Exploitation of natural resources

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as minerals, fossil fuels, timber, and agricultural products, in diverse regions around the world. This heightened demand for resources has driven intensified extraction activities, often in environmentally sensitive areas, and has contributed to the overexploitation and depletion of finite resources. Haiying Liu, professor of economics, explains how globalization results in more environmental stress in her piece “Impact of governance and globalization on natural resources volatility”. In this piece she writes, “In addition to natural resources exported from the region, the technical capability required to explore natural resources is also dependent on economic globalization. Environmental pressure increases as a result of globalization.” Globalization has spurred the development of complex supply chains and trade networks that connect resource-rich regions with centers of production and consumption across the globe. While this interconnectedness has fueled economic growth and development in some regions, it has also led to the commodification and commercialization of natural resources, where resources are valued primarily for their economic potential rather than their intrinsic ecological or cultural value. Globalization has contributed to the unequal distribution of benefits and burdens associated with resource exploitation, with marginalized communities often bearing the environmental and social costs of resource extraction while multinational corporations and rich nations reap the profits

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of economics and finance, industrialization can bring a myriad of challenges for natural resources. In his piece “The environmental impact of industrialization and foreign direct investment: empirical evidence from Asia-Pacific region” Ahmed writes “In addition to the many benefits of foreign direct investment and industrialization that have affected economic growth, both have significant potential for environmental degradation because most of their activities are related to the production and exploitation of natural resources." This demand often leads to intensified extraction activities, such as mining, logging, and drilling, which can result in extensive habitat destruction, deforestation, and ecosystem degradation. Additionally, industrial processes often generate pollution and waste, further exacerbating environmental impacts and threatening ecosystems and biodiversity. industrialization has been associated with the commodification of natural resources, where resources are valued primarily for their economic potential rather than their intrinsic ecological or cultural value. This commodification mindset often leads to unsustainable exploitation practices, as resources are overexploited for short-term economic gain without consideration for long-term environmental sustainability.

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North Dakota to Illinois, traversing ancestral lands and sacred sites of the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe, as well as posing potential threats to water sources, including the Missouri River, which serves as a vital water supply for the tribe and millions of others downstream. The resistance movement, which began in 2016, brought together indigenous activists, environmentalists, and allies from across the country and around the world in a unified effort to oppose the pipeline's construction. Nick Estes, a scholar of American Indian studies who has followed the Dakota Access Pipeline protests closely, points out that the tactics being used in protest of the Dakota Access Pipeline have been used for generations. In his piece “Our History is The Future” he writes, “Our history and long traditions of Indigenous resistance provide possibilities for futures premised on justice. After all, Indigenous resistance is animated by our ancestors' refusal to be forgotten, and it is our resolute refusal to forget our ancestors and our history that animates our visions for liberation.

421:, around 33% of the Earth's soils are presently classified as moderately to highly degraded, with projections indicating that more than 90% could face degradation by the year 2050 and thus cause significant economic consequences. With such rate of erosion of fertile soil, agricultural commodity prices tend to increase significantly. The connection between the consumption rate and the supply rate of resources holds significant implications for long-term economic growth, as sustained high consumption rates of certain resources ultimately jeopardize economic sustainability. For instance, in the case of extracting soil minerals, supply rate is exceedingly slow over geological time spans, inevitably leading to a consumption rate surpassing the supply rate. Such a scenario is evidently unsustainable in the long run. To ensure sustainability, the consumption rate must remain equal to or less than the supply rate. 647:

Ahuit, a native Peruvian activist working against local mining, was quoted saying, “The river forms part of our spirit and culture. If the river dies, so does our human dignity, now this river is doomed. The colour of the water is changing, and the same devastation in other mining areas is beginning to be reproduced here in the Nanay. Local communities, including farmers and indigenous groups, have vehemently opposed the project due to concerns of water contamination and depletion. The proposed mining operation, led by multinational corporations, has been met with widespread demonstrations, blockades, and legal challenges. These protests underscore broader issues of environmental protection and indigenous rights, as communities seek to safeguard their lands and livelihoods from the detrimental impacts of resource extraction.

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Gilio-Whitaker, an expert in Native American Studies from California State University explains that, “Indigenous peoples fighting for political autonomy from the hegemony of the State are fighting the forces of colonialism while simultaneously fighting capitalism—all aimed at control of land and resources" This encompasses the establishment of permanent settler communities, typically accompanied by the displacement, marginalization, or even extermination of indigenous populations. Settler Colonial exploration is most often driven by the pursuit of land and resources which has historically created the exploitation of natural wealth to fuel economic growth, infrastructure development, and territorial expansion.

192: 573:, lacking resources to adapt to climate change. Beyond climate impacts, mineral mining has also been linked with adverse health impacts, such as high levels of cobalt in urine and blood samples in populations located on or near industrial mines. Mining ores pose health risks long after mining has ceased, as wastelands generate toxic metal-rich dust. The injustice perpetrated by unsafe mining ores is not exclusive to the adult and child laborers. Instead, it impacts the whole country as low wages for high-risk mining worsen poverty rates, exacerbating negative social impacts such as conflict, higher crime rates, and 477: 2111: 508: 3531: 2042: 660:

have emerged as powerful forces advocating for environmental justice, indigenous rights, and sovereignty over ancestral territories. These movements often mobilize around issues such as land rights, resource extraction, and environmental protection, employing a variety of tactics, including protests, legal challenges, direct actions, and advocacy campaigns to assert indigenous control over natural resources and resist exploitative practices.

