
6607:
6567:
6563:
6553:
6551:
6543:
6542:
6538:
6498:
6491:
6487:
6450:(7908): 90–96.
6436:
6432:
6395:
6388:
6381:
6359:
6355:
6316:
6312:
6302:
6300:
6292:
6291:
6287:
6272:
6249:
6241:Ghose, Agneta;
6239:
6235:
6225:
6223:
6222:. 5 August 2020
6214:
6213:
6209:
6199:
6197:
6189:
6188:
6184:
6177:
6155:
6151:
6135:
6129:
6125:
6094:
6090:
6029:
6025:
6010:
5984:
5980:
5925:
5918:
5908:
5906:
5898:
5897:
5893:
5864:
5860:
5851:
5849:
5847:
5837:Thermal Physics
5829:
5825:
5813:
5811:
5802:
5801:
5793:
5789:
5734:
5730:
5714:10.1.1.551.7581
5689:
5685:
5654:
5650:
5618:
5612:
5608:
5602:Wayback Machine
5592:
5588:
5549:
5545:
5522:
5518:
5481:
5477:
5422:
5418:
5379:
5375:
5327:
5321:
5317:
5293:10.1.1.669.9412
5268:
5264:
5233:
5229:
5186:
5182:
5159:
5155:
5100:
5096:
5057:
5053:
5030:
5026:
5002:
4998:
4967:
4963:
4940:
4933:
4892:
4888:
4857:
4853:
4813:
4809:
4798:
4794:
4786:
4780:
4776:
4753:
4749:
4726:
4722:
4707:
4685:
4681:
4672:
4671:
4667:
4650:
4646:
4609:
4605:
4560:
4556:
4524:
4520:
4510:
4508:
4495:
4494:
4490:
4480:
4478:
4474:
4467:
4463:
4462:
4458:
4446:
4444:
4435:
4434:
4422:
4418:
4404:
4402:
4398:
4387:
4381:
4377:
4338:
4334:
4297:
4293:
4270:
4266:
4249:
4248:
4244:
4234:
4232:
4224:
4223:
4219:
4209:
4207:
4203:
4196:
4190:
4186:
4179:
4165:
4161:
4151:
4149:
4139:
4135:
4080:
4073:
4033:
4029:
4019:
4017:
4009:
4008:
4004:
3994:
3992:
3984:
3983:
3979:
3966:
3965:
3961:
3916:
3912:
3905:
3891:
3887:
3852:
3848:
3840:
3833:
3827:
3823:
3792:
3788:
3775:
3774:
3770:
3760:
3758:
3745:
3744:
3737:
3729:
3723:
3719:
3704:
3681:
3677:
3638:
3634:
3624:
3622:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3594:
3592:
3582:
3578:
3568:
3566:
3556:
3552:
3545:
3529:
3525:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3502:
3496:
3492:
3485:
3471:
3467:
3457:
3455:
3447:
3446:
3442:
3431:
3422:
3412:
3410:
3401:
3400:
3396:
3381:1854/LU-3219556
3356:
3352:
3342:
3340:
3332:
3331:
3327:
3317:
3315:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3291:
3287:
3276:
3269:
3262:
3248:
3244:
3221:
3217:
3201:
3200:
3192:
3173:
3166:
3152:
3133:
3096:
3092:
3053:
3049:
3017:
3013:
2960:
2956:
2949:
2923:
2919:
2912:
2889:
2885:
2875:
2873:
2863:
2859:
2830:
2826:
2789:
2785:
2748:
2744:
2715:
2711:
2704:
2682:
2678:
2671:
2649:
2645:
2634:
2627:
2620:
2606:
2595:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2564:
2560:
2549:
2532:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2501:
2492:
2483:
2482:
2471:
2464:
2442:
2438:
2427:
2414:
2374:
2370:
2360:
2358:
2349:
2348:
2341:
2301:
2297:
2266:
2262:
2255:
2233:
2226:
2214:
2208:
2187:
2177:Wayback Machine
2168:
2164:
2152:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2129:
2127:
2117:
2106:
2091:
2089:
2079:
2070:
2063:
2041:
2037:
1997:
1993:
1974:
1970:
1964:Wayback Machine
1955:
1951:
1928:
1921:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1886:
1863:
1844:
1818:
1814:
1804:
1802:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1779:
1777:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1750:
1749:
1740:
1703:
1699:
1688:
1666:
1662:
1651:
1640:
1624:
1623:
1615:
1594:
1580:
1578:
1577:on 6 March 2012
1561:
1560:
1547:
1503:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1480:Water footprint
1410:
1358:
1346:decision-making
1286:
1273:
1234:
1197:
1173:chemical energy
1155:
1139:
1122:electrical grid
1107:
1075:
1073:Energy recovery
1069:
1067:Energy recovery
1061:embodied energy
1028:
1022:
1005:
999:
979:
970:
958:
929:carbon monoxide
873:
864:
848:
842:
822:
797:
792:
783:
759:Social Hotspots
697:
669:
636:
592:
588:
584:
580:
548:
468:Data collection
443:
381:Sources of data
349:System boundary
321:
316:Functional unit
277:
268:
144:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8188:
8178:
8177:
8172:
8167:
8162:
8147:
8146:
8123:
8122:
8120:
8119:
8114:
8102:
8092:
8081:
8078:
8077:
8075:
8074:
8069:
8059:
8054:
8049:
8044:
8039:
8034:
8029:
8024:
8019:
8014:
8009:
8004:
7999:
7994:
7989:
7984:
7979:
7974:
7969:
7964:
7959:
7954:
7949:
7943:
7941:
7937:
7936:
7934:
7933:
7928:
7918:
7908:
7902:
7900:
7894:
7893:
7891:
7890:
7885:
7883:GxP guidelines
7880:
7874:
7872:
7868:
7867:
7865:
7864:
7859:
7854:
7833:
7828:
7823:
7818:
7813:
7792:
7787:
7782:
7776:
7774:
7766:
7765:
7763:
7762:
7757:
7752:
7747:
7742:
7737:
7732:
7727:
7721:
7716:
7707:
7702:
7697:
7692:
7686:
7684:
7676:
7675:
7668:
7666:
7664:
7663:
7658:
7653:
7648:
7643:
7638:
7633:
7631:Social justice
7628:
7623:
7618:
7613:
7608:
7603:
7598:
7593:
7588:
7583:
7578:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7538:
7533:
7527:responsibility
7512:
7507:
7501:
7499:
7490:
7489:
7486:accountability
7475:
7474:
7467:
7460:
7452:
7443:
7442:
7440:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7424:
7419:
7414:
7409:
7404:
7399:
7394:
7388:
7386:
7385:Related fields
7382:
7381:
7379:
7378:
7373:
7368:
7363:
7361:Rebound effect
7358:
7353:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7306:Eco-efficiency
7303:
7298:
7293:
7287:
7285:
7281:
7280:
7278:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7217:
7212:
7207:
7202:
7197:
7191:
7189:
7185:
7184:
7177:
7176:
7169:
7162:
7154:
7148:
7147:
7142:
7118:
7117:External links
7115:
7114:
7113:
7110:
7099:
7084:
7073:
7059:
7044:
7034:
7024:
7015:
7010:
7007:
7004:
7003:
6960:
6946:
6923:
6904:
6869:
6822:
6802:
6773:(2): 237–251.
6753:
6740:Malin, Nadav,
6733:
6713:
6687:
6674:
6652:
6625:(2): 306–325.
6605:
6578:(3): 601–610.
6561:
6536:
6509:(8): 717–726.
6485:
6430:
6386:
6379:
6353:
6326:(4): 771–783.
6310:
6285:
6270:
6233:
6207:
6182:
6175:
6149:
6123:
6088:
6023:
6008:
5978:
5916:
5891:
5858:
5845:
5823:
5814:|journal=
5787:
5728:
5683:
5664:(2): 281–287.
5648:
5629:(1): 113–130.
5606:
5586:
5559:(5): 283–289.
5543:
5516:
5510:10.1002/er.988
5495:(7): 613–639.
5475:
5416:
5389:(1): 132–138.
5373:
5315:
5262:
5227:
5200:(9): 821–829.
5180:
5153:
5094:
5051:
5024:
4996:
4961:
4950:(2): 161–174.
4931:
4896:Applied Energy
4886:
4851:
4807:
4792:
4774:
4763:(3): 128–145.
4747:
4720:
4705:
4679:
4665:
4644:
4603:
4554:
4535:(1): 972–983.
4518:
4488:
4456:
4447:|journal=
4416:
4375:
4348:(3): 153–159.
4332:
4291:
4264:
4242:
4217:
4184:
4177:
4159:
4133:
4071:
4027:
4002:
3977:
3959:
3910:
3903:
3885:
3846:
3821:
3802:(5): 701–720.
3786:
3768:
3757:on 8 June 2018
3735:
3717:
3702:
3675:
3648:(5): 374–388.
3632:
3602:
3576:
3550:
3543:
3523:
3490:
3483:
3465:
3440:
3420:
3409:. 8 March 2016
3394:
3350:
3325:
3300:
3285:
3267:
3260:
3242:
3215:
3171:
3164:
3131:
3090:
3063:(5): 259–265.
3047:
3011:
2974:(4): 759–772.
2954:
2947:
2917:
2910:
2883:
2871:www.eiolca.net
2857:
2844:(3): 674–701.
2838:Sustainability
2824:
2783:
2762:(1): 134–144.