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development model centered around resource exploitation, making them ill-equipped to address environmental crises effectively. Economic gains from natural resources are mostly beneficial when directed towards initiatives such as job creation, skill enhancement, capacity building, and pursuit of long-term developmental objectives. Thus, reliance on one or more natural resources holds financial risk when aiming for a stable economic growth.

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boycotts, and direct actions, to challenge destructive practices and promote alternatives that prioritize environmental sustainability, social justice, and community well-being. Additionally, there has been growing recognition of the importance of indigenous knowledge, traditional ecological practices, and community-based approaches in addressing the root causes of resource exploitation and advancing sustainable development goals.

564:. Its valuable copper and cobalt mineral deposits make Congo vulnerable to local and international conflict over the distribution of resources. These conflicts, along with the environmental degradation effects of mining, exacerbate high poverty rates, which approximately 64% of the Congolese population live under. Natural resource extraction and climate change are intertwined in Congo, as mining for copper and cobalt creates a 433:. For instance, revenues obtained from resources can be used for political manipulation. Additionally, extra capital from resources can dilute government accountability to both citizens and businesses by abandoning taxation completely, which leads to lack of government incentive to support economic growth through innovation. At the same time, citizens may lack the motives to advocate for better governance and transparency. 469:

indigenous communities. In his piece “The Dakota Access Pipeline, Environmental Injustice, and US Settler Colonialism” he writes, “as climate change becomes more apparent in its homelands, the shifting plant and animal habitats tied to agriculture, wildlife, and ceremonial species, as well as the loss of territory and resources as a result of US settler colonialism, will make it harder to adjust.”

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rights over indigenous land tenure systems, resulting in the dispossession and displacement of indigenous communities from their ancestral lands. Moreover, settler colonialism often entails the imposition of Western concepts of land ownership and resource management that marginalize indigenous knowledge and practices, further exacerbating environmental degradation and social injustice.

351:: Human-led changes in land management practices lead to changes in the ecological characteristics of a region. Land mismanagement and climate change can lead to a loss of ecosystem services, such as through degradation of soil. Together, these losses can result in desertification seen in arid and dry areas. 671:

The movement was characterized by nonviolent protests, prayer ceremonies, and acts of civil disobedience, as well as legal challenges aimed at halting the pipeline's construction and holding the government and energy companies accountable for violating indigenous rights and environmental regulations.

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Globalization has significantly impacted resource exploitation by reshaping patterns of production, consumption, and trade on a global scale. The interconnectedness of economies and the proliferation of multinational corporations have led to increased competition for access to natural resources, such

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Resistance to natural resource exploitation in native communities has been a recurring theme throughout history, as indigenous people have sought to protect their lands, cultures, and ways of life from the adverse impacts of extractive industries. In many cases, indigenous resistance movements

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In response to the anti-mining protests, Peruvian authorities have often deployed security forces to quell dissent, leading to clashes and instances of violence. These clashes have resulted in injuries and fatalities on both sides, escalating tensions between mining companies, local communities, and

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Multiple scholars have explained how Settler colonialism has had profound influence on the dynamics of resource exploitation throughout history, especially in regions where settler populations have previously asserted dominance over indigenous peoples and their territories. Among these scholars Dina

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performing artists Dallas Goldtooth of the Dakota tribe. Goldtooth highlighted the importance of social media in modern protests saying, “social media allowed immediate direct one-on-one access and kind of this perception of unfiltered access – unfiltered access to what was happening on the ground"

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Industrialization, the large scale growth of industry, has had profound impacts on natural resource exploitation. As societies undergo industrialization, there is an increased demand for raw materials to fuel manufacturing, construction, and energy production. As outlined by Farhan Ahmed, professor

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The Dakota Access Pipeline resistance, also known as the Standing Rock movement, emerged as a significant indigenous-led protest against the construction of the Dakota Access Pipeline in the United States. The pipeline, proposed by Energy Transfer Partners, was intended to transport crude oil from

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Revenue from mineral exports makes up a large portion of the Democratic Republic of Congo's economy. While Congo is rich in mineral resources, these deposits require extensive manual labor to extract, often under life-threatening conditions. Mining of cobalt is tied to human rights abuses, such as

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Resistance to natural resource exploitation in the developing countries is often intertwined with broader social and economic struggles. Many communities facing exploitation are marginalized and economically disadvantaged which exacerbates the unequal power dynamics at play. Resistance movements

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Responses and solutions to natural resource exploitation have emerged across the globe as communities and stakeholders grapple with the environmental, social, and economic impacts of unsustainable practices. These movements often employ a variety of tactics, including protests, legal challenges,

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establishments, such as health centers, police departments, and schools, that the government may not provide. However, these advantages are not always distributed evenly among local populations, and the income generated from extracting natural resources can result in internal conflict within the

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associated with resource extraction because of current mining technologies, this pollution delays residents' engagement in agricultural and aqua cultural activities, which are negatively influenced by environmental conditions. As a result, these cities tend to rely heavily on a singular economic

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The Dakota Access Pipeline resistance garnered widespread attention and support, drawing thousands of people to the Standing Rock Indian Reservation in North Dakota to stand in solidarity with the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe and protect their lands and water. Among the supporters was activist and

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Anti-mining protests in Peru have emerged as a significant expression of resistance against large-scale mining projects that pose environmental and social threats to local communities. One notable instance is the resistance against the Conga mining project in the Cajamarca region. José Manuyama

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Settler societies often view the land as a commodity to be exploited for economic gain, leading to the establishment of extractive industries such as mining, logging, and agriculture on indigenous territories. This exploitation is facilitated by legal frameworks that prioritize settler property