2742:
2723:Sustainability
2709:
2702:
2676:
2669:
2643:
2625:
2618:
2593:
2580:
2558:
2530:
2517:
2490:
2469:
2462:
2436:
2412:
2385:(5): 420–430.
2368:
2339:
2295:
2276:(5): 701–720.
2260:
2253:
2224:
2185:
2162:
2146:
2137:
2104:
2068:
2061:
2035:
2008:(2): 156–163.
1991:
1968:
1949:
1919:
1898:
1861:
1842:
1828:. IntechOpen.
1812:
1787:
1757:
1738:
1697:
1686:
1660:
1638:
1592:
1545:
1513:(3): 563–591.
1491:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1357:
1354:
1285:
1282:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1264:sustainability
1248:
1245:
1233:
1230:
1196:
1193:
1153:
1137:
1134:carbon dioxide
1106:
1103:
1089:produces more
1068:
1065:
1032:nuclear energy
1021:
1018:
1001:Main article:
998:
995:
978:
975:
969:
966:
957:
954:
933:nitrogen oxide
901:motor vehicles
893:marine vessels
872:
869:
863:
860:
856:avoided burden
841:
838:
821:
820:Cradle-to-gate
818:
796:
793:
791:
788:
782:
781:
778:
777:Agri-footprint
775:
772:
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
751:
748:
747:ESU World Food
745:
742:
739:
736:
733:
730:
727:
723:
696:
693:
688:
687:
683:
680:
668:
665:
651:
650:
647:
644:
635:
634:Interpretation
632:
627:
626:
619:
612:
595:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
572:
571:Toxicity, etc.
568:Classification
565:
547:
544:
520:
519:
516:
513:
510:
507:
504:
501:
485:
484:
481:
478:
475:
472:
469:
466:
442:
439:
438:
437:
431:
428:eutrophication
424:global warming
409:
408:
407:
404:
400:
396:
387:
386:
385:
382:
379:
376:
373:
370:
367:
358:
352:
346:
343:Reference flow
340:
339:
338:
335:
332:
329:
326:
319:
313:
310:Product system
299:
298:
295:
292:
289:
276:
275:Goal and scope
273:
267:
264:
237:Greenhouse gas
166:
165:
162:
159:
143:
140:
69:for assessing
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8187:
8176:
8173:
8171:
8168:
8166:
8163:
8161:
8158:
8157:
8155:
8145:
8140:
8135:
8134:
8131:
8118:
8117:Organizations
8115:
8113:
8112:
8103:
8101:
8093:
8091:
8087:
8083:
8082:
8079:
8073:
8070:
8067:
8063:
8060:
8058:
8055:
8053:
8050:
8048:
8045:
8043:
8040:
8038:
8035:
8033:
8030:
8028:
8025:
8023:
8020:
8018:
8015:
8013:
8010:
8008:
8005:
8003:
8000:
7998:
7995:
7993:
7990:
7988:
7985:
7983:
7980:
7978:
7977:Disinvestment
7975:
7973:
7970:
7968:
7965:
7963:
7960:
7958:
7955:
7953:
7950:
7948:
7945:
7944:
7942:
7938:
7932:
7929:
7926:
7925:certification
7922:
7919:
7916:
7915:certification
7912:
7911:Environmental
7909:
7907:
7904:
7903:
7901:
7899:
7895:
7889:
7886:
7884:
7881:
7879:
7876:
7875:
7873:
7869:
7863:
7860:
7858:
7855:
7853:
7849:
7845:
7841:
7837:
7834:
7832:
7829:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7812:
7808:
7804:
7800:
7796:
7793:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7783:
7781:
7778:
7777:
7775:
7773:
7770:Environmental
7767:
7761:
7758:
7756:
7753:
7751:
7748:
7746:
7743:
7741:
7738:
7736:
7733:
7731:
7728:
7725:
7722:
7720:
7717:
7715:
7714:environmental
7711:
7708:
7706:
7703:
7701:
7698:
7696:
7693:
7691:
7688:
7687:
7685:
7683:
7677:
7672:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7644:
7642:
7639:
7637:
7634:
7632:
7629:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7619:
7617:
7614:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7592:
7589:
7587:
7584:
7582:
7579:
7577:
7574:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7558:
7554:
7550:
7546:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7528:
7524:
7520:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7502:
7500:
7495:
7491:
7487:
7484:
7483:environmental
7480:
7473:
7468:
7466:
7461:
7459:
7454:
7453:
7450:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7432:Urban ecology
7430:
7428:
7425:
7423:
7420:
7418:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7389:
7387:
7383:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7288:
7286:
7282:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7218:
7216:
7213:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7196:
7193:
7192:
7190:
7186:
7182:
7175:
7170:
7168:
7163:
7161:
7156:
7155:
7152:
7146:
7143:
7140:
7136:
7133:
7132:
7131:
7129:
7124:
7111:
7108:
7104:
7100:
7097:
7096:1-56670-015-9
7093:
7089:
7085:
7082:
7078:
7074:
7072:
7071:0-643-09452-0
7068:
7064:
7060:
7057:
7056:1-56670-214-3
7053:
7049:
7045:
7043:
7039:
7035:
7033:
7032:91-44-02364-2
7029:
7025:
7022:
7021:
7016:
7013:
7012:
6999:
6995:
6991:
6987:
6983:
6979:
6975:
6971:
6964:
6953:
6949:
6943:
6936:
6935:
6927:
6920:
6916:
6913:
6908:
6900:
6896:
6892:
6888:
6884:
6880:
6873:
6865:
6861:
6857:
6853:
6849:
6845:
6841:
6837:
6833:
6826:
6819:
6815:
6812:
6806:
6798:
6794:
6789:
6784:
6780:
6776:
6772:
6768:
6764:
6757:
6750:
6746:
6743:
6737:
6730:
6726:
6722:
6721:Werner Ulrich
6717:
6701:
6697:
6691:
6677:
6671:
6667:
6663:
6656:
6648:
6644:
6640:
6636:
6632:
6628:
6624:
6620:
6616:
6609:
6601:
6597:
6593:
6589:
6585:
6581:
6577:
6573:
6565:
6550:
6546:
6540:
6532:
6528:
6524:
6520:
6516:
6512:
6508:
6504:
6497:
6489:
6481:
6477:
6473:
6469:
6465:
6461:
6457:
6453:
6449:
6445:
6441:
6434:
6426:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6408:
6404:
6400:
6393:
6391:
6382:
6376:
6372:
6368:
6364:
6357:
6349:
6345:
6341:
6337:
6333:
6329:
6325:
6321:
6314:
6299:
6295:
6289:
6281:
6277:
6273:
6267:
6263:
6259:
6255:
6248:
6244:
6237:
6221:
6217:
6211:
6196:
6192:
6186:
6178:
6172:
6168:
6164:
6160:
6153:
6145:
6141:
6134:
6127:
6119:
6115:
6111:
6107:
6103:
6099:
6092:
6084:
6080:
6076:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6058:
6054:
6050:
6046:
6042:
6038:
6037:Data in Brief
6034:
6027:
6019:
6015:
6011:
6005:
6001:
5997:
5993:
5989:
5982:
5974:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5946:
5942:
5938:
5934:
5930:
5923:
5921:
5905:
5904:New Scientist
5901:
5895:
5886:
5881:
5877:
5873:
5869:
5862:
5848:
5842:
5838:
5834:
5827:
5819:
5806:
5798:
5791:
5783:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5743:
5739:
5732:
5724:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5706:
5702:
5698:
5694:
5693:Energy Policy
5687:
5679:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5658:Energy Policy
5652:
5644:
5640:
5636:
5632:
5628:
5624:
5617:
5610:
5603:
5599:
5596:
5593:J.M. Pearce,
5590:
5582:
5578:
5574:
5570:
5566:
5562:
5558:
5554:
5547:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5527:
5520:
5511:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5479:
5471:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5431:
5430:Energy Policy
5427:
5420:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5377:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5326:
5319:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5266:
5258:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5231:
5223:
5219:
5215:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5184:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5157:
5149:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5105:
5098:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5055:
5047:
5043:
5039:
5035:
5028:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5000:
4992:
4988:
4984:
4980:
4976:
4972:
4965:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4945:
4938:
4936:
4926:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4902:: 1405–1420.
4901:
4897:
4890:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4855:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4811:
4803:
4796:
4785:
4778:
4770:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4751:
4743:
4739:
4735:
4731:
4724:
4716:
4712:
4708:
4706:9781424443246
4702:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4683:
4675:
4669:
4662:
4661:1-933115-24-6
4658:
4654:
4648:
4639:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4607:
4599:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4558:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4522:
4507:on 4 May 2011
4506:
4502:
4498:
4492:
4473:
4466:
4460:
4452:
4439:
4431:
4427:
4420:
4413:
4401:on 1 May 2011
4397:
4393:
4386:
4379:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4336:
4328:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4305:Procedia CIRP
4302:
4295:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4268:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4246:
4231:
4227:
4221:
4202:
4195:
4188:
4180:
4178:9783527338955
4174:
4170:
4163:
4148:
4144:
4137:
4129:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4078:
4076:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4031:
4016:
4012:
4006:
3991:
3987:
3986:"CarbonCloud"
3981:
3973:
3972:openLCA Nexus
3969:
3963:
3955:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3930:(4): 042051.