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that can be allocated towards public welfare initiatives and other projects beneficial to local communities. However, in the long term, uncertainties linked to potentially unstable terms of trade for commodities might lead to decline in public finances and deter investment. For instance, if oil

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but also fair compensation, employment opportunities, and community development initiatives. Solidarity networks, both within countries and internationally, have been crucial in amplifying the voices of affected communities and exerting pressure on governments and corporations to adopt more

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One of the key way which settler colonialism drives resource exploitation is through the appropriation of indigenous lands and natural resources. Kyle Powys Whyte, an expert in natural resources and the environment highlights how the continued legacy of settler colonialism continues to harm

448:. Analyzing panel data spanning from 2005 to 2017 for 30 coal-mining cities, it's been discovered that environmental regulations offer a new approach to potentially reversing the adverse effects of resource dependence, and thus fueling greener sustainable development in coal-mining regions. 237:: Unsustainable consumption, driven by both population growth and materialistic ideologies, increases the demand for production and, thereby, the extraction of the natural resources needed to supply this demand. For instance, the consumption of fine jewelry leads to increased mining of 981:

Banza Lubaba Nkulu, Célestin; Casas, Lidia; Haufroid, Vincent; De Putter, Thierry; Saenen, Nelly D.; Kayembe-Kitenge, Tony; Musa Obadia, Paul; Kyanika Wa Mukoma, Daniel; Lunda Ilunga, Jean-Marie; Nawrot, Tim S.; Luboya Numbi, Oscar; Smolders, Erik; Nemery, Benoit (September 2018).

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Development of new technologies, such as electric vehicles and portable technologies, i.e, Smartphones, also heavily rely on cobalt mining, often leading to loss of green cover and detrimental health impacts for surrounding communities, often in developing countries like the

1842: 251:: In relation to the previous point, companies have adopted the idea according to which the rarer the resource, the more it contributes to the company's competitive advantage. When it comes to natural resources, such an idea leads to natural resource exhaustion. 187:

becomes an increasing concern. The continuous alteration of the environment through water, mineral, and forest exploitation poses increased risks of climate-based displacement and conflict stemming from scarcity, which threaten to perpetuate social inequities.

360:: Processes involved in resource exploitation can directly or indirectly lead to the extinction of species. Animals used for resources can be directly hunted, while destruction of environments, such as through harvesting timber, can also cause extinctions. 333:

A deforestation in Nigeria team patrolling the deforestation site. Nigeria has experienced an increase in deforestation in part due to expansion of agriculture, lumbering, and urban growth. These land-use changes are driven by population increase and

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prices decline, it may lead to fiscal unease in significant petroleum-producing countries such as Russia, Qatar, and Saudi Arabia. Resource abundance challenges the progress of political and governance institutions by nurturing a culture of

245:. The extraction of precious metals like gold has degradation effects on the environment, such as loss of forestry during construction of the mining facilities, increased exposure to toxic materials, and disturbance of the nearby ecosystem. 682: 2400: 2319: 620:, the local people are left to manage with the environmental damage done to their community and the long run sustainability of the economic benefits stimulated by the mining company's presence becomes a concern. 345:: Removal of trees for use as resources, such as in agriculture or industry, can lead to large-scale destruction of forests. Around 40% of the Earth's original forest cover has been lost in the last 8000 years. 213:

sophistication enables faster rates of natural resource extraction. For example, in the past, it could take a long time to log a small amount of trees using only saws. Due to better technology, the rates of

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The resistance movement also sparked a broader conversation about indigenous sovereignty, environmental justice, and the impacts of fossil fuel infrastructure on indigenous communities and the environment.

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to extract raw materials, advocating the advantages of the industry's presence and minimizing the potential negative effects gain the cooperation of the local people. Advantageous factors are primarily in

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as green covers are cleared for constructing artisanal mines and roadways. Conflict over resources, poverty, and environmental degradation leaves a large number of the Congolese population vulnerable to

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illustrate the potential negative effects from the exploitation of natural resources. The resulting mining pollution includes toxic contamination of the natural water supply for communities along the

77:, with the local communities receiving little profit from the exchange. This is often accompanied by negative effects of economic growth around the affected areas such as inequality and pollution 1177:

Fasona, Mayowa; Adeonipekun, Peter Adegbenga; Agboola, Oludare; Akintuyi, Akinlabi; Bello, Adedoyin; Ogundipe, Oluwatoyin; Soneye, Alabi; Omojola, Ademola (2018), Leal Filho, Walter (ed.),

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Natural resources are vital for human survival, however, if their consumption surpasses their natural replenishment rate, the resources can become depleted. According to the United Nations

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sustainable and equitable practices. Despite facing significant challenges, these movements continue to inspire hope for a more just and sustainable future in the Global South and beyond.

444:, posing significant challenges to their economic transformation and advancement. These resource-centric cities face disadvantages in the competition among local governments striving for 786: 1154:"Lands, Natural Resources Represent Life for Indigenous Peoples, Not Mere Commodities, Speakers Stress as Permanent Forum begins Session | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases" 859: 2283: 65:

in local areas; however, the abundance of natural resources does not always correlate with a country's material prosperity. Many resource-rich countries, especially in the

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the government. Efforts to find a peaceful resolution to the conflict have been disrupted by deep-seated mistrust and differing interests among the stakeholders involved.

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Decrease in natural resources: When resources are exploited faster than they can be replenished, it results in an overall decrease in natural resources in an area.

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mismanage or disagree on how resources should be used. Foreign industries also contribute to resource exploitation, where raw materials are outsourced from

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Andreucci, Diego; García López, Gustavo; Radhuber, Isabella M.; Conde, Marta; Voskoboynik, Daniel M.; Farrugia, J.D.; Zografos, Christos (November 2023).

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There has been an ongoing debate among scholars and researchers on the economic implications of dependence on natural resources. Natural resources yield

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Timsina, Shrabya; Hardy, Nora G.; Woodbury, David J.; Ashton, Mark S.; Cook-Patton, Susan C.; Pasternack, Rachel; Martin, Meredith P. (December 2022).

290: 2004:"Impact of governance and globalization on natural resources volatility: The role of financial development in the Middle East North Africa countries" 338:

Natural resources are not limitless, and the following consequences can arise from the careless and excessive consumption of these resources:

2468: 834: 783: 616:, causing widespread killing of aquatic life. When a mining company ends a project after extracting the raw materials from an area of a 1786:"Natural Resources Depletion, Financial Risk, and Human Well-Being: What is the Role of Green Innovation and Economic Globalization?" 867: 808: 1047:

Orecchia, Carlo; Zoppoli, Pietro (2007). "Consumerism and Environment: Does Consumption Behaviour Affect Environmental Quality?".

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A general lack of respect for native land rights leads to increased exploitation of natural resources on and around native land.

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Liu, Haiying; Saleem, Muhammad Mansoor; Al-Faryan, Mamdouh Abdulaziz Saleh; Khan, Irfan; Zafar, Muhammad Wasif (2022-09-01).

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Mittal, Ishwar; Gupta, Ravi Kumar (30 September 2015). "Natural Resources Depletion and Economic Growth in Present Era".

893: 2148: 2052: 418: 316: 440:, cities whose economies rely on natural resources face difficulties in attracting technology-driven businesses and 298: 221:

Overconsumption has created a high demand for natural resources, further exacerbating natural resource exploitation

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Indigenous groups have limited ways to relate to the environment and survive on traditional food and water sources

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Weber-Fahr, M.; Strongman, J.; Kunanayagam, R.; McMahon, G.; Sheldon, C. (2001). "Mining and Poverty Reduction".

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boomed. Although their quality of life has improved, initially disputes were common among the locals in terms of

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As long as grass grows: the indigenous fight for environmental justice, from colonization to Standing Rock

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unsafe worksites, child labor, and forced Congolese labor, in addition to environmental degradation.

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International Day for Preventing the Exploitation of the Environment in War and Armed Conflict

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Ul-Durar, Shajara; Arshed, Noman; Anwar, Awais; Sharif, Arshian; Liu, Wei (October 2023).

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and who should be getting the benefits from the mining project. The consequences of the

3508: 3493: 3423: 3379: 3269: 2855: 2760: 2515: 1976: 1648: 1607: 1356: 1024: 983: 752: 617: 601: 585: 524: 74: 58: 2221: 2137:"Attracting Reputable Companies to Risky Environments: Petroleum and Mining Companies" 100:) expanded much further than it had in pre-industrial areas. During the 20th century, 3480: 2944: 2850: 2823: 2670: 2620: 2556: 2510: 2401:"Report to the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples" 2378: 2339: 2291: 2264: 2225: 2144: 2109: 2048: 1981: 1963: 1913: 1862: 1823: 1805: 1766: 1719: 1672: 1653: 1635: 1588: 1518: 1471: 1403: 1348: 1309: 1282: 1228: 1194: 1135: 1100: 1048: 1029: 1011: 964: 943: 697: 565: 168: 144: 2027: 1715: 1584: 1514: 1278: 1190: 3430: 3389: 3372: 3259: 3157: 2689: 2593: 2477: 2370: 2331: 2256: 2217: 2180: 2092: 2023: 1971: 1955: 1854: 1813: 1797: 1758: 1750: 1711: 1643: 1627: 1580: 1541: 1510: 1463: 1395: 1340: 1274: 1186: 1127: 1090: 1019: 1003: 935: 742: 737: 727: 597: 553: 397: 363: 172: 42: 2096: 1754: 1691: 1560: 1490: 1178: 132: 3447: 3413: 3299: 3279: 3189: 2838: 2804: 2738: 2535: 2520: 2260: 790: 757: 581: 574: 546: 378: 348: 176: 164: 62: 54: 46: 2205: 2173:

Monitoring the Impact of Mining on Local Communities: A Hunter Valley Case Study

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Restoring Overlogged Tropical Forests. In: Forest Restoration in Landscapes

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Mainstreaming Mineral Wealth in Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategies

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Ahmed, Farhan; Ali, Imtiaz; Kousar, Shazia; Ahmed, Saira (2022-04-01).

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is an example of a mode of production that hinders many aspects of the

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frequently accompany natural resource exploitation. The impacts of the

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Ahmad, Mahmood; Ahmed, Zahoor; Yang, Xiyue; Can, Muhlis (June 2023).

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is one country in the global south suffering from the effects of the

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International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology

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The Indigenous Peoples' Journal of Law, Culture & Resistance

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Qian, Xiangyan; Wang, Di; Wang, Jia; Chen, Sai (December 2021).

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Zarach, Zuzanna Helena; Parteka, Aleksandra (September 2023).