3929:
3925:
3921:
3914:
3906:
3900:
3896:
3889:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3850:
3839:
3832:
3825:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3790:
3782:
3778:
3772:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3742:
3740:
3728:
3721:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3703:0-7803-3808-1
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3679:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3636:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3606:
3591:
3587:
3580:
3565:
3561:
3554:
3546:
3544:9780429111051
3540:
3536:
3535:
3527:
3508:
3501:
3494:
3486:
3480:
3476:
3469:
3454:
3450:
3444:
3436:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3408:
3404:
3398:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3354:
3339:
3335:
3329:
3314:
3310:
3304:
3296:
3289:
3281:
3274:
3272:
3263:
3257:
3253:
3246:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3219:
3211:
3205:
3197:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3167:
3161:
3157:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3136:
3127:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3094:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3051:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3015:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2958:
2950:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2921:
2913:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2887:
2872:
2868:
2861:
2852:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2828:
2820:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2787:
2779:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2746:
2737:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2705:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2680:
2672:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2647:
2639:
2632:
2630:
2621:
2615:
2611:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2583:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2562:
2554:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2520:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2499:
2497:
2495:
2486:
2480:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2465:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2440:
2432:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2372:
2356:
2352:
2346:
2344:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2299:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2264:
2256:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2231:
2229:
2220:
2213:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2166:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2141:
2124:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2101:
2086:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2064:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2039:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1995:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1953:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1926:
1924:
1915:
1909:
1901:
1895:
1891:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1843:9781789849776
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1816:
1801:
1797:
1791:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1761:
1753:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1701:
1694:
1689:
1687:9780444538468
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1664:
1656:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1634:
1628:
1620:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1589:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1492:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1405:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1362:commensurable
1353:
1351:
1350:externalities
1347:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1298:
1294:
1293:deforestation
1289:
1281:
1279:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1238:
1237:
1229:
1227:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1185:cost analysis
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1111:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1074:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1027:
1017:
1015:
1010:
1004:
994:
992:
988:
983:
974:
965:
963:
953:
950:
944:
942:
941:sulfur oxides
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
917:
913:
908:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
881:
878:
871:Well-to-wheel
868:
859:
857:
852:
847:
837:
835:
831:
827:
817:
815:
811:
807:
803:
787:
779:
776:
773:
770:
767:
765:bioenergiedat
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
731:
728:
725:
724:
722:
719:
715:
713:
708:
704:
702:
695:Data analysis
692:
684:
681:
678:
677:
676:
673:
664:
660:
657:
648:
645:
642:
641:
640:
631:
623:
620:
616:
613:
609:
608:Normalization
606:
605:
604:
603:
599:
576:
573:
569:
566:
562:
559:
558:
557:
556:
552:
543:
539:
537:
532:
528:
524:
517:
514:
511:
508:
505:
502:
499:
498:
497:
493:
489:
482:
479:
476:
473:
470:
467:
464:
463:
462:
459:
455:
447:
435:
432:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
410:
405:
401:
397:
394:
393:
391:
388:
383:
380:
377:
374:
371:
368:
365:
364:
362:
359:
356:
353:
350:
347:
344:
341:
336:
333:
330:
327:
324:
323:
317:
314:
311:
308:
307:
306:
302:
296:
293:
290:
287:
286:
285:
281:
272:
261:
257:
252:
248:
246:
242:
238:
234:
229:
225:
223:
219:
215:
209:
205:
203:
199:
195:
191:
186:
182:
180:
170:
163:
160:
157:
156:
155:
153:
148:
139:
134:
129:
127:
123:
119:
114:
111:
107:
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98:
96:
92:
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84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
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60:
56:
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8160:Design for X
8109:
7982:Eco-labeling
7957:Child labour
7852:supply chain
7850: /
7846: /
7842: /
7838: /
7825:
7809: /
7805: /
7801: /
7797: /
7571:Ethical code
7559: /
7555: /
7551: /
7547: /
7543: /
7529: /
7525: /
7521: /
7517: /
7254:
7120:
7087:
7083:. 350 pages.
7062:
7047:
7018:
6973:
6969:
6963:
6952:the original
6933:
6926:
6907:
6882:
6878:
6872:
6839:
6835:
6825:
6805:
6770:
6766:
6756:
6736:
6724:
6716:
6704:. Retrieved
6699:
6690:
6679:, retrieved
6665:
6655:
6622:
6618:
6608:
6575:
6571:
6564:
6552:. Retrieved
6548:
6539:
6506:
6502:
6488:
6447:
6443:
6433:
6406:
6402:
6362:
6356:
6323:
6319:
6313:
6301:. Retrieved
6297:
6288:
6253:
6236:
6224:. Retrieved
6219:
6210:
6198:. Retrieved
6194:
6185:
6158:
6152:
6143:
6139:
6126:
6101:
6097:
6091:
6040:
6036:
6026:
5991:
5981:
5936:
5932:
5909:14 September
5907:. Retrieved
5903:
5894:
5875:
5871:
5861:
5850:, retrieved
5836:
5826:
5805:cite journal
5790:
5745:
5741:
5731:
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5692:
5686:
5661:
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5622:
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5552:
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5532:(1): 55–71.