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scale in the 19th century as the extraction and processing of

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The exploitation of natural resources started to emerge on an

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The effects of the exploitation of natural resources in the

258: 3162: 3018: 3013: 2993: 2867: 2818: 2662: 238: 117: 1373: 1185:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 1–24, 1068: 984:"Sustainability of artisanal mining of cobalt in DR Congo" 903:. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 125–39. Archived from 3121: 2765: 1488: 784:

Natural Resources and the Development-Environment Dilemma

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consumption rapidly increased. Today, about 80% of the

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values also results in conflict over resources within

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Natural Resources and Conflict: Options and Actions

1933: 1444:"Economic aspects of natural resource exploitation" 1120:"Toward an Ecological Resource Orchestration Model" 1559:Lashitew, Addisu A.; Werker, Eric (October 2020). 1223:, in Jørgensen, Sven Erik; Fath, Brian D. (eds.), 1847:The Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 1783: 1437: 1435: 1302:Soch Mastnath Journal of Science & Technology 459: 3547: 2047:. Economic Commission for Africa. pp. 5–6. 1689: 1376:"Global oil depletion: A review of the evidence" 1118:Carton, Guillaume; Parigot, Julia (2024-04-18). 965:"the crisis of consumption of natural resources" 1255:"Global desertification: Drivers and feedbacks" 1046: 632: 600:to exploit copper and gold, the economy of the 497: 1558: 1432: 485:Impacts of industrialization and globalization 183:influenced by the unsustainable extraction of 2462: 2204:Agrawal, Arun; Gibson, Clark C (April 1999). 2203: 2143:. World Bank Publications. pp. 287–347. 1736: 1117: 69:, face distributional conflicts, where local 2398: 1940:Environmental Science and Pollution Research 1227:, Oxford: Academic Press, pp. 853–859, 934:. Springer, New York, NY. pp. 361–369. 806: 27:Use of natural resources for economic growth 1299: 927: 816:STIMSON Pragmatic Steps for Global Security 588:are also exhibited in the impacts from the 297:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2469: 2455: 1423: 623: 1975: 1817: 1647: 1218: 1094: 1023: 655:Resistance in Native American communities 317:Learn how and when to remove this message 259:Consequences of exploitation of resources 2356: 891: 506: 475: 412: 328: 190: 2113:Noord Internationaal WB PRSP Sourcebook 1605: 1535: 1326: 962: 860:"The Exploitation of Natural Resources" 14: 3548: 2179:. CSRM. pp. 12–13. Archived from 1840: 1441: 1064: 1062: 807:Cronin, Richard; Pandya, Amit (2009). 45:, often non-renewable or limited, for 2476: 2450: 2394: 2392: 2317: 2313: 2311: 2281: 2040: 1997: 1995: 1929: 1927: 1911: 1419: 1417: 1183:Handbook of Climate Change Resilience 976: 974: 928:Sabogal, Cesar; Nasi, Robert (2005). 797:. The Henry L. Stimson Centre. p. 63. 2434:"Lessons learned from Standing Rock" 2134: 2074: 1670: 1538:The Natural Resource Curse: A Survey 1410:– via Elsevier Science Direct. 887: 885: 829: 827: 825: 537:developing country. In addition to 295:adding citations to reliable sources 262: 139:, mainly used to produce industrial 2431: 1059: 901:Handbook of Sustainable Development 502: 24: 2389: 2308: 1992: 1924: 1414: 1293: 1075:Land Degradation & Development 971: 857: 108:is sustained by the extraction of 25: 3572: 2416: 2170:Brereton, D.; Forbes, P. (2004). 882: 822: 419:Food and Agriculture Organization 39:exploitation of natural resources 3530: 3529: 1879: 267: 2425: 2410: 2399:Tauli-Corpuz, Victoria (2018). 2357:Thompson, Geneva E. B. (2017). 2350: 2275: 2236: 2197: 2163: 2128: 2103: 2068: 2034: 2028:10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.102881 1905: 1873: 1834: 1777: 1730: 1716:10.1016/j.resourpol.2019.101447 1683: 1664: 1599: 1585:10.1016/j.reseneeco.2020.101183 1552: 1536:Frankel, Jeffrey (March 2010). 1529: 1515:10.1016/j.resourpol.2023.104214 1482: 1367: 1320: 1279:10.1016/j.advwatres.2012.01.013 1261:. 35th Year Anniversary Issue. 1246: 1212: 1191:10.1007/978-3-319-71025-9_139-1 1170: 1146: 1111: 894:"Population and Sustainability" 723:Human impact on the environment 2324:Latin American Research Review 1124:Organization & Environment 1040: 956: 921: 851: 800: 776: 610:Ok Tedi environmental disaster 480:Dakota Access Pipeline protest 460:Impacts of settler colonialism 181:depletion of natural resources 59:depletion of natural resources 13: 1: 2222:10.1016/s0305-750x(98)00161-2 2097:10.1016/j.jclepro.2004.06.006 2077:Journal of Cleaner Production 1755:10.1016/j.econmod.2023.106436 1565:Resource and Energy Economics 769: 451:Despite the inevitability of 403:Metals and minerals depletion 32:Exploitation (disambiguation) 2495:Pollution / quality 2261:10.1016/j.polgeo.2023.102997 2041:Pedro, Antonio M.A. (2004). 1606:Lampert, Adam (2019-03-29). 1442:Jowsey, Ernie (2009-10-12). 1219:Shvidenko, A. (2008-01-01), 795:Exploiting Natural Resources 688:List of environmental issues 633:Resistance to mining in Peru 558:Democratic Republic of Congo 498:Effects on local communities 7: 2318:Lindt, Angela (June 2023). 2282:Gabay, Aimee (2023-12-22). 1841:Boxell, Mark (April 2021). 1400:10.1016/j.enpol.2010.04.046 1259:Advances in Water Resources 892:McNicoll, Geoffrey (2007). 675: 453:environmental contamination 10: 3577: 1960:10.1007/s11356-021-17560-w 1802:10.1007/s11205-023-03106-9 1790:Social Indicators Research 1632:10.1038/s41467-019-09246-2 782:Cronin, Hemang . (2011). " 106:world's energy consumption 29: 3525: 3466: 3331: 3324: 3205: 3066:Types / location 3065: 3056: 2866: 2661: 2574: 2544: 2493: 2484: 2419:Our History Is the Future 1859:10.1017/S1537781420000808 1468:10.1080/13504500903204934 1327:Redford, Kent H. (1992). 1132:10.1177/10860266241244784 1008:10.1038/s41893-018-0139-4 200: 51:Environmental degradation 940:10.1007/0-387-29112-1_52 713:Environmental protection 53:, human insecurity, and 1225:Encyclopedia of Ecology 693:Agents of deterioration 624:Responses and solutions 438:environmental pollution 384:Greenhouse gas increase 218:have greatly increased. 61:include the decline of 1893:Cite journal requires 1424:Gilio-Whitaker, Dina. 733:Nature-based solutions 638:often demand not only 552:Despite being rich in 516: 481: 335: 197: 129:non-renewable resource 1612:Nature Communications 988:Nature Sustainability 864:Un An Pour La Planete 640:environmental justice 571:internal displacement 510: 479: 446:environmental quality 413:Economic consequences 358:Extinction of species 332: 194: 161:terrestrial ecosystem 145:Intensive agriculture 3556:Environmental issues 3441:remnant natural area 3078:storage and recovery 2744:habitat conservation 2562:Deforestation (REDD) 539:unequal distribution 534:economic development 291:improve this section 229:where mining occurs. 207:Advancing technology 112:, which consists of 75:developing countries 3395:Earth Overshoot Day 2969:Marine conservation 2950:non-timber products 2249:Political Geography 2135:Bray, John (2003). 2089:2006JCPro..14..376P 2020:2022RePol..7802881L 1952:2022ESPR...2929778A 1946:(20): 29778–29792. 1708:2021RePol..7401447Q 1624:2019NatCo..10.1419L 1577:2020REEco..6101183L 1507:2023RePol..8604214U 1460:2009IJSDW..16..303J 1392:2010EnPol..38.5290S 1271:2013AdWR...51..326D 1087:2022LDeDe..33.3661T 1000:2018NatSu...1..495B 870:on 12 November 2012 718:Habitat destruction 249:Management thinking 149:natural environment 3380:Ecosystem services 2503:Ambient standards 2432:Michael, Roberts. 2375:10.5070/P641034519 2336:10.1017/lar.2023.4 1743:Economic Modelling 1329:"The Empty Forest" 963:Subramanian, K.R. 789:2016-03-05 at the 753:Resource depletion 618:developing country 602:indigenous peoples 586:developing country 541:, the adaption of 525:developing country 517: 482: 389:Water gasification 336: 198: 151:, for example the 131:humans exploit is 3561:Natural resources 3543: 3542: 3521: 3520: 3320: 3319: 2999:genetic resources 2935:genetic resources 2570: 2569: 2478:Natural resources 2210:World Development 1234:978-0-08-045405-4 1200:978-3-319-71025-9 1081:(18): 3661–3674. 949:978-0-387-29112-3 858:Planas, Florent. 698:Biodiversity loss 566:biodiversity loss 554:natural resources 547:local communities 523:company enters a 327: 326: 319: 169:aquatic ecosystem 43:natural resources 16:(Redirected from 3568: 3533: 3532: 3484: 3431:Natural heritage 3390:overexploitation 3329: 3328: 3063: 3062: 3009:herbal medicines 2989:FAO Plant Treaty 2529: 2506: 2491: 2490: 2471: 2464: 2457: 2448: 2447: 2441: 2440: 2438: 2429: 2423: 2422: 2414: 2408: 2407: 2405: 2396: 2387: 2386: 2354: 2348: 2347: 2315: 2306: 2305: 2303: 2302: 2279: 2273: 2272: 2240: 2234: 2233: 2201: 2195: 2194: 2192: 2191: 2185: 2178: 2167: 2161: 2160: 2158: 2157: 2132: 2126: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2107: 2101: 2100: 2083:(3–4): 376–387. 2072: 2066: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2038: 2032: 2031: 2008:Resources Policy 1999: 1990: 1989: 1979: 1931: 1922: 1921: 1909: 1903: 1902: 1896: 1891: 1889: 1881: 1877: 1871: 1870: 1838: 1832: 1831: 1821: 1796:(1–3): 269–288. 1781: 1775: 1774: 1734: 1728: 1727: 1696:Resources Policy 1687: 1681: 1680: 1668: 1662: 1661: 1651: 1603: 1597: 1596: 1556: 1550: 1549: 1533: 1527: 1526: 1495:Resources Policy 1486: 1480: 1479: 1439: 1430: 1429: 1421: 1412: 1411: 1386:(9): 5290–5295. 1371: 1365: 1364: 1324: 1318: 1317: 1297: 1291: 1290: 1250: 1244: 1243: 1242: 1241: 1216: 1210: 1209: 1208: 1207: 1174: 1168: 1167: 1165: 1164: 1150: 1144: 1143: 1115: 1109: 1108: 1098: 1096:10.1002/ldr.4430 1066: 1057: 1056: 1044: 1038: 1037: 1027: 978: 969: 968: 960: 954: 953: 925: 919: 918: 916: 915: 909: 898: 889: 880: 879: 877: 875: 866:. Archived from 855: 849: 848: 846: 845: 831: 820: 819: 813: 804: 798: 780: 743:Overexploitation 738:Over-consumption 728:Land degradation 598:Papua New Guinea 511:Human Resources 503:Papua New Guinea 398:Natural disaster 364:Forced migration 322: 315: 311: 308: 302: 271: 263: 173:world population 133:subsoil minerals 49:or development. 