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5478:
5433:
5429:
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5376:
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5275:
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5230:
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4760:
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4620:
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4571:
4567:
4557:
4532:
4528:
4521:
4509:. Retrieved
4505:the original
4501:Car Magazine
4491:
4479:. Retrieved
4472:the original
4459:
4438:cite journal
4419:
4411:
4403:. Retrieved
4396:the original
4378:
4345:
4341:
4335:
4308:
4304:
4294:
4280:(1): 58–73.
4277:
4273:
4267:
4259:the original
4254:
4245:
4233:. Retrieved
4229:
4220:
4208:. Retrieved
4201:the original
4187:
4168:
4162:
4150:. Retrieved
4146:
4136:
4091:
4087:
4041:
4037:
4030:
4020:20 September
4018:. Retrieved
4015:VitalMetrics
4014:
4005:
3993:. Retrieved
3989:
3980:
3971:
3962:
3927:
3923:
3913:
3894:
3888:
3855:
3849:
3838:the original
3824:
3799:
3795:
3789:
3780:
3771:
3759:. Retrieved
3755:the original
3720:
3685:
3678:
3645:
3641:
3635:
3623:. Retrieved
3619:the original
3614:
3611:"EPD_System"
3605:
3593:. Retrieved
3589:
3579:
3567:. Retrieved
3563:
3553:
3533:
3526:
3514:. Retrieved
3507:the original
3493:
3474:
3468:
3456:. Retrieved
3452:
3443:
3434:
3411:. Retrieved
3406:
3397:
3364:
3360:
3353:
3341:. Retrieved
3337:
3328:
3316:. Retrieved
3313:www.gdrc.org
3312:
3303:
3294:
3288:
3279:
3251:
3245:
3228:
3224:
3218:
3195:
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3103:
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3050:
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3021:
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2971:
2967:
2957:
2930:
2920:
2893:
2886:
2874:. Retrieved
2870:
2860:
2841:
2837:
2827:
2800:
2796:
2786:
2759:
2755:
2745:
2726:
2722:
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2679:
2652:
2646:
2637:
2609:
2585:, retrieved
2571:
2561:
2552:
2522:, retrieved
2508:
2484:
2445:
2439:
2430:
2382:
2378:
2371:
2359:. Retrieved
2354:
2309:
2305:
2298:
2273:
2269:
2263:
2236:
2218:
2181:GHG Protocol
2180:
2165:
2157:
2149:
2140:
2128:. Retrieved
2090:. Retrieved
2044:
2038:
2005:
2001:
1994:
1977:
1971:
1952:
1935:
1931:
1889:
1825:
1815:
1803:. Retrieved
1799:
1790:
1778:. Retrieved
1769:
1760:
1751:
1732:11441/152353
1714:
1710:
1700:
1691:
1669:
1663:
1654:
1618:
1586:
1579:. Retrieved
1575:the original
1566:
1538:
1510:
1506:
1440:Depreciation
1402:
1383:
1359:
1343:
1324:
1313:
1305:was replaced
1290:
1287:
1274:
1256:open dataset
1235:
1223:
1219:crowdsourced
1204:standardized
1201:
1198:
1162:
1157:
1140:) and other
1115:
1108:
1099:landfill gas
1087:incineration
1076:
1043:
1036:photovoltaic
1029:
1013:
1006:
980:
971:
959:
945:
909:
874:
865:
862:Gate-to-gate
853:
849:
829:
825:
823:
798:
784:
738:CarbonCloud
720:
716:
711:
709:
705:
698:
689:
674:
670:
661:
652:
637:
628:
621:
614:
607:
601:
600:
596:
581:-equiv or CO
574:
567:
560:
554:
553:
549:
540:
533:
529:
525:
521:
494:
490:
486:
460:
456:
452:
433:
411:
389:
360:
354:
348:
342:
315:
309:
303:
300:
294:The audience
282:
278:
269:
230:
226:
210:
206:
198:distribution
189:
187:
183:
175:
149:
145:
136:
131:
118:14000 series
115:
99:
91:raw material
62:
58:
54:
53:
43:
8062:Stakeholder
7840:measurement
7581:Externality
7536:Dirty hands
6706:16 December
6681:16 December
6554:16 December
6243:Hose, Katja
5852:16 December
5436:: 212–221.
5169:: 747–753.
5040:: 162–172.
5013:: 394–416.
4736:(1): 3–13.
4623:(1): 4–14.
4511:28 February
4481:28 February
4405:28 February
4311:: 252–257.
4235:11 December
4152:11 December
4119:10642/10017
3990:CarbonCloud
3761:28 February
3413:2 September
3407:www.epa.gov
3367:(1): 5–15.
3343:16 December
3318:2 September
2876:16 December
2587:16 December
2524:16 December
2312:(1): 1–21.
2130:11 December
2092:11 December
1415:Agroecology
1260:open source
1169:electricity
1124:and future
1052:solar cells
810:fossil-fuel
179:maintenance
110:value chain
67:methodology
8154:Categories
8066:engagement
7921:Fair trade
7772:accounting
7705:Higg Index
7682:accounting
7498:principles
7270:MET Matrix
7081:0470130628
6303:2 November
6226:2 November
6200:2 November
6043:: 106355.
5748:(8): 820.
4210:31 October
3625:8 December
3595:8 December
3569:8 December
3516:24 October
3110:: 100019.
2118:E.g., see
2080:E.g., see
1986:1059219275
1717:: 102387.
1581:8 December
1487:References
1181:second law
1048:conversion
891:impact of
844:See also:
806:insulation
768:Agribalyse
712:equivalent
200:, use and
190:life cycle
8007:Euthenics
7972:Disasters
7931:ISO 19011
7871:Reporting
7821:ISO 14031
7816:ISO 14000
7735:ISO 45001
7730:ISO 26000
7611:Pollution
7545:in Russia
7519:behaviour
7250:ISO 14000
6885:(2): 64.
6797:110144448
6600:155001186
6531:248894322
6480:248526001
6425:250078263
6409:(1): 15.
6348:210844489
6280:199412071
6104:: 20–30.
6083:224909838
5878:(3): 23.
5872:Resources
5709:CiteSeerX
5643:154520269
5470:157888620
5310:110151825
5288:CiteSeerX
5222:235630649
4370:109082570
4327:234346634
4128:218877841
3995:12 August
3954:229508902
3732:(Report).
3670:112834040
3458:13 August
3389:109031111
3204:cite book
3126:233801297
3085:108821140
3042:153851112
2819:214164642
2803:: 52–63.
2778:233781072
2407:110142930
2361:2 January
2030:110017051
1908:cite book
1852:210353428
1805:13 August
1627:cite book
1540:disposal.
1465:ISO 15686
1450:Ecodesign
1356:Critiques
1311:by 2050.
1105:Criticism
1095:landfills
991:transport
889:emissions
877:transport
814:cellulose
802:cellulose
774:Ă–kobaudat
741:ecoinvent
622:Weighting
561:Selection
555:Mandatory
337:How well?
328:How much?
233:ISO 14000
218:ISO 26000
188:The term
106:materials
95:recycling
8100:Category
7898:Auditing
7719:equality
7284:Concepts
7210:Ecolabel
6998:25707850
6915:Archived
6864:30844258
6814:Archived
6745:Archived
6647:19800817
6472:35508780
6075:33102646
6018:29998678
5973:35939701
5782:33286591
5598:Archived
5581:16494584
5411:17350748
5368:21912940
5360:20378326
5148:32789177
5089:23441588
4846:18504947
4715:47497982
4598:30740029
4574:: 5–14.
4066:19534150
3880:22854094
3816:15051246
3712:32292583
3006:29713113
2334:19716647
2290:15051246
2173:Archived
1960:Archived
1856:Archived
1774:Archived
1535:19853369
1408:See also
1375:averages
1327:usespans
1299:if only
1211:products
927:(VOCs),
897:aircraft
790:Variants
667:LCA uses
618:studies.
615:Grouping
602:Optional
416:toxicity
202:disposal
194:holistic
8111:Commons
8064: (
7940:Related
7923: (
7913: (
7712: (
7656:social)
7235:EIO-LCA
7137:at the
6978:Bibcode
6887:Bibcode
6844:Bibcode
6775:Bibcode
6627:Bibcode
6580:Bibcode
6511:Bibcode
6452:Bibcode
6328:Bibcode
6106:Bibcode
6066:7569285
6045:Bibcode
5964:9388151
5941:Bibcode
5773:7517404
5750:Bibcode
5742:Entropy
5701:Bibcode
5666:Bibcode
5561:Bibcode
5497:Bibcode
5438:Bibcode
5391:Bibcode
5340:Bibcode
5280:Bibcode
5245:Bibcode
5202:Bibcode
5139:7399695
5116:Bibcode
5069:Bibcode
4979:Bibcode
4904:Bibcode
4869:Bibcode
4826:Bibcode
4625:Bibcode
4589:6358150
4537:Bibcode
4350:Bibcode
4096:Bibcode
4046:Bibcode
3932:Bibcode
3860:Bibcode
3783:. 2002.
3650:Bibcode
3065:Bibcode
2997:5919259
2976:Bibcode
2387:Bibcode
2314:Bibcode
2010:Bibcode
1693:impacts
1567:EPA.gov
1515:Bibcode
1430:Biofuel
1258:and an
943:(SOx).
935:(NOx),
826:partial
79:process
65:, is a
8144:energy
8130:Portal
7750:SA8000
7724:social
7680:Social
7621:Racism
7494:Ethics
7479:Social
7331:Exergy
7105:
7094:
7079:
7069:
7063:et al.
7054:
7040:
7030:
6996:
6944:
6862:
6795:
6672:
6645:
6598:
6529:
6478:
6470:
6444:Nature
6423:
6377:
6346:
6298:BONSAI
6294:"Home"
6278:
6268:
6173:
6081:
6073:
6063:
6016:
6006:
5971:
5961:
5843:
5780:
5770:
5711:
5641:
5579:
5468:
5409:
5366:
5358:
5308:
5290:
5237:Energy
5220:
5146:
5136:
5087:
4844:
4757:Exergy
4730:Exergy
4713:
4703:
4659:
4596:
4586:
4368:
4325:
4255:ecomii
4175:
4126:
4064:
3952:
3901:
3878:
3814:
3710:
3700:
3668:
3541:
3481:
3387:
3258:
3162:
3124:
3083:
3040:
3004:
2994:
2945:
2908:
2817:
2776:
2700:
2667:
2616:
2578:
2515:
2460:
2405:
2332:
2288:
2251:
2059:
2028:
1984:
1896:
1850:
1840:
1780:1 July
1770:SFTool
1684:
1533:
1215:policy
1189:exergy
1130:energy
1009:energy
982:Exergy
962:EIOLCA
931:(CO),
914:. The
830:cradle
762:ProBas
744:PSILCA
686:14044.
585:-e (CO
536:EIOLCA
426:, and
403:etc.).
334:Where?
102:energy
7205:DPSIR
7188:Tools
6955:(PDF)
6938:(PDF)
6793:S2CID
6643:S2CID
6596:S2CID
6527:S2CID
6499:(PDF)
6476:S2CID
6421:S2CID
6344:S2CID
6276:S2CID
6250:(PDF)
6136:(PDF)
6079:S2CID
6014:S2CID
5639:S2CID
5619:(PDF)
5577:S2CID
5466:S2CID
5364:S2CID
5328:(PDF)
5306:S2CID
5218:S2CID
4787:(PDF)
4711:S2CID
4475:(PDF)
4468:(PDF)
4399:(PDF)
4388:(PDF)
4366:S2CID
4323:S2CID
4204:(PDF)
4197:(PDF)
4124:S2CID
3950:S2CID
3841:(PDF)
3834:(PDF)
3730:(PDF)
3708:S2CID
3666:S2CID
3510:(PDF)
3503:(PDF)
3385:S2CID
3122:S2CID
3081:S2CID
3038:S2CID
2815:S2CID
2774:S2CID
2403:S2CID
2215:(PDF)
2026:S2CID
1848:S2CID
1320:shift
1093:than
880:fuels
735:NEEDS
325:What?
7586:Harm
7481:and
7112:When
7103:ISBN
7092:ISBN
7077:ISBN
7067:ISBN
7052:ISBN
7038:ISBN
7028:ISBN
6994:PMID
6942:ISBN
6860:PMID
6708:2022
6683:2022
6670:ISBN
6556:2022
6468:PMID
6375:ISBN
6305:2022
6266:ISBN
6228:2022
6202:2022
6171:ISBN
6146:(2).
6071:PMID
6004:ISBN
5969:PMID
5911:2022
5854:2022
5841:ISBN
5818:help
5778:PMID
5407:PMID
5356:PMID
5144:PMID
5085:PMID
4842:PMID
4701:ISBN
4657:ISBN
4594:PMID
4513:2011
4483:2011
4451:help
4407:2011
4237:2022
4212:2012
4173:ISBN
4154:2022
4062:PMID
4022:2018
3997:2024
3899:ISBN
3876:PMID
3812:PMID
3763:2011
3698:ISBN
3627:2022
3597:2022
3571:2022
3539:ISBN
3518:2011
3479:ISBN
3460:2021
3415:2021
3345:2022
3320:2021
3256:ISBN
3210:link
3160:ISBN
3002:PMID
2943:ISBN
2906:ISBN
2878:2022
2698:ISBN
2665:ISBN
2614:ISBN
2589:2022
2576:ISBN
2526:2022
2513:ISBN
2458:ISBN
2363:2020
2330:PMID
2286:PMID
2249:ISBN
2132:2019
2094:2019
2057:ISBN
1982:OCLC
1914:link
1894:ISBN
1838:ISBN
1807:2021
1782:2014
1682:ISBN
1633:link
1583:2019
1531:PMID
1392:and
1208:food
1165:heat
1083:coal
899:and
887:and
771:USDA
753:ELCD
750:GaBi
729:soca
701:data
420:smog
258:for
104:and
7496:and
6986:doi
6895:doi
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