41:describes using 21: 3576: 3575: 3571: 3570: 3569: 3567: 3566: 3565: 3546: 3545: 3544: 3539: 3517: 3482: 3462: 3448:Systems ecology 3414:Natural capital 3316: 3201: 3190:reclaimed water 3052: 3014:UPOV Convention 2862: 2657: 2566: 2540: 2536:Ozone depletion 2527: 2504: 2480: 2475: 2445: 2444: 2436: 2430: 2426: 2415: 2411: 2403: 2397: 2390: 2355: 2351: 2316: 2309: 2300: 2298: 2280: 2276: 2241: 2237: 2202: 2198: 2189: 2187: 2183: 2176: 2168: 2164: 2155: 2153: 2151: 2133: 2129: 2119: 2117: 2108: 2104: 2073: 2069: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2039: 2035: 2000: 1993: 1932: 1925: 1910: 1906: 1894: 1892: 1883: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1839: 1835: 1782: 1778: 1735: 1731: 1688: 1684: 1669: 1665: 1604: 1600: 1557: 1553: 1534: 1530: 1487: 1483: 1440: 1433: 1428:. Beacon Press. 1422: 1415: 1372: 1368: 1345:10.2307/1311860 1325: 1321: 1298: 1294: 1251: 1247: 1239: 1237: 1235: 1221:"Deforestation" 1217: 1213: 1205: 1203: 1201: 1175: 1171: 1162: 1160: 1152: 1151: 1147: 1116: 1112: 1067: 1060: 1045: 1041: 979: 972: 961: 957: 950: 926: 922: 913: 911: 907: 896: 890: 883: 873: 871: 856: 852: 843: 841: 833: 832: 823: 811: 805: 801: 791:Wayback Machine 781: 777: 772: 767: 758:Spaceship Earth 678: 657: 635: 626: 582:local community 575:child mortality 505: 500: 487: 462: 415: 379:Ozone depletion 349:Desertification 323: 312: 306: 303: 288: 272: 261: 203: 177:economic growth 165:water pollution 137:precious metals 63:economic growth 55:social conflict 47:economic growth 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Resource demand 15: 12: 11: 5: 3574: 3564: 3563: 3558: 3541: 3540: 3538: 3537: 3526: 3523: 3522: 3519: 3518: 3516: 3515: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3483:(perpetuation) 3478: 3472: 3470: 3464: 3463: 3461: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3444: 3443: 3436:Nature reserve 3433: 3428: 3427: 3426: 3421: 3411: 3410: 3409: 3399: 3398: 3397: 3392: 3382: 3377: 3376: 3375: 3370: 3360: 3359: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3332: 3326: 3322: 3321: 3318: 3317: 3315: 3314: 3313: 3312: 3307: 3297: 3292: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3241: 3240: 3230: 3225: 3220: 3215: 3209: 3207: 3203: 3202: 3200: 3199: 3194: 3193: 3192: 3182: 3177: 3172: 3171: 3170: 3160: 3155: 3154: 3153: 3141: 3140: 3139: 3134: 3129: 3119: 3114: 3113: 3112: 3107: 3102: 3092: 3087: 3082: 3081: 3080: 3069: 3067: 3060: 3054: 3053: 3051: 3050: 3049: 3048: 3043: 3033: 3028: 3023: 3022: 3021: 3016: 3011: 3006: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2981: 2976: 2971: 2966: 2965: 2964: 2954: 2953: 2952: 2947: 2942: 2937: 2927: 2926: 2925: 2920: 2915: 2913:climate change 2905: 2900: 2895: 2890: 2889: 2888: 2881:Bioprospecting 2878: 2872: 2870: 2864: 2863: 2861: 2860: 2859: 2858: 2853: 2843: 2842: 2841: 2836: 2831: 2826: 2816: 2815: 2814: 2809: 2808: 2807: 2802: 2792: 2791: 2790: 2785: 2775: 2774: 2773: 2763: 2758: 2748: 2747: 2746: 2736: 2735: 2734: 2724: 2723: 2722: 2717: 2712: 2707: 2697: 2692: 2687: 2686: 2685: 2684: 2683: 2667: 2665: 2659: 2658: 2656: 2655: 2650: 2649: 2648: 2643: 2633: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2596: 2591: 2586: 2580: 2578: 2572: 2571: 2568: 2567: 2565: 2564: 2559: 2554: 2548: 2546: 2542: 2541: 2539: 2538: 2533: 2532: 2531: 2526:Clean Air Act 2518: 2513: 2508: 2499: 2497: 2488: 2482: 2481: 2474: 2473: 2466: 2459: 2451: 2443: 2442: 2424: 2421:. Verso Books. 2409: 2388: 2349: 2330:(2): 368–382. 2307: 2274: 2235: 2216:(4): 629–649. 2196: 2162: 2149: 2127: 2116:. pp. 4–6 2102: 2067: 2053: 2033: 1991: 1923: 1904: 1895:|journal= 1872: 1853:(2): 216–233. 1833: 1776: 1729: 1682: 1663: 1598: 1551: 1546:10.3386/w15836 1528: 1481: 1454:(5): 303–307. 1431: 1413: 1366: 1339:(6): 412–422. 1319: 1292: 1245: 1233: 1211: 1199: 1169: 1145: 1110: 1058: 1039: 994:(9): 495–504. 970: 955: 948: 920: 881: 850: 821: 799: 774: 773: 771: 768: 766: 765: 763:Sustainability 760: 755: 750: 748:Resource curse 745: 740: 735: 730: 725: 720: 715: 710: 705: 700: 695: 690: 685: 679: 677: 674: 656: 653: 634: 631: 625: 622: 562:resource curse 513:Macon, Georgia 504: 501: 499: 496: 486: 483: 461: 458: 426:economic rents 414: 411: 410: 409: 406: 400: 394:Natural hazard 391: 386: 381: 376: 371: 366: 361: 355: 352: 346: 325: 324: 275: 273: 266: 260: 257: 256: 255: 252: 246: 230: 222: 219: 202: 199: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3573: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3553: 3551: 3536: 3528: 3527: 3524: 3514: 3513:Non-renewable 3510: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3485: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3473: 3471: 3469: 3465: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3453:Urban ecology 3451: 3449: 3446: 3442: 3439: 3438: 3437: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3416: 3415: 3412: 3408: 3405: 3404: 3403: 3400: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3388: 3387: 3386: 3383: 3381: 3378: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3365: 3364: 3361: 3357: 3354: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3342: 3339: 3338: 3337: 3334: 3333: 3330: 3327: 3323: 3311: 3308: 3306: 3303: 3302: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3293: 3291: 3288: 3286: 3285:Privatization 3283: 3281: 3278: 3276: 3273: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3263: 3261: 3258: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3243: 3239: 3236: 3235: 3234: 3231: 3229: 3226: 3224: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3210: 3208: 3204: 3198: 3195: 3191: 3188: 3187: 3186: 3183: 3181: 3180:Surface water 3178: 3176: 3173: 3169: 3166: 3165: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3156: 3152: 3151: 3147: 3146: 3145: 3142: 3138: 3135: 3133: 3130: 3128: 3125: 3124: 3123: 3120: 3118: 3115: 3111: 3108: 3106: 3103: 3101: 3098: 3097: 3096: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3079: 3076: 3075: 3074: 3071: 3070: 3068: 3064: 3061: 3059: 3055: 3047: 3044: 3042: 3039: 3038: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3027: 3024: 3020: 3017: 3015: 3012: 3010: 3007: 3005: 3002: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2990: 2987: 2986: 2985: 2982: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2972: 2970: 2967: 2963: 2960: 2959: 2958: 2955: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2932: 2931: 2928: 2924: 2921: 2919: 2916: 2914: 2911: 2910: 2909: 2906: 2904: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2894: 2891: 2887: 2884: 2883: 2882: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2865: 2857: 2854: 2852: 2849: 2848: 2847: 2844: 2840: 2837: 2835: 2832: 2830: 2827: 2825: 2822: 2821: 2820: 2817: 2813: 2810: 2806: 2803: 2801: 2798: 2797: 2796: 2793: 2789: 2786: 2784: 2781: 2780: 2779: 2776: 2772: 2769: 2768: 2767: 2764: 2762: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2753: 2752: 2749: 2745: 2742: 2741: 2740: 2737: 2733: 2730: 2729: 2728: 2725: 2721: 2718: 2716: 2713: 2711: 2708: 2706: 2703: 2702: 2701: 2698: 2696: 2693: 2691: 2688: 2682: 2681:peak farmland 2679: 2678: 2677: 2674: 2673: 2672: 2669: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2660: 2654: 2651: 2647: 2644: 2642: 2639: 2638: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2597: 2595: 2592: 2590: 2587: 2585: 2582: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2573: 2563: 2560: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2549: 2547: 2543: 2537: 2534: 2530: 2524: 2523: 2522: 2519: 2517: 2514: 2512: 2509: 2507: 2501: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2492: 2489: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2472: 2467: 2465: 2460: 2458: 2453: 2452: 2449: 2435: 2428: 2420: 2417:Estes, Nick. 2413: 2402: 2395: 2393: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2353: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2314: 2312: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2278: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2239: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2200: 2186:on 2018-05-17 2182: 2175: 2174: 2166: 2152: 2150:9780821355039 2146: 2142: 2138: 2131: 2115: 2114: 2106: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2071: 2056: 2054:9789211250978 2050: 2046: 2045: 2037: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 1998: 1996: 1987: 1983: 1978: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1930: 1928: 1919: 1915: 1908: 1900: 1887: 1876: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1837: 1829: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1780: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1733: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1686: 1678: 1674: 1667: 1659: 1655: 1650: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1602: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1555: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1532: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1485: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1438: 1436: 1427: 1420: 1418: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1380:Energy Policy 1377: 1370: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1323: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1296: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1249: 1236: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1215: 1202: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1173: 1159: 1155: 1149: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1114: 1106: 1102: 1097: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1065: 1063: 1054: 1050: 1043: 1035: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 977: 975: 966: 959: 951: 945: 941: 937: 933: 932: 924: 910:on 2012-03-11 906: 902: 895: 888: 886: 869: 865: 861: 854: 840: 836: 830: 828: 826: 817: 810: 803: 796: 792: 788: 785: 779: 775: 764: 761: 759: 756: 754: 751: 749: 746: 744: 741: 739: 736: 734: 731: 729: 726: 724: 721: 719: 716: 714: 711: 709: 706: 704: 703:Deforestation 701: 699: 696: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 680: 673: 669: 665: 661: 652: 648: 644: 641: 630: 621: 619: 615: 614:Ok Tedi River 611: 607: 603: 599: 596:entered into 595: 591: 587: 583: 578: 576: 572: 567: 563: 559: 555: 550: 548: 544: 540: 535: 530: 526: 522: 514: 509: 495: 491: 478: 474: 470: 466: 457: 454: 449: 447: 443: 442:skilled labor 439: